Soviet Bloc Agricultural Land Use and Livestock Distribution

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01149A000400080007-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: March 15, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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ural d
Livestock Distribution
a Project No* 21.621
(19 FP-11.7)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
reduction . .
I. USSROOOOOOOO ? ? ? OOOOOOOOOOOO
e 0 ? ? ? ? ? ?
A. Target Grains . . . . . O . ... .
. . . . .
.......
B. Livestock ? ? $ ? 0 ? ?
1. Meat and Milk Production . . .
. . . .
?
2. Animal Diseases in the USSR ..
.... .
. ? a a ? a ??
II. pean Satellites . . ? ...... . ...
. .00?04.0.0
5
A. Ristribution of Target :Ilrains . . . .
. . . . t
. 0 ..... .
5
1. Dulgaria ? ? ? . ? ? . 0 4 W ? ? ?
? ? 0 ? *
? . . .....
5
2. Czechoslovakia . . ...... . .
.... a
? ? . ? . . . ?
6
3. East Germany ....... . . ....
. . .
. . . .. .
8
It. Timgary ........ .??.,...??.?......?
9
5. Poland:
. ? . . ? ?
10
6. Rumania ? ? ? 0 . 0 .
.... 9
? ? 4
11
B. Distribution of Livestock
a
? ? ?
11
1. Bulgaria . ? ? 0 ? ? ?
? ? ? a
? ? . . 0 . V ?
11
2. Czechoslovakia ..............
?
. ? a 9 ? ? a a
12
3. East Germany . ?
? . . a a
? a at a a ? ? ?
13
4. iiiingary . . . . ........ .
. ? . ? a
? ? ?
14
5. Poland
a
? 9 a
14
6. Rumanla . . ..... . 0?0000....N?4
15
C. Livestock Diseases . .... ? . . ? ....
? 0
? 4 a
15
D. Food Reserves
.
. . .
16
lila China
.
? ? . ? . . . ?
17
Tmpor mos of Target Crain, . . . . . . .
. . . . .
? ? ,
17
eneral Characteristics of Chinese Agriculture . ? .
. ? . . . . ? ?
17
Chinese Land and Crop Data
.
4 ? 4 . 0 0 ? a
19
Chinese Livestock ,Industry
a
? . a.
20
Animal Diseases in 'China ? . a
endix
.
. . a
21
Appendix Al USSR
o
? ? a
A-1
Appendix 8, Europsan Sateliitcs
0
6 I!
8-1
Appendix C, China
a 0
C-1
-Abler=r, a
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Introducticil
In this report information on the production and distribji
of copa and livestocknted in three ports
Sat tee, and Chia*. In each of these aillas agrioult-
for the significant contribution that it makes to the national product,
and for the livelihood it directly provides for a large segment of
the population. In every country the destruction of, or a major
decrease in agriculture production could eliminate or greatly reduce
the capability of that country to engage in war.
This stuck, does not measure the effect of such ctio . It
presents information on the annual production of o(excepting
for the USSR which was not requested). It also presents the inventory
of livestock by categories, and the geographic distribution of each
category for the most reoent year for which data are available for
small administrative subdivisions of the countries. Although the
production figures have changed somewhat from the base period to
the present, there have been few major changes in the distribution
during that periods generally 1938 to 1953. An exception to the rule
is the rapid increase in the nnmber of sheep in Xemakhstan 53R with
nearly corresponding decreases in the remainder of the sheep raising
regions. These changes where known have been made in data presented
here. No major shifte in production anie expected during the period
1955-60. Some shifts in the wheat acreage in both the USSR and
China have been noted and developments in this line should be
followed. Likewise, a planned increase in the else of the USS'e
cern serene may develop following the decree on grain production
in the USSR which was announced in February 1955
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e eirkignikare4FETP7.
USSR.I.
A. Target Grains.
The grain target system for the USSR has been defined in CIA/RR, RR-23,
"The Pattern of Land Use in Relation to Target Grains in the USSR and the Probable
Spread of Stem Rust on Cereal Grains," dated 18 February 1953. Due to the
expansion of the grain area which has been taking place in the Soviet Union 4nce
thd initiation of this project, it is necessary to comment briefly on these
changes.
Daring the period 1954-57 an area of between 28 million and 30 million
hectares are to be seeded to grain on new and reclaimed land. During the first
year of the program about 3.6 million hectares were seeded and the rate of
expansion is to be accelerated rapidly by 1957. The expansion, largely of spring
wheat, will take place in marginal areas of production (areas having from 12 to
16 inches of precipitation, annually) extending from the Volga river in the west
to Krasnoyarsk Kral in the east, with minor acreages on scattered lands elsewhere.
Most of the new seeding will take place in that part of Siberia and Kazakhstan
which lie to the east of the historically important grain-producing regions
delineated in the CIA report PR-23. The importance of the new area to the Soviet
grain supply in the long run is debatable; historical climatic patterns would
point to nearly complete crop failure in two out of five years on the average.
The long-run unit cost of production in these merginal lands will be much Greater
than in the thaditional grain areas and it is entirely possible theta following
a row years of drought, large-scale retraction may occur au in a previous similar
program in the early 19301s.
B. Livestock.
Despite grandiose Soviet plans for increasing livestock numbers under
the various five year plane, the number of livestock in the various categories
have increased but little, if at all. There have, however, been some shifts in
the distribution of livestock which may be noted from one period to another.
The last available Soviet livestock census giving dajm by oblast is that of 1938.
There have been, however, many items in official announcements and in the press
concerning livestock numbers in certain mons and ?blasts. These data, together
with those which give a basis for estimating rates of change in numbere, have
been collected and collated for recent years, culminating in the estimated
distribation for 1953. The 1953 distribution was found to be similar to that of
1938 with the exception that sheep had increased rapidly in Kazakhstan during
the interim period.
In Kazakh SSR (Region is) sheep and goat numbers increased from 5.3 million
head in 1.938 to 14.6 million on 1 January 1949, or an increase of 9.3 million head.
For the same period, sheep and goat numbers in the entire USSR increased by 12
million. Thus a major redistribution or sheep and goat numbers becomes apparent
for this period. Other adjustmente An the distribution of animal numbers have
been made accordire; to similar known changes. There is no evidence that any
major shifts in livestock production will occur during the period 1955-60. If
the Soviet plan to increase livestock (notably swine) is successful from 1955 to
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1960 it is probable that the increases will take place in those areas which were
known to be important in 1953. e Appendix Ap maps showing distribution of
livestock).
In 1.953 the area now included in European US3R accounted for the following
percentages of the total livestock numberel 64.9 percent of the cattle, 84.3
percent or the swine, 45.3 percent of the sheep, and 44.5 percent of the goats.
Thus, there remained the following percentages in Asiatic USSR: cattle, 35.1
percent; swine, 15.7 percent; sheep, 54.7 percent; and goats, 55.5 percent.
Cattle. The distribution of cattle is closely related to the availability
of pastures, hay end other roughages, and in some localities is related to the
need for draft power. In 1953 the distribution of cattle in the major areas of
production in the USSR was as follows the Ukraine (Region III) led the economic
regions in percentage of total cattle in the USSR with 10.8 million head, or 19
percent; Central European USSR (Region VII) had 9.1 million, or 16 percent; the
Balticsand Belorussia SSR (Regions II& and IIb) had 5.2 million head, or 9.1
percent; West Siberia (Region IX) had 5.1 million, or 9 percent; Kasakhatan
(Region Xs) had 4.5 million, or 8 percent; the Lower Don-North Caucasus (Region
IV) had 4.1 million, or 7.3 percent; and the Transcaucasus (Region V) had 3.2
million or about 5.7 percent each. all other regions had 14.6 million, or about
26.9 percent. (See Table 1 and the map "Distribution of Cattle.")
Swine. The distribution of swine in the USSR is based upon three factors;
climate, available feed grain and the religious and social customs of a people.
Climate is one of the factors that limit the raising of swine. Swine are not
Adapted to extreme climatic conditions, and the effect of climate on the feeds
that may be grown tends to affect the ability of an area to sustain swine. In
certain areas of the Transcaucasus? Xasekhatan, and the Central Asiatic republics,
large se events of the population are Mohamnedans and will neither eat pork nor
raise swine.
The greatest concentretions of swine are in the Baltic, Belorussia, and
in the Ukraine. Large numbers of swine are also found in Central European USSR.
Of the total swine in the USSR in 19530 the distribution in tee major regions
of production was as follomst 9.2 million, or 32.2 percent were in the Ukraine
(Region TIT); 5.0 million, or 17.6 percent in Central European USSR (Region
VII); 2.3 million, or 8.2 percent in the Baltic (Region lie); and 2.3 million,
or 8.2 percent, in Belorussia (Region rib). All other reeions had 9.7 million,
or about 33.8 percent. (See Table 1 and the map "Distribution of Swine.")
Sheep. In the USa, as in the US, sheep-raising tends to be concentrated
on land which Is of minor use for raising crops. Sheep in the USSR subsist mainly
on pastures and the necessary roughage for carrying them through the winter.
In 1953 the distribution of sheep in the USSR was as followe: Kazakhstan Sea
(Reeion Ia) 19.1 million, or 20.0 percent; Central Asia (Region Xb) 15.4 million,
or 16.1 percent; Central European USSR (Region VII) 10.4 million, or 10.9 percent;
Loser Don-North Caucasus (Region IV) 8.6 million, or 9 percent; Volga (Region VI)
8.5 million, or 8.9 percent; and Transcaucases (Region V) with 7.4 million, or
7.8 percent. All other regions had 64.5 million head, or 27.3 percent. (See
Table 1 and the map "nietribution of Sheep.")
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Goats, Of the 14.3 million goats in the USSR in 1953$ the distribution
was as 2.9 million head, or 20.3 percent in Kazakhstan SSR (Region Xs);
2.4 million, or 16.4 percent in Central Asia (Region re); 1.6 million, or 11.0
percent in Centhal European ITSSR (Region VII); 1.3 million, or 9.2 percent in the
Lower Don-North Caucasus (Region IV); a similar number in the Volga (Region VI);
and 1.1 million, or 7.9 percent in the Transcaucasus (Region V). The remaining
3.7 million head, or 26.1 percent wore scattered in smaller members throaehoat
other parte of the USSR.
1. Moat and Milk Production.
In 1954 the meat produced in the USSR as derived from the following
sourcest swine (pork) 1.8 million metric tons, or 45.3 percent; oattle (beef and
veal) 1.4 million tons, or 36.5 percent; and sheep and goats (lamb, mutton, and
goat meat) .7 million tons, or 18.2 percent.
Meat and milk production are not the specialized operations in the
Soviet Union to the soma degree that they are in Western L'arope or in the U.S.
Only in the fore= Baltic States, is dairying 4 well developed form of animal
industry. The Leningrad and Moscow areas have some state farms specializing
in milk production; but the vast majority of cattle in the Soviet Union, however,
are dual or triple purpose animals, kept for milk, meat, and in some areas for
power.
Livestock is pastured in mixed flocks--even pies may be herded with
cattle and sheep along the roads, in harvested fields, or in the pastures. The
various species often share the same watering facilities as well as grasing
grounds. Animals are often driven long distances across counery to market and
are frequently corralled in temporary holding pens at railroad yards or in the
stockyards of the meat combines.
Most of the animals delivered for slaughter are taken to market in
the late fall and early winter. AS a result, the packing plants are often unable
to keep pace with deliveries. This necessitates holding animels on farms or
feed lots controlled by the governmentmeat-packine plants until they can be
sleuehtered. These methods of handling stock are conducive to the spread of
disease.
2. Animal Diseases in the
War II provided what is probably factual into:
25X1 USSR. as follows'
ion
after World 25X1
livestock diseases in the
Cattle. The most prevalent diseases among cattle were anthrax, black
leg, tuberculosis, and brucellosis. Occaesionel outbreaks of hoof and mouth
disease have occurred in various parte of the country. Rhinderpost (cattle
plague) is reported by the Soviets to have been stamped out in 1927-28. A very
strict quarantine is said to exist along the southern borders of the USSR,
especially against its penetration from Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and
China, where epizootics of this disease atill occur.
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Sheep. The moat prevalent disease among sheep was anthrax. ell sheep
and cows are vaccinated in the spring. If any village had a history of anthrax
for the preVielle 25 years, then all sheep, cattle, and horses had to be vaccinated.
1 disease peculiar to sheep concerned anaerobic bacteria. Scabies are prevalent
among sheep and the dipping of sheep twice each year was mandatory to forestall
epidemics.
Swine. Each republic of the USSR had incidence of swine pest and
swine erysipelai. It is estimated that hog cholera is sporadic in occurance
in the USSR and that a relatively small proportion of the swine population is
immunized each year, eraotices and measares for the prevention and control of
hog cholera appear to be most adequate on the state farms, leas so in collectives,
and least so ameng seine owned by private individuals.
Poultry. Prevalent among poultry were cholera (pasteurallosis),
typhus, pox, diphtheria and fowl post.
Rabbite. The moat prevalent disease both amoneiieli and domestic
rabbits was tularemia which can be passed on to human beinee.
There is an apparent shortage of veterinary personnel in, the USOR (19516xi
although there is a nucleus of competent veterinary scientists in key positions.
The average Soviet veterinarian does not appear to have achieved the same level
of competency of his counterpart in the Atatern World.
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oial
oslyfakia
on of gr
ore with 1954.
'restock. All co
as.
ok
data have
:how the
zi adjuated
Although prewar landese psttern data wsr. used in @opittng this r.pot,
here has been no significant shifts io acreages of grains that iwoiald ee them
unusable for the purposes of this report. This is also true in pij.iUng data
to 1955-60. There is very little lend not presently being need in the, satellites
that can or will be put into grain production a000rding to officially announced
plans. There has been * diaereses in grain acreage sir re world War II as plicined
to permit expansion of the indostrial crop area. Itureasee in yields were planned
to offset any resultant lose in production from rathoed acreages. To date how-
avert the governments have not been suocessful in raising grsin yields
*took distributions like grain aaraapa is based on prewar d.ts due
of postwar data on a smell administrative divisional leril The
r which postwar data were available was for Csechoelevakie.
Although prewar data were used for the dot maps# no significant changes have
occurred in the postwar distribution pattern of livestock ehioh would make them
unsatisfactory for this study." Beg and horse numbers are approximately the
same or less than prewar. It is estimated that by 1960 the situation will not
elbow any signifisant Change.
A* " 1 erg21.94
The target grain data as Tweeted az i'or wheat, rye, br1ty, and
For the ,;uropean Satellites, in terns o ,Ivas prodvtion and area seeded
to crop in order of rank ars wheats rye# oats and barley as determined by 1953
intoreations There has been a shift in sows since World %ar II # primarily
as a result of land reform, from rye to wheat (see Table 1 Appendix 8)
1. Sio/raari,a*"
The are* sown to broad
he total arable land. Who pr
sad represents zit. 813
slier importance 000upying less VI of t
ly IA percent of the bread grain are
Apart from oorns the major feed grsine in bulgatia bole and
oats, bUt%ether ere sown on less than. 10 percent of the total arabIe land.
4sOhos1orakis, Hungary, a. nernaan Po1a4, and Rumania.
*a The 1949 livestock data for Csechoslovakis showed the pass butlon
n a dot map as that for 1933-37.
s maps Appendix 8# Figure 1#
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Barley is the f the two and is a.
total arable land co d to 3.4 percent for oats.
The geographic features of Bulgaria clearly di
three separate agricultural areas, the northern plains area,
and the southern highlands. Of the three, the southern highlands are t
significant as a production area.
The aa4or cropped area for grains lies
the Danube River. *doh is favored by the rich black s
climate. About 63 percent of the wheat. 19 percent of the rie,
of the oats and barley are produced in this area.
Zn the central lowlands, the mejor cereal crop lands are located
the Marista said Stredetska Rivers. The proportion or crop production in
lowlands is estimated at 34 percent for wheat. 61 percent f,-;-r rye,
for barley. and 29 percent for oats.
All of the rice in Bulgaria is produced in this geegraPhio area,
oh is conoentrated in Plovinov plains.
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dad over 6.4 percent of the
The trend of egricelturel production since prewar years has been
ly stable, with no significant changes in the pattern of production or
sae development of new agrivaltural practices for improving crop yields.
u garia mey be considered self-sufficient in grain production, subject to
cyolical deficiencies created by *lather. There is little probability that
major changes in the crop pattern will occur in the future.
2. W.91.29.3.1zi.LIc
44 -.111e both
wheat normally oon?itifites 95 Pe
yields average about two quintals
varieties.
An important food
t of the **entry. Wheat occupies
A larger proportion of cropland
ream, Southwest Slovakia is also
&La. Throughout the country both area
ainous border regions of Bohenia.MOrav
a. In thous areas, wheat culture is limited chiefly to the narrow
y floors which traverse these areas from north to south.
? d, but winter
Spring wheat
fall sown
o some +=teat in every
cent of the country's
o wheat in Slovakia then in
los producing ',:cgion in
yields decline sharply
and most of the northern
Gesohoslovakia has been a deficit wheat producing aountry for marr
ysers. They are presently dependent upon the USSR and other Bloc countries for
imports. Therefore, a sharp drop in production for any one year has a significant
+afoot upon the food scailabilities and economy.
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b,
declined in race
14 percent of the
hal
a
a
re anti now ranks seoond
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d production, rye has
1949, rye utilised
before the war.
rye is in south
ensive producing
fertile eastern
real crop in the
The
provixices in southeast
production would have serio
uld
*se of whe
one on tbe food supply.
o. perley. Data an ares, yi
flu ion in the past 15-20 years. T
approximately the same as that for prewar.
ut
be v
Of b
the co
and prodaction indicate little
ated 199 barley toren* was
earley is normally sown in March or ear
a, is early; maturing in abott 100 to 110
grittily dry weather. lass than 2 percent
viiriety, which is used exolseively for feed.
he most highly oonoentrated *roes of, barley
ankle', along the Moravia River in Central
h of Prague (see map, Apprendiz 30 Figure 2)
tion coincide generally with the wheat and s
4. MI. Lik. rye,
areas of the Coun?ry,- On the plain.,
of the farm. Oats have declined in are
been in line with the Fivegassr-Plan.
The western regions of the country,
principal areas of production. Concentration in
to that section boomss oats are the principal feed
Of the small grains (wheat, rye, burley, and o
?mot to be harvested around the end of August or e
for the farmers to harvest early varieties just before full
id losses through shattering. The late varieties we not so
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B, Figure 2 for nip* on oistribution of grain area.
The
returns
barley sown is
action
La, and the
The major areas
,34r beet regions of
p tits no
only to wet
d War II. This deal
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esechosloeakia can ee considered selfesuffleient in the p
of oats for fooe and feed purposes.
3' ,.?ist aermani.
a. Occupying the largest area of single crop, rye s000unts
for about 24 per&snt of the lane devoted to field crops and makes up about 4o
percent or the, total grain preduction. The 1753 sown area approxixiatoti that of
prewar ysars.
eye Is grown throughout the countre, but is more eoneentreted in
the areas of lighter and less fertile soils which preeominate in Mecklenburg
and e.andenbeeg eaendere(?sp, Appendix Bp Azure 3).
Approximately 98 percent of the re. sown is of winter varieties
which outeyield spring varieties by 30 porcente Winter rye is normally seeded
in the latter half of eeptember in the mountains and end of 3eptember to early
October- in the plains. Harvest- begins- areand the end of jun* in the south emd
extends to meddle of Jely In the northern part of the country and mountains.
east Germane has been importing large quantities of bread grains
from the MR since 1949
b. wheat. The production of wheat, although widespreae, in
concenGrated in theltettor soil regions of west oentrel east :;errAtiny and the
soutbern plateau area (map, Appendix IA, eigura 3).
Normally the proportion of spring wheat to that of winter wheat
does not exceed 1$ percent except in years when fall platting is hampered by
adverse weather conditions or winter kill oecera.
uteit eermaey is not selfesuffioient in wheat sad its are reglired
from eoviet dloe countries to make up the eeficite
c.sri. darley acreage follows the same gemeal pattern of
eistribution as t ter wheat. Although barley does better on poorer soils
than wheat, beoalse of the high percentage of melting barley in the aoreags
pattern, barley is concentrated on the fertile soils. Also it is used in
rotation with sugar beet crops.
The spring sown barley *coolants eoz' about io pereent cee the total
acreage d to barley. Recent goverment emphasis has eeen on inereasing
the area of barley. It is not believed that any increase will ne substantial
nor affect the land use pattern. Winter barley is eown from s;ebtomber to
October ranging from north to south. Spring barley is sown during April.
Harvaating wawa from July in the southern areas to Augent in the north.
de - Acreage devoted to oats is quite widespread, like rye
throughout east .rany. In terms of eown area and prodection oats rank next
to rye, It is uned almost exclusively for livestock tee. Areas of oat
acreage aoneentrations are the 3altia region of Mecklenburg, the central plateau
area, and the southern plateau areas.
'In 19 he va aendrs were changad to 14 Beeirkes.
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Jate ere eoie4 pring eom ring larch and. April. They are the
last of the smell grains to be harvested vhieh is dering August.
" #Pete
The area sown to bread grains in &Inger/ represents approximately
31 peroent of the total arable lend. tleat is the most predominant of the two
aereal crops, occupying gent 2.O pereent of the land under eeltivetion
eompered to 11.0 eareent tor rye. Of the total sown area to bread grains less
than 3 pareent ie spring sown.
eerier wee oats, the two major feed groins are elantee on 7.7
percent and 1,.0 pereent, respeatively of the total arable /and. The ratio of
spring seen barley to fall sown Is approXlmstely one to one.
teeogrmehioally the major agricultural areas in Aungeey are round
in the roat ?loins, midis the Tranadanabian lowlands. Intl emu, ?lain arma
is an extension of the Lanublan Pena plains, and moors the area boundee by
the Ties arid iagyvs rivers in the north end by the Aueube an the west. The ems
west of the 4ralbti to the frontiers on the north and south oonstitl4es the
Trenedenebiee area. The third geographical arse in Hungary (the North 41.41
eountry) lies to the north 6f the demeroation lines of the Avet eisins but is
or lesser signifioenee as an agricaurel epee than either the arest elan or
Tramedamabien areas.
he crop pattern in eseh arse is closely *Wed to both soil and
elimotio adeptsbilities; winter wheat being more proaouneed in the treat
Plains because of the fertile sea al,.d hot dry summer whieb are excellent
factors for prod:Icing high quality 'heats.
Rye and oats on the othlr hand occany a lareer shore of the ores
in 'irenseinubien and the North Hill oountry. This is partioulaely true for
rYe which cannot compete with wheat on the more fertile iireat Plains area.
:er 06t5 the more moist =Ablate in the Trailed/meant lowlands end t North
dill eeontry fever thee looetione over the %vet Plains area. earley is fairly
well distributed throughout the country. It is more pronoune4u xn the North
diU country and in the northern area of Transdenueis; since it is more adaptable
to a cooler Aiaste and the shorter growling season of these areas
ehunge lathe present crop distribution doe, not appear to imams
likely over * perid of time. Although some shifts to telestrial ores has
occurred in the postwar period, the present trend is *Rey from ever emphasis
ad selfeseffielenor of marginal owns and a return to teed eine raffia grains,
Hungary has usitel4 been considered as a surplus prouwer or toed
an teed grains, but the enreseerable harvests experienced *ince 1950 have
presently reduced Kiengary's advantage to that of a net importer of grains. The
situation es developed is however believed to be temporary an future long
term trends may be expeeted to cover domestic requieenente eeleeaately.
map, AppiZa
14
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,
Approved For Release 200
1938 is given
15 percent of the
great preponderanoe
the generally low, lees
eoncentrated within thos
areas of Poland.
Winter whip
to October
west to August
white winters or
01149A000400080007-8
The map showing the distribution of wheat or
Bs Figure 5. INboat 01117 meow:Its for qoprolcim
ded to grains while rye *Counts for 53 percent. T
plantings over wheat is a significant indication of
fertility of Polish soils* Wheat tends to be lerel17
parts of Poland with the better soil or in the southern
ani mormally self.sufficient in
441. * result of adverse weather
age of wheat was to increase at t
riot t the shift practicable in view o
ram September 10 in the
ual harvest dates are from
The types produced are
'bite winter wheat.
ki had to resort to imports
prodection. Under the
avenge of ryes but the
soil and climatic conditions*
b. AI, By births most important target grain in Poland is rye*
For 1953, it in eitimated that 53 percent of the land devotod to grain was seeded
to rye* The map showing distribution of rye aoreage for 1938 cant* found in
Appendix 3, Figure 5* Itro is grown in every distriet of Poland with geatest
concentration in mantra:1 Poland.
Seeding time for ryes
starts ptember 10 to 25s from north
place July 2 to 20s south to north.
47. has traditionally bsenthe major
quantities exported have dropped considerably during
Poland, rye is used chiefly for broads and a substanti
to livestock meetly hogs.
98
so
ally
rye takes
between April 0
time extends from
area
stocks
meChanis
The distribution of barley acreage closely parallels
WO dependent upon more fertile soils end higher
See Appendix Bs nor, 5 terve!) on di button of
single use for barley ie feeds especially for hogs.
is as a cereal food
ly spring sown, and 'Wing time nafl7 ranges
tweet and April 25 in the northeast. The harvest
the southwest to August 10 in the north
d. Oat. Oats is the meet important ?ears* grain both as to
y the entire oat crop in Poland is fed to live.
ha decline in horses and planned increases in
age is expected.
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Oat &orags is rather scattered throughoet Paned, but ennee
follows the wheat and barley areas in the fertile soils regions.
Seeding time for oats is from April 10 to MAV T from south to north.
ekes place during the last week in July.
6. Mimi
The area sown to broad grains In Rumania aceounte
of the total land. Wheat is the most import
d an slightly more than 29 peroent of the total ar
ban 3 peroent for me. Fall sown varieties are most pre
approximately 70 percent of the total bread grain area.
Of the coarse grains planted in Rumania, barley and oats occupy
and 7.7 percent, respeotively, of the total arable lands Core
or coarse grain crop in &pante is sown on approximately 27 Permit
the total arable lath.
The 4iatrtbitioi of crops is guided by the soil andolleatio
condtt o thin Eteasnias Nbeat is concentrated on the more fertile lewlands
of the 014 ingdom and Transylvania, 'hi& also adjoin both Bulgaria and Hungary.
About S5 percent of the wheat area lies in the lowlands and plateau of the Old
Kingdom, and 1i2.3 percent lies in Tranaylvamia, the major part of which is in
the Barret region.
Sys areas are leas concentrated an4 are located in less copetitive
plateau regions of Moldavia and Dobruga, and the highlands of Tr
Oats are fairlyomal distributed within the cooler highlands
and the Old Kingdom.
Harley is mere concentrated lathe cooler plateaus of Debre and
the Old Kingdom. The pereentege distribution for theca two areas
pereent and 30 percent, respectively, of the tote/ country.
The crop pattern in &mania has been altered slightly in the poetwa
'with reduction in tarsal crops and increases in fodder end industrial
crops. The modifications, immwer, do not represent a cheep in the self.
sufficiency status of Runamian agriculture. Under norma l weather conditions,
Rumania Is considered to be a surplus producer of grains, however, domestic food
consumption is less than the average of Ail other satellites.
B.lakzalap..21.atook**
lamas.
The 0012Gett
land pattern
allowed by cattle,
" generally follows!
In total ambers sheep
The northers plains area being the most con
but for cattle and sheep, the ratio in the southern
usi. Goats are fairly, well distributed throughout
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Table 2, Ltvestook Hashers, Prewar and 1953.
figure 79 4.1--mieekeemefellei'
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the southernplains area.
The iortce of sheep in Bulgari is shown by the high ratio
population, estimated to be slightly more than one. The stabilising,
his animal has on the agricultural economy in Bulgaria develops frail
of sheep for milk as well as wool and meat.
2.Pro1411044744*
Livestock raising, like crop
west to east in Ceechoslovekia. The area eith t
atom, except sheep, is the high]: prodectiVe ewer
number in the forage-crop region, especially in the easte
The greater density of livestock in the regions of intensive aro
due largely to the greater yields of feed per unit of area, and in
availability of beet topes beet pap, molasses, and other by.prodeots feeds
in those regions. Sheep production is concentrated in the forage-crop region of
Slovakia, because of the exteesive pastures in those highlands and a carryover
of the oust= of the people in those areas.
as e_a_ttlo,. At least 50 percent of the :tittle and dairy herds
d in with the balance distributed about equal between Moravia
a Compared to prewar, there has been an emPhasis on the part of
planners to increase cattle nutbers in Slovakia. Smart success has
not reached the prewar level at it is
tered during the next few years if the
ued. The shortage of feeds poor breeds
cattle for draft power has lowered
The
derived from
The Finegan
there are remnen
d of cattle are the red and white mountain that
Iola red cattke crossed with Swiss and Simmenthal
Aced in the mountains of Slovakia, and in eastern
he Steppe cattle, together with buffalos
b. The dtetrtbution of hogs in 1949 is shin on the m
Figure B, Appeudi . Approximately 45 percent of the hogs are in Bohemia;
33 percent in Moravia; and 23 percent in Slovakia. Swine breeding is carried on
largely on smell and medium sized forme, while fattening for market has been
increasing on WV state and collective farms. Prior to World War II the large
estates and farms (over 50 heotaree) fattened the hogs for market.
Feeding stations were started in 1948 and are reported to have reached
importantso place in livestock production. It was reported in 1949 that hog-
ding centers were supplying 36 percent of the countryle total pork require.-
menta. One of the largest centers is at Smirice, near Hradec Fralove, which is
said to maintain 10,000 hogs. Other ?enters are Claimed to be at Mimon in the
aliirrip-""grxe B, Map Figur* 8.
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kraj or Liberia d another at ?embark, near Osaka Budejovice, in southern
Bohemia.
2_442 The distribution of sheep in 1949 14 shoun in Figure 8,
Appendix 3. Xt is not believed that aey sUbstant al change has sinoe occurred.
There was estirsated to be approximately 600,000 sheep in 1,53 as compared to the
prewar avere ot 495,000 heed, Approximately 32 percent of the total sheep
numbers are raised in the west while 68 percent are raised in Slovakia.
There are several indigenous breeds of sheep raised in Gesohoolovekia.
ainous regions of Slovakia and :loravie? the principal breed is the
colonies, which is raised for woel and mak. In the western loWlands,
beep, noted for their fine wool, are nest common* The Cikaja breed ie
ands of Slovakia awl the blaek-faced Hampshire Down breed has proved
d to the fruit hog, and sugar beet regions of Bohemia.
(149 22-41,The distribution of goats in 1949 in shown in Figure 8,
The nieb?of goats has fluctuated aro And one million heed or about
prewar, 3oats are normally raised on small farms, and nor take the
3oat raising is primarily concentrated in the provinces of
'orsviii4 Approximately 90 percent of the goat inventory is in
The Saenen breed predominates
horii.eeg, and a good milk producer. 'Atha me
the native brown goat is more oommon than the white.
it is white,
tire regions,
itot. 3'Tttal3Z*
?Ca, The distribiation of cattle is 3hovn on the nip.
Ap n Figure-3?7-Csttle are raised in everydistrtet of East Oerm
" the greatest in the extreme southern and nerthun areas of the oountry
Cattle numbers in 1953 were slightly higher than prewar, but ?ow numbers were
less. Annul produotivity in general has not attained prewar levels.
breed in t.
These breeds
power.
Hoo and mouth disease has been prevalent during the past few years
improper feeding and ears, and shortage of qualified veterinarians.
h the lowland and highlamd breeds are prevalent. The load
hern regions of East aereany and the highland in the south.
efficient as triple purpose cattle - for milk, moat, and draft
is an axtren.ly high density of hog raising
? Sachsen-'Anhalt vas reported in 19510 to have
Lye Lands. Total inventory of hogs in 1954
ately 1 million over prewar levels.
World War 11, it wile claimed that over 90 percent of all
age were pure-bred white breeds, the Veredeltes Landsohwein and the White
in, the former a native hog improved by crossing and selection, the
Yorkshire stock improved and adapted to Dorman conditions. It is probable
am breads of hogs are still prevalent today.
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,9
),,;; r4CIET
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by j$5.
d*
110
to
a greater
on the # Appendix
breeds of goats are t
Mame are not KOJI concentrated in anY
There are probably more in western half or the
Sheep =there by the end of 1953 had reached prewar
Plana ere to increase sheep numbers to 1.6 million
rased to a gre
set Ciereany. /lumbers have almost dlad'
n a moult of the land re
goats for milk and meet, Therefore*
per hectare, of agrioultural land them shown
.oh was Wood OA 3.938 data, Ths most important
ttedOarMill pure-breds.
4* UMW,
The duatribition of Unite* in Hungary
Yer (settle the heaviest von centrations era
the Hortobagy, neer raoskemet in the ihargae
therefore,
The breeding
but more eepect
however* still oo
d with the cern area and are,
and the Tranidenubian erase.
in all parts of the eeentry4
nt of the present stook,
4,
attic rsis
d am draft *aim
dilly distributed
Due to slew reset
oacentration tod
ii
ved
far tha
auo still
on is of secondaq importance.
on the map, Append
et loneentration in t
the western territories,
great as that shown for 1939
Cattle numbers are
vele can be re&
r *anal
The mo t widespread breeds of cattle are he Holetein.Frie
h type, The Friesian type is meetly found in the western pert o
Polish in the **stern and northeastern provinces and in the
d end White are to be found in many dietrlets of the
1.7.1--ppendix Sa rigor* 9 AP
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1GT- ..okkt.1
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9T01149A000400080007-8
Msg.
Z'ork is in Poland's meat
?rewar distribution of hogs is shown on the mep, Appendix B,
As seen from the map hog raising is important in every province
th the highest density In the central provinces.
Hog raising is concentrated an small and middle.sised farms. Most
of the breeding herds are kept on the state ferns.
Th* type of hogs raised is strongly inO.eeuced by t
f the 2narket and transportation facilities. In prewar Poland? t
hog (Osman Zdelachweine and Veredelte Landschweine breeds) was raised
in the western and southwestern provinces. Most of the bacon factories have been
located In this part of the country. Bacon and hams have been exportod by Poland
at tha expense of him consumption in postwar years. In the vicinity of Warsaw
and in the central provinces, * fat meattrpe called Golebaka, a crossbreed of
pure Herkshire with native stock it raised,
It. has been officially elaimad that prewar hog numbers. were aurpsase
in 1953. However, productivity is atill below prewar lmvls and A pork end pork
fat shortage has been In eridenoe since 1951.
e. am., The me4or sheep raising areas are in theweet and
northeasterngions. Sheep raising was more important in that part of prewar
Poland h been ceded to the USSR.
most inportant types ar, the i.rinoPr
central regions, and the milks
substantial over prover, a? that
twice as many sheep as in 1938. T
near self.auffloioney in wool for the
pieced on sheep raising.
he dual-purpose
asses in
as estimated
has been
0t17, therefore,
*
rims and cat
but ho&s and sheep sho
anian wimi.nistrative
predominant in the Wailachin pia
me of Maldonia and Dobruge.
expected to
ributed ougtiout the
d pattern. Hogs are centered
the lower tient region, while
.ea of the Old Kingdom and in
tUe changes in the dietribtiou pat
er the present ratio.
C. ant114.attan
00ses most prevalent and which from time to time o tbreaks
proportions are Hog
and Fowl Pest.
11, Yigure 11
rn over a
ra0 Swine Srysipelas, Hoof and Mouth
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Ac-
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adine? a hog oho era increased
on state fare, have boon
the only animal disease which
ifieetion. One stillion std.ne
3 and 'garish 1994.
rted i practically every
ice hove been reported.
ty controlling hoof aid
ant
f
The psucity of
GtheD than test Oermaror,
? 1:004 WIAMEA
All of the setellites known to have
quantities in those reesv.s are not known.
is to store foods for release only in the event of war* economic
*ie.
oductten of food has made it diffteul
les of food to storage at, the expense
mot of the new course* most of the este lites
reserve and present 'applies are believed
probably the only oommodity stored, and this is
t quantities. It is doubtful that the shortages or
al fats has permitted storage of the oostrodities
?k 109494.
Aide by ofCiaiala on the low agricultural
ction did not permit accumulation of toad-
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25X1
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As a
prep. 7.9.
**se of oats,
spring
possible alai
This is abeeet
use of the tem
term "foodstuffs To eve
report, Table 2 gives the eerie*
ductime ad the soospted estimate
See Table 2).
h users,
far the
Beglis
of this
aink
it is belleved thadro the advisee Communi s of f
titan era on the basis of potatoes on. grows weight beads, at
The middle colon of Table 2 is ma this basis end with the etoepti
the esidamatee empted by this office are relatively competed* vaith atinelle
Gasesartets. elides if the assemption about potatoes Is cermet* Evon on the
basis of Lbinsaa Commainistet claim of span* production* the target yridaso
rice, wheat, barley, end oats, run 1640 parent of the total reported produce..
titan in the period 195049$3,
he reletively rough ealoolations preformed Owe, it is readi2y
he target grains am on extremely important proportion of the
in eaemtunist Chins.
geography of China on
/Able to reve?istate?
Aimin ibtilengkieng
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ii
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sad *chtg in Zmr two st
The area 3..yian not of the
China* yet it is inhabited tiff on
eastern pert aepiee on 36
much as 96 percent of ti. totat popi
01149A000400080007-8
Buck hes divided
sone** Me further
regions and two othe
alimsdpietere of Cause, agri
A, IL.4.110 ons
aLa region covers the northern parte of Hopeh*
d the southern parte of *lehol* %alum*** aulyu
This region in