(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PUBLICATIONS ENTITLED, "THEORETICAL PROBLEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC REGIONS WITHIN ONE COUNTRY" AND "URBANIZATION IN CONTEMPORARY POLAND, 1964"(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00247A003000280001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 12, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 29, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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Katimierz.DzItrolzsia
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THEORETICAL *Frio-Bis IN THE DETELORMC'T OF ECONOMIC REGIONS ?1
/WITHIN ONE COIMTRY/ - I/
In-a paper under the ? same title, presented in 196 1 at
the PLag113 Conference of the Regional Science Association,
starting from certain (.,,xp';ri,::::7.ceo the .field of Polish ego--
n.omic &rtcl physical plannin6 ly on the regional level/
I have ? -tried to define certain boa? concePts pertain-
Ing
-
ing to the nature of econcsll.c. Now, in this report.
on further prog:r..ess in w ild like to reverse .the
formerly adopted r.roceauro. '.,-111 develop few theoro-
tical dedusti ens , In narticulalr 3 influencing. methods of.'
regionalsnalysis and then I will poc,ed to verify thembasis
of data and incl. 1.c: es for. one, o;a:Inly underdeveloped part of
north-eastern Poland - the voivodsh: of Bialystok. The ques-
tion then shall .be! whether this should be considered as .
a separate economic region ? 3-71.11; the reasons for its
backwardness ? how they are refle:...ed In the regional?,struc-
ture ? and finally what means be assumed to overcome
those dieficiencies in the soaial sat economic development of
the region ?
I. ? Additi,-nal conce-otn for .th. ret. xnal analysis and thri
develorrnent of the Fenor.r.1 thec.--.7 of . economic
' Looking backward to my fo:tmer?,-...,,.(..,,sentation of the theoreo-
tical nrobIem.,,3 of economic, specs, rogi ?nal. struottzre and eco-
nomic I find that two fu:...damental aspects of an econo-?.. -
mic c7.1 on. were.' not developed cioa:cly enough. In a definition,
then ...atroduceci I stated that "/an region/ ...le a
aubsace C:!.' the ,SCOi0-cconornic ,-.)Ace" It follows ob-
viously that an .00 011.0m1Q region is the same time a part of
some r.;1-Oater whole /unit/ and 7; do2inite and separate wholO
/unit/ of it own. Let us tz--?? ?";o (...7.ve.lop further these ideas..
For this purpose I would. like Me mathematical concept
of transformation of one set into or cot o another set.
If we consider the s os. Jo-cc-0120E110 time-space to be a sot
?,
_
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of economic relations, and activities of the whole human
society .or community and the economio'region to be a set A
??
of.econbmio'relations and actiVitios of the regional coM-
munity, the possibilities for purposoful'Uso of the) ooncept, .
of ntranaformationv, should 'become fairly Geo57,?in fact ob-
vious. .Ilowever beforo discussing those peasibilities some ?
additional comments on nature of soolo-economic time-space
seem nooessary.
.to far when dealing with problems of space in human re-
lations the absolute'oharacter of spaces was traditionally.
assumed. But with further progress in mathematical formal-. ?
ization of concepts used in social sciences in general .and -
in regional' science in particular we may, and indeed.wo
should follow Steps taken in physics by .Poincare,,Einstein,
Sitter,. Lemaitre, Weyl, Eddinzton or oven those proposed by.
Xach. 'By this statement I.meon that it ia possible. to con-
sider socio-economic timo-spaco a's created by existence of
men I would liko to odd hero' at once - Within the geogra-
phical onvironmont. Suah'approach would lead us naturally
to the field theory of socio-economic time-space. To sim-
plify the mathematical side of such a theory we may consider
socio-economic time-spaco to bo three a4 notfour-dimensional,
i.e. to drop from our considerations the third spatial dimen-
sion iheizitat/ as it obviously plays only secondary role in
Macroeconomics.. It is important - I think .:.to note that the
field theory of socio-eoonoMic time-space will involve in'.
.theory the development of dynamic aapeot of locational
-blems indeed it indicates that by introducing time factor
we rando possiblo the discoiiory of a new .category. of socio-
economic locational phenomena 'which do vanish from our field
of observation when we reduce, our analysis to static problems
of three-/or two/ dimensional apacc. Personally,'I am quite
ready to accept such possibilities, In fact believe it to
bo a very strong argument .for construction of such a field
theory nt socioeconomic timo-svece. At the same time it .
-should- be mentioned here that the.use.of'gravitational and
potential models would gain much stronger intuitional basis
Nihen introduced within the framework of the properly developed
'4.1. ...a. -
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field theory. This theory'll.have.to introduce eoncepts.of
locational phenomena: ptatie and.dynamio - parallel to pheno
joaena of .inertion and graTitation or indeed'of mass,and energy
in physic. ,
But jet us, return to regional Troblems. With aid of con-
cept of.transformation we ara able to define connection between
econothio region and the wider' economic /e.g, national/ whole of
it is Elpart. as an image of economic regional relations.
an Into the set of 'economic relations and activi-
ties on the wider /e.g. national/ level and vice versa as an
imago of wider /e.e. national/ relations and activities into
/or perhaps onto/ the set of regional ones.- The Problem ,then
arises what is the difference between transformation into or
onto. Following mathematical definitionsve assume that trani--'
. formation-onto. 'involves at least Complete identification of,'
all relations and activitieo Contained in the second set with
part of relations .and activities of the first. All regional.
relations and activities 'arc of value forathe national economy-
.or all national relations an activities are reflected into.
the.regional economy. If the relations and activities con-,
tained in two set d are connected one by one in both direc-
tions./both are transformed one onto another/ then there .
exists complete identity of two and In reality this is only
:possible when we consider the whole set of economic relations
and activities in the. given area as completely closed a- within
aaspaee an absoluto regio:. .For instance, such a?oase arises
when we consider the v.hole-countraY as an economic region.: It
is possible then to speak of transformation of the -regional
/and at the same time national/ eoonomy onto itself. Further-
more. it is possible. to generalize this additional concept of
traneformation... In fact it seems very convenient and useful_
to define regional economy'as the transformation of economic
Telotions and activities within given territory onto or into.
? themselves. In this way a forialized.'definition not only of
en economic region as a part of a greater whole bUt also as aa
whole in itself.is
.In these rather simple statements some rather, interest-, -
,
-
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? 4. C.
ing implications are contained. Transformation of the regional
economy onto itself -means that it is comiilete and the given'
region,is in its oconemy fully'independentlfrom the outer world. -
We may assume then that its'ecenomy is closed within its terri-
tory. However the transformation may be also only into itself,.
it is only partial - then we Say that its economy is only
Partly closed within its.territory,'its remaining relations ?
and activities.being.closed only within the wider area or ter-
ritOry,on the wider.level. Although all regional relatien.e:
:and activities'oertainly do belong to that wider /e.g0 natitaal/
economy, we May say that in the narrower sense only those ones.
which are. close. only within a :aidor territory?properly dobe-
long to that wider /e.g. national/ 600nomy-and.those:closed,'
within-the regien'are properly regional. Indeed'an area should
not be considered to be an econoMic region when no ecenomiwre-
lations or activities are closed within its territory.. Here az,"
rises a rather interesting point whether elements Of ?the do-
mastie , subsistence economies stould be-taken: into account in
the analysis of the regional codnomy Oertalnly -in the wider
sense they should be: included, they are parts Of the econdMio
life in the region-but in the narrower sense they certainly do
not for in any basis for the de7eloyr,ent of regional ec onomy and
therefore should not be consi.:a.ze,d? as the same as other region-
'al economic relations .and ?activities. Perhaps this is one?.of
the 'cases where the difference between inertial and ,dynamic'
can be introduced. ?
?
All these' lead us back to the statement that an economic
region is a ?it u b Sla a cc of. socio-ecenomic time-space. ,
In a region econoMie 'relations and activities during certain
.period of time. should be at least partially closed within its
.territory.. The concept of regionally -closed economic 'rola-,
tions and activities gives us also -an useful basis- for. the ?. '
delimitation .of regional territory and ? establishing its .
'boUndaries. Within the regional territory at least local max-
--.1malization of the Closure :of regional economy should be 6b-
?
tamed, Only when increase or diminution- of the 'regional. ter-
ritory would increase the openness of the regional economy the
given. reg1ort4.is fully and properly delimited.
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.4.1r
All those ? concepts allow further development of the theory
of hierarchical correlation of veriout typeS of economic' regionoe.
They admit alto existenee of another phenomenon mentioned in .my
Eague paper, i.e. .the existence of =COS which are included into
the rogionel_struCtures of higher.levele wItkout being separato
regions of .lower rank.. The recognition of this phenomenon eli.-
minates.numerousdifficultica which in many .eases impede? our-
efforts to establish by careful analysis' the division of. der
tam n &rea. into the network of existing regions of?the'saMe. tank.,
Trere It is necessary to remind of these elements of the
theory of eeonomic regions which deal with interrelations"bo--.
tween economic regions*as natural subdivisions -of socio-econo---
mic time-8:ace end administrative regions as formal and arbi- -
trarily created tprritorial units of political; soCial and ece.',
nomio organisation of?human society. ? The importance and in '
fluence of administrative boundaries on the delimitation of ?
economic.regions become, much -clearer in the: light of just
presented new definition of regional territory on basis of the
closure of regional economy. The administrative boundaries.
are obvioUsly orystalising.linos for closure' of at least some
economic relations and activities. .
.So fa:, we did use these re,:hor loose terms "economic
lations and aotiviticen without any, discussion of their con?
tents. For further development of the reGionai theory stale-
comm ents on this' are however necessary. Obviously on what,
more dAtailed terms, concepts emd mo&ningg. are included in
this very general class of "esti-10)41c relations and activitiesft
depends the choice'of.algebran and geometries which are to be.
used both in the theory end in prpotice. It is not necessary
and indeed possible to enumerate all relations and activities.
Which should and would be finally included.' It will be
enough at present to indicate at lest some of them. Natural
ly we have to inclUde-some of basic economic re3ations.mhich
are those between production and consumption. In prinoipl
their treatment on matheMatical side involves no more than
.introduction of primary operatiomof addition and substrac-
tion., However when dealing with the elements of production
'41 *NA. Nay
. . rYitarINCe- ?
? 'C.!
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nJu.
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and consumption insoclo-edenol#o time-space we should ,treat
them as tensors. This statement alone shows already thw.tre-
mendous possibilities contained in thomathematioal formali-.
zation of the theory 'of economic reGions.
But there 'aro also other ocenomie relations and activi
.AmenG them .such relations as personal incomes and ex-
penses of population Or as betweon. places of work and of dwel-
ling, i.e, problems of Journey to work /and perhaps to:leisure
toolsheuld be mentioned. TheSo.last may probably. be dealt:
Within tha field theory of,secio-seenomic time-space.
specific:, rather difficult problem is created by the
many.lossible uses of natural resources, tore the concept of
Mapping as between GeoGraph:',,o1 environment /considered as'a4
space/ and Socio-economic tims-spnce mAyperhars provido a
fruitful apProaoh.in forM of-one many-transformation Tor
future and one - ono,transforMation rot- present. On the other
hand, the same problem taken from the point of view of Geo-
eraphical environment as'inflmone:d by.mma'would take form of
*another many-one transformation.
' Further development of these and other problems has bow-
to be left for disoussion in another place and at a Alf-
fovent moment.
II. *cture of the voivodshlp
Bialystok in Poland
In the voivodship of Bi,alystok an de,ministrativo district
of the first rank in -Ole north-eastern Poland, with en area, -
of about 23 100 eq. isau. crId with a population of about 1,2
million inhabitants, bolonF to the most unsatisfactorily de;.
voloped reGions of the country. it is enough to say that the
index of the produced national income per head of the popula-
tion is here three times smaller than the same index for tha
voivodship of K..,towioe Waich inoludca the Upper Silesian In-.
. dustrial Distriot. At the same time the averego density is
50 psrsons par sq..km. In comoaricou to over 350 por-
,sons in Upper Silesia. The undopaevelopment of this terri-
tory /especially when comp ca with others/ is certainly duo
?
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to the lack Of r importont ntu1 roocurcog and to,tho 1
density of Itkopulatiou au fl to the history of its sottlwk
mont, COODOM10 development and po/itioal /stato/ allogian000.
In fact its torritory iu oxtromely hotorogonoua, various porta
belonging at dif:oroat poriodo to different politioal/and ooo-.
nomio bodios. it was established within its prosent admini-
strativo boundaries only aftor the Second Wor14 War, in /946.
However it is gonerallY re000niocl that in spito of all these
reasons and excusog. it is 3to1,11 insufficiently dove/opod, that
something should bo done to overcome its hondieara and to brine
the level of living -conditions up to the avorage for the whole
country.
In my?formor papor I have leady dosoribod diffioultios
facing um in planning for tho development of duch'iubotandord.
.areao. Howover in this as in.othcr ouoh oases moro definite '
and detailed diaimosis aad romedioa are necessary. Let us
thoroforo look olo?or at ita reoionsi structure in hope to find
more ooncroto solutiong. . Followino our earlier theoretioal
refleotions lot us first lool..7 on the one side at tho image of'
? the regional oconomy as tranoformod into tho national one and:
on the other sido, at the the of the national economy as
transformod into the rogional aao. In I959x the imago of tho
rozionol economy as transformod into the national one was
expressed by the following dota and indices: 3,8% of the
'total population, 700 of tho Sao territory, 2,6% of the
gross global product, 1,3% of the industrial product, 5,7%
of the agrioultural product, 25'1) of the net national income
as regionally produced ad te% of the net national.inCome
as rooionollyconsumod, 3p0 of the total consumption and
A ARVCA;meTlt nnt17.17p
2,5%,of the/inveated national income/. Those fioures give a. ?
very clear picture of its poverty /for instance: percentage
of population higher than'thoso of gross global pToduct aml ?
not national incomo/ and of,subSidion paid into the regional
/ All data here are given for l959 b000uco for. that Year the ?
basio.oconomio. data e.g. nationa/ In and other simi-
. lar wore established and ouramarized by. voivodships.
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economy /far inetanee: perce:at&fO3 of divieled national
in-
oce and of coreuription talgi'le:e than that of produced nation-
al income/. I:16re ,dotailed data throw further light on the ?
rola of this' voivodship in the national economy. aeri-
culture the date for 1959 are ts follows: 6,1% of the agri-
cultural' population, 5,774,; of the arable land, 5,7% of the
totel icultural product, 4,9% of the final agricultural-
product and 4,2% et the commercial agricultural product., .
5,4 of the grain produetion, 6.4 of the potato production,
5,6% of the cattle pc). pulations,. 7,0% of the pig population, .
913% of the sheep population; foreetry: 7,0% of the af-
forested land, 6,9% of the total 'production of wosod, 698fa of
the produced timber. and , 6-07%, q the fire wood; . in industry':
1A-% of the industrial emploTecnt, 1,3% of tho.indaitrial
product, 0,1% of the total produced electric =army, 0,5% o
the all produced machinery, 1,35 of the metal products,. 1,7%..
of the bu13,ding Mater leis fteet 2.,65) in the ereploymenti, 3,2%.
of the wood products /1,8% in tae emp1oyment/9 2,7% of the.
textiles /but 3 ,3% in,:the employment/9 1,2%* of the clothing,
1,7% of the leather products and 1,8% of the. food .products.
From those data it is eesy to pereeive that in, spite of its
backwardness .as indicated by the aetensive character. and li-
mited development of the commercial production in. the agri
culture as well as by. the evidently low, effectiveness of
labour in the,industryl the veivodship of Bialystok plays
quite a distinctive role on the national leVel in,the pro
duction of livestock, of wood, wood products and textiles;
to a'smaller extent in the produetion of processed .food
duets, of of leather, building meterials and clothing.
. When we turn in OUT analysio to the interregional ex-
change of coeds the importance of certain products or Bialy.
stok becomed even clearer. The export .from the voivodship'
of livestock /to tho meet rectories in Warsaw, Gdmisk,and in,
the Upper Silesian.IndustrialDiatriot/ reached, in 1959, d
Of the total interregional exchanges; the export of potatoes.
/to .the voivodships of Szozecin and Katowice/ was about 10%
/i.e. 140 thousande tonch of ,wood and timber about 7% /i.e..
473- thou send tonsh saldo u rpoxts of building material
--..;prs.,.47.. No, ? ? ?
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.?.? 9
/mainly send end ,..1.tro to tho
above 700 thousand tc71
So far as th3 terroional
Metropolitan Ar
reachsd
vices
ar conoerned thG
northern part'of the voivodDhip imc important tourist.area,
.'ttoquented spocially.t7 the inhabitanto, of the Warsaw Metropor,'
.1.1tan AT0.2 hut 10.of other Mg.PcIish. cities and induPtrial
conurbations. On the ,other hand, the Medical Aoadelay of, Biely-
.stok sorveo am a medical teaching C64.tre for .the ho1 north-
oaStera 'Poland, ..e.'also for the .neithbouring parts of other
?Voivodships? ,
It. nay'thoralore bc,,s&fol tted that the voivCdship of
Biaiystok,? 'a .poo and baavard achievce. in QCUO
olemonts already suite an ,impotant role in the, national_economy.
Moreover its economic.relation2.rith farth= off. lying parto in,
Poland-?are -.and.this is very. characteristic - much more
loped than with. its immediate-neighbours.
? ? Let .1,1.3novz turn,our attention to:the-other side of the .pro-
.blem to the liage of? the -national eaonomy_as transformod. into
the -regional on .This is however m:aeh tore difficult.to,esta
-blish becauso, geacWally opev,kinG, till.? present ways,. followed*
in ?compllatio4.. of statistical dat.a do not take-into,account.
sUoh'nsoonaity? 'Pr= the data on railroad transport it is
siblo to .obtain inforlution on the imports from other voivod-
ships.but only for very-genl ?lassos Of goods End then macs-,
urod? only in unito of weieht.
?. In spite of all those difficulties certain general dmaga
'
may be deduce& from variourI dislyercc,A and ' partial dat4; Thd' *0., ?
, .
'ivcdship of .Biaiystok d'epenr:: ? on the national economi; in .eiev3rL,
- ways: . first 'in, produci t ion , then -in consumption tar-A. in L;()cic41
serviocs, finally in .6...paera1 econo7it3. In product:Ion three-
basic branches of industry, aGrieulture -and fore 2 t O
.vary in their derondonce. But to bring out ths r,1
tui
?? of the int errelat ion .or regional. and nat ional (;(3pnom1f; it 13
neoecsary to break through no simple and c,61e-f.f!atic.
For our UYpCO it ifa MOTO (.7.,on7onient tediacuss ho7,? trio'
-
problems. of the ' full cyole oZ produc ti oft for fox l, xi,toi
;
? til3 nd leather goods without: too mucf., ttttT 'being paid
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to tha div Aortit botTo n of.4concirs,r, 3u0h
agr1cu1tur othcril.
Lot -u14,start cith problemo et f3o duction. Moat of
tho icultural Droducto -'grain,pottoos, sugar boats., milk
andltveteck. aro &pot ed from'tha co as:raw materialg?
practiaally without any Ivesocgo:'.ng. ThisphonoMenon ls so
strong that ror instance all gralz 01:7,ortpd to other parts or,-
the countrY ia later, 'ro orc 1 fam.tif floux and otho
processed product3. jabeut.70,thau9KA to of vain. are p;
ported.and then. 52 thousand tong of flour are broUght tacW?
e saMe .is true for sugarbeots ane4 sugar..:Potatecs, milk
and liVosteckg.'on the other haai5 &Ye the true 'export prd,
'dnata of the voLvodship but tU th6y are Sont'tO-othor.
re-
Ofl3 ..r.factieally unproce3s'ed,4
Tilth wooi 'products the eii;utionis-somewhat'bette
although tho proportion of 'woo a usol a'fueLis'unusually..
'ICA -and 'tho amount of timb zpoc vIthout any further
prcesssiag :10 rather.big. 'Still the wood mills-and-wood? '
ossP4nr4 plants belong to the 1:17e;er and more efficient ih th9
country.. Their'.equi!imont is conparstively modernrandi, in con
equeneo, the produetivity of orkczal is Over the average for-,
the whole country.:
.The traditional /1,0 e ?e the first half of the rath
4ecaturilladustry of the:. the' textile industry- dopendp,
fOr raw Materials - as may .be 11 expeeted - on' imports from
.:the ovoraeas'countries and from tho UBSIL; GonerallY spedkinG,
? . ,
;the situation r the,samo.in ether t3 of Poland but there
aro also sono im:pertant'ditZeTanoes.. At present.the'wholo
?
cyole of production is not closod-within tha area'aild the:
produced goodS:aro tranaferrod to L6d1..for linal'prceessin
-Vow the situation is wore() than 'before the'var..tIcal
A.y the te4tild :induStry of Bialystok arose independently,
-fact asdatrong:compotitev to the 7,6d?L rogioni
even devoloped and 7PoSso3ced bef6o the tar ita'orrap
fie sourco of raw materials in fo= of processingsecondhand
woolen rags& 'But now .with the Ar4ification'.and Concentration
of the whole toztile industry in the' hanl Of the State alli
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? thiz belone .tothcpa . On natioa 1 zodle the zhole produ
to ii =re. offic:tent,but the.. ogionaI ceonomy
.s1.12gereet .11107ver. in the zoar.futUzE-:5,-With-tho CompletiO4 Ot
a.now. large:textile plant in tl VicinIty pr
thole yolprodqction. will be gain closed Withit tho voived;-?
ship
.aith:the-produot on of leather goodm agpi the situatiolt lp,
the Dame as with ,the rood nroduots'., Oae Of the Maln PrOd1ti000
of livestock in the country, ,outside seVeral antiquatod tanm0-'
ries, the roe does*.not.passesa any larier modern 1oather.p11=6.
esiiplants.'2he general sit.uation to thereforeclear.,:F0
finalprocesaing or Its products-the regional econowy'depenft
completely on. the nztionei ene.
To all. these should be Ad'ded a ciomplete lack.withia the
a:00a 'ef,any mere. important tdola outside. woOd'.and'peat/ 'and in
reoult.its dependence on othei, areas for energy,
So fa aa the regional consumption is coonoorne:d the.
on:changos In foodstuffs the voivodshlp of'Biatystok
mopt selfsufficie t aos 'at nd. possesses at .present'
the,highest inder, /coi 54.4v o comuraption..of fts own globb.1
agricultural product, 'Thi3 'irizy. be partly influenced by th'
prsietenso of domestic econ'...)77 cmong neasants and by genera /7
lower standards of living amuag the tllole population.. With'
predicted, ad plannc3. chenzeo those dii.ectionS the colre-atiV,
fieiency of the.area in food.,1,12fs %7111 decrease and intordo-
pendencewith .the wholopounia70.bsea'on the,speoializatto
in agricultuxel production 7in oer7,:ainl incroaae.
On the otherfhaad,i in canmmption of industrial goods
,
vgpivodship of Bialystok is Com:Piet:01Y doPaadent'en the prod
tion of ,pther partS Of Poland, Th:Zs lo agaiu seriOUSly in
,
orossodby open cycles of proAla,Atienite Own induDtries'.
So.far, as the r3orvioas on regional scale are conceracd-
the voivodship to a very laigo oztont depends in higher ()dude
tion on university _collo aLd schools of all kinds conoentrot