THE FIRST PRIMINENT THEMES AND SUB-THEMES IN SOVIET RADIO PROPAGANDA (APRIL1949)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500730100-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 100
• Publication Date: November 11, 1998
• Content Type: REPORT

COUNTRY
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HOW ~ H,H,
PUBLISHED
WHERE I
PUBLISHED
DATE--)
PUBLISIIED
LANGUAGE
TNIR OOCYN,MT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFICTINS THE NATIONAL DIFINSI
OF THE . INTRO ITATSR ?ITNIN THE NIA NI NS OF IRFIONASE ACT SO
Y. S. IC.. R1~AMO It, Al ASINDI0. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE NIYILATION
OF ITS CONTINTS IN ANT MANNIN TO AN UNAYTHONIIID PINION IS PRO.
MISITID IT.1S'AV. 11140011=011 OF Ttlu FOAM IS FROHINITIO.
CD NO.
DATE OF
INFORMATION
DATE DIST. /9 June 1949
NO. OF PAGES 9
SUPPLEMENT TO"
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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BROAD Ts AND SUB-S
'CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
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INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR.8ADIO BROADCASTS
I= i ZT FRIMINENT THE IS AND S UB TBEMRS
IN SOVIET RADIO PROPAGANDA (April 1949)
Mwdtlored Radio Broadcasts
I. Peace........................
.............. ..............
ITI . Deestocr~,a~c~y~ ........................... ? .. ? ............
.... .
Ii. ru b u].nets..??................. w....... ..... ...........
IV. National Independence............
V. Economic Welfare......
v .... ........ ........... ............
I. Stre .................................................
VII? CultW.e......?.......................................'....
'VIII. National Unity. ..........................................
(K= 10W AND EVASIONS
vi ""VA"% 01torgy.... w ............... r ........ B
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m?.?.?..?.....?...?...?..?..?....?.?..w..?a......w 8
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vidual freedom....., ...........
.....
..w.
Facts 9
Fecte
..............
...................................... 9
NSRB
FBI
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The following pages contain representative quotations i3lustrating the Soviet r`adio's most
prominent themes and sub-themes as derived from an intensive study of monitored. Soviet radio
broadcasts during the month of April 1949. (Continuous study of subsequent monitored broadcasts
has reveaa.ed few appreciable changes in the thematic pattern of Soviet radio propaganda.)
Keyed to the explicitly stated "two-camp" concept of current world politics--the "imperial-
ist, w8xmongering" camp led by the ruling circles of the United States, and the "democratic,
peace-lovii:g" camp led by the Soviet Union--Soviet broadcasts concentrate on the 6216ged evils
represented and fostered by the former and on the alleged good represented and fosta?gd by the
latter. To this end, the following broad themes are most prominently emphasized:
: Our opponents in the "imperialist, warmonger.Lng" camp stand for war; wp In
the democratic, peace-loving" camp stand for peace. (Compared to monitored Soviet
bro::3casts of a year ago, there is a greatly increased emphasis on peace!. A
liminary.count indicates that approximately 32 percent of Moscow's total s"is
now given to this theme, as compared with 16% a year ago.)
Our-opponents are reactionaries, monopolists, fascists; we are deaoc;stic:,
for the workers, for the people.
==g==: Our opponents are lying; we are truthful.
Our opponents are imperialists, want to rule the world; we
stand for the equality Fnd independence of all nations.
F. C WFE BE: our opponents are declining economically; we are forging ahead.
Three additional broad themes--receiving less emphasis, however, than those lis1od above--
are the following:
: The forces of peace and democracy are worldwide, and are growing 1n'strength.
Qom: The West is decadent; we are culturally progressive.
NATTCflAr ujyv: Western policy aims at German dismemberment; we stand for a invited,
free Germany.
In addition to identifying the major themes around which the content of Soviet radio
propaganda constellates, it should be noted that Soviet broadcasts are also charagtex ized by a
Soviet radio has treated this topic only rarely, and always in such a way as'to distract
pattern of omissions and evasions:
(b) Soviet military strength: Attention is rarely given to specific elements of Senist
militfry-pon+r. The superiority of the USSR in land forces, for example, is aL.,uat
attention from the obstructive role played by the USSR.
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(c) CQT mism and revtl.catian: Soviet; radio propaganda for foreign audiences gives little
stress to such ideological torts as ConBnunism and revolution. There is little to remind
listeners of the violent and revolutionary character of both Communist history and basic
Communist doctrine.
(d) Individual t . aedglu: Western charges that the J3SB. is a. police state are, as a rule,
siuply i,rtored. In fact, the whole issue of individual freedom is ordinarily ignored or
evasive treated by counter-charges of "slavery" in the West).' "Democracy" is
stressedi,but the term is used as if it were primarily synonymous with economic justice
and non-discrimination against social and economic groups, with only faint connotations
of individual freedom.
(e) Facts: Although the Soviet radio preserves an imposing facade of fact-mindedness,
many of the essential conclusions of Soviet propaganda rest upon assumptions that are
themsel.vps only rarely supported by facts. For example, the assertion of U.S. aggression
rests primarily on such asserted evidence as the Atlantic Pact and the existence of U.S.
military) bases, plus the unsupported assumption that--"es the whole world knows"--the
USSR could never make war; a military alliance against an obviously peace-loving nation
could therefore have only one purpose--aggression.
BROAD
THEMES The ua..ini circles in l;r. i t 3n and America are ywarj Droners, aggressors:
"`Lzo vra:r instigators, those modern pretenders to world domination, try to involve
th whole world in the execution of their wi-
I plans." (14 April 1949)
"The editors of the Ai1.DIDERDLADET can hardly be unaware of these American cal-
culations. They certainly realize that the U.S. intends to use Norway as a spring-
board in its ession a~raiinst the Savriet f "n " (14 April 1949)
} i,31LT(Tlinr, _J,s neF_ co, cooper. atiyt : it makes , peace nrorosals:
"`That movement (for peace) has a mighty bulwark in the Soviet Union, the standard-
be t?er and hope of all pro;ressive mankind in the struggle, for peace." (14 April 1949)
SUB-
tic.Py1ctis
"Tine threat to peace and security by the creation of the bloc of the atrpxepsor and
those who are out for world domination is becoming more and more evident."
(L4 April 1949)
"W see those same circles snarling viciously at every step the people take in
support of peace, at every protest that they make against' the conclusion of the
aP. ossiye Nor-Lb At' n is Pact.." (14 April 1949)
'In-as (military) activity of the Western Powers is closely, connected with their
policy of building various political and millt:r ?:r blocs directed aaa~st~ the TJSSR
No statistics are presented since relative frequencies have not yet been reliably established.
The themes illustrated here, however, are those found to have been most often expressed in
an actual count of a sample of April 1949 broadcasts. Each of the most prominent themes is
illustrated by two or three quotations; the less prominent, by only one.
The underlined words and phrases are those most directly representing the theme being
illustrated. Most of these quotations represent more than one theme; this one, for example,
refers toi"world dc.nination" as well as to war-making.
rck
;AMM EP
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There is a world-wide roeace movement:
"On April 20, the World Congress of the Partisans of Peace opens in Paris. This is
an event of great political importance. The number of the .hp ions of roes a ip
countless. In Indonesia, and in France, Italy, and the U.S., ,'n Ottawa and in
London, millions of common people stand on guard over peace." (14 April 1949)
"They (the warmongers) are on the defense too. Not against any external enemy, for,
of course, no such enemy exists, but against the growing peace movements of the
peoples of their own countries." (14 April 1949)
"A Congress of Intellectuals in New York made Clark and men like him fret and ftrme.
They themselves thereby issued the certificate confirming the importance of the
Congress in the struggle for peace." (14 April 1949)
The West is rmine: it is militaristic
"The formation'of the North Atlantic bloc is taking place to the music of repeated
4=219 to rm." (14 April 1949)
"Why do the Americans feverishly erect military haws in the Near East and in
Greenland, in Japan and in the Philippines?" (1 April 1949)
The West opposes the U N.t
"As planned by its sponsors, the North Atlantic aggressive bloc is called upon'-to
glace and annul the U.N,?, which has become an obstacle standing in their way."
(14 April 1949)
The West violates international amAmont
"Anglo-American propaganda is trying to force the people of the world to forget
the historic Potsdam Agreement, which pruvidea for a really peaceful lasting
settlement in Europe." (2 April 1949)
The West engages in eg2ione a conspiracy:
"Fudapest, April 2--In a correspondence entitlod 'The U.S. Intelligence Service
Creates New Underground Organizations in Eastern Europe,' VILAG writes: 'The
failures of U.S. secret service agents in Eastern Europe have compelled the central
organs of the U.S. spying system to organize to chock on the efficiency of the nark
in these countries." (2 April 1949)
. was is rebuilding Gerr4.n (or Tatanesel war-rptentipl:
"REUTERS reports that the Governments of the U.S., Great Britain and France have
agreed already to refuse to dismantle the establishments of military importance J
Western Ger any." (2 April 1949)
BROAD
THEMES Our ooroonenta are reactionaries monopolists. wzainst "the workers" anA "the neon10
they are the "ruling circles" in the West:*
"The group of monopoly cao talists, the true
rulers of the United States, lives on
Wpl1 Street. This tiny group of superbillionaires dictate to their AgWAt& in the
Government and the CongresR the aggressive foreign and the reactionary internal
policies." (13 April 1949,
This theme appears chiefly in the choice of words used to designate the enemy, rather than
in the form of explicit argument.
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the are he " t,ing cicles" in the West: (Contd.)
"The reconversion (of Italian industry to war production), it is reported, win be
accompanied by mass dismissals operated first to break the workers' opposition to
the plan of the Italian warmongers, and then to carry out the broad offensive of
Italian monopolies against the workers' rights." (14 April 1949)
"The Minister of the Interior described the (Fi;,:is) Congress as Cammmist-inspired.
The trick is not new. The same thing happened in the United States when its
governing circles described as C-mmunist the U.S. Intellectuals' Peace Congress held
in New York recently." (13 April 1949)
"The workers of Germany are resolved in favor of the Constitution drafted by the
G e r m a n PeoDl ' Council, which is an important step towa ?'s the formation of a new
German Democratic State." (13 April 1949)
"The WFTJ is the mainstay of this unity (of labor). It mobilizes the forces of the
working class to fight for better living conditions all over the world, to !@d
jL=crac and combat a resurgence of fascism and the danger of a new war."
(13 April 1949)
SUB-
THEWS The reactionaries are porspauting representatives of the neople:
"Reprisals and terrorism against thedemocrat]e forcces have been widely used... (in
Puerto Rico), with direct support from the Americans." (11 April 1949)
"But these people (in the New York slums) are not the poorest; they can pay 1`,i to
20 cents and sleep under a.roof. There are many people in New York who have not
got even this miserable sum of money to pay for a bed. They have notl" g but
domination, the Anglo-American warmongers." (31 March 1949)
"The Iberian Bloc had as its aim the creating of a basis for helping Hitlerite!
Germany and for strengthening the two fascist d.lctators, Salazar and Franco. Now
the members of this bloc have gone over completely to the new pretenders to world
cinema. A wide stream of lies and slander has been let flow over all three..,,,
the production of which has long since exceeded the prewar level, thanks to the
efforts of the instigators of war." (14 April 1949)
"Their intention was to cast Hungary into the net of the Marshall Plan, and there-
fore they alleged that without American help not even half of the plan could be
accomplished." (14 April 1949)
"For this purpose all means have been put into action--the press, the radio, the
* Truthfulness is not often a stated goal (liko peace and democracy); it is, rather, an
assumed moral standard which (as in the above instance) is woven into a great variety of
other contexts.
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"The lies and deceit are destined in the first place for internal consumption
'heir own people. For this purpose the instigators of war never tire of -asserttlna
their own love for -peace. For this purpose they are ready to prove that the many
billions worth of budgets of the U.S. are allele lv meant to extend the network of
American schools or that the military bases in Iran have been erected for the''
defense ofICalifornia, that the system of military blocs and pacts is a natural['
exixression of a boundless love for unity and friendship--though the unity of these
pacts is but a fist of fingers clenched together." (14 April 1949)
THEMES They nretend that they want -peace:
The Voice of America, hoarse with slander, and. the corrupt pens are never tired
of screaming about the plans of aggrassion they themselves have invented."
BROAD
TfiF.EE4$
IV.NATIONAL INT5E PE NDIEAi CE
They slander the Soviet Union and Peonies' Demooracieu:
aetuAlly they are for mononol y cans to :
Social Democrats and reactionary lab
"By joining' with the MZ, that mortal enemy of working class unity, against the
WFi'U, the Trade Union Council leaders are playing into the hands of American
monopoly capital." (13 April 1949)
hey 1 want t
"Yesterday we were struggling gallantly against the German fascists and Japanese
imperialists who had taken the lead of the warmongers and enslavers' of peoples.,;'
Now that they have been destroyed we are fighting just as courageously against, the
Anglo-U.S. imperialists who have taken up their post." (il April 1949)
"Another step towards the subordination of Western Germany to American m nopolies
is the occupation Statute." (13 April 1949)
"The masters of Wall Street and of the whole of America have in the postwar coax
ditions adopted an openly expansionist course with the aim of establisht2g their
=3i18 in the world. Dreaming of -world sunremac, the masters of Wall Street are
noc~g together all sorts of aggressive anti-Soviet blocs and pacts." (13 April
We respect thelindenendenee of other nations-
"Tai the Soviet zone the German economy was being
credits." (113 April 1949)
reestablished without gQel
TffiMAF.S Colonial im71erl1jja:
"The America Government has no intention of withdrawing its troops from South
Korea; it wants a firm foothold there for colonial exploitation and for the
establishment of a military strategic base." (141 April 1949)
collective
"'Dear J.V.: Thanks to the wise policy of the Party and Governments, the Kuznetsk
Coal Basin has been converted in the course of the Stalin Five Year'IPlans into the
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TIES The tSR and the New Demo aci es are #orj 1 ahead. eeonomi sal ly:
"Tn the struggle for raising abundant cro s tens of thousands of
f ft
i i
h
a c r m e r 8
ave) d_s J J i t U . ed ?hengle ves. 15 April 7.'49)
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SUB-
TBEM S We must strive even harder for economic development:
"The Soviet people will make the proper response to the solicitude of the party and
tbA Government. They will respond with new success, Socialist cospetitim.,
higher labor efficiency, and still greater efforts." (10 April 1949
"lnBQ redlby the successes of our country in the struggle for completion of the poet-
war Five-Year Plan in faux years, we are warmly hailing thelproposal made by the
construction mine workers of the Don Basin for the organization of a Socialist
ems metition for Rreschedule completion of the construction plans of the fourth year
of the Five-Year Plan." (15 April 1949)
Q
"Tn all their great constructive work, the new Peoples' Democracies rely on the
general rgsistance of the USSR, assistance aimed at promoting their consolidation and
development tolthe utmost." (12 April 1949)
I I
Overseas imperialists are harming the economy of Woe tern Europe:
"The eyes) of the workers of the Western European countries are being opened to the
evil influences of subjecting the national economic interests to the interests of
overseas imperialists." (13 May 1949)
BROAD
THEMES The democratic ca= is strong, and, growing in strength:
"These great historical landslides are causing uneasy activity in the camp.of the
instigators of war. Fearing the awakening of the jl,lions: the despicalo x}egligible
minority is trying to enforce its will upon the peoples, to turn the cold war into
a new world slaughter." (14 April 1949)
"The peace movement has been joined by the countries of Asia and Africa, along with
the countries of Europe and North and South America," 14~ April 1949)
VII. CULTURE
THEMES We ar cultured (science. invention, education, art, etc.):
"The longilist,of Stalin Laureates, says the editorial of TRUD, contains names of
scientists Down to the whole country and far beyond its frontiers, names of
members of the older generation, rich with experience, bearers of the noble traditions
of Russian science...." (9 April 1949)
The Wost is cultured. decadent:
"Anti-moral and anti-aesthetic qualities of bourgeois art serve the pathological
psychology and ,depraved tastes of the bourgeoisie." (12 April 1949)
I I
VIII. NAT ,I ONAL UNI.
oononer are dismembering Germany:
"The leading part in this ParliamentaryCouncil, this gathering of the gravediggers
of Germany's unity and national independence, is played by the representatives.of the
reaotlonary parties: The Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Won,
and Schumacher's Social Democratic Party. Having undermined the formation of a
QJA&J 211--Germ a Democratic Government, the United States, Great Britain, and France
have now decided to crmplete rapidly Germany's final division and to form the puppet
West German Government." (13 April 1949)
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B. ' EPASIO!
In any propaganda campaign, the omissions or evasions are often of as much' interest as the
emphasized themes. They frequently suggest possible points oflvulnerability in the propa-
gandist's armor-weak 1 spots which he; hopes his audience arill not think about too much, and
which (presumably) he hopes his propaganda-opponents will not bring to their attention.
Some of the neglected topics in Soviet radio broadcasts (in each case a relative rather than
an absolute neglect) are as follows:'
The control of atomic energy: It may be remembered that in t1e fall of 1948, during the
sessions of the U.N. General Assambly,l Qishinsky led off a strenuous propaganda campaign
(strongly supported by the Soviet radio) to "prohibit~atomic weapons and reduce armaments by
one-third." This campaign, however,! stands in sharp contrast to the soft-pedalling policy
followed by the Soviet radio both before and since. This policy has been 'to give the topic of
world control of atomic energy only the bare minimum of attention which the news of the day
seemed to necessitatel, and to deal with it then so iefly an evasively that the obe1.ruCtive
role of the Soviet delegation eoult' not become clear in them ds of the ordinary radi9
listeners. In fact, a similar evasiveness characterized even the short but strppuou.q campaign
to "ban the bomb." "'he Soviet radio !did not at any time discuss the practical problem of how
the "banning of the bomb" could be effectively implemented; and the timing of the campaign
suggested that it might have been adefensive, attention-distracting device, brought out
only when the alternative would have been a focusing of world attention on the obstructive
minority role of the USSR. When a dangerous issue cannot be completely avoided, it can at
least be confused.
Soviet 'ii rv strFor reasons' which appear to be somewhat different, the Soviet radio
almost never discusses concretely either the strengthof the Reed Army or the strategy which it
might use in case of 1rar. It is sometimes assumed inlthe West that the Soviet radio uses a
"strategy of terror"-ia direct attempt to intimidate Western Europe with the frightening
picture of a Red military Juggernaut crashing across Western Europe against slight opposition.
Actually, altaough references to Soviet military strength do occur, they are much loss frequent
than is sometimes supposed. There is no such reference, for example, in the sample of Soviet
broadcasts on the preceding pages. And, when the might of the Red Army is extolled, care is
taken to picture thatlArmy as playing a strictly defensive role. For example, there are
fairly frequent references to the almost single-hands. victory of the USSR in World War II;
here the context is one of heroic defense rather than aggression. it is also occasio?ally
said that if the present-day "instigators of war" succeed in precipitating another wQ, ld
catastrophe, their end will be as ignominious as that of Hitler. Here too, however, t con-
text is one of successful Soviet defesi'se against aggression, and not an invasion of Western
Europe. There have been w momitceed direct references to overwhelming superior y' of
the USSR in standing land strength, and only very occasional i1ndirect hints that the Red
Army could, if necessary, invade Western Europe. T_
A possible reason for this reticence is suggested by the occasional Soviet accusation that the
ruling circles in the West are "brandishing" the atom bomb, or, "threatening the world" with
the bomb. The assumption appears to ;be that "brandishing" one's own weapons would be almost
an open declaration o aggressive intentions.. The Primary Propaganda earap :eels of the Soviet
radio is, as we have eon, the attempt to picture its enemiesas aggressors and the USSR as
a wholly peaceloving,ron-militaristic nation. Presumably, than, Moscow does not want to lay
itself open to the charge of "brandishing" the Red Army.
COMMMIM: The relatLvely small amount of direct ideological content in present-day Soviet
radio propaganda for oreignconsumption becomes apparent if Soviet broadcasts are contrasted
with, for example, the Communist Manifesto. Most of the tradirtional.vocabulary of socialism
and of proletarian revolution is absent. The word "revolution" itself, for inatance, appears
rarely, and there argil few references to the overthrowlof capil~alism, the dictatorship of the
proletariat, the expropriation of the bourgeoisie, the property question, the profit motive,
.
the common ownership of the means of!production, the class st le, class antagonismsy
surplus value, dialecjticsi materialism, the materi.al.i et inter 'rotation of (,history, the class-
less society, the withering away of the state, or the necessity of force as "the niiddfe of
.~ ^
every o1r. society which d is pregnant iritt the new."
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Now, as previously, however, Soviet
possible recognition of the hostile
world is assumed to; be,divided. Aid',',{by its references to "Wx11 Street," "reactionaries,"
"monopolists," eta., inlirreconcilablq conflict with "the people" ori"t1ie forces of democracy,"
the Soviet radio sakes it clear than *se two camps have a class basis But it is generally
implicitly,aaaumed that the middle classes are part of "the people" andth-t their property
and interests are not In any way ea~da~agered. It is also assumed that if violence =ours it
could onlylbe perpetrated by the "negligible, despicable minority" of Wall Street mocoapoliete,
and knot by a Cautmmi.at' cevolutionax'1 idnority bent upon overthrowing', the capital1 t Ayatem as
the middlel, clans who want peace as
broadcasts', (especially those for mcjst
remind listeners of either the violen
aryan4 violence-condoning element II the orthodox Communist ideology.
TnidiviAwml i : With rare exec ; .ons, the strong Western a mphasi~s`on indi jedom
is --)imtered by ignoring it, or by Ic~otiuter-charges of "slavery" in the West. (Me tter are,
however, largely a recent development, apparently as a response to increased We.iter iublicity
about slave labor in the USSR. Th~Itipical Soviet answer to the chargeltLat the USSt is a
police-state ban been simply to i4gr it.) This evasion of the subJect of individual freedom
is the primary difference between values emphasized by the Soviet radio and those in our
ownliideology. l6oseow'abroadcasters, say that they approve of all the fundamental valupa
cherished by the West: peace, democracy, truthfulness, national) independence, econa
welfare, etc. On the verbal level, tl1ere is a remarkably close parallel!between their value-
system and!' ours, even in terms of elative emphasis. There is, however,this one Qd
difference of eaffphaeis: while the oviet propagandists implicitly and:sometimes e citly
approve of' individual freedom (fried sjeech, freedom of rel zion,l etc.'),; their amphasitj on it is
only a fraction of ours. They giveienormous emphasis to "democracy, "but their implicit
definitior I of democracy makes it almost synonymous with "economic Justice":and non-d crimin-
ation against selected social and ecoi~.oazic groups, with only faint connotations of J MNJd
freedom. With us, however, indivi freedom occupies a primary role in the values con-
stituting a democratic way of life.
Facts: Soviet radio broadcasts preserve a facade of fact-mindedness;~' like those of t a BBC
and the Voice of America, they ordilia~ily take the form of presenting and commenting on
current events. But, behind this facade, there is a tissue of unsupported' assertions Van which
hard facts I are few and far between. T''he quotations given above bringg ,out this eont sat. For
example, the second quotation foilawsl,limmediately after a statement at ibuted to t1 editors
t
of Stocidzolm
e_A3.BBTDE 5LADET, a pr,eaumably factual news item. But the oadcast almost
a!leged fact to suppos w that concl
foreign audiences) include few references that pDuld
record of the Comnnmist Party, or the frankly revolution-
conclusion of U.S. aggression, without giving cam an
culati.oais. They certainly realize that the United Staters intends to use Norway
asa springboard in its aggro lion against the Soviet Union.,,
I 'I
The prevalence of unsupported assertions is perhaps especially conspicuous' on the subject of
war and peace. The ruling circles of, the United States are said to be aggressive 'because
they are arming, and "knocking toga,4t, ,ear" the aggressive Atlantici Pact,' i ere are home two
unquestionable facts--the arms and they Pact--which serve to maintain I they Soviet facade of
fact-mindedness. Butcwhen it Comes,tq the question of why theses things rove U.S. aggression,
there is areianceon''the only blfghhly julrported assumption that USSR is "obviously"
peace-loving, and to arm for a possib
ewar with a peace-loving nation can--obviove]v--be
~
nothing but aggressive in purpose. is
Approved For Release 2008/03/03: IA-RDP80-00809A000500730100-
such. 7bei Glass -line which is a"ss is the line between "the people" (impli,ai1 including
11,
radio propaganda "never ceases toinstil the clearest
ch as the workers do) and a presumably very p0a1].
of these American c4_