INDICATIONS OF DOMESTIC DIFFICULTIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500730220-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 16, 2003
• Sequence Number: 220
• Publication Date: November 11, 1998
• Content Type: REPORT

COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
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CLASSIFICATION COA7F,DENTIAL bUI P'IU2 R I IAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT N
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AR[CTINS Till NATIONAL DEFENSE
Of TN[ UNITED STAIRS WITHIN THE NEANINA O! ISIIOMASI OCT 10
Y. 3 C.. 71 AND ll. Al AMR NOR O ITS TFANSNIIIION ON THE NIOILATION
O! ITS CONTENTS IM AMT NANMIN TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO
111S171D ST LAN. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIII igo
CFW - USSR, Number 4
STATE
'ARMY
Tihe1 ntereata of the State above all., (Interesy Gosuderstva prezhde vaego)
"Bleht16-i& a -Bolshevik-coined solioquialism which dates back to the civil iver? and means -
"graft" "pull", "racket", "shady operation", "log-rolling." The Soviet Government has
hac+alwsys fought to suppress the practice it represents, particularly am..ug the higher,..administrative echelons, but indications are that shady practices survive., ) The "blaht"
tz-od, for example, may be used to wangle a free trip to a summer resort lfor someone who
is not entitled to it or to operate a private shop under a fake contract with some plant
or, cooperative. In the early days of the civil war and growing famine the)"blaht" was
largely employed to supplement food rations, engage in illegal bartering and similar
manipulations but did not of itself Constitute a crime, for the term itself connoted official
backing. Hence the difficulty the government encountered in coping with the practice.
The 'term is even applied to the language used to discuss or clinch a shady deal: blatnoy
yazyk, or thieves' Latin.
That thie pernicious practice still persists, and apparently on a large scale, is evident
from a FBAVDA editorial dealing with the subject (26 May) . The paper quotes from Stalin' a
speech to the officials of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in 1920 which exhorted
thew to exercise tighter control over, the activities of state officials:
there are still sccA ne workers among our administrators who place
narrow departmental interests above the interests of the state. Ina
some cases there is a tendency to place local and personal interests
firm, and to place pexsorial friendship above the interests of work!."
The paper is specific in its charges against some industrial plants which resort to
"doitoring up" their figures in cases of plan failure, and others for what, might be con-
atrued an unsolicited patronage. Thus the Barnaul Boiler Works is told that it failed to
=1,~--count for 85,,000 meters of piping last year, and that the head of the boiler turbine
:hduat:y of the Ministry of Heavy Machine Building "often Bends metal to the works with-
t, any order and without taking into consideration the needs of the wor'ks''."
, op!'
IN ~.~
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CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTIAL
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DATE OF
INFORMATIO
DATE DIST..7June 1951
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NO. OF PAGES 9
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO. CPW. Series
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has been a standing complaint of all the Soviet industrial units throughout the Five
Year Flans that their orders for raw materials are filled "too little and too late."
The pict:.Lre, i.owever, is entirely different where "blaht" is in operation. The same
barnaul Boiler Works, for example, "ordered 194 tons of carton steel for construction
pu_:,poses, but actually received 281 tons. It needed 26 tons of alloy steel but received
95 The editorial inveighs particularly against the most flagrant type of viola-
tion, the use of false figures and fake statements of account:
There are cases when, having failed to fulfill their plans, some
administrators add up false figures in their reports on the fulfillment
of the plan; and in other cases, when they overfulfill the plans, they
do not a:cou:^t for part of the output so as to be able to use it in the
future to cover up any possible failure in the fulfillment of the plan.
Poor labor organization in agriculture, both at the top and at the bottom, is attacked
by PRAVDA on 18 and 30 May with the reminder that the "gross mismanagement" of labor
organization revealed last year resulted in a decline of work in the brigades, and that
the situation has not yet been remedied
Many party organizations tolerate a happy--go-lucky attitude toward the
Increase in revenue of the collective farms and farmers. A direct result
of this is the number of backward farms in various districts. (18 May)
Gross mismanagement and backward farms, according to PRAVDA, represent only half of the
trouble. What is worse is that the party officials concerned understandably prefer to
keep a ay from those acre spots and confine their corrective measures to issuing numerous
dire,.tives and instructions
In spite of the fact that the backward farms need particularly close
attention, certain party worse:s avoid visiting them as much as possible.
Thus, the party leaders of the Mordva provincial party refuse to visit the
backward districts. (18 May) -
The official view of the Mordva collective farms and party organizations is apparently
dim enough to devote another FRATDA editorial to the subject (21 May). The existence of
backward collective farms is said to prove that "there is a serious drawback in the
leadership of some local party organizations a negative attitude has developed, and
the leaders have resigned themselves to the existence of backward collective farms."
That the provincial party committee itself, that is the ruling body of Mordva, is not
entirely faultless in regard to that delinquency is further intimated in the unamplified
assertion that "serious shortcomings nave been uncovered in the work of the Mordva
provincial con ittee."
broadcast material on the drive for enlarged collective farms has been fragmentary, but
occasional editorial references to that issue suggest that there is little enthusiasm
for merging on the part of the farmers? The general line is that the small collective
farms cannot possibly use as mach or as complex machinery as the enlarged farms, a fact
which acts as a brake on their progress. This may be technically true, but in the
Soviet scheme of things political expediency comes before technicalities, and the slow
but persistent drive for the farms. merger is undoubtedly motivated by the desire to
eliminate the elements of individualism inherent and preserved in the small collective
farm with its closed-shop tendenr.ies. This may also account for the official attitude
of playing down the role of the ',link." (zveno or field team, part of a "brigade") in
agriculture and elevating the brigade to the honorable title of "the backbone of
collective far 1ng?"
The reluctance of the small Iar'r management and the farmers, on the other hand, to
embrace the merger idea wholeheartedly is understandable-, the larger the farm the
..loser its resemblance to an. industrial plant and the greater the network of party
_1 bureaucracy. The latter possibility is, in fact, taken into account by the PRAVDA
-?itorial of 30 May, which points to the, weakness of the managerial end of the enlarged
'jollective farms. The inevitable concomitant of a merged collective farm, involving
as it does thousands of workers and much machinery, is a topheavy administrative
apparatus with its politician? And it is precisely the politicians that PRAVDA hoe in
mind when it complains of the inadequate number of specialists among the managerial
eadrea, .hat is farms chairmen etc.'
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Of the 542 collective farms situated in the region (Stavropol krai)
only 60 are being managed by specialists who have completed agricultural
institutes and technicums. People have been appointed chairmen to some
merged collective farms without having the necessary qualifications.
(30 May)
Agriculture comes in for official criticism from yet another angle. One of the grave
shortcomings in the organization of bookselling in the rural districts, according to
the editorial of 19 May, is that the booksellers cannot satisfy the political and
literary demands of the readers. In less pretentious phrasing, the distribution of
propaganda matter in the farm areas is behind plan.
Since the post-war five--year plan the general output of books
rose by 84% as compared with 1940 It is essential that books
should reach the farthemost corners of our country in an even flow.
Party life,
Panty organizational work is the object of attention of three PRAVDA editorials (20, 25
& 31May), each criticizing a different aspect of it. One of the editorial complaints
is that the usual gap between party conference decisions and their implementation is
still in evidence, "A good resolution is only the beginning; after the decision is taken
the burden -lies on those responsible for fulfilling it,. However, many party leaders
forget about this." The paper also alludes to the prevalent practice of looking upon
criticism. and self-c:.,iticcism as an end in itself rather than a means to improvement:
some workers are adept at reading off a whole string of criticisms
without making the slightest effort to put the decisions of the
conferences into practice. (20 May)
The same theme is taken up by the editorial of 31 May, which maintains that meetings and
de,~isions have little or no bearing on the end result, and stresses as "particularly
serious" the fact that no attempt is made to eliminate the shortcomings that have been
brought to light-
Some party workers consider that an abundance of meetings and
decisions are a sign of effective leadership and energetic
working methods. In reality, however, numerous meetings detract
people from organizing activities toward the implementation of
government and party decisions.
A plea for less aloofness on the pa=t of intermediary and higher party organizations in
their attitude toward the primary organizations, particularly the work-hop organizations,
is voiced 'by the PRAVDA of 25 May, which reminds party officials that the primary organiza-
tion "is the link between the masses of workers, peasants and intelligentsia and the
leading organs of the party" That that link is not the strongest in the party chain
".,, has been correctly noted at many party meetings and conferences (showing) that in
many cases there are still serious drawbacks in the direction of workshop party
organizations."
A MOLOT editorial (Rostov, 26 May), reviewing the party-political education of the oblast,
notes a lack of interest in it here and there, and blames the appropriate-party leadership
for the flagging enthusiasm which, in the case of ideological education, is a matter of
grave con,_,ern, "Party organizations have weakened their leadership of party education,
and have set out on the wrong path,"
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Or'el, Odessa and Voroshilovgrad oblasts where both the primary party organizations and the
field agitators are said to be derelict in their duties. The CkIERNCIdORSKAYA KCNUNA
(Odessa, Ukrainian, 20 May) intimates that the party instructors, whose duty it is to train
party personnel, prefer the coziness of their headquarters where they can prepare "draft
decisions instead of visiting primary party organizations." This is probably more true in
the case of ordinary, agitators who have to cater to a bored non-Communist audience in the
plant or on the field.
According to the VOROSHILOVGRADSKAYA PRAVDA (23 May), "some rayon party committees do not
pay sufficient attention to agitation work" and thus "in a number of kolkhozes ... the
agitators are not, working at all."
Marxist-Leninist education in the party-political schools, particularly the year-end review
sessLms, is the object of criticism by the ORRLOVSKAYA PRAVDA which complains of lack of
responsibility on the part of the party organizations:
Some secretaries of party organizations seem to forget that the
surnririg?-up sessions are intended to show not only what the
students have achieved but also -what has been achieved by the party
organization in such an important field as the Marxist-Leninist
education of cadres.
Poor enlightenment work, it appears, extends also to marine activities, for according to
the MCRYAK, broadcast to ships at sea on 23 May, the political education of the seamen
is being neglected on a number of ships. Oil-the Rossiya, for example, "the commanding
staff seldom speaks to the sailors, and a similar negligent attitude ... has been adopted
by the captain of the tanker Iosif Stalin."
Russian patriotism. Ili
In an otheri'i Ratereotyped treatment-of Soviet patriotism on-the-occasion of the Sixth
anniversary, PRAVDA again sets the Great Russian people apart as a nation
Victory Day
enjoying undisputed priority among all the nationalities of the 'USSR. Referring to the
part played bylthe Soviet peoples in the last war, the editorial says: "In this heroic
struggle of the peoples of our country the leading part was again played by the Great
R uasiaia people:" The Great Russian people, it will be recalled, have often been mentioned
in the past asthe "elder brother" and "leading core" of the Soviet population, but all
post--war allusions to the subject are made in conformity with Stalin's expressed view.
Addressing the Red -,my commanders in the Kremlin on 24 MAy 1945, Stalin emphasized that
the R~ie.Aar. pe ple were "the most outstanding nation" (naibolee vidayushchiysia n;,rod)
among all theSovietlpeoples,
The frequency If such references on the radio and in the press, together with their
authoritativeisourcelin Stalin, suggest that a new myth--Russian superiority--may be in
the making, destined to be integrated into Soviet tradition. This new outlook is in
i
cial references to the Soviet people, as distinguished from non-
keeping with the off
Soviet nations, as hero-nation (narod?-geroy), and to a number of cities (notably Moscow,
Leningrad, Stalingrad and Sevastopol, which offered the most resistance to the Germans)
as hero--cities (gorods-geroi). All these cities are located in the RSFSR. The attitude
of the non_ are t Russian army conmmanders and people, particularly the Ukrainians and
Beloru siars, -Co the, new halo placed around their Russian brethren may be assumed to be
less than enthusiastic.
Patriotism as
refers to the
patriotism" isIsaid to have developed "under the direct influence of the classical
Russian drama Iand music ....?"
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distinctly Russian is also alluded to by the editorial of 28 May, which
Bolshoy Theatre anniversary in the context of socialist culture. "Profound
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Children bought, sold and burned alive.
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The International Day for tte Protection of Children* is treated i a variety of ccntexte,
whi:.h significantly deal at far greater length with the miserable plight of children in
the non-Soviet world than with the bl'ssings bestowed upon them in the USSR. Most of the
vitriol is directed at American mistreatment of children both at home and abroad(i.e., in
Korea), and a whole array of facts and figures are marshalled to prove Wall Street's
inhuman attitude toward the "little proletarians." Although the other capitalist countries--
France, Italy, Greece, Mexico and others--are accused of their share of child exploitation,
the atrocities perpetrated on children by the Americans seem to overshadow everything
else. Following are some pertinent quotations
Nearly 3.5 million children of the USA are working at e ter-
prises, ir. plantations and trading firms in order to become senile
at the age of 203
Fort million American Children are motherless and fatherless ...
they are sleeping in the streets, in doorways, before the
entrance barriers of the underground. (Home Service, 30 May)
Anonymous article: "Against war, for peace, for the defense of ch~ldren":
Never will mankind forgive the American and British invaders ...
the burning alive of ,mall school children a .., I
The DAILY COMPASS says that in every state (of the USA)
there are sales of children. There is a special agency whi.?h
buys children from their parents who are unable to feed the~p.
(TASS, 28 May)
'The North Korean Minister of Education and Propaganda In the magazine SOVIET WCYAN:
Americans throw helpless infants into the fire alive; they
chase them with airplanes ... the American butchers had
killed by torture 1,000,000 Koreans, one-third of them
children. (in German, 29 May)
Anonymous talk: "Murderers of Children" (on American atrocities irk Korea):
Out of 280 boy and girl students of primary schools arrested
by the Americans, none was left alive, as they were buried alive
by the Americans. (in Arabic, 28 May)
Kirillov and Loginov, writing in KCQV,L5(.(OISKAYA PRAVDA, use the occasion of "Children's
Day" to remind the West that not all the Russian children who had been deported by the
Germans and subsequently liberated by the Anglo-Saxons have been returned home. There
is no indication, of course, that those children, now adults, may not be too anxious to
"be returned home." Reference is made to returned Soviet DP's testimony on "the
difficult situation cf the Soviet children in the DP camps." Quoting a former child
inmate the i
tention of to use thosecchild~en atheslave-writers
theirnreluctance toesendlthenebackns
home. 'The notorious international Refugee Organization which is dominated by the
Americans" is said to play its sinister part in shaping the destinies of the Soviet
children abroad as slave laborers to be distributed among the capitalist countries.
(TASS, 31 May)
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Gum chewing instigates war.
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The LITERARY GAZETTE carries its discourse on Children's Day to a ridiculous extremt. by
quoting the DAILY COMPASS to the effect that "even chewing gum is used for the purpose of
war propaganda and for fanning animal instincts in American children." The pictures
appearing on the chewing gum packages "represent bloody scenes of killing and agonies df
death .... All the human figures are represented with beast-like faces, resembling
savages or primitive people." That the association of war with the widely used product
is deliberate and calculated to foster the warlike instincts in children is further
"proved" by the fact that the price of a box of "baby chewing gum" has dropped from five
cents to one cent: "It cannot be otherwise than that somebody has grasped their
pedagogical impact."
Shortcomings--Agriculture.
Regional broadcasts on shortcomings in agriculture in the period under review are few
and confined to six oblasts, four in the European part of the RSFSR and two in the
Ukraine. What sounds like a typical complaint of chronic shortcomings is a report from
Kursk telling of the general inefficiency of man and machine in the oblast, and tracing
the blame to the oblast party committee, which failed to focus the attention of the
party organizations on the weak spots:
The engineering equipment of the machine-tractor stations is
very badly used in the Kursk oblast. It is sufficient to say
that last year over 25 percent of all the tractors were idle.
The average daily output per 15-horsepower tractor was only
three hectares, against the seven hectares of the set norm ....
In many rayons 30 percent of the tractors are idle. (Kursk,
25 May)
Somewhat milder complaints of poor management are heard from the other five oblasts,
and although no specific figures are given, they all have inefficiency as their theme.
It should be noted that a number of rayons are lagging in the
sawing and are letting the best time for sowing crops slip
by, which will undoubtedly have an effect on the future
harvest. (24 May)
Some machine-tractor stations had not completed the reequip-
ment of their tractors and cultivators. It often happened
that tractors and cultivators were not used for cotton
cultivation but for other work. (MOLOT editorial, 23 May)
Voroshilovgrad (on fodder preparations):
But last year's obnoxious practice is repeating itself in a
number of kolkhozes ... it is not surprising that this year,
too, no decisive measures have been taken for the liquidation
of the shortcomings. (25 May)
A number of rayons in the oblast are lagging seriously in
repairing combines, threshing machines, harvesters and
other harvesting equipment and in preparing bases for grain
delivery.
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Very little is being done for the mechanization of grain clearing,
straw loading, grain loading for transport and feeding of thresh-
ing machines. (KIROVOGRADSKAYA PRAVDA editorial, 26~May)
... neglect of the field work on the agricultural and industrial
crops ... may result in serious losses in harvest yield, or even
the loss of entire crops in individual kolkhozes. (KIROVOGRADSKAYA
PRAVDA editorial, 20 May) II
... for the oblast as a whole, wool deliveries are proceeding
most unsatisfactorily. In many rayons the mass shearing of
sheep is being delayed intolerably which might result in the
loss of a considerable amount of wool. (STALINGRADSKAYA
PRAVDA editorial, 20 May)
Shortcomings--Industry.
The chief complaint comes from the Stavropol krai where "the mechanization of labor-
consuming work is being carried out slowly." It should be pointed out here that the
publicity on the drive for the mechanization of labor-consuming work which was particularly
intense in 1949-1950 continuously stressed the fact that anyletakhanovited innovation or
new machine introduced in construction made it possible to release a number of people for
other work. It may be this "other work" which accounts for the reluctance of the workers
to embrace mechanization, as advertised, since no intimationl was ever given as to the type
and possible location of the "other work" or whether the transfer of workers, non-
voluntary by its very nature, was desirable for the workers affected. This facet of the
mechanization propaganda has, significantly, been discontinued, and the present official
line seems to stress the desirability of low production costs. Although references to
the mechanization of labor are still made, there is no mention of workers being "released
and transferred to other work" through the introduction of michanization.
A STAVROPOLSKAYA PRAVDA editorial (23 May) complains of "inefficient use of machinery"
at construction sites, in the krai electrofication administration, and "in other building
organizations." Pointing out that there is no lack of machinery in the organizations,
the editorial asserts that "the mechanisms are being very poorly utilized" and "as a
result of this, more manpower is needed, construction costs go up and the completion of
the work is delayed."
The CRERNOMORSKAYA KOMUNA (Odessa, Ukrainian, 26 May) tackles the same problem from what
looks like a capitalistic angle--profit:
Is it possible to tolerate the fact that the Starostin plant ...
and tannery number five ... incurred tens and hundreds of thousands
rubles' losses to the state during the past five months of this
year instead of bringing profit?
The Voroshilov canning factory in three months alone
lose of 53,000 rubles owing to the wastefulness, and
plant incurred a loss of 79,000 rubles.
incurred a
the Dzerzhinsky
II
The current phase of Soviet socialist development in the USSR, officially referred to as
the "transition from socialism to communism", is discussed in an anonymous talk for
political school students. The latter are told that since every phenomenon in societal
development is either accompanied by, or the outcome of, a struggle, this supposedly
peaceful evolution is also taking place "under conditions of Ia stubborn struggle." This
;ime it is the struggle against "the survivals of capitalism' (in the people's minds)
.hich are impeding the building of a communist society."
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The Soviet Union, according to the lecturer, is admittedly still a class society, the
working and the peasant class, and the two will have to merge into one, or rather the
peasants, not yet as fully proletarianized as the workers, will also become workers.
The very existence of different classes, according to Soviet doctrine, presupposes clans
differences, and these differences can be eliminated only by a change in "the different
forms of socialist property (which) determine the difference in the position of these two
classes."
How that problem is to be solved during the "transition" period is further intimated by
the lecturer, who says that:
The leading part of state-owned socialist property in the USSR
will ... grow increasingly stronger .... The State farms will
grow and become stronger as highly mechanized model husbandry
units of socialist agriculture."
The future of the collective farm, as well as of the collective farmers, is revealed in
the definition of this particular sector of the Soviet economy in parallel with its
permanent counterpart, State farm agriculture:
.. the working class is directly connected in its work with
State-owned property, whereas the collective farmers are
connected with the cooperative-collective farm property
belonging to individual collective farms and their groupings.
The transition from socialism to communism is further elaborated in two lectures to
students of dialectical and historical materialism by Doctor of Philosophic Sciences
Stepanyan (21 and 29 May) . Communism in the USSR, according to Stepanyan, will be
victorious only when (A), a material basis has been created and (B), the remnants of
capitalism in the minds of the people have been eliminated. The time set for fulfillment
of the first condition is when the USSR can outstrip the leading Western powers in terms
of per capita production, after another three to four Five-Year Plan. There is no indica-
tion, however, when the people's minds are expected to be free from those "remnants" of
capitalism.
As to the present stage of the transition, Stepanayan assures his listeners that the
Soviet is already capable of shaping its own destiny regardless of the attitude of the
rest of the world:
There is no such power in the world at present that could force
our country to retreat. That danger was liquidated ....
There would seem to be no need, in view of the above assertion, for particular vigilance
on the part of the Soviet people, and Stepanyan's qualification of it, therefore, develops
a paradox:
Stalin's idea that ... communism in one country is possible is
of great political and theoretical significance . .. It demands
that our people always be kept in a state of readiness to be mobi-
lized, for there is still a danger of an attack from outside.
The role of the individual.
Professor, Babkin is quite consistent with Marxist ideology when he discusses the role of
the individual in history within the frame of reference of the collective masses, particular-
ly when he says that "Marxism-Leninism ... determines the role of individuals in history
scientifically." But unlike the well-publicized Soviet belief that it is the people an
a whole that shapes its destinies in struggle, with individuals playing a secondary
-^ert, the professor's view is that individuals are capable of affecting the course of
story:
Any genuinely outstanding individual is indissolubly linked with
the advanced revolutionary class and ... brings great influence
,to bear on the progress of historic events.
CCtFfliE?)hat
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teat of individual' leadership or outs
pers
s
whose ide9
thos
discussed by Babkin, who quotes St~l
I^elit e
ere.
~
e
What is not quite, clear from Babkin'
State which, according to PRAVDA, id E
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#preme. This relationship, in fact, is not even
desires coincide with those of the people.
he state is identifiable with the masses, the
ending personality is the degree of identifiea-
sires with those of the State.
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