THE SOVIET-SPONSORED UPRISING IN KULDJA/THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST TURKESTAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 20, 2011
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: April 13, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
25X1
C!.ASSIFIOATIOFt ..r.
CE
9~~'F~3?~'~~1 i IL7f1i IR?tF~~7i~~
COUNTRY bhin~ (Sinkie;~)
PLACE
40C~UIRED
TR. 13 Apr 53
THIS IS UNEb'ALUA1~0 INFORMATION
1. When Governor S Shi3rtsai abandoned his pro-Soviet policy in the fall of
1943 and req~:ested that his Soviet advisors leave the provii:ce- the Soviets
fa cad all the White R;.teeiar_s who had accepte3 Soviet citizenship to wave
from seven of the ten reglons of Sinkiang into the three .northwestern regions
of L11, Tarbagatr~i and Altai rr~s? of the ;:TM,;.t;s ?.assian yout;r. were ultimately
removed to the USSR. This, the cnce large WtLita Russian exn~unity in Urumchi
di.~ninisb.ed tc a 3ero handful of extrAma anti-Cc?~,.utist=,
2. Amoi~ the asr~y White Rusiians who were taken to the USSR, three were later
returned by 'she Soviet?c; to play major roles in the separation of the three
northwestern regions sf IIi, :ar;,agatai and Altai frxn the rent of Sinkiar~
d in the eata'alishmen*. oft ro-Soviet F.a 's Repu'olic
~ereafte_^ referred to ae ETP
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
- ?, -y-~?.v w..>~. ..Ni ~.ou~ u. ALLLll~i1~/ lAe
E9tablishmon+, of the Fast Turkestan Peoples
Republic
25X1]
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
'' tuber 19 17 other Sinkian? oaths all havir~
in Taeh&en ~?r urned: to S3nkian ~ y ~ b been trained bps
. Kuliiie. ? Thbir tyetnrii from the Sov3.etaUniahdd d not~ca~zaea.~ town not
iii local C2zi.nAse ?govsrn~nent oircles, or among ti]a +Jhi.te Russians, b auabethe~u.icern
very logical reasons for returning. They s=.,id that life in the USSR was not w3iatve
they had expedted? !.t ?to'ba~ therefore' when' the first opnort:.:r~ty .,reaeni;efi itaeif
they eaoarA~, snd rota-rxiad to the land of their birth. ~?om T
knowing not only the Russian and Chinese la.. alki these youth, till
the Turkic tongue, were able to recruit. wit~t:~egfznanciaa.7o, hehleoloic'etheiSoviet of
Consul in Kuld,ja, a large numbc+r of Jfazakha ?rho were willing ~o participate in the
forthcaning rt+volt. '
he We'?1 000 + "revolts, which wsa con
erred by the Soviets, began.
nothar group at Sovin? tr~an_ his men were ,joined by
Kuld,ja. T.'sia combined ~ ~`~- a between Talks and
a=:c9Q the Kazakhs who tad abae C;~ atol.e into Kuld,ja,
Chincue ;errison whioh?vaa etationed-i ~ aO1?~enced to attack the
hendq:sart.era. At the i,reoiaH .ao:nent that the fir ~~ of the?']:ecal military
A-"';4' :;ioto;'c:;,'ale oorps ontared V;z;d~a ~g proceedofl?~iiz?eat1~ a.~h~~and Soviet
Soviet GgxLg;~,~te, which ad,joi:~a the Chinese :uii,itary ?headqua; tera: Iomtspoa.id? o+ the
lc~nr~,,:~ +.,,hat tl:ia Sr;?#,ot Ar. way la.,er
if the lnitd.al ete,ges of th~a revoltcaidenots~o inathenfavaraafithe~ theme xe *olt
pup.
It turned out that?they were not needed and therefore they rumbledlo,rC o~~F Ku1''d,ja
nt dawn, of the next day,.. .
>? ~'Y mornins lie group of Ruaeiana a?tid?1(a .
with the a on a ooatpound ooaupiad by' the 0hinea?ad? eeouz?ed s~kl' of Kuldja
trocpe held out for two days. Meanwhile, the K?_aakhs, under bees Chinese
recruited othelr'DQoalema. wha ee a group have alw direption~
and who, beotutle et their evex-inareaa tY'e been tees dbe?rule
counted upon to ~tiee to ishe? ever?popul~~Sinlciang ? battle ? or~ot?~ RDo~t bew~td~ ?the
Chirsae minority rise ? 'sd-rule youree],veaA. I~t
did Met eu ort" must ?be noited'herx thdt' tlib 2?ioela:ne
PP eaauaa oS hie pelttii~ ~?+iliatrion I'ad' theyj ?until? it -was
tap late ?$o turn a ~ did not mealime that the Sovtete were De?hin3 thia?reioYt.
wee to ean~va.-t S?~?ty ~oined~ being told ?tkat the ~ele cb~eVttYd of the revolt
ang into an independent Moslem state.
,.
palled ahimeel
l:uid,ja, f pine
'
'
'
f~ of the ?revolt a 8aviet davit#oa?. aami~d ~,.~ ~ ~ .u ?~
and Whose mill ~ "d -? ~ `ot.;s3ir" t-tlo
d ~'Y raNc? v;e Wetter xeeattW ` entered
~~oroee and annihilated th
?
~
S~
iaoc. T
~
h
Sinkiang in, l
~.~ t,~
e
recanaata ef'the?
ie
+tndrev wsa the ?ea~ae man wka ?o Qhirsbae~
93/?i iz the war eroiaa>7ded? the' Soviet tc+rosa in
~ against the ?~6oolema who were d by (}enerel n.
? owev~t+~' hd oallsd
i
a,
taielt
~i
?
25X1
e
i~'oolaLnsd to ?the?23oilaaa?
po
s
P
r
p
o
we
e a
e ere' t: help its their struggle for th~? eeisabiidhc~ent of ?an ei#tonanoua
:?foslem atat..*~ requested ?them to'-,jolt,; ia? the? Porbho
further proaaiead? ttlat? tbode uhc ;joined hit faroda ?shrou7~Q~spe~3~t~ o??~~,e ?
in lhwnohin._' Thee, his ?ranke ridre ~6,yte]dsd ?tri~th ?Moe~,~r,~~ ~,,y~a,~e~a:sllxo~,? a~se~:. .
with s~ et t.,~p~. Several dsya later Aleksaaet~.a~, ~~ out oP guld~a in the
dis'sotlon of Shikho. and Idaueae to oozttinue? the war ol? ~"]:ibdrat a
Chines+~ rube His forces oanaidted of the?Soviat Divininn A.+.i~ w9lnkiarsg ~~
toast :doelea rpor'.sita. --- -._._ _....Y,.a],? ?a:uoer or
? 2
5X1
bandittwholwae~ed
tsrr'
,~a~~Chinsas~ Kuldfa he a oi?nte'd
icon ? . ~ ~. Datoa~i a local
o?learn Y"Boveraar?of' n
t
2 5 X 1
hat th
. tad to set up th
The tlighur rape comprises a
Shortly attar itleks PPr
androQ T
f
e o sotive an tna
e Uighur 6oviet Sooialiat ~publio in its place.
'~.~ate~y 78~ of the total ~+ "+
FoPulat.
on af
}
~.~
~
arz~ived ~, ..+. ~
?~ut L~.z ancz
a
t Suld~a~ ~"=~^~n
aAeurled their earr
,
. ~
~!
-
~ ~ a Sdvaez Ca.anaii
dtttiea'~8 Miz
i
t
06I~@'li~~(,'
- ? -
i
a
sr of trade
i
- -
25X1
25X1
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
-3-
' said ;~r9:r~.stea:rr oS ifes':thy: re9peati?vely; ia?ibenkin~s firo official act as' illriiate_r
+?+6 vua ~
v;2Cy RO
-
longer operate as individuals, ar firms, but arga.?iize into a cooperative system of
sheers=?holiid.ng? assodiations. He furtfier?ordere~d that a aertain?perdentag? of the
?e~nployeee cif ea'cli eooperat3ve?must be Mosldm i+'omeri and that the;~~ the?I?foslem
? w~onen; ~nus~ woak wi?hoat' wearing veil's dvaY' their faces. These orders,?'espeoially
? the latter: Yrtfuxriated thn, hfndl Rm m.,.;H,~.,?~ ?'~ca t,. _. _ _ _?
~a ., uou +-eu.~.~;ivr, gre,3CribeB that
? tPie u'6marris gr~a~fe de? ist the ?home end Ihat'veils moat be worn when they a:'? in the
pi'esence~ of men, other than their ?husbands?. ? The'Mosleens~? liowevery? soon realized
t},At~ the.. },~,~ bee ; trained into supporting a? grcrap whiari they now fnund thc-aselves
?powerlesa fo resie?,
8. ilnd~r the oomnaii:l of Ale
kas :erov the I?Soalem anci Soviet
tromps wero' aucaessful in
? q~iicisly drivirk, the Chin
Chi
ese gut of the 711, Tarbagatai
and Altai Regions. The
nese troops, hawevar,
Ri
A
~
we_+?e able to rggroup and hold
their line along the I4anaea
?
ver.
sta
.e~aata?deve
li
loped and both sides heaitatau
to bask it: ?Tlis Chinese
rea
z who thoir?rbal
~opponoat was and the Soviets
not'wiehin, to en7,arge the
war and hue attract wax
ld' attention to theix ne,rw.+..
,o.,~ a+'t m ....r _ _
Soviets realized that th
o
ti
ey had xeoaptuz?ed,,fos their ?f
ul:'ea~loitation the rioheet
p
r
on of 9lsilciang. Dri
ttl
2~ Jan 4Sr 'both eidoa egt?oad t
'
o r~egoi;iate for a paaoeful
ae
aaont of the war;
rained loom I?f
m
l
d
The ]CT
PR hegotiata~rs were ?a11
d?I~
either Saviotor ax Soviet-
, t
oa
e
s
n
l
t
saiane. When the negotiat
ions beganr Alaksandrov and
s
.
raeps i+ithclrew ibow
Sinkiang leav',,ng many of his
'
oi'fiaaxa to tt'ain and oaxnzau8
the IPR i,Tati.onal Arn~v.
in tho fall of 1945.
The I
'TPR was f
oxinally?proolai
~ed to be a separate state
9. 0n b Jun kG, a pesos txe
O
t
sty was signed botween ETPR an
d the Chineso Na~tionaliat
overi~uen
. Tn this tre
th
311
T
atyr the Ohinose (iovarrunent re
coanixed the separation of
e
,
arbagatai rind
? Df
l
?
t
'
Altai tZegiona from 81xilciang and
Iha eatabliehtaent of the
os
~n
a
ate ot
ETlR?. I
?run
l
t
t was further agreed that the S
irikiat>~:~PA bordlrs'wao to
a
ong
he Idanase Riv
Ir
er. With the?aigning at this p
esos traa$yy,~??8a're?' the
vuporary military gover
war
f
'!b
'
nor-of ~TPRr and all otha~ weal
thy and intluen'biil??MoAlema
e :
oro
3~y
reaiaved ;;o
ove
PTPR
the U88li? and a new ast ~f otti
oiale wars' appotntett to rule
r
, Rumor had it
the OA'1R
that (ia~ni Astor and the ether
MotiYenis
who wa~?a ta~k~ to
were liquidnted
r as the Sovibta ottsn do when
,
p~eona outltve'th~r
uaefetilneas to than. iioa
Id
l
a
t of the nex appointees wets h
ither 8ai-i;btsr Oavi4t
oe
omar or l
ea2 Raaeia:
~
t=
`
a who had bean politiasily ind
oo+.rinatsd -ntf bra#aed? '
y
i~ Soviets. 'I
he new
tap level apPOinteda war9t
e
a'.
Preeidahfi~ ?61~=~ m~T..wr :. ?vwvadt ui~Ilus i~'o~a lashi~ent
?
b.
a.
Y.iniater of Tbadat? 4iorgiy I'I1hailoviah (3ribsnkin
ISnieter?oi-Warr Tvan Oiorgievioh ?alixov
d.
Ianiater of. Tntariarr ~r ar Z30i1iifimGr a Colonel ?in the 8oviais 3lrlay
?
o.
:minter of Beal*~Itt I+4akinr a Colonel in the Soviet A~- ~
10. The
t
t
daaeatio polioy of the IrTPR was first to tarn all` Hoalenie against the~.Chineae
i
*
o
j
ll they toil a.
nationalia:t and hate for the Chiueaa.' Them frith the
n_-sao
tr
intment of Soviet I?fealeaar or 9oviet?trained" loosi>Raeaiane~ the traits hied
l
~
m
?~ APP. w:.a tie.'. is t=ie eoono~?v and poli,tioal'lifia-oP the L'BSR; The~-aatual
t
ova
th
aazi
of yooda was atostly i,n ono direotianr toward ?the U89k. 'Tlta SoViata? after
i
ro
of t
~PFt
w
ng off Chiueae rifle over this area and ixapoaing tkieir ownr' through 'the ~.tga
heir arP"ante~o who f'..llsd all iL-iportani ii
c3v knd~ military posts forged the
_- .1
..
~o send Jnnet q#' itip FT.
'?io~.a .-
t:
wi
? by t
_
_
v
.vvir
~ M
he Soviet Union during the revolt a
~ Lop ~+~~ ~4 '':~va:~
d
b
i
~
L
sn,:;
n
au
ae u
nt
f
ht
~? Tha goods thaC ,were
* a
~o ~I:a WSR "-- E:2'Ii
;~: -is
a
~~s
l
~ ?
hera
_
, .
te
.,
;,
y
rario+:a
irws
aar oattler gainer eto. The Sovi.ets?were oleo perxitt~ideata
e
o
h
"r
eo~l
~n
n
re
iun
t
ai.
tull
oitation of tiffs riah iutural rpoaurgee of the area, inaludin~? variaia-at~atebia
`
,
er
e~e ru,n petr
o.iruu, ui rr~.i.~,~ tine w:,n ~,::._ a~i .
,
,
`
? teohn
~r
,
~~
ioiane and inatruotora and ~'nall Zntiti
f
Sovie
ee of oloth and '~aJ.itsr~
t Army officers sat only' trained 9~it coms~nded the ~Ietional Ar:
f~t~ie ?nt.
-
~"~?
fra:n
y
b
Th-y :~'~ ::ktiozal :Ta3 anifiora9 when with their troepe,' but-when a~:e
~'
thei
t
unifo
,
r
roops end on epeo_al ooceaions, they did wear their Soviet Army
rms.
C0t1ElAJ;M` [
25X1
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3
1.1:. ``t'he ecaret~: poldoe . apparatKa of the APR was very hldhly. ,dwaleped, probably doe o
25X1 eo t>Qan?uttder Governem=8heeg i4h9;1~teai-itt 91:ilc~. Theis taethode: and tAe.
reeU}.tin3. rodae impsieona~ent.~ was parallel to what ooourred in
Sinkians .under ~'~'nOZ' Bbeng .. '1'hs asadquart~ra off' the eeeset
pcui.oe was ~ in? aisl.dae.? and. was o own as House 14a..2 . (Dam Home?~;,pre?.
that sigtxifioe-moe..thin ristae had,, no one eeented to knew. 1t Vas a large private
horse whieh;wae gudrded and stuffed entirelsv by Sovlet Army- nsrQez}~wl.;, ~?d.~,?_
and indivi~dal~.:eaainating from "Reuse .No.. R? had priority
aver all other 3e
est
.
p
-
mante and~high offices, It seeded to beihe,highest parek in 5,".~PR and~wsa frequently
v3.ei,ted~py soups of higkrr-rankicag Soviet Army affiagra.f~oon the USS1;.?
12. Ths ,yrsterioue doache of some 30 tap EPPR~offioials i.n September 191,9 was brought
about ]ay?tho 3ovlete to-prevent them from hurting 3ino-Soviet xelations., The
Soviets through these offioiele? had pursued a policy of instilling in the Moa:iem
population.a strong hatred for Chinese people and Chinese.rule, malting no diatiaiotion
batwean the Chinese Coaununista.and GhineBe,Nationalieta. They had .a].so~promised
the neople.that they wotEld bank them up in maintaining lb'fPR ae an independent
~losle:n state. Then, when the 33ctkiang Chinese officials on 29 Sep 48 made a
fcmmal declaration of adherence to the Coraawniets and the first oontit-geate of ,
the Chinese Co.:tiuuni.st Ar:r>,y ontered Miami in Ootober..L9Q9.~ the Soviotawere, faced
with a seripue problem. The Ohineao Cacnmuniste let it bo known that they intended
to occupy e.71 of Sinkiang, inoludi,ng the three northweetorn regions whioh.:oake
:zp l:TPR,y whereas the offiaiele and people of ~TPR were ae determirsad to maintain
their indapmndenoe of Chinas To avert a slash between the ?hineee Comantz>,#et
Arryr end that of ETFR~ the Soviets placed all cf the influential offioiele on LiPR
on a plane,,auppoeedly bound for a oonferenoe with the Chinese Communists. This
Matt was purposely caused to crash ahsrtly ar,!'ter' its. take off in >r-~ldfai thus
e1Loi.natin~ all of the local pereonalitiee whe might have interfered uith:the
paaoeful oooupation of ETPR by the Chinoae Communist Arr4y?
13. ,Although t'e Chinese Coaanuniete retained ~~ 8hehidi ae 4overnor of Sinkiang. .
after the ~ Sep 49 defection of Sinkiang affioials to the Cammun;;it.eide ani up
to bhe ~ tim4 of ~' departure troa: Sinkiang in Ootebsr 19501 the. felldui~ag tirra~
3oviet,e were .the real pmwar in Sinkiang. They wsret
~? e~aml~moY. Soviet Cdnen~.Genwr~ in _rp?,~n~hi
b. c~ ~+?, 9eoretary of the Twrlcsetan :3ranoh of the Caiununiet Party
=. * Soviet Coneulin 3Cul~.~a?
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/07/21 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040004-3