AGRICULTURE/LAND/IRRIGATION/LIVESTOCK/TAXES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040175-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 19, 2011
• Sequence Number: 175
• Publication Date: May 27, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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in 1947, were the following. They are listed i~acardiag
o to propalr oa of land devoted to each crept
3. The main t es of own in the Ili anal ITrumclii Regions of Sinkiang
2. Tn tho Ili Region, because of its excellent climate sad soil and because it is conp].etel3*
sheltered from high ~i''lnde e11 knoxn types of grain Dropsy vegetables and fruit trees
are grown with rxsellent results. ..flay 7 i~ov 44~- when this region became a Hart
of the Fast Turksstaa Peoples Republic (ETPR), Soviets experimented and were
successful in introducing tho mulberr~.tTee (e-,-iu...,icee ir?*: the
development of a Bilk xorm which would thriveMin this o~) ativ w 6s ~ lue
omper sly damp region.
i
CE
IiVFORlNIATIIDiV RERORT
COUNTkY China (Sinkiang)
SUl3JECT Agric?lturel1.end/Irrigation/I.iveatook/Taxes
PLACE
ACQUIREG
GATE
ACQUIRED BY
--- '~~~
DATE DlSTR.~ May 53
NO. OF PAGES 5
N0. OF ENCLS.
ILISTEO BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NU.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
1? Moat of the agricultural products of Sinkiang are superior to those
of the interior of China in beauty, body, taste and aiae. The moat autatanding
and renown are its fr:iit, particularly ~?apea (lady-fin
ers)
rtater
]
d
g
,
me
.on an
cantaloupe. The main agricultural a2'98S of Sinkiang are in the vicinity of Kuldfa
(Irving), Suiting, Mnnaes (Suilai), Urumchi (Tihva), Cnuguohak (Tahobeng}, 3harasume
(Chenghwa), Tuz'fantt Henri (Qomu1), Bgsu (lucoau), Kaehgar (9hufu), Yarkand (Boobs)
and $hotan (Hotien). Turfan is famous far its grapes and oarriea on s large expert
business in raisins. The rise growing areas of Sinkia,ag are in 8uiting, Wusu, Masses,
Urur~chi and Agau. Cotton ie grown extensi~alrq throughout the soothers regions of
~inki $~ rarr silk ie the main product of moat southern Sinkiang tawny, espeoial],y
~6 (9ht~.leh), Yarkand and Ehotan.
,~ jYe2'aae L.7 A ,,.,. A +.,.~
a ? Wheat 100 to 110 pods, 90 ptuL is
considered velry poor..
b. BeLrley ti0 to l50 loads, in the Ili
Region it is ususllp around
jai pods.
c. Cann 1.20 to 150 pods.
1D11PQY`_ ~~ n~ M. +..+ei.
5x000 SfP& rnblesti
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CONr 1DF~NP
d
Sunfl
.
e?
f.
g.
h.
_.
ower
Al,tsi.fa
Millet
Oats
Rice
Kaolian
wean alfalf
or millet i.
shade. let
00 t0 9a po
each 150 to
cuttings, ea
yield contii
more, then s
~' 9th year
planted for
~,~treme7.;1 wo
a is first planted, barl
s also planted to give i
year - twc cuttings, ea
ds, 2nd year - tN0 Cutti
200 pods, 3rd year -thr
ch 1,.00 to 600 pods, Thi
uea for at least 3 years
tarts to decline. 0n 8t
an alternate crop is
diversification practice
w,
ey
t
ch
ngs
ee
s
h
s.
'
8,000 ETPR
2,500 'r
I2, 000 rr
rubles
rr
rr
j.
k?
g
Potatoes
I'liaeee7laneous vegetables. such as beans, pees, tone.toes, cucumbers, eggplant, etc.
1.
Fl.auc
[,. The Soviets had nr3, or very .little,influenoe on Sig.agrioulture..They
brought, oniry a handful of tractara and other mechanised ;Eaten equipment i.ato the
province and although experimental farm ptation8 ware maintained by t~em?in
Urumchi, Kuldfa, Chuguchak and~Sharaeumo, these were veryernpll and.ha~i no
influence on local agricultural practices. S,iuki,ang farmarq felt th~t~.they
knew:fax more abaat loos], agricultural problems than did~the Sevist ~riouJ.tural
.advisors. Therefore, farming in Sinkiang, in 1947,. xaa b
the seals manner and .b the same ~B Vied on is
. Y ;. imple~meate as it had been ;nuadrede of yesra age
5? ~= There was nc isetion off land in either S
]hTPR, inks-sag, ar in the
~v~, is 1947: Dgfiing the xeign , of
-teal 1933 through 1943), in 3lakiang and' after 7 27ov 1,1f, in
the EfP$, teas of.thQUaarrls of pecplss w~a tl~own into.prisan, declared an
enevtiy of the State and their land .sad ather.posassaioas a?~nfisoated,by the
goverament. This land vas then rented to other fermate. x~.,,,~, :.;.at land
'- S '
land be~cau~ae it vase D? saquired through inhesiteaoe. .The Moslems: aertrer sold
against ~.r raligioFt ba do eo and the Chiaaee vets amply
hesitant to ael1. ~herafare moat feraland vas oxasd by aldlooal families sad
.native Moslem paeiaoes. wb~o reat~ed.their vast land hplding~ ~ f~.rmers. It vas,
howeRsrl.s loses oiYstaa to permit both farmers sad city dxellars to purohaae
eaell parcels of land upon xhioh their haw and oampvuad xoaiid be boated. Thus,
a farmer, is moat oeees~ xauL a~; a smell trsot of 3.and ~ Y~oh,~is house
;~?coon, bum would rFat the surrounding ].and y}~oh ~ yw oultira
:iowever, vast areas of load ~' Thee are,
rough tsrrain~ poor sail, Sao1c~~ ~~ xhiohs f~' rel~ael? of lesatioa,
-"- =:': apt ueou c3xim~ bi' agyons and are~o~+sa~ ho~ms~s a of r~~ ~,~,
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.clown .(the year .around) from the hisi..anow-capped *nountaina to the desert lowlands
and there to immediately disappear below the earths surface. Just as an example
of what care be done with the eslati~ water supply, for the ?uli length of the
road from Yarkand to Khotan there is a malt-made underground water dust with
apflninga three kilometers apartf which is supplied by a mountain stream. This
water dust was linod with atone anal brick some centuries ago sad has been Fhe
only source of water (cool and sweet) for travellers who pasE through this dry
desert region. Virtually the entire provi.noe of Sinkiang could blossaei forth
into a rich agricultural area if only these mountain rivers were utilized. This
applies not only to the vest areas of land whieL lie both north and eauth of. the
Tien ohan Range, but also to the erase south of the Altai Range, seat of the
1?iaztagh Alta Ptiange end north of the Kunlun and J-atin Tagh itangee. J, en during
the e:rtrc~:nely hot summer montY1a these rivers are supplied by the melting eaows
and do not dry up. In summer days moat of these rivers csi easily be waded
across by humane, whereas towards nibhtfall they are reple,niahed by the melting
snows and baoo-ne ao s ~ es cannot cross there without being
carried away. Thus Sinkiang has vast possibilities
as 8n asricultural region. It :rust, however, be remembered that Sink___~ has a
ictal area of 7C5,769 square ailea~ yet in 194.b 1*.s total population was undx.?
Sour .mi.liion~ one-third of whioh live in the cities and the balsuce are predominantly
pastoral nomads.
7. The followir~ rare tl - 3 water conserva~~ion projoots
ui' arW consequence,
a. A water conservation and irrigation project was completed by the Soviets,
prior io 19/+3, about 30 kila~eters east of Urumahi. The exact location is
? the peak of the 3ogdo iAa Mountain which is an ancient volcano. On the
north side of the crater is Boodo Ula Iake. This large lake was enlarged
? tv approximately four times its normal size by dynamiting its spillway to
the north and constructing a dam there. The water from this dam was then
? e3senneled to irrigate ea erea? northeast of ttumohi, ? 3n the riofiitty ? og Ftikang.
a. About 30 kilometers south of Jrumahi s asna3.?wab built from?the Buerhohilo Ho
(River),-running through the valley to the east: ?Another aena7.~ svhioh'~tart~
at the ?Kuenc~hilo ?Ho, aboi~t? seven kilaanetera north of >>riuaohi, 'was built to
run in a nari-hwesterly direction and ultimately ooaneot :rith the Ghemgahi
iio (river}. Approximate],} ?helf? the length of this canal (the?-hslf aloaeat
to I~runehi) was linxi with brill: and atone. 1111 of 'the above mentioned
canals era soae four Teet deep and eight to ten feet wide.
~. ~-~kl urination projects were being plaaned~ in-1QL,7, i.u the
vicinity of the town of Agsu, end somewhere along ths~Kash River ??.a the '
?1i. region. .
o. :.iv?tn~: i?.ne dins"erent tyei4a of liveetoalc raised in 3lnkia-i;; stet
~g~: Tae .aajority of livestoalc rai9ed in Sink.+an~; a.a a loam Ceutrai
Asian freed o: sheep, small in eise?and having fat-taiie. The most popular
? eras far raising ?~his breed of sheep are+ the ~ltei? prairies. 'Their ? +
appdnds~;o ia?broad sad i'lat instead of long and'rowid and fa an adaptation
Lo the rigaroue life of the steppes. During the months when the oaatt~ee are
;oou Attie aheep'strre up sat in their tui3s, I have seen th~a we3{.~ss;~ eight
to tc~n pounds iuui in'the ?fa11 have roan tails so'ueavy that 'they were half?
brokaa off'.? Shopherds rometimor ria uP littlo carte, far their price shesg,
:?'c~i.Z 4~~' 'il ii'~MS:~ S~`3y ~L'::b {i?~'s..irr?~~ :r 21i'i.~.G. ~4Y Yr.".L'Si S~~utfuYJ ir~i. u1
?soathe~n 3inki~~ south of the Tien Shan Rsnge~ a different broad of sheep
is rained. This breed is twine the rise of the Central Asie1 sheep and hw
:ALitt011 and hider, sad not their lIOQl. .
... ,.vjtt.~.~3oCe t:?E`t? v?sjs~i~ iiC:t`e+~5 d=4 dS' S 1CCl~ 'C0.. aC^.:.:..~.y{ :C: S': &:. .., ~;
~6&at4 AOiOfifelc noreve. finis LQ'CiC 1r iS3@'L aaa e~ecremety Atii'9-iaateis Brit!
therefore very ?ratiefaotory for traveLliug over ~e rus~grd terrain of Sirslria~~
and ae a draft harts. Brother breed' whioh war mare popu3.ar than the tiasalch
rorl~rnm~rra
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A:.iatic Horse and a7.ao much more expensive, was the i71 I1uz horses This
horse was originally bred by a wealthy PMngo1 prince whale territory lies?
throughout the Tien Shan Range,. between Kuldja and ~h'umchi:. This horse io
a cross between the Kazakh Asiatic asld the Arabian breeds. It is?by far
the moat superior and prized breed in Sinkiang, being the .fasteatt most
durable, sure-footed and certainly the most beautiful,
c. ,T?~s ~A small local breed of donkey. ?
d: ;,1uless A tall, black breed of :rule w}rich is bred and hl hly prized~hy the
Tungans,
e.' s The 3aatrian aemel, whose native hone is Central Asia,i is bred in
large quantii;iea in Sinkiang, since this province has bed to re]tiy on them
for carrying on trade and travel both within the province and with other
paints in China. The &a~trian camel of Sinkiang has two humpsy is short-
legged and g:owa a long, thick wintsr coat which it sheds itt masses in
the spring. This cemelss wool is then utilized within the province in
the padding of winter clothes and blanketst in the mR~~ of felt foY~
t ha ~na:ive yurts (tent with a conical roof),, ? etc,
f? A local Deed of goat, which is primarily a milk Praiuaer, ~
brad extensively in Sinkiang., Goatss milk is much mesa popular in Sink
tluan cexws :a1Ut. ? Cewta milk is consumed only by the small &s88ian popur
latim ~ ~.:,yy, -.
;;. ,~q~,s Only?the &asaian population of Sinkiang bleed oowe,.whi,,c8 are all
of local Asiatic stock. A few Swiss mi].eh cows however= wee brought
into 3i~~lciang for breeding purposes in the late 1.930h.
ii. j,~,t 'r'he number of pigs raised in Sinkiang is 'vaa~y~ smaLT. ? This ie arts
to the religion of the majority of the population, Mohssloa~dastiem, trisioh
forbids its followers to eat park. Therefore, on]~ the Chinese ~d
Rueaia~ie of Sinkiang raise pigs for their awn needs. .
i. ,mss Cti~en are only raisedt in ama1+1 quantitieey in t7ie Ili ?Rsgiien of
$i nlri a~nw~
9? ~etore~ ~ ~tnkiang az~l t7ie ETFR were oolleoted by the regional tax
? T1aeY were then tranemiittsd to the Tax Ditieion?of the Provincial
Binanaa Commission.
a. ~t The farmers were required to deliver a oettain peroentage}of eaoh
Drop .to a government xarehouae. The land tax was paid !s ourrengy~ based
on the tax oalleotarte appraisal of the lead. is mentioned pre?-loualya
? f/ItV' f~ww..ry~~ riw`u6d t4oil~ VMS La~jGl?
?b? s ba moat livostoak breeding is 8lalciang is Decried on by
pastoral aauaadai tke elder of slab tribe xas held reape?sible far aol],eotialg
the ta~oes ,i5~asa mewbere of his tribe sad t~sea aooountLsg to the regional
tax oollentar. The elder of a tribe is called an ik ~ata7, (grey beard)
aaxi once s Rear the xhols tri,?~e would :Weer at his ayu,rt" villages bringing
ail of their htmds with *.heoa. Thy !Ik 3akn]. xovld then coast ~thsir herds
and oonfisoste a aartain peroantage of each familgts herd. He xould then
turn this cattle over to the regional tax oollestao~.
?? .`$~,~~t lferahants and ethers a+ho aro,:Ln business tar thasnselves.~
5niuk7.angwars requlseQ to purehaae a business lioenae~~ vhiah has to bs
---._.._.. .,..._._ -~:-:-~ _.,~.~~;..~ ~ ~.:~ ..~i:.:.: ~ uo6wa uii woo gce~leli.
Yearte volume of busireai?~?The total volume of bue3aesa done by a S~?.
or stores pate it is one of four oatr~oriee of business {late ~i~ 3rd or
' ~.th ~~rade). S1~e? flt?n~~.:4??_.,4 .. -mi^la:gs*o ...F` ~ - L=~- - ~+ .
'' =?' C'r .. ~ ^ _..:.:+ y~ . cta .'mot
~0:~~ iw io- V~1Wpi0i0.~ Llp LO L$8 Qf the bliaipe/a LO be Lruthf`t1
. in his yaar],y verbal deelaritieri to the 100a1 tas eeSleeter. Id' the ta:
aolleotar has ary~* aotibta es to tlee : aoeura,a~r of a daelatvttiort he asaigna .
C01~r Z~tT"
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a tax inveatigato~r to watch the daily volu.~ae dune by that business and
if ]s3.s doubt's are opnftraee],~ a heavy Pine is i:~osed. A fine cannot lie
appealed and moat be paid i~.edista7tiy. a pez~son first going .into business
moat estimate the valuma of business that he expects to do during the ff_rat
year acid hie 1Soenae fee (Marl . is `based ra that figured . If his t~uainess
does not meet with his expcctations~ he reoeives na refund. However, if
his volume of buaineas exceeds his estimate, then he must pay the
differenoo between t5e fee that he has already paid and the fee that is
required of a higher "gs-sde" license.
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