SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION/CURRICULUM/TEXTBOOKS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600050258-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 25, 2011
• Sequence Number: 258
• Publication Date: February 17, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION CONFIDSNTIAI,
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY Yugoslavia
SUBJECT Scientific education,/Curriculum,/Textbooks
DATE OF INF
..::...... .
TR: - 1= .) `f
1. In discussing universities and entrance requirements it should be borne in
mind that the administration and curriculum in r a oslavian universities
differs from t uaivtreitids. ug
constitutions The universities in Yugoslavia and their
are patterned after the German 3y8tam of higher education.
a. In Yugoslavia there are no high schools. Our comparable institution
:night be conid*Zvd as the gyanaaium, but actually an eight year Vanasiua
reaches the i5 junior college level in quality and content of instruction.
b. After a student completex the gymnaeium, he takes an examination orally,
whi.h we call the Male. Jktura. If a student successfully
tura, be is then the t of a diploma from passes this
the central or alldlo ioehh from the Sredna Skala
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c. In order to enter the university prior to WWI/, a student had to be in
possession of a iEven diploma showing that Le had qualified for entrance by
passing the before WWII the.universties and secondary
schools were operated under anvArnmA t sponsorshi
and
p
were consequentl
y
free t the students. however, that when an excessive number
of applicants re
est
qu
s en rance to thiiti
e unverses, additional exams
were given in order to screen a certain number and eliminate the less
capable.
2. DeRartment of Tec h ice
a. 'h' ,^',nical faculty which is now called the High Technical School Visa
. ?koi has been separated r_--_ .
f
o
of scientific education consist of 10 major ;subjects which dyears
large
theoretical. We referred to the f4st two years of higher education as
Priprimi Ispit robationary Periga/. In addition to the required theoretical
subjects we also tau
ht
s
g
cour
es in draftigdhbl
n an suc sujects as anaytical
chemistry, physics and mi.nerology.
b. Upon the completion of the first two years which included examinations,
laboratory work and graphics, the student was entitled to ontinue with
the final portion of his ed ation -- the last two years LrEferred to in
tie iS as the u r diviBiq . We called the last two years the Diplomaki
or the diple During the latter two years the subjects were more
specialized and as a result students selected their desired specialties
such as mechanical, electrical, mining, aeronautical and shipbuilding
engineering or concentrating in procuring a diploma in technology.
c. The school of civil engineering is divided into three separate entities
or branches. These were road building, bridge building or railroad
engineering.
d. with reference to the subjectp eau= etad above, a number of them were
required of all studento no matter what their major field may be.
e. After the final two year. of course work was completed plus successful
examinations, laboretc experiments and graphic work, the student has
to select a topic whipb be ins for earoh purposes. This topic,
which we call Diplaiiski Rad~pl'oma war consists of completely original
work. As an example, if a students discipline is not the field of
chemistry he is expected to do combination-field and laboratory work
(normally the student has three months to complete his project but if
time will not permit comoletioa of hip expo. ;,.-ate is _
petition for an extension which usually runs ~~ ie j raonthiea to
completion of the above work, he submits his findings another t to his of cult for
final approval. He is than called before a board of faculty members where
he is expected to defend his thesis, his drawings and his conclusions.
If he satisfactorily passes this exam he is the recipient of a'diplomna
with the title of engineer-in his specialty'.
f. The young engineer must spend three years working in industry or in other
'gainful espleynent in his field of specialization before he can do
graduate study. He may enter graduate school and take course work for
an additional two and one-half years. In the event that his academic
work is successfully completed, he In permitted to petition for the PhD.
To obtain his PhD, he must write a dissertation in an entirely original
field of scientific endeavor. If he is able to defend his thesisuccessfully, he receives the doctorate.-
g. In addition to the above scientific departments the Yugoslavian universities
have a separate faculty for agriculture and forestry. Courses for the
degree in these fields are also four years in duration. In .many respects
the subjects are closely related to the subjects within the Technical
school. In ceder to receive the degree, engineer of agriculture or
engineer of forestry,a student undergoes the same procedure as given fer
the technical and scientific courses above.
?
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a. In these schools the education, of course, was not as Prodigious as at the
universities. As an example, students could enter the Srednja,Tehnichka
SSkollhafser onlY four years at the byeasiu~n if thY bd
s but pass
are rganization is similar to the jiynnas c, 'he ect
the subjects
Mature.,, This corresponding~ as w.n in investigating estigating the Vtheory'apeeto of bsciencenever as intense,
particularly
b. Before WWII students who completed the Srednja Tehnichka Skola were not
ofr he i;mm~meandhte h university ,LZless they :q:apleted the lest four, years
COMP IDENTIAL
- 3-
Srednia Teh_n{cblc SU..7A (Middle Technical Sn!,ooJ )
1
t e:r s '
enter. ! anti sash mere Deautted to
students va ' It, 01 -.rd one idcrh1e work
e:pcrienee had perfected such techsiic i ct draft in eartoof var, etc.
finny of the..i were lore: faailim, with -the aractical aspects of variues
phases of ea?ineering than were those s-tudents?who eatered?theuniversity
directly from the ?yana.,iun.
4. uro~c a lofor the first two year, for science and technology majors,
a. ihtiieiaatics (calculus, analy-tic2l beast.;) - ;.hcso two courses' centime
for the entire two year period. They arc tasoirc lour hours rer week with
two hours of lecture and two heirs r" a.:! cn ;, rcises .
b. Physics - required in the first year. This c::,u?ue is to a great extent
concerned with experimental
c. After III this rule was abolic:hcc, n h t
one hour of laboratory. 7,r lei ; is a l cur our a weei: course plus
Fifty problem are :.a iG:ieu in this
cast that
be completed by the nrd c^ thu course
Inorganic the:d try - this course punt be completeu in the first ,year for
students .:lajoring in technology. ~itc. the firsi se:nester is co pleted an
exaa is given to deter.aine the ability of a stsdeut to take quantitative
analysis, In the second semester the st
d
t i
u
en
s also itrdd t
nouceo Quanti-
tative analysis. Inorganic che.aistry is a four hour per week lecture
course. The chemistry laboratories at the Schools of Science are open
Fran one in the afternoon to seven in the evening. Students may use' the
lab for their experiments at their two discretion.
d. Descriptive geoaetry -- this course gust be completed within the first year
for t ho ClUdeiit in i:augnt
first year of graphic presentation charts, etc. iluring the
geoietry the student is presented with eight sheets-of
assignments which he :rust complete in addition to attending lectures.
e. Mechanics - the content of this course includes instruction in statics
which continues to the end of the second year. Kinematics and dynamics are
begun in the second semester arc also continue to the and of the second
year.
f. .;tress analysis - this course is taught in the second year. An e.apnasis
is placed on proble:ss and graphic presentation.
g. Geology and mineralogy - two hours a week of lecture plus four hours of
lab. Content is pri.narily concerned with sampling, evaluation and analysis.
h. Architectural and mechanical engineers are required to take surveying their
first Year. Civil engineers, however, rust :a tplete two years of surveying.
Surveying is taught primarily by practical application through field wor$
one afternoon per week.
i. Drafting - an intense emphasis is placed upon developing drafting ta].ant
and ability. chine parts and diagra;u thereof are constantly assigned
to'the students?
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r=v+-~ors caLtcrt t,,11; course echaaical Lechaulob
o. 1. ibis course eoncentrn+.c ti +i, y
steel from the raw state to the fin --Yo f production of iron and
al product.
k. The above subjects represent the most essential requirements in the
curriculum of the first two years for science majors.
d
ice
curing the second year.
e course is devoted entirely to lectures with no laboratory assignments.
5. Curriculum - Second Two 'tears cr ripper Division. The course in technology
also includes applied chemistry-q-
? _ .-- =U lu~,~ oL production and
concentrates to so a degree on application of their, The t
a. h chanical technolo II t
' III and
IV - h
ere courses consist the study
ufactur
of man ing and processing. Such raw materials as textiles and lwaber
through
are studied from the raw phase ugh the finished product. 'Instruction
is given in production methods and productions machine tools intensively.
In order to receive credit for mechanical technology, a student is
required' to complete successfully a project dealing with any of the raw
materials.
b. Chemical technology - such items as paper, explosives, dyes, etc. are
studied strictly from the
i
v
ewpoint of li
earnng manufacturing processes.
This course is divided into two parts, organic and inorganic technology.
To receive a final mark in chemical technology a student has to complete
an assigned project in the field. This project was coordinated with a
factory or mine to the extent that a student could carry out his research
and practical work at one of these industrial installations during summer
vacations. Since the vacation lasted for approximately three months the
student spent the entire summer working at the assigned Project with
industr./y.
His expenses were paid by the ind,stri co;.cer1 whihl would
rresu ~abl ' rofit frc:
th
n
e research whi! h
c:u co dlcteu.
c. Physical chemistry - a four hour course which was very intensive andI
lasted for the entire final two years. Students in physical chemistry
were assigned a number of experiments which were to be carried out in the
laboratory. In fact,laboratory research consumed 90;0 of the time alloted
for this course.
d. islectro-chemistry - one year course, two to three hours per week. Considerable
laboratory work assigned.
e. Internal combustion engines.
f. Steam boilers and steam engines. The student could select a project"in
either boilers or engines.
6. Sncyclopedia of machines.
h. Bkichine elements - pUi'pose of this course was to thorough y familiarize
the student with the basic parts of machines such as gears, pulleys,
clutches and shifts. In order to receive final credit, the student was
assigned from five to eight projects which required him to design basic
machinery parts.
i. Orp~anic chemistry - this course concentrated in four essential categories.
(1) Organic synthesis.
(2) Charaeteristical synthesis on about 20 different. groups
(3 Organic microsnalysis
(4 Preparation of ultra poison gases.
J* Gas analysis - this course vas devoted to the study of norr-poisonous
gases,. to determine their characteristics. analysis of exhaust fumes
was also part of the course content.
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lk'. Microscopy - an elemental course devoted to thorou h 1 faniliarizing the
student with the ':nicroscene throu
h
g
1. Slectricit?r - this course consisted of two parts, theory and design of
electrical machinery. Laboratory work was also assigned with emphasis
on electrical measurement.
m. Business administration - the purpose of this coarse was to familiarize
the student with bookkeeping, basic administration, labor laws, texts,
etc.
n. Theresdynamics.
~h&l~.cal tesc.i. of `auteriels - the nt e i ie devoted to this subject
was spent in the laboratory where metal
inspected and tested. s and construction .materials were
P? t new require.aent was introduced in the Yu0oslav aaiversities for science
students - the study of a foreign language. The student could select a
lan?aage on the basis of, his particular needs and interests. The languages
were French, Gerian, Russian and English.. The governnent in 1946 tried
oet with h the
to the i-ttrolwithatfuce approvl sovietaltexts at professors the rofessors various
in science be universitie~ they ere not
approval
av req uirenents? thee not on
texts as a whole were far below the 1 heenivers
at Jelgrade, however did r,aun a o. The
use University
exceptionally good. we itndeal ~ilut it dealt with
stross analysis and a e a number of practical problems. It was
written by (i'nu) fershkovsky,
6. i?19 nnieal an Nlectrieal
a. 1.= uechani ;;,1 `id. electrical engineering the first two years followed the
curriculwa as listed under paragraph 4 quite closely. However, M students
were not required to do laboratory work in chemistry or pbyscial chemistry.
)uriag the last two years of coUrie'work for the :?E student the curriculum
was essentially comprised of the following:
(1) Thermodynamics.
(2) Internal combustion - this course was far :more intense for these two
types of engineer than for the-student of che.aical technolo6Y. To
complete the requireaents in this field a student had to submit
p
pp-~VJJ Oct.
(3) Ste:-, engines
(4) Steam turbines
(5) Steam boilers
(6) :?achiee tools
(7) I1I8ehanical testing
b. iticchaniaal engieeers were required to complete projects on electrical
motors and generators as well as a factory project.
c. F ,ectrical?engineeria two cab-divisions:
eek? and stro (1) Slabs. i Jaka Struga
to theoreticaland cun,e + (2) tidooomi-ani radar
to
- this course e was devoted
of of radio, o, radar and all types of wireless.
phases of electrical
electrical meaeureraent. angimering aeceasitated considerable study in
CONPIMWUL
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7. three
three ae granted in one of
disciplines
ul1'he e
e
w
re railroad engine
d
bridge
highway construction dge building. In civil engineering emphasis was
and roads er g~
.
placed on: tha e st? stud degree of second ndr year d ro swas pend pl meat students seekiningd a e eediea civil a jineer-..g were al v
great deal of time in practicalrn?llr_
. cerannn + uw_i lieti?II of `'ad ~a+ ca a
ueviated to
any ale- ---~ --LAue, ueparVaents, have no
degree from. the curriculum as listed above. n
the existing tnvarrrc,o.,+ _. .
- euiiceu
this period of time she ;;`100,L since last summer. During
laps received nofancis, no salary or financial assistance
notified of a nominnationttto or
candidcyvinto iV the adduateosch school has not she
feel that she will receive it,. Throagh devious 6:ieaiistshechaslleanor does
rned thate
the present administration of Yugoslavia considers her in an unfavorable
light simply because her father was an officer in the pre-?mill Yugoslav Arrgr
in almost e basis of numerals ranging from 1 10,
with five or below.ceusidered failing grades. This young woman's marks were
every subject, 10. She was considered as a natural by the university
Professors in the field of biolo y They . 1_aeadvised and recommended her for
admission to the medical school at the pity of el age. In fact they
highly recommended her.
_ ~ r. oez' haracteris .cs of the
student rester degree Lh n did the i1r4c rgevich dynasty. As an
example, I a young woman who received a ApIo:4a in biolo from the
Universi o age in :aid-1953. Under the Jugoslav marking adi~
system, a student is graded on +
. ~tud n P~wnWtani?
a. Prior to g:11' ua.Lver s .ty p_ ofessor , a: ; ~u? urly in the- fields of science,
eoyed excellent relations with industry. In fact above agerageatudents
were placed in industry prier to graduation. In magi ; cases, particularly
in mining, students who as undergraduates completed projects at various
mines .throughout Yugoslavia were offered positions while they were engaged
in ea 1.ting university assignments and projects at these mines. By and
large these mining. students accepted thus hav p positions with the mine operators, awai the harmoonioi elationsh ptbbeettweenRuni?ersity puation. rofessors an 1948, dustryr,
was no longer existent. industry
kl =?o pOiirwar iito Government, the iavosna Planska Homisija the State
Planning Oommisaiga/ became the sole deteminant the new planned industrial econo. in a rube students in
this commission has assigned students without degrees to varioo sciinndustrial
institutions. This was particularly true up to 1950 because there was a
great shortage of scientific, technical and skilled labor. Regardless of
an.individualts desires or his area of' preference he was ordered by the
State Planning Commission to accept e-?rploynent where this commission
deemed he was most needed, (iced the co-Laizzion intelligently assigned
personnel on the basis of qualifications to do the ob
in all. probability have fared such better. 'y would in which personnel absolute
ly not cases
? which necessitated far more a ilitqu~liied, were placed in positions
not concerned with the family unit instances Two Sh- usb
and wife, both trained in the sue process o;wereseparated agata~xi
their will and sent to gas' ' agai nst
espeeial~y true in the soientificJfields, na4elyraonongp Osicia :41i8 was
druggiat,~ and.vetorinariaasa ' pty:sicians~
a. The Cosauaist youth organizations of the country make it most difficult
tLatoerl y evaluate the true n?ui gents of personnel assigned by the
aanfng Commission. The real wishes of the Co unjt Party are
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e
rpresaed through these organizations at so-called trade meetings, but
never
clubs have feelings,.
awareryat For the indpass associations os and his
been abolished are
aware that private ed in the sport clubs, no photography clubs or
any other private social organizations. The
has ad inistration, of course,
substituted for .the certain
rinci
hi
p
ples w
ch do permit and encourage
social functions. The following might better poin
amt
~ uni W1 From art university,
personnel, must join a trade union. F cm the the v various trade amnions choral
groups, photography clubs
c
L"ugoslaciai: s orts this :ue. -U you are familiar with
P , his little country prior to WWII always developed
soccer teams which could compete on an equal basis with any such teams
in Europe., No longer are such clubs permitted outside the trade unions
or the Army.
b. It may have been reported that students say they do not like to give up
urban life for the more isolated rural areas, but such statements would
have to be made covertly. The vast
u , etc. are organized. The theme
behind such ors J. X.
~,anization is to promote collective sentiment rather than
without doubtic attitudes. The argy and aa.vW youth organizations are,
, Permitted tn
.aajority of scientific students
re
_.
ing they have no choice as to place of assignment are very discreet
in not express their true senti;nents because they fear governmenl,al
reprisal,. They would, consequently, as a whole? accept such assignments
without revealing their true feelings. As you know,. a student in the true
sense, primarily the scientist, desires to concentrate in a particular
field of endeavor,-or for that matter,, to engage in projects which he as
an individual deems to be of interest and of value. Such a person would
dislike any assignment superimposed over hi?s interests and his wishes.
There is no doubt in my mind that students dislike being sent to rural
area if their interests and capabilities are contravened.
~? "he majority of students now entering Yugoslavian institutes of higher
learning come up through the Communist youth organizations. They receive
preferential treatment when compared to the students who have had no
affiliation with the Communist Party organization. This situation was
most prevalent in 1948 at the universities of Zagreb, Ljubljana and
Belgrade. Such discrimination was obviously detrimental to the interests
of the country as a whole. Scientists particularly professors, began to
escape from Yugoslavia to avoid the above situation for they were interested
in true scholarship and not the political philosophy of their students.
Use at Ye~n.e7,,.?: _._..
a. "Inorganic Chemistry", A F Holleman, German, translation
b. "Organic Chemistry", A F Holleman, German, translation
c? "Physical Chemistry", John Nggert and Lotar Hock, German,' translation
d. "i'hysical Chemistry",. (fnu) Nernst, German, not translated
e. "Analytical Chemistry qualitative", Treadwell Brothers., German
I. "Analytical Chemistry liu titative", Treadwell Brothers, German
g. "Analytic Chemistry", (fnu) .iyegovan, Original
h. "8lectro Chemistry", P Titundsic, Original
L. "tress Analysis,,, J Hiitshiev, Original
J. "Stress Anil-is", (fnu) lbrshkovsky, Russian, Translation
k. "Chemical Technology", (fnu) Cat. German, not translated
COI FIT1NTIAL
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"Theraody-?.a: ics'!, Dr 3oshny.~];o.ic
p. "Theoretic Physics", V Zardecki, Original
q. "Internal Go-nbustion Zngines", V Kosicki, Original
61 -
-
1. "High i4athe:natics (Calculus)", R Kashanin, Original,
m. "Mechanic I", (fnu) .irnoviyvic, Original
n. "Electrotechnic", P I'lilyaaic, Original
o. "Experimental Physics", Dr D Milosavlyevic, Original
"Stoas .achiates", a Stevovic, Original
t. "Steaa Turbines", V Pioulyski, Original
U. "Locanotives", (fnu) Far:nakovski, Original
v. "Vector analysis", (fnu)'Danic, Original
Periodicals recalled
"(assnik Heniskoo? Jrustva" (Che:mical Journal) Monthly, ver,;r high level
s i_. ,filer i of 3ugaslaviar. schools .o Ger::wn schools can be illustrated
by the fact that many of our universitj textbooks were of German origin and
were written in the German language. Some of them wore not translated
because of the excessive cost, consequently our students were forced by
necessity to use Gar,-,any French and sometimes Italian - Italian priaiarily
at Zagrab and Ljubljana. We had some Original works, of ccurse, such as
(1) "Teori:!cn Physica'?. written ' 'rof Lrdetski, (2) "Visa ;?~ate:uatika':
written by Prof Kashanin, (3) "Odpornost Materials", written by Prof 7(litchiev,
(4) "Expermentalna Physika", written by Dr Draeoljub Xilosavljevic.
Interdepartmental subjects were subdivided so that the head of each of these
subdivisions was a professor. The interdepartmental subdivisions were referred
to as ;{atedra..
12. Reai.~aatati ,n ~f' Scignt personnel
a. In 194C the administration had acre engineers assigned to its various
departments than it needed. This was ironic since industry lacked
nua7J.fie4 pee-le. The _
lJred Za Ceni LFederalvOffice cfor- Price/ .1JI.n3.
eachidepart:aent ofvthis
federal bureau there were at least three engineers and in -lost cases
four. This bureau ridiculously had lore engineers than the very industries
producing coa?nodities for which the SJ.:C had to determine prices,
b. If an engineer, assigned the responsibility of production at a factory,
forced his workers to expend some energy, the workers through manipulation
had his branded as an enejy of the worki% class. For this the engineer
was subject to discipline or iiDrL:on:le,lt by the Corinunist Party. If on
? the other hand, he permitted the workers to loaf his factory would not
produce. In that case he was branded a saboteur by the party. This
viciaum"circle,"prevalent in asyy of the smaller plants in 194.:, was one
of the chief reasons for inefficienc and insufficient production.
c. In the years from 1946 through 194.3, top :ten in the Ministry of Forestry
and :fining were aware that Yugoslavian industry was producing; about 700
of what it should have produced. ir1-ing these years contests, premiuas,
awards sad so forth were dangled before the laborers by the Yugoslavian
Government, but even these lures failed to stiaulate the laborers. ET
~everal instances in which oatstanding engineers were tried before
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the courts., found guilty of. sabotage and sentenced to 20 years irmri.somaent.
They were not, however, placed in confinement but were permitted to remain
in the I$nistry Of, Forestry. and 3Siniug with this sentence hanging over
their heads -- the Yugoslavian Government realized that what production it
would obtain in these fields was contingent upon the use of the above
so-called zaboteurg. The more highly qualified have been forced by the
state'to work,-in spite of the fact that they would prefer to begin
serving their sentences. They live in constant fear t
prod
E:- I uce the sentence will at any tine.
the sentence inp%ed upon the above
men ass ever been altered or that the individuals have been exonerated)
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