TRANSPORTATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600130128-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 128
• Publication Date: November 18, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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CE' :AL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY , PEFORT
I FORM CD NO.
FOREIGN DfJFCUME AM
COUNTRY usm
SUBJECT rrpaartatian
HOW
PUBLISHED Bode
..L 7.5
WHERE
PUBLISHED bSaecos
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
7110 /60111017 CEITIII9 /70o1A1001 00*1*7017 711 101709" 4071190
0* 7101 01190 070790 1777171 T11 000*10o 07 01740MM0 ACT 10
0. 1. C.. 91 AMP 00.09 011000170. 01 77711107190100 01 T10 00701*T0DM
177 101 110 0M7 *01111 70 A0 00*07000 t1 /10900 1C ils0
00 111 04
MR. 11*0040 00 00R Ai1W 1N 017 00 "AN 77010 1019 S 71 EflD
07 7001100 000a1M7 R no 11C107/7O 0101*7.
1947
Russian
DATE OF
INFORMATION ]94?
DATE DIST. 18 Vov 1
NO. OF PAGES 19
. SUPPLEMENT To
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION FOR THE RESEARCH
USE OF TRAINED INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS
REPAIR OF BitMD= ON AITIO BBSZ ROADS
Cbaptor IS. T Pa ARY IRPATR OF CPD-CONCI 7Z AND SPOTTE WI
Professor To. Ye. Gibchnan
t)octor of Toohnical Scioncoe
fff'oto: FiCuraa reforred to horain aro apperd.ed.7
The destruction of roinfor+cod-concrete and atom briaeca ccnused by
military o,.eratiune in extrrom1:j varied by ito very nature. Becaura of
their at nassiveness end coneidorable threedimenaional rigidity,
rrieor d-concrete and also at me is as ay cases do not collapse
oven ubon considerable damage In vended by the foi0 oi, explosions.
Snell blasts usually caune on19 insigaifica t local damage in structured.
Poverful charges may wsccooat:lly demolish relecreed-concrete bridges,
and when they fall, large credos are praduoled, beat, in the majority of
caeca, they do not crumble into emU eepara.io pieces. Stasis bridges,
danoliabed by prwertn charges, usoelly ermble into ceperato pieces in
i'allina.
In at ? and raintorced -caacrete bridges esosell, local dawgioe caused
by the dotmatlov of 1 u3 mines, mixe, aerial. be abs or as ti Very 31elle,
in came hero they do not lecd to he collapse of the stswotal'ee, uauclly
adzdt of tecVorary resboraticsi vithout arq spoolal diffinnlty.
Tf', boievejr, ce a ocscoqueae of structural dczage, rslnfaroe~l-eomot+ate
or atone bridg+s collapse, rMetos+stlan vast is geoerA117 very <fiewalt,.
OMYRNKMON
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The difficulty lies In the fan ~t~tatI ~~p of the relaorre&-concrete
struotae that block the rivexbed admit of di~wtl ins awl removal only With
greet difficulty, aid, at the same tie, greatly suede the erection of any
twpc uX otxcturc along the aXie of the destroye& bridge. Furthermore,
raising t ea, as a rule, 18 foul]i to ce =oaeaose o nng ra sae JPMUT. u-
tion of the o rate in fallen structures and to awase duo to their
monolithic net"".
In stone bridges also, the paw which have fallen in put great obutaceoe
in the veay" of restoration work, although their dieAazvontling sod s oval from
the rivaa d is eieplsr then in the case of reinforded-core ete bridges,
'SYtilizatiom of the fallen-in portions of store bridges in restoration
mom 'YC !Sa Zp11! t79'l Y1r te1 ?we "~ z er of fall- strum ""Ir. e-l----ts
:e' by ~?t v.+.~,j
vvoda or ~etaa beaxears. In a d.itiori, the boor-span otr is bixee seat on
those ports of the masonry which are intact.
in the assume of, liar rary restoration, the fallen-in partsoL the
cases, the ouppnrt?e may fall in as .sell.
In dmeaclIEShed atom bridges, one or more of the cscboo, ord, in o
B. Restoration of StOw-DrAWO
An t work of olenriag the riverted ca' rubble from the fallen masonry
to fairly difficult, installing intarzediate supports is avoided in the Majority
of cases.
In single-span atone bridges vbere the arch has boon oomplote Yt,stisa3
destroyed, the gap is bridged by a beams-span structure (Figure 95),
iarvidiatslf on the Intact part of the mnsenry (right and in the figure)
or in a egporstruoture of frmaeovork (left end), cages (klotki), or imsony
>r-cec' of the atr~rtaraats _
51ai80i] sew: ra.[Y ..?,~-
in iaoos where onV a wall part of the arch is demoliahod, it is
rasoevzo y to take moasurea to keep the intact portion fron falling. For
this p%'.rposa a fir` installation between the aids of the preserved parts
of the arch (Figure 96, a) may be used., or aupyarts my be erected under
their ands (Flom 9b, b) . Both girders and ?adaltiaar sl supports suet
be firnly w W to env--:* their effioiery.
The supports of the beasmr-spen structure vhieh bridge the gay shouts
be placed over the buttresses (Figure 96, a), With transmission of the
bearing press a partly on the arch permitted only an a last report (Figure 96,b)
Furthermore, the undsraitie of been-span structures nuot be placed a~e-
vhat above the preserved parts of the arch so that when the girders
give order a load they will not root on the avcb.
In stone bridges with several spans, the method of teuiorarr repair
depends on the saatnl o of the desrsuction, ffio size of the opens, an1 oho
helaht, of She bridge. Uhen the e In 4LU the Wine are destroyed ard
the en
the e?gporte are re +ar partly I pnwAx"wed, the most dvleable 1 orury repair is
an installation at been-span etanrsturee leid a that intent supports or
upon a miporstsuotute -i what Zu sins of then (Figure 97).
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Ea fairly low-bridges why it is possible to clear way or level the
fallen rubble, the spans mky be ocnpietely filled in by wooden ports or,
fframe structures (Wee the first epaa in Figure 98).
When a staeue brides with several opens has bees blocs up in parts of
its length, the rsesaining ap ssOe are usually intact, in spite of the fact
that the last support of the intact part is subject to a great unilateral.
thrust. Ear this case, in order to make it possible to use the preserved
part of the bridge aril to obviate a danarvue unilateral effect upon the
last suppcrt, steps are taken to receive the throat of the last span of
the part still. steeling. For this purpose, use mar be mmede of a metal
tie rod (Figure 98) or of a str brace in the foam of a rigid structure
(z), with ito upper ear"! e0alnfft the tap of "Ift mmrdvvt: n1'9tY ft.A 1a r arA
on the admit support at a bevel of the fou datiom trig= 99).
In both cases wedging emit be provided in the car truation work to
receive the thrust by means of the tension of the tic be=, or by iadging
In. cam only one open of tho brtd o le dorr liahad, uco =?r' be re of
a tie-s,oa payout similar to that in Figure 96, a, or the as be filled
by a scaffold, the upper part of which is used an o strut (Figure l(OX)..
The eoaffold to put in place by hacks and ucdg4,e.
Tho intseai ty of flue thrust tranwittgss to the do rod, strut, or
brace Duet be determined from the effect of the weight of the arch its oif,
together with the pare above the arch and the temporary load. Morvovar,
the added thrust a leing from changes of teesporaturo must also be studied.
In restoring storms bridges with large spans, the destroyed. sections
must be spanned with wooden lattice girders or metal sectional span structuraa.
Tomsporary repair methods for damsged or de?olishvl reinforcod-
cc cr *, bridges depend, in the first instance, on the nature wed Qctgroo
of the destruction, and also on the plan and otrtnottc3 of time hr'i'ge.
In case of minor dsemge to a bridge, which does not entail
oouopee of the structure nor, on the vthole, essentials detract from tw
over-oil carrying capacity, temporary repair consists of fiMUng In or
covering over the breaks or dme?ed parts mod, :n case of necessity, adding
supports under the bearing parts weabomed by a detonation. Mn addition,
reps re are r deg ea a rule, by using wool as a structural material.
When the destruction in more serious wad entails the collapao of
part of the stnsotua~e, ter{poasry repair must be effouted by building up
the op foamed in the bridge. This is leas by memo of a voodon acalfolfi
or by bridgl:ag over 'she destsvped part with tivoden, or, in`tnd victual oases
with metal-apon atre wane.
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In every cave were It is necessary to bridge over O. u,listssd
pie of a reinforced-coat ate bridge with a wooden atruoture, great
Wficulties usually arise in otinpl intermediate eugportc becauio
fragments from the fallen structure clog the riverbed and It is difficult
to e] theeaa awa7.
Th all eases, whore the fallen debris to sufficiently firm, the
suplror-te of the to raz- atructure can be sat up on it. Otherwise, the
DNA mks of the repaired pert moist rest on the intact supports of
the damolished bridge or what reein8 of them, malring, if need be, a
aupsrottta mro upon then.
When a considerable part of the length of a rei*]forccd-conasroto
bridge Is domellahod, or when the br1d is ccqsletely daenallahed,
teMorary repair avast bu affected by building a new brldgo on a by-pass
Repair of local Dares to the RorAiW
Local daonge to roixrforced.coxacrete bridges In the fore of breams;
holes, or partial deotruotion of individual ele m tm is v often o count~orcA
as a result of air or artillery baaabatdaent, miner-laying on parts of the
btig+a'e roaadwoy, or attospta to blow up the bridge by okaaay3ca of ir9auf
fioient power. porury repair of local ttet?eged parts Is effected by
For temporary rmpsire, breekn thrvu.t the madvatiy platc (plita)
not effecting the bassos are usuaLty closed by wooden planks (ehohit).
For this mrpoa c, the edges of the break are cleaned affi the as halt
curfaoo along Ito pariawter and the protective laser, with the insulation,
are out back to a width of 10-15 cm. According to the size of the brook.
boards or bonne are laid an the edges thus formorI. A. floor board
(f:.uoh with th-o roedvoy) is attached to the upper eurfaeeo of those boaW-s
or bears (I'igur a 101) . 4b keep this wooden planking from reeving, rntal
dowels are used. Mitch pane through the planking Into eocketa pierced in
the conornto and embedded In these by roans of wooden plugs or by pouring
in d {:drums ?oluf ion.
Lange b+ noi^a cczot to 1rld, i over by aIrle wooden plane. A
more a licatod nrflccdu*e is neoeaseay to close these-?-for eapeWe, by
play unHor the de: ngcx. plasm seta'_ bearsvh,ol zA.et on the ribbing of
the plate in hobo opocI:i1ly pureed in the latter, or In niches (Sigurd 1172).
If the dnra o is only a hole in the roadway (without a "reek clear
through), the method of repair nopende upon the depth of the dam eo sustained..
7f the bole only grazes the protective is er and does not touch
uchoa only sligtatly the reinforced concrete plats, filling in mad; be
dWA ing such bolas with concrete, asphalt, or oven gravel, rubble,
or other mterial, on a novel with the roredwoy'8 outface.
In caves when the plate has been badly deneged or where, by he
action at a blest, the oonereto of the plc'..a has mwtained a clear break
tbraur Its vhola thielmeso (characterized by pamounoad splitting or oven
by reduction of thi protective labor to powler , it is necessary to bridge
over the damogr4 pert in a nmnw atafiar to the bridging of through
breaks.
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If the beanie of the roadway oeotio of the brims =d daMged.
by on ea +1oeion, but the main becM ronain intact, ttcrporary ropairs MV
be effected by placing stages the damaged eeotie additional wooden or
metal beaaaae which rest an the in beanie of the bridge in ooWwte nede for
this purpose or in hole in the concrete of their edges. Wooden blooka are
.laid an the added. euadliax9 beam ? eaed. V W6. damaged re!ffiorced-ocacrote
been is raised by mama of ohocke (Flame 103). The obodlae Maaet be
eeoinred by o ramps or spikee to p invent displacement while the bridge is in
Use.
liken the bridge is not vet hI#, it y be feu. edvioable to
reiaforoo the damaed rcv&v y bewr+e by placing udder than additional vooalnn
diegrn of the tompoxery repair of a damaged crew been of a reinforoed-
corcrrete brridgor which repair van oaccupliehed by placing an additional
wooden ouppcrt udder the dmw+d pant.
The damaged been must be securely wedged; rarwmer, invamannah an
the added support will tend to mottled the wedge must be tamped -poriodical.ly
while the bridge is in operation. Wooden planking bridges rior? the break
in the plate.
Damg4 parts of the r dveyy egad the structure over the arches of
to idgca with rei:rfaarced-conmete arohea rude temporarily repaired similar to
the above-. occr1bed procacla . When ox.oeion caunan d mrs to the road-
way, became, or pillars of the arch, Unwrraarr repair. an no" by erecting
(una&or the danoged. places) wooden or rnetcl coarse alai posts which root on the
arches or vault of the bridge (Figure 1031,.
3. Repair of DamaEge to Mein Bearer Parts
in local damage to the main boeaes, bovoran7 repair in car-zled out
by placing additional oupP.rta undor the damaged been. When the outside
beams are dsmged, it is only in wide brideaa that opomation can be
carriedd, on by 3Cmitting traffic along the : ed part of the broad
In case of minor damage to a deck bridge, a pile or pile-dad-franc
support (B'i a 106) is plaaod under the damaegel part end oaamected with
the deck portion by coure wedgit`g. Hollow places are filled with concrete
or other material.
TI it is not possible to add a rapport directly under the damaged
Fes, reoosaao Is had to reinforcing the daneged Part by a ev.ging to
prop it up with additimal beams resting on special additional supports.
aiguiv 10T above the tempox+?ry repair of a reinforoad-ccnorvte viaduct
with dmne?od main beam an a epees over railway lines. In view of the
impoaaibiiltY of adding euppoarte directly under the deqod place, use is
made in this cane of metal doubled' beexes, installed along the aides of
the dact pd reinforoed-conoiets betmce and resting with their co -don
wooden log nuppoerte erected i aodlately adjacent to the rolrfe rood-oeaocratf
pillaro at the viaduct. On the lover fleng a of the d,e+ubla-T ? r cc lie
chart wooden arose pieces which agppart the damaged beers by ; one of
wed w.
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If the d s8e is so great that the min been is completely out
of ocaaniaaoicn in aoeoe section, additicoat supports are erected. under the
Inteot 1 of the min beams (along the edges of the damrsple). In acme
oases, a voden scaffold is erected in the part of the ata?uoturo.
Ii m eir.of a fremme treatln bridge to vhich an
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eo o?ain has doetroyed the support, together with sections of the edjacont
main beams.
fix than in this position ca a sty eupparta by xnrs- crf
vedWa.
,, to riles the mn*m eras up to their nm%nl position arA to
to use
Was erected, which supported tho vocden p ft i zd111ng the brow In the
roadve'; the ends of the oupportiag pagrn of t1m main beams are popped
up by pila-fmm oppmto vith a solid chock.
If the preserved parts of the main beams sag as a result of the
44, Q. neaeesary f' n Notary supports are placed wider tjim')i,
ga, to replace tbo fallen atrnatuxe a voden pile t,&Am treetis
Li, l o c a l danage to the archon a t h t , b damj tt I
tamp==7 tamp==7 repair, supports (8lguse to) are eod uas.c
mzi joi & to the 'vent by set:.aa of jacks or tsmdgeo.
4. Repair of Destroyed Reixdorced-Concrete Bridges
jibm a reirforced-ouuxrete bridgra has been o latelq dostMrd.
elang its vhole length or in a section of its length, tOpor9 Maim
are effeatod~b building up the destrcgvd sections with voden structure's
(RiEnue 133 /Photo ; nut reprodu*eJ) or by building a xmv bridge to
by-pass it.
mdd.4x% O t to i n the m l . o c 'ram . Uerab 1 -- +-sr ` -N
k UA v.,v --- - __._._-- - -
use may ales be made of additional supports on the spent adjacent to tbo
dot sd. part. dun, for ermple, when the suapewi!an been of to cantilnvor
If the destruatioa of one of the opens mtori&.l7 upaots the oto.tio
In restoring eccplete,4 demcliabed, a l]. seinforcod-cca:ozete
brad ,sc, o)omri. g the aperti s of debris does net entail spocial di.{fioultiee,
sad, therefore, it soeaaos advisable to erect the simleat wooden 'bridge in
place of the demolished insta ration.
Figure 112 shoes the repair of a demollabod, emmll, single-open
:+ai~aasoed-oceasete bridge.
The epom etructaro, the upper parts of the pieta, sad sections of
the ombenla9ant adjacent to them vase ocap1ste:3 deetsCpud in the co)lapoo.
'lba pier foamdations vets laeserved, but the upper part of than vas
damaged. Per repair, use vas =de of a t o-apse vocdon brid8a of a
.tri a beam plan, an pier supparte. The use of the preserved parts of
the Zouodations can which to erect supports for a voodan bridge was m t
edmtasibis because of naoertalaty as to the adequate stability of their
bane vhIch bad bean laeatl ' d?ngmd by the bleat.
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Therefore, there yea seloctad for the bridge a plan whereby the
mien of the ? arts did not rest on the retanlatrr of the pier forsAetione.
In order to orcot the wooden bridge, the bed of the ate vas clog ed. of
debris fre the fallen etr+:ot ze. If the bridge supports head been partly
or vhull,y preserved ared their beano bcd not suffered any material da?egao,
it vein t hares been feasible, vheaa the restoration was being effected, to
use rhea for a to porez9 voAeam. bridge. Fla=% 113 above the repair of
a demolished oinglo-apes rtefo cod-concrete bridge (l. -2 12.5 Meters)
Of this !bridge, one pier and the foumd,aticu of mother were intrat.
The reinforced-cosar+ete-open atraeturo curl the nnrt of the loft pier above
single-boom bearers. The Wdle support anti, th supports behirA the
The bed of the streo van bridged over by two spans with doublo-
beam bearers. no destroyed abutmrnt was bridged over by two spears frith
the knits of rho served fen aticni of the destroyed abateaaut wren of
frern-log constructio .
fang in the grate by natal orempo.
To set up thle support, the prussrvo4 part of the abutment .-au
levollad to horizontal snrfacon, cm, rhiob a l&td. a plates that ,ore
fro
As pile supports may settle when the bridge, is in use, the
supports were erected on a massive fonfltation, and the bridge structuro
spanning the &'utuent was adapted to possible force of settling. For
this pa ioeo, the bearers on No 2 (Figure 113) had. joints
f l o 2" not numbered In figure additions, the connection of this
support with the g vu platy wed made by merely horizontal gripping
devices only, without erecting strata or diagonal gripping devices.
Ea high bridges the use of shot.-span wooden structures is
?a rtrY/VWV Yea+4wm+4rna to not of vant+vam-_
If the denoliehod brides bed ecepnratively short spans, the
to y bridge would to erected with the same spans, utilizing, if
passible, the paederved parts of the suppo a. Flan re U4 eboero tiro
r*pair:jf a throe-span bridge Zu+edesrantng the sago spans. On frOce
onpporte of the repaired bridge were ocnatsucted on t e preserved parts
of the fosmdation of the eup?eoa to of the declinbed bridgay the epons
were bridged by oaopound wooden beefms on oak laminated doiela.
If the decellahed bridge ware of r 1nforced-ooncrote-span
aenat nation u.ith 1 . spans, thv spas' would be '.ridged. over for
reatcratie pu rpoess with wooden lattice span struoteeree, moat froqucnt2y
with vooden lattices of boards nailed together. P ezeovor, eo as not to
caqp.ioate the str ctseel vo* of erecting the bridge by oloaiing the
riwerReed, an effo_.t would be made to tea for the repaired bridge the
saw spans as thoe,, of the damol: abed bridge. OsIT if it were
is@oeaibble o letoly to bridge ver Uses spans weld they be dietmeatlod,
and additional supports built (it veld first be asoeaaarY to clear the
riverbed: of debris In order to swot these supports).
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'l ,ioser9 rapes' Of s+e-iad z to h bridges that bans
been demc+34s1 is sffOated in a meaa~orr simil+er to the repair of stone
bess'ar'? (8i~rse Us).
MR e1tispwa xe -orals bri* a with inairldnal spn
at.-Itcom 4 3iabod, it Often Im" yoasi.We to utilise the presrrsa
Op"m rtr the passage of ixat to without having to talc =W aeasoxwr to
s+sneive the umbaiamsra tbrot. 'die is faaeible beosuae cd the possibilit'
at i m a r e m a i n g the pemdssible ffh%In (deeeaAeigg safety aAi stability
try in the toolomy repair, eM also boesase at the ix a in is
w&AbMtw of conmwbe in the ocume ct time acd the bettor qwIItY nov
avatlablre than that apeofiet in the plan..
PSgar, 116 in a diegres at an interesting case at the repair of
a s.War -oa be- b bWM over the La River at Kingiaapk in this
t tmupoxury s~a~ were being made ty men of
utilizing t h i s s p a n by tranwitting the ocicsslaoeb]s uailatJalal tinnat to
the tea. i4se e?d aeotiuos of the bridge wore ropaised by c tMatia9
Scharr with aookm epee utruct=66 .
A ONUMI view of the zepair d bs idV is sbcwa in 719= 0 U
f*ctograga; not -*pm a ''
/,penasa figures folio j
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ms 95. R8trf~ Qt: a $ - st
rj" 96. Brl6'na Over p ti,y D 1iahed Sto Arched
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i+'i a 98. Tapomry Repair of a Stme Rrides Where thO Thrust
of the It n die lBecoiwd by Aid of Tin Rods
y'uyazo 99. a~ ci the ?P!+t?+^nf cif tho !mat San With the Aid
of Hracos
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Figure 101. Cloeix a Break in thn Rnaivar Pl ..tn
Figure 102, Clflaing a Break in tho Roadvay Plate by
Me= of Metal Boerne
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Bigots 103. 'Reeeporesy Repair of a Dreme ed Bou! UAsr the
Roo&vtw
(1) Awdl.iazy bs=.
(2) Chock
(3) ?%in bow
(4) Dmqp& "we
bo
.ore 104. Tamporet7 Rehr of a Dt d Ors Bea' by
P1 .c1x S. Wooden Support 'Oadar It
Pigara 105. TOWPOM7 Repair of the Da=04 Structure
Over the Arch
50X1-HUM
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r.
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(1) Metal. 1ounle-T beam
(2) Wooden osmaa piooo
(3) wooGan >t-nature
(4+) iooia
FiGure 107. Temporary Repair of a Du o't ReinPomed-
Cososete Viaduct
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 F
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Awdliery
euDpoxt
CONFIDENTIAL
Pi. a 108. Texpora7 alr of a Demob Part of a
ReWmced-Con ret Trostle'
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CONFIDENTIAL
nga" 112. T +orary 1r of a Cot lately Deeolin d,
awl 1, 8iagle-8pan Roinforaed. ete Bxif
The dsr 3.iobod bridge
Air
MM M
Ti
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 CONFIDENTIAL
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-x-- it J& OE mm. T
In n .1 A
is u ;i y
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n
Igui - 1111. T c "J~.. .r ? ..~F... O.`
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I
50X1-HUM
m
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Figure 116. Temporary Repair of P- Three-span Reinforced-Concrete-Arch Bridge
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