PHYSICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200105-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2011
• Sequence Number: 105
• Publication Date: June 15, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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THlS iS. UNEVALUATED INFORMAl10N FOR "rHE RESEARCH
~flURCE Ruesiap periodlaal, 7~aurnal Te&hntah~eeko~H'ieiki,, VoL ZPY 3ia 3, 1416?
(!'ffi! Per Abe 1~Po4 -- Treae'~letloo opsai i- P Bally regaoeted.~
I. t4irfay (deoeased), sail R, 8. Ivanova
~'iguree Bail tcblea raferr~d to herein ere eppended. Bignree in parentboeee
p~iee.
tog. Toauworly ,....o.o... ??"'+`?'?' _._ .
berg osleuleted Ehet the visooeity cf fresh-rater ioe near Oo C :1013 paieo.
Ia raoent ~enrs, in ooaawtian with the esteaaive nee of Soe oroeaioge
nail of sarianr kinds of ooaetraatiooe on !oe toanlatione, the etady of !os
dsforsatioa miler prolonged pre~enre hae noqulred great prnotieal importnooa_
yraper6iea. Thie ie Lhe reeeoo ve Bet np e=yericaea6e ro e~oay tine p>
The 40-cm ice was produced by tailing a 5-eubic mater-tank r+ith wator,.
Tha empty tank weighed 500 kg~ l~ fire pump was used to .fill it, and., the
process took three hours.
Results of u'eeaurementa
1~ Elastic deformation
rihen short??tima, ema,11 loads which do not cauae.cracka are, applied,
the ice deforms elastically., The elastic deformet3.on is simultaneous with'
the appl4cation of t!ie load. '.hen the load is removed the ice returns to its"
fosssr state eoa the dsYorastian didappeare. The reedis+ge of tho instruments
vita the reverse effects of the laser neon tho Sae ere given by say. of oz-
ample i.n Tubb 1. Tho thick:caa of the ise r:as Ook9 ~> Zhe instruments
were placed at different distances from the pleas of epplioa;.ion of the had
(along a radiu~)?
It ie also possible to observe reverse deformation'with heavy loads,`
but in this ease the ptservetien period moat be very, short- t"ban. the experi~?
meet is prolonged, plastic deformation ie ached to the.eleatic and reverse
reaotiona are :wt obaeraed. The outline of the arose section of the depression
is ahoHn Sn Fi~ars k, ~~ which the data of Table 1 are plotted on a graph>
Tha distances from the load are plotted along the aY,acisaa and the doform-
ation in centimeters is plotted along the ordinate. 2t le apparent from Figure
4 that the hollow re salting 'from the deprasalon is cotrrex<
The change frum aonvexfty to concavity takes place in the immediate '
vioisrity of the place of application of the lead. Yee ebtainad this type of
depression chart in ever? case with different thicknesaea of ice and 91f-
farent loads.
Aa Lhe load on the ice xaa i~reased she defannation increased funda-
mentally on1,9 in those parts of the ice rhich rrere within the limits of the
original depression chart. The radius of the chart bore 11tt1e elation to
the ei~e of the load applied and :?+aa primarily determined by xue thickness of
the ice. The close relation of the diameter D of the depression chart to the
thickness h 1a a pea rent from Table 2.
2, ?lastic defo~stton
tihen loads ere applied over a long period of tLae, not only elastic,
but plastic deformation as wall, ie observed. Plastic deformation iaarease9
sta~dily xith time and nteSy be aany Limas the elastic deformation prodreed
by the sates load. T'ha development. of the depression chart (arose moaticn)
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erases ?Lhe load gradually. 9'he~: `.kic ic3 ham a point of ?yield and behaves `
..upon, the etmoepharic temptiratuaa. :a sx~rtmxntis azsr.. Loin sce cn co_a
days when a snow cover waa oat used, we found instances in which plaatio
deformation did not break the ice. In these cases a decrease in the sate
of p]aetio deformation was noted in the course o: Lima with a corn tent
To maintain a :onstant deformation rate, it is neceesai^r to in-
load.
tseformaticn is practica~.ly iimitau to 5 metersa
considerably less than in elastic deformation. In the case of ice !,0 cm
thiKk the eaive ~radiua o~ elastic deformation is 25 meteraa .But piratic
the value R ~-~ the active :adios of the loam in plastic deformation ^- 18 `..
atraight~lines are also obtained, but Bath lees incline. The rate of plan-
tic deformation decreases pith the distance from the point where, the load '?
is applied, and at s o~rtain distance, .R, it becomes equal to sero. Ir
Q~i o xay plEStic defonaetion dose not take pleas along the entire lire ox'
the elaotie depression but 1s concentrated in a 13.mited arse. Acoordinglq
deformatian in ice of u divan thickness vrith a given lead. If ae put the
f!ndines of the other instruments on these graoha -- that ie, too dofoxma-
'b, and Bb~ The
ice of the a?m+e thicknesses, ie shown Sn Flgurea 54, 6b,
deformation ie drown on the abscissa and the time on the ordinate.. The
l3neer relationahi.p shows that a definite canatant speed exists for plastic
~
ice of all thicknesses. ltie curves era convex, as in elttatic doforms on.
The. relation of deformation to time, calculated by the first instruments for
'
plastic deformation, cracks are formed in the ice only at the moment of break-
orm fcr ,
down, As the drawings show, the nature of plastic deformation is uni.?
the dopresaion filled ug with water to the average level of tho water in the
pond. The ice was perforated at soma point and the water flowed out? of it.
continuously as the defbraiation increased. Thereforo only the initial load
P earased the fundamental deformation of the ice, end the reactlon of the
water as a result of hydrostatic rroasure was always eliminated. In those
experiments the elastic deformation of Lhe ice was always small in comparison
with the tot91 plastic deformation. It consisted of from U-5~ of the total
deformation observed at the end of the experiment. The plastic deformation
increases without interruptian up to the Lime of the breakdown. In cases o.f
periods are given below the figure. The loads at the tlpe of deformation
measurements are also presented there. In these experimsnt3 the hollow of
with time and with ice of different tticknesssa is etioan iri'~'guras ja, ba'
Ta, anal 8e. Tho distance from the load (along the radius) is plotted along
the ebaeiaae, and the deformation in cnntitsotere along the ordinate. Curves
1, 2, J, and q eorreapond to the state of deformation at different tipros,
reckoning Pi?om the beginning of the application of tho load. The Limo
of plastic deformation up to the time the ice oreaka, since xor a q von
thickness of ,the ice it .can almost ba regarded ae constant.
Per a stationary condition we can.cogipare the viscous strength,
tires ~a, 6s, eta., that the rad?ua R does nvt very greatly with thaiincrease
directly ac~joiningvt}:e area of 'the radius r by v ; R ie the active radius,
that is the distance at which Lhe plastic d~forma~ion anu the xate of plea-
do deformation. v are eyual to sere. It is evident from the curvos'o? Fid-`'.<
The curve of the depression ie shovni in ?iguree Sat ba, 7a, and
~~.~yd~ wdth the weight of the load. P,
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Aft?r iotegreting and onLonlating the Limited oonditione, y w
va0 whenrekander,vo whenrro
'e obtain the equation for aieooatty:
This equation !s derived Pram oaneideration ally of breaking presearee..
Actually a bead in the plate takes glace due to oor~i preaeuree, Frog the
paint of: view of llesvell'e theariec the flov of plastic materials Sea rel.o=-
ti r
a as o preeaore~e that eziet in th~:n.. Thezefore, thoae preeanree to vhiah
a peat deformation corresponds alai ehov the greatest rats of plastic flan.
Ia our osperimente, ae thecleformatioo oaloalatiane show, the bend
vas 1f great impartnooe. This ie et,eolelly true in the case of thia ice.
>sy ti~ell'a theory, ve oen determie~ the v!eooeity of ice by the follaviog
center with the concentrated force k tnd fastooed at a dia4aooe li fram tke
wader aanstdsration, and S fe the ooeff:eient of ~lastioity (90,000 kg/eq om)).
? (d)
In aoaordanoe xYth Iln:cvell's th~t~ry, re om nov replace fbead with
a
the t f +
i
t
r
e o p
Retla t
e.orxsdiaa +, aad ~ rith sisooaity .~(, When
(3)
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1 --
-.~~~
16~r3,,ati; .
it vial b5 equal La zero. Then to ~ in equetiaae (1) Bad (3) it !s neaeeaery
(3')'
$gnetione {1) sod {3) ere needed far oorreotion of the offset of
the dietribnted load, nriaing from the difference in the densities of the
las sad water, upon the ice. We shell oaaeider this .load even~,y dtatrib-
rbssre d>t ie'the difforanoe fo densities of the vrater sod iae,`aod F ie the
nooelsrat,iaa iron the t~+ros of gravity. Sinae the deformation curve le oob
vezy sharp Itl ie ramavhet leas than R sad,. as is avideot iron Lhe aur-ee
onrve there le a oorreepooding rnte of y iastia ds~ormntloe v. ?'ha seoclt os
this waS pnla`d nn ':a imr.,P]abJ.9, 1n fnn1H < i?TG I!1Yu~~ v,'ria ~9 ~'G'. XiiKt A:~J
various eucperimeate sod oaloulatiaos of t~3e elcJO6i~;j of ice aooordiog to
(1) and (3 )' umy aiea be used: xo tha6e egaKtLaa~ fur aeon .+sdiua r ;.n tac
it le enltioieot'to taov the rate of plaetio deiorention {~~) in the laer ,
directly ad~oiaiog the place share the lasd is applied (r~). We aged the
lisdioge of the first iaetru~eot for enxinem deformatioo, and ve oalonlated
v~ from the curves !n Flg+raa ~D, bb, eta. Et ehonld be noted tsh.t equations
aoneldernbly lase thao wheo oeloul+~ted by equnttoo i3')?. This vas to De
szpeated, Sinae equation (1') is appltoable far ehe~rr dieplnoeaeat, aaQ in
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differ8nce in viscosities is also obaorved in other experiments. 4he
Ai lrtwwwnna tewtwewn Vevnber?'e and ours, ea can he seen from 'Table 3, is
Recalaulati.on of viacositiea from hie date gives a considerable
increase in viscosity and lass divorgence from the data of Veyssberg. ?!he
alt he obtained much too low a value for viscosity -- 10 poisa>
determined by the angle-of-twist method, there wsa sheer ~.eplacement.
1laoording to his data, ice visooaitq at O degrees C is 10~ poise.
The results of our data, assembled in the following column, are near
this value >
It should be noted that in the experiments of Seea as wall as
iai Dore, the band Played tho leading part. Naverthaleea, by mistake,.
Hasa used only the shearing pressures Ls hie calculatlona,~ad as a re-
experim a t and the gt~awth of +.he ice. Vieoosity la one of the chcaacter-
wav n.~-..... ..r -~~_ _._ ____ _. _ _
viscosity value for trash-water ice ae other experiments of the laboratory
ta3.l curvm,~muet be the total effect of dsformbtion in beading and in break-
where C is a c:anatairt..; ,
Irani Li:.:a, w,o. ...~.~. ~.~---- -- --
dstbrmatloa curves or the curve is the case. of concentrated loads..
~ detbrmati.on cutwe, e~cording to equation (2), is to be expestsd
only with lame ureea of diatrib;~+E,'.on.
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:. Carrying i;;npscity
Under long-time loads the plastic deformation of ice increases
vdth time, and When it reache~a a certain value it causes fractured
The value of this breakdown deformation is ono and the same for
a given thiolmaaa of ice. The i~elstionehip of the breakdown deformation
to the thickness of the ice is given in Table 4.
With large loads the breakdown deformation values are quickly reached,
and width ?mall laada it goes e1~ly and may.tak~ a verq long time.
The time required for plastic deformation to roach the fractat:ng
point ie determined by those preseurea ae a result of which the ice flora.
TM ice sustains the greatest breakdown pressures around the periaroter of the
bean on which the load is placeid. 'In our experiments round supports with
s radius rp s4rrred ea bases. The breakdown preaeurea may be cslcu]ated by
the equation
where pia the perimeter of Lhe support.. IL folLcx:a from our data that the
ti sa of onset of the breakdown ie shortened ~,wnaiderably with increase of
tho breakdown preaeuree. Phan T = 0>2 aq ~ the ice 4reaks at the end
of 8 days, and when '~ = 1.35 kg/em ~sie io breaks after 13 minutes,
The b-aakdown preeauro L = 0.2 kg/sq ~ is the lrnveat in our ex-
aot exceeding this value iu caeee ashen the burden remains on the ice coy+er
for a long time. TMa means, for example, that a 3-ton automobile atau~i not
stand far a long time on ice area 3d to ta0 om 1fi ick, or a peraan of medium
weight on 5- to ;gem. ico, stn,
persona, reapeetively<
The t1 ne which a load.stande on i~;e may also be limited by the ox-
teaL of the bonding movements., tiYe eheli rot go 3nt~o this due to laok o
L. A method Mss described of studying the pla.~tic deformation of
tloating naLUral ice.
2. Charts are given of e2.aatio and plastic ice deformation.
3. It nea'slnwn that the rate of plastic deformation is con~~tant :pith
a oonatant cialonged load .
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4. A method of maaau ~
developed. ~ the viscosity of flea