PHYSICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200106-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2011
• Sequence Number: 106
• Publication Date: June 15, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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I
DATE DISTR. 15 June. 1948
NU. (3r PAGES
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JAN 27 1956 /jJj
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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SUPPLEMENT TO
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION FOR THE RESEARCH
USE OF TRAINED INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS
SOURCE Russian per?adioaliekhnichealrov Vol XVI~ No 3, 19106.
(FIB Per Abe 12T95 -- Translation apeaifi^.ally requested.
I31tF,A!(170,Nxtill cWtYIP'G CnPn9r~~r nu rr
By P. P. Ec+boko, N. I. St,tc! kin,. I. Marey7 and N. S. Ivanova
Physioo-Technical Institute
. Acndsu;~r;-of~Sc#enuee ar3
Submitted 26 June 1945
Material on the plastic deformation of ice was presented to us in the
preeeiisg article. It was show;l that the plastic deformation of ice, even
in the case of smell load, leads in time to breakdown if the temperature of
the ice is 00 C.
Under actual conditions, ;,'An the load on the ice is great, ice can
break inm~edlately after the load is applied. In such cases, plastic de-
formation does not develop to. a1 marked degree and broakdurm is chiefly
the result of elastic deformation.
In this article, experimert-al data Is of the load causing breakdown to the thicknessnofhthe4e and to the arean
of load distribution. The experiments were carried out with short-duration
loads. The problems touched upon fa this report have nraetical inportenee
and have not yet been investigated to the extant they warrant.
rinlentel Method
Experiments with the breakdown of ice were carried out with the equip-
ment described in the preceding article. It permitted application of the
same pressure to the ice, with different c is I rite Liar, of the load. T'nis
was done by giving the support it the and of the rod a different area in
-1-
CLASSIfICAYION
kNY li LAIR
l,il[Mlr IumiiuN
INFORM,1
Y REPORT
ORT
STAT
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different experiments. The supports used were ebonite aid metal disks with
diameters of 5 and 20 on, and squares .with sides -nee suring from 20 to 65 cm.
For loads, we used a set of metal blocks weigh_'ng from 5 to 80 kg.
The loads were applied as rapidly as possible in a saort time before
breakdown began. The breakdown load vas always weighed without Height
holders.
Re }a 7 of the Eacoe nt
After sufficient load had been applied to the ion, radial cracks
developed, and irreversible deformation was noted. Clicks developed in
the center of the depression and spread outward in a sotiea of ranii. The
formstion of radial cracks does not mean that breakdown will take place
immediately thereafter. At the same time, the ice rota9 is capacity to
withstand considerably greater weight. Finally, after a :ertein amount wf
weight was applied, circular cracks formed, and breakdown took place simul..
taneouely. The development of radial cracks was easily oLaerved, but the
circular cracks formed almost instantaneously. The circulx cracks were
not completely cloced, although they did approximate true circles. In
some breakdown experiments with the exception of the main :racks shown
schematically in Figure 1 (appended) a fine network of fair's radial and
circular cracks was noted, covering the entire ice field. iiithin this
area there was not so much as a apace of one square eentise'er left free
of these cracks.
With a given thickness of ice, the load under which brea~down occurred
depended on the "specific pressure" on the ice -*that is, on he area of
the support through which the pressure was transmitted. Pablo i gives this
20
177
3900
a
r
e nce
mpo of thfr point, we car
a large number of experiments to investigate this relationship.
A portion of the experimental date to presented to Table 2.
The breakdown load essentially depends upon the thickness of the ice.
In view of the special practic
l i
t
- -
75
When the area over which loads were distributed was increased 200
fold, the breakdown load increased only about two fold. Figure 1 also
shows the results of experiments with ice of other thicknesses.
STAT
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0.15
0.2
0.45
1.2
1.25
1.35
1.6
2
2.45
2.5
1.5 + 0.75
Flaky Ice
1.45+0.35
Flaky Ice
0.5
0.9
5
32
31.2
37
57.2
92
92
147
92
2.3 103
3 '57
3.3 162
3.6 220
4 '45
20.5 2416
40 3`0000
2.5
R
2.7
2.5
n
The data in Table 2 is illustrated graphically in Figure 2 (appended).
The thickness of the ice is charted on the horisontel axis; the breakdown
loads on the vertical axis. Points corresponding to greater thickness of
Ica rre not plotted on than gn L. since tloy would not fit intu the scale.
He ever, these point!, so wanes the otne s, are properly placed in a
parabolic relation: P a OCh~
Where OCm 20, it P is expressed in kg and h in cm.
}cperi.ments with the tr-vskdorm of ice were carried out at widely
different temperatures (from 00 C to 20o C). In all cases concurring
results mere obtained. Apparently, the effect of atmospheric temperature
on the breakdown load Within these limits was practically nil.
As indicated in experiments with plastic deformation deseribed in the
preceding article, under rapid application of the loads, breakdown occurs
with distinct deformations corresponding to the given thickness of the
ice. Froze a comparison of the values of the maximum sag causing breakdown
in tbe-asses of plastic and of elastic deformation, it appears that the two
are about the same, as shown in Table 3,
the oozreslandiag braskdMrn loadr, while the third colunm gives the radius
of the support.
The point corresponding to a thickness of Loa of 40 on was ottainod
by placing various tanks on the ice.
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Thickness
of Ice
(am)
1
5
10
40
maximup sag laming
E:;astic Deformation
(om)
2-3
5
9
%Ximum Sag During
Plastic Ilaformation
(cm)
2-3
5
Ts the breakdown of ice is determined by the extent of the deforms-
tion, both in the case of rapid application of loads and in the case of
slow ievelopment of plastic deformation tinder the action of small loads.
From the foregoing, it can be concluded that the extent of the defor,.
nation is related to the specific carrying capacity of ice under static
loads.
The carrying capacity of ice mat be determined by the combined total
effect of the elastic and plastic d3formations. Figure 3 (appended) shows
the development of the total deformtio- (F) 7
6 is
on the vertical axis; time on the horizontal axis.
Afloadtis appliedrttooa
the ice up to moment to The ice deforms elastically at point /, . Than,
in due"time, if the load is not removed, a continuous increase of plastio
deformation results. The h-
o
i
-Vie were assisted in this work by Ivanov, Kolokol'taov and Rozhenakayn,
scientists of the GDS. We take this occasion to express to them our
appreciation.
e
the ~ of the area of distribution of the loads
support in relation to the cup-slmged core of the sag.
and
a
y period.
It appears to us that this scheme for investigating deformations
prides a solution to the problem of the carrying. capacity of lee by
ing how its elastic end plastic relation may be calculated. In some
a~f the more simple cases, the carrying capacity of ice may bo calculated
directly oh the basis of material furnished in this and the preceding
article. Calculation of other concrete examples would require more de
tailed knowledge of the effect of th
p
n
- experl
thickness of 40 cm under a weight of 5.5 tons di
splayed ate' ice with a
1primary dofor-
nation of 14 am at the end of an &-d
it is determined by small elastic der r ior. emalJrloed8, on the contrary,
plastic deformation,
which develops very slowly. For exam
le i
ai po
nt will be determined, in the cr,se
of ]er loads
, by large elastic deformation and snnl3 plastic deformation
Kiiich, however, develops va
3. It is shown that, with prolonged app;.icatio)-s,.? the loads, the
carrying capacity or ice is determined oy the combin~3 tot' o:' ?astic
end Plastic deformation. &p-Wed figures follow7
2. Presentation of date on the relation of breakdown load to the
area of distribution of load for ice with a thickness of 1.5 oia.
shown that, with ice from 0.15 yosurfics distribution of load. it was
the square of the thickness 40 cm thick, the relationship varies as
1. Presentation of date on the relation of breakdown load to the
thiCknoBa of Joe with a constant
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f
ld I I JACM
o r 2 3 4 S
Fiore 2
Circles - Uperimsnta . data.
Triangles - Parabolic points
sigpre 3
STAT
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