ECONOMY - INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600210085-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 24, 2011
• Sequence Number: 85
• Publication Date: January 11, 1949
• Content Type: REPORT

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CpUNTRY lass
SII6JEGT Scoaomy - Inauetrial techttolagp
HOW
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WHERE
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INF49tkiATIQN 1948
W1TE GIST. ~~ January 1849
~ f ? N0. OF PAGES 5
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPQRT NQ.
SQU~CE '7eetnSk Fhs3tinbstroYesnixa, ldo 2, 194E. (In;Ormntlon sgecifically
requeeped.
C.7
[2roduatioa of Bnll Beari
Assistant, Moscn~ Higher Techaloal School; Senior Scientific Associate,
8cieatific Research nrld E=perimental Institute of the Bearing Industry
~~l7geses referzsl to h-rein cre sot reproduced but are available in the om-7ginnl
document in CIA]
The lov praduct7vlty of labor is the ball-bearing atop of the 1CpZ (FSr~t
State Boating Plant imen7. L, M. Enp;-novichf greatly retarded the work of the
satire pleat in abcent years.
Dss;Iite the fart that this shop, 7n voltme of work, to not infericr even
to the greatest be 1:-benrins plants of the 153, problems of tecbuologv and orgaai-
zatian of production needed basic improveawnt. 8:~ch a eituaitian vas thb raault
of procuring eSuipnent from d7ffereat sad after casual sources. FurtF~eza~ere
the teabaological process uend in the el-op had beaose obsolete.
? This aituntioa vea largely dun Lo the fast that n b1gA re~,rL for foreigF
vork had been de+eloped and domestic ptvduction heC bees neglected. The
tsohnolegical processes of foreign firms vets blindly copied. TLe fact that
fonvSgn fume permitt^d fam7iierizatioa only vith outdateQ technologies and
did not divulge secret proC>Action processes vas noE considered. Finally
tllssi~++~+s' 7n+utfic7sat..sea uL.the patentiaiitlEa of soeinllc~ic?mstllod'tff~^-?~ .:
4ioduatian, d the creative ability of our-rgs~bere_asad engiawsr-teshnlhSdoi7? ,
end of the etta7:mments of our Soviet~scienoe. The inadequate state of calcula-
tion and plnnn7nC ~+ae also overlooked.
!?A'E
ARMY
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CLASSIFICATIQN COEFITgiffIAL
NiRR -t~ 7~~--D~ISTR7IBU~TIO~N It
FBI-- 1~--1 i 11Ni1'1111FM~ 1
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CONF! ~.
In c~tnection with this prabl~, rise Chair of Technology of ldachlne BuildS~ng,
MVTfJ (Moscow Higher Technical Scheel), conducted during the eeca~ad half of 1845
and the first hnl.f of ~t~G, u eeri~,ES of testa wi +.he ba~ia of which conorete
meaenx^ee were recommended for improving the technology of ball-bearings produc9dea-.
Thsse taste were carried out at the regixeat of th3 plant and xith the aid of the
~yelooaLemical Insti+aq$e, Rcadea,y of Sciences 05~, and the 4~tSITP'P ~Heie~ntifie
Research and Etperimeatal 7nbtitute of the Bearing Industry). The acv teohnolagy
developed under the guidaaoo o~Y F`rofoeser V. M. Sovaa, Doet?ar of Teehaical
Soiwcee, head of the Chair of Machine Building Technology, DiVT1J, xae as attempt
to establish the Soviet technology of the ball-bearing industry. The nee tech-
nology vas bused ~ the achievements 1a two fields of Soviet scleaCee thq tech-
sia5.ogy' of mncb;iae building and ahemlcal engineering. In theses tielde, goviet
?cience, izl the pezft l0 years and espeelally in the postwar pec?Iod, has assume''
ladderehip, blg'zing new trails and outstripping other countries.
The methods for making ball bearings, in cur country es wall ae in others,
vpre ezamined. A13 measures, necessary for establishing the acv technology,
ve~e divided into two grouge. The first group included those which could be
Satroduhed into the e~ieting conditieae. The second group included those
meatluree which were connected xth cn+aital outlays os with eeriQUa demands pa
other br+sgahoe of the industry. Such mesenres were; increasing the diameter
of poliebing diec? Prr,~ 600 to 800 and 1,000 millamotere; nn ime,ediatb v?-
meat of the quality o8 coot-iron discs and pastes for lapping; decreasing $hs
hardaees as the m?tal; sabsti,Lutiai of coil for rod steel; inoreaeiaag the herd-
name of the bell hearAnge; ba$ldtsag machines oP sew and"orlBinal design; Complete
amtoaeohaniznti~ of tLe teohnologlcnl and control processes; improving the
autbmmtio feed of the one^,hinee~ nod electroheating of the metal. in ro111tag
and .hot. forging..
Instead of making new machinery, a Dronef but net very compl.as modernizn-
tioa oP the equipment vas gropoeed. It includods (1) the improvement of the
eutcmntie machine feeds by replacing the lox-capacity feeders, mounted in the
base e? the uachlnee, with large-6npaaity feeders; (2} the oonvot?sion ~'
lapping msohiaer, xhioh had lost the accuracy aeedAd iu preseLt operntio:,c, far
use is rough operatiae. Thus, with a minimum outlay with the eimplept conatruo-
tionnl changes, polishing and filing machines were oranted end named "1(S'Z
machines . "'
The 1CP2 polishing and filing machines xere made from lapping machines
lhiah mere no Iaagor use2~.i1 ~n their originalfunctianr. sad which cculd~Detter be
need a? modals for ball-bearing tiling sad polishing mnchiaee that gave high-
quality work sad high productivity. This simple modeornizntion gave ezaaptiomnll,
po[itive results; it assured the poeeibility of easily inereneing the capacity
of n series of operative which previously had slo-and up the work of the shop,
sad 1a tarn had levered its general efficiency.
R-rthermcre, the differsat groups of ball bearings were fazed according
to definite types of machines with the ruraose at assuring the mast effioieat
s~etem sLich would guarantee bettor quality and mezimuL, productivity. Conss-
gnsnt>,j, arbitrarineee and caeualoeae in the work xae eliminated and, by oom-
pot~8 all the poseibilitiee of the machines, it xae d8tersiaed ou what size
sad medal ,tnohis:~la the ball benrix>tte should be mode.
The old arbvment on tea ndvan+.ngee of filing ar polishing firei xae
solved by wrper~manting. It xne decided to process the balls ae follower
BnaL-, sedans-,end some ad tae large-size bulls, i.e., the basic group of the
Ames tyacs, 1,h6~1 inch, tc be filed; balls, 1-1 1/8 lushes, to be either
f21eb ar polished; and Dane, eDov~ 1 1/8 inches, to be perished first.
Under the old eYstes-, ba].1 bearings of all sizes xere ..*ile'1 an horizontnl-
f S1Lzg 'Sat machines coatelning two discs, cote ^f xhich vas grooved. IInder the
C~NFiDER~j!AL
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CONFI~?~
aas+ system, small balls, up to 3/x6 inch inclusive, are filed on the 1GT?Z ver'ci!-
cal-filing machines ,?t,d..cn 334~m411ix!ictl'am~tax~flet~tfili~g.'d-i~:ca
having oage that are milled in a dendritic pattern (Flgare 1).
BaL bharinge, 7/32-13/32 inoh inclusive, are processed car FSR horitontel-
filing machines with two hoppers, two pelts of discs, aad with a greater feeding
anpacitym The 315--~i111metor diameter discs are flat, and have straight cogs
(Figure 2)?
gall bearings,.?/16-23/32 iaxch iacluelve, are filed aaX the ghiee horison-
tal-filing machines having a separate high-aapaaity?feeder and two aectionnlly
located, 715-m1111meter diameter flat-filing discs (Figure 3)?
Tull bearings, ~/&-1 inch inclusive, are praceaeed on Fiat horizontal-
filing msahiaes, on', of whose filing discs i? grooved, or on 1GPL ve~^tioal-
filiag machines (sac ld modal) with two flat-filing discs (Figure 4),
Hal]. bearings of a diameter larger than 1 inch ar? processed on the 1GT2
sooomd-aeodei vortiical-filing machines (Y'2gux?e 5) . Hos-eves, fcr ball bearings
larger than 1 1/8 inch, paliahin~ first on the machiaie ehovn in Figure 6 ie
rooc?seaded .
The above che~ngee in the technological proceeresi, based oa the rational
epplieation of various mcchinee sad til3ag di?!~a, ee:ccespinllq increased the
prioduatisity end lm~oved the quality of the ball bearings. An inareass is
produotieity a1.?o meant a decreaeo in the allowable tolerancae and as iaprove-
men'G of the geomotric 'fora oY the g.tdmped stock.
All ball battings wane divided into five groups corresponding to tho
above-mem~tioned elsee. For Group ~, the allowable dsYiatioa of the diameter
of the etemped'bnll nee eetablirhed nt 0.0~ instead of 0.10 mi]lia-eter in the
old method; Group IT, 0.06 ineCend as 0.12 mi.]1lmeter; Group III, O.f18 inetesd
of :.]2 millimeter; Granp IP, 0.10 - 0.12 - 0.15 ineteaa. of 0.15 mi111metsr;
Group O, 0.16 iaste:.~i of 0.20 millimeter.
The height of the polar pro~ectians was deareesed 'vy one ha11, and the
thiahaeas and width of the seem (8atu-n ring) by 25 percent. the tolas?nnoe aoz
the dimensions was ~~xt by one half.
After .the bn]1 Denringe of Groap II ere iilad,theQ moat be submitted La e
smoothing or soft polishing before they are euD~eated to the abrasive process
in the esm@srs. This operation ie also reoomsended far the other bal], bearings.
The new abrasive process differs from the old !a the nppliontica of a weak
eolntxan at nltrane sold ax? copper sulfate, by using hot water inetee4 of cold,
nDd by using modernised sanders and new-type basins. The possibility of workiug
ri?h emsrs in n basin of nineral oil wen sleo nxaa~ine.3 as s pnrailal praoesa.
It shaald be noted that bath these variants of tho abrea,ve process were
tested is the bn1Y-bearing shop of the 1G~3Z is 1939.
After the abrasive process and the subsequent polishing, them falloue the.
lapying of the ere~?ae balls with emery between 1,0:1-aillimater diameter discs
oa laPZ node]. msohinse, oonvar+ed from Oberlfag hosisontal machines.
Im proceae!ng the hardened balls, n aeasnre s,ae introduced rhioh, dietia-
gaidhed by its simpCloitJ, broke ali rsoasds c? the ball-beariaQ industry. In
~adea? to inarense the productivity, to moderate the defioienoiee of the polish-
ing wheels sad to eaploy the equipment rffectivsly, it wee decided to dieaard
the hitherto aeoepted combined operation of polishing the hardened bnl].s(,sa-
calJled rough polishing) and oaaz?sotlag thu ovalness. Ccn?reetL~g the c+valeasea
CCaftFIDSPi"'IAI.
CONFIDENTIAL
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CQNFI ,
ras moved to the rAext stage--lapping. Conseque~nt]]~ tlasre rca a corr.~epondi.ng in-
orea:ie 4n praduatian at,thi? stage,..
The final lapping of the belle to n ESreatdr preoleion is done as Bugel-
I~ieher [e-mail] macbinea in no larger than 25-kilcgz+am groups. In this
manner, there"!e attained an ovpRlnass of no greater than Q.5 (1t vas farmerl:~ 1~),
and i~t$ maa?o earefnl. task, boles o.3 (it tae belay O.g ), 1.e,, practicbll,
with zero avalneea,
pith car~ta9n additional vork, bails of ultrahigh precielar, ~avn es
?'Priborgyye,'? rare produced. 'Lapping proddaee n very high-quality surface; hosaver,
it can be camp:etely rapleced by spacial hoeing processes, and rich the use of
epRO9.a1 pastes (fa?? eanmple, aluminum o7[ides) ball bearings rhiah grey#2y eur-~
peas the ultrahigh-precision bearings aaa be made.
However, the problem of mnintenanco of equipment and the elmplification of
the operatiar require honing by French chalk nod subsequent haring rith leather.
In the old system, in .311 ball-filing and polishing machines, kerosene ras
uued en a spraying (nutting) fluid. The use of kez?aeeae caused oacupational
diseases and fire hnxerde. Snbetitutian of a liquid solutlar of en alkalise
phcephnte in pleas of kerosene in the filing miaohffiee, and a aoinr oix 1a polish-
ing ma?hinea, timprove8 health o~ditions sad eliminated fire hnsarde. In this
proaeot, the corks of Academician I'. A, P.sbindsr yore used.
Despite the indisputable ease and vrefnlnaes of the nor technology, its
introQnatloa ra,s extraardinarily slow. Thin ran explained by the for levels
of tasohhology and ladnstrial labor discipline, and the abeenoe of ~,euxitied
mane~emeat is t;:e shop
Ta Aovember 19~b, the director of the 1GP~,plant lavited Beykov to ia-
speot the shop. B4ykov agreed with the deoieion of the HVR4, and rns nppcinted
hoa3 of the 1aPZ '.bell shop, there he rocked for about a veer.
Birgit os ail, it tee neoeseary to establish an elemeatnry training oourse
!a the shop, and inorense the not'vity of the shop pereoAnal. The eystm o2
psrsoaal deseomstratione was ridely ueedo The introduction of each prircipnl
ianoTation ras aaoonpnairid by a detailed eaplaantion, why it was needed; that
it did, sad hoe to use it. .All warkere' questions rere aasrered.
Repta~ts of the resnlte of the rcrk wore disem~iantrl to all rackets. Pot
o~j the enpervisars and the foreseen, but also the techaioiens, aarstruoto~s,
planners, eeonosists, msohaaiae, eleotriaians, and aoaouatants, rare regularly
givers ea erccrmt of their ~rorY.
Problems of oaloulntion and planning xcupied an important position !a the
industrial activity oP the shop.
The satire pert~eo~el of the shop yens the firbt it the pleat to be amtered,
!b Aovmber 19b6, in the socialist oompetitiar Sa barer of the 3(1th AnaiversnrJ
of tLa Greet Ontobsr 8oainliet Revolution; sad the shop assimsd a aarrespoadigQ
socialist gDligntiaa. The soap prddedure became me of eooialist oollaboratiao
nod 8tnldiaria.ite lobar !n all professions.
Mach attenttc~ rob devoted to probleas of mrinteuaace sad aperetian ar the
squipmisnt. Mnintaoaaoe brigades of mnohiniste rsre farmed is snob deparlasnt.
the LeoBnioal assistant to the slop supervisor ras relieved of ail his dntise
nod put in charge of oil matta~~e persfti: ing to mnia:earauos and operation of
egsipmsnt. Dee to the latrodnc+ion of presses in a eervioenble oanditia~'Sa the
stamping department, the output ras trebled. The produotiar supelriatendent of
the shop ras given auch? grsnteu? authority.
-4-
G6?!!'IDAITIAL
CONFiDEN 51A~
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The shop supervisor ora9 given the duty of salving all principal problems.
$e xas also made supervisor of the technical p~:rt of the shop, the technologi-
oal buraau'o8 the ball-beax;ag production"oi' the plant; and the combined
*aodernizatiaai and maintenance brigades of the 1GPZ and the 87dIIPP. At the sane
time, the autaorit'iee of the asalstants of the shop supervisor and the foresee
aotually in charge of production xere greatly ozpanded.
Technical study xas also regulated to assure a vide diseemination of the
leading 8takhanovite precticee.
Great emphae3.o ware also placed en the discussiane betv9ea the chap euper-
Rlecr end each shop worker at the place of xork even if only once a month. A
daily sarvsq of the enure shop and all maintenance seotione by the auporvieor
vas instituted.
For adJueting specific oparatlona, xorkere from !?he Iaboratoriee sad plant-
manegeneant departments xere used, as xell ns From the P9iI~P.
Plant varkere xere enliatea in aiding the shop by being included in a plaat-
noderaization b;igade.
B4fIIPP vprkere xere brought in to reader technical aid parcioipating iYa the
point 1c3P1 rand ~iY7PP brigade, xhich ores headed by the supervisors of Loth groups.
The supervisors rspreeeatmd the 1GPZ plant director sad S.A. Simagia, the dirso-
toa~ of the ~IIPP, respectively.
All these neasuroe and aeaietenae items the plant supervisors -- 9, R. TaYh-
tarov, the plant direotar; A. A. Cromov, ohief emglneer; 1f. A. Arutyuaav, ohief
of produatiom; R. A. Pevsner, chief teohnioiea; D. I. Mikheylov, ohief msllpania;
I.'. 4olov, ohief of the dE9; M. V. Saa~obov, chief of G14rpodshlpnilc (Obis
Admiaistrntioa of the Ball-Bearing Industry); 0'. ~. Devyatov, ohief engineer;
B. V. Pinegill, Dootor of Teohaical Soieaass, the director of the IIfIIPP -- with
the support of par*.y end undo-onion orgenisntioze, sate it possible to latro-
duoe the sex teohaology x:ti