THE GOVERNMENT, POLITICS AND POPULATION OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600310264-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 15, 2011
• Sequence Number: 264
• Publication Date: May 18, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, AND POPULATION
OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
The present Choybalsan or the new Constitution of the Mongolian People's Re-
public, is similar to the Constitution of the USSR and was adopted on 30 June
19+0 by the Eighth Great National Assembly (Great Hurul).
According to Article 1 of the Constitution, the Mongolian People's Republic
is an independent republic of the working class (nomads, laborers, intelligent-
sia) whose aim is socialization of the republic and development along noncapital-
istic lines.
Article 3 of the Constitution states that all governmental authority of the
republic is exercised by the workers in cities and regional areas through the
Workers Assembly.
The basic administrative policy is to increase production, raise the living
standard of the working class, improve national defense, etc. To carry out this
policy, the land, underground resources, and the production installations have
been nationalized.
ls, dwellings, household ?"- -~ r'y'?"? LAWE1-b-p of aomestic ani-
comamsn dwellings, goods, etc. It grants voting rights to all men and t?
years or older regardless of race or religion. It allows freedom of
religion and freedom of the press, an 8-hour working day, free education, sepa.
ration of political and religious rule, and a system of universal military con-
scription.
Persons who do not have the right to vote include those who utilize the
labor of others for personal profit, moneylenders, former "hu-t'u-k'u.t'u," high
STATE
ARMY
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CLASS!FICAT!ON CONFIDENTIAL ~~~d d ! r~ b
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY Mongolian People's Republic
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
THIS COCUM ENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF ESPIONAGE ACT 60
A. . SI AS0 SF. AS AMENDED ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF .1T S CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIBITED BY LAW REPH000CTION OF THIS FO Al IS PROHIBITED
DATE DIST. /g May 1950
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
SOURCE Outline of Mongolian People's Republic, published by Toa Kenkyusho,
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CONFIDENTIAL
iaraas, whc owned slaves and treatee them cruelly, officials who were
in r.ontrot of the bam.ers, former members of the White Guard, those takinL: part
directly in antirevolutionary movements, the feeble-minded, and those who have
been deprived of voting privileges through court action.
Administrative Divisions
i'ormerly, Outer.;?lorigolia was divided into eight animal-inspection districts,
six trading. districts, and the five aymags of Tsetsen-khan, Tushetu-khan, Sayn
Iioyan?-khan, D::asakhtu-khan, and .iobdo. On 1 February 1931, the new administra-
tive divisions adopted by the Sixth !;rest National Assembly included 13 aymags
which were divided into 324 somons.
Capital
No of Somons
Doronod
Dayan Tumen (Choybalsan)
27
itentey
Ondor :iaan
27
Tob (Eastern)
Ulan Bator
22
Seienge
Altan 15ulak (Kyakhta)
14
Pobsogol
i?loron
25
Ara 'iangay
Ts-toe,-Jig
35
Obor i!an?ay
Hamagegen
36
Dzabhan
Dzhibkhaiantu
21
Ubsa Uuur
Ulaan Goom
15
i iobdo
Jirgalanta
23
Altay
Khantaishire
17
Omono (South) Gobi
Delger Khangai
26
Dorono (East) Gobi
Sayr Usa
26
In 1p34, Altay Aymag was merged with Dzabhan Aymag, reducing the number of
aymags to 12. In 1938, the new aymag of Bulagan was established out of a part
of Selenge Aymag, with Bulagan as its capital. In 1940, the Eighth Great Na-
tional Assembly established the Bayan Ologey Aymag, consisting of two somons
mostly of the Uriankhay tribe, and seven somons mostly of Kazakhs. In 1.)40, Al-
tay Aymag was again separated from Dzabhan Aymag, and became Gobi-Altay Aymag.
In 1;42, the three aymags of Suhe Baatar, Dunda Gobi, and Bayan Hongor, were es-
tablished, thereby increasing the number of aymags to 18 and somons to 314, as
follows :
Capital
No of Somons
Doronod
Bayan Tumen (Choybalsan)
15
lien toy
Ondor Haan
22
Tob
Ulan Bator
29
Dorono (East) Gobi
Dalay Sayn Shards.
17
0mor_o (South) Gobi
Dalan Dzadagad
13
Ohor liangay
At-bay Heere
is
Ara hangay
Tsetserlig
36
Hobdo
Jirgalanta
13
hobsogol
Moron
21
Dzabhan
Dzhibkhalantu
19
Bulagan
Bulagan
17
Selenge
Altan Bulak (Kyakhta)
9
Ubsa i:uur
Ulaan room
16
Gobi-Altay
Khantaishire
12
Bayan Ologey
Ologey
9
Suhe Haatar
Mandarin Khit
14
Dunda (Central) Gobi
edger Khan
18
Bayan Iiongor
Bayan IiIongor
16
The national capital, Ulan Bator, is a special municipality under a spe-
administration.
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Central Government
The highest organ of the Mongolian People's Republic is the Great National
Assembly which convenes once every 3 years. A Special Great National Assembly
may be called at the discretion of the Small National Assembly (Small Hurul), or
when requested by several local governments which represent more than one-third
of the total population of the nation. The Great National Assembly is composed
of representatives of the workers and the military personnel of the People's Revo-
lutionary Forces, who have been elected by the aymag and city assemblies. There
shall be one representative for every 1,500 persons. The functions of the Great
National Assembly are to:
1. Ratify and amend the Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic.
2. Determine basic foreign and domestic policies.
3. Elect members of the Small National Assembly.
The Small National Assembly becomes the highest political body of the repub-
lic during the period that the Great National Assembly is not in session. Each
member of the Small National Assembly represents 10,000 persons and is elected
for a 3-year term. The functions of the Small National Assembly are to:
2. Organize the People's Council, and establish or organize newly estab-
lished government offices and agencies of the Central government.
3. Reverse decisions and orders of the People's Council, if necesssry.
It. Approve various regulations issued by the Standing Committee of the
Small National Assembly.
5. Review and approve the national budget.
6. Conduct hearings of proposals submitted by the Standing Committee of the
Small National Assembly and the members of the People's Council, and review vari-
ous problems concerning political, economic, and cultural organizations.
7. Elect supreme court justices of the Mongolian People's Republic.
8. Appoint the Attorney General of the Mongolian People's Republic.
The Small National Assembly usually convenes once a year. The Special Small
National Assembly may be convened when more than one third of the total number of
assemblymen vote for it. It may also be convened by the unanimous vote of all mem-
bcre of the Standing Committee of the Small National Assembly. The Standing Com-
mittee, consisting of the assembly sneaker, deputy speaker, secretary and four mem-
bers, is elected by the assembly and handles routine matters. The Standing Commit-
tee is the highest political organ of the republic when the Great and Small Nation-
al Assemblies are not in session. Its duties are to:
1. Enforce articles set forth in the Constitution of the Mongolian People's
Republic, and supervise application of laws passed by the Great and Small National
Assemblies.
3. Announce new laws Lproposed bill and interpret them until ratified by
the next session of the Small National Assembly and to interpret present laws.
LCi Ell Yli li.lal TI 7
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4. Rescind decisions of the People's Council if necessary; or submit pro-
5. Appoint as members of the People's Council, until ratified by the next
session of the Small National Assembly, nominees submitted by the chairman of
the People's Council.
7. Bestow medals, citations, and honorary titles of the Mongolian People's
Republic.
8. Accept credentials and notifications of departure of foreign diplomats.
9. Send and recall diplomats of the Mongolian People's Republic.
14. Invalidate decisions of local governments, if necessary.
12. Proclaim full or partial mobilization of the military forces.
13. Handle all matters under the jurisdiction of the Mongolian People's Re-
10. Ratify treaties and agreements with foreign countries.
11. Proclaim a national emergency if the Small National Assembly is in re-
The highest administrative agency of the Mongolian People's Republic is the
People's Council. It consists of a chairman, several vice chairmen, chiefs of
the Planning Board, the Statistics and Examining Board, and several other members.
The functions of this council are to:
1. Coordinate and control the functions of various ministries and their sub-
2. Plan the national economy and propose the national and regional govern-
ment budgets, taxation, and other financial programs.
4. Direct national defense and military preparations, and decide the number
of conscripts to be called.
5. Plan measures to maintain public order, protect national interests and
6. Direct the administrative agencies of the aymags and Ulan Bator, and di-
rect workers conferences and cadres.
7. Revise or rescind orders, directive.., and decisions of the People's Coun-
8. Establish a central organization which will handle cultural and economic
matters of the People's Council, if necessary.
The Mongolian People's Republic has the following ministries: Military Af-
fairs, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture and Livestock, Industrial Development, Trans-
portation, Commerce, Finance, Internal Affairs, Education, Public Health, and
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Justice. Under direct control of the ministries are the Planning Board, Statis-
tics and Examination Board, Communications Bureau, Academy of Arts, Academy of
Sciences, and Government Printing Office. The Planning Board and the Statistics
and Examination Board are identical with the State Planning Commission of the
USSR. Their functions are to:
1. Establish organizations which supervise the national economic recon-
struction, and draft the preliminary national and regional budgets.
2. Draft plans for economic, social, and cultural development.
3. Study the economic condition of the republic, and direct the develop-
ment of scientific production methods.
4. Participate in the drafting of the national budget.
5. Direct and complete national statistics.
6. Plan an educational system and public health programs.
1? Review problems concerning administration and national economy.
3. Supervise the execution of government plans.
Local .,overrunent
The highest government agency of the aymag and cities is the Workers' Con-
gress which convenes once every 3 years. A temporary conference is called when
demanded by more than one half of the total number of voters in each aymag or
city, or demanded by more than two thirds of the members of the small assembly
of the aymag or city.
The representatives to the Workers' Congress are selected at the somon and
khorya conferences. In Ulan Bator, one representative for every 200 persons
and in aylnags one for every 400 persons is chosen.
The highest government agencies of the aymags and cities are the small as-
semblies (during the recess of the Workers' Congress) which comprise members
elected at the Workers' Congress. One representative for every 1,000 persons is
chosen for the assembly. The small assemblies convene twice a year. Each small
assembly has a Standing Committee, consisting of 7 to 13 persons, to handle rou-
tine administrative matters. This committee is divided into the following sec-
tions: agriculture and livestock, finance, public health, education and military
affairs.
The highest political agencies of the somon, bag, khorya, and khorin are the
workers' Congresses, held once a year. A temporary conference is called when de-
manded by one half of the people in the areas or districts concerned. The repre-
sentatives of the somon or khorya congress are elected by the bag or khorin con-
gress at the ratio of one representative for every 50 persons.
The administrative agencies of somon, bag, khorya and khorin are called
yaamon" 1a government or public office7 and consist of 3 to 13 persons elected
for one year term at a workers' congress. The duties of the yaamon are to:
1. Direct cultural, political, and economic activities within their areas.
2. Draft the local budget.
3. Direct local administrative organs.
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4. Maintain public order, enforce laws, and protect people's rights.
5. Nullify decisions and orders of subordinate administrative agencies
which are contradictory to the Constitution of the Mongolian People's Repub-
lic.
Judiciary
The highest judiciary organ of the Mongolian People's Republic is the
Supreme Court which is placed directly under the Small National Assembly.
The Supreme Court supervises judicial matters of all lower courts in the re-
publi.c. It also decides the legality of matters submitted by the Attorney
General's Office, and handles appeals from the lower courts. The chief jus-
tice and the associate justices are elected at the Small National Assembly
for a term of 4 years. ach aymag and city has a local court, and each
somc.,n and khozya has a district court which is subordinate to the local court.
The judges for all lower courts are elected by the small assemblies for a
tens of 3 years.
All trials are open to the public, except those which may reveal politi-
cal and military secrets. All defendants have the right to have defense law-
yers. A trial may be conducted in the Mongolian language or in the language
of a tribe. If needed, interpreters are provided by the court.
The highest law-enforcing agency of the Mongolian People's Republic is
the Attorney General's Office. The Attorney General is elected by the Small
National Asseia,ly for a 5-year term, and the district attorneys are appointed
by the Attorney General for a 4-year term. The duty of the Attorney General's
Office is investigation of all crimes, except those related to politics, which
cone: under the Public Security Section of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The duty of the Public: Security Section is strict surveillance of affairs and
activities within the aymags, and in the military forces.
Article Ell of the rew Constitution for the Mongolian People's Republic
,;iv-.s its people, for the firct time, the right to organize. It allows the or-
ganization of labor unions, cooperatives, youth groups, national defense organi-
zations, political parties, etc.
The Constitution provides for the formation of the Mongolian People's Revo-
lutionary Party which will act as the supreme political party in directing the
working class in their struggle against capitalistic elements.
.ongolian People's kevolutionar;; Pa ty
The First Part;.' Congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
(.a'RP) was held at Kyakhta in March 1921. The MPRP, being the only political
party in l;ongolia, has been very influential in molding the political, economic,
and cultural affairs of the country. At the First Party Congress, the MPRP an-
nounced its platform as one based on "bourgeoisie democracy" which recognized a
constitutional monarchy with the Living Buddha as the chief executive.
Only 23 delegates, representing 150 members, participated in the First
Party Congress. At the Third Party Congress of the MPRP, a resolution was passed
to the effect that an antical).talistic policy must be pursued in the economic de-
velopment of the Iongolian People's Republic.
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The increasing activities of the MPRP, however, did not entirely wipe out
feudalism and monasticism in Mongolia. The nobility, lamat, and the masses re-
sented the extreme-left policy of the MPRP, and threatened uprisings. In 1928,
the struggle between the left and the right wings in Mongolia reached its peak.
But in the end, the left-ving MPRP won. This resulted in the establishment of
the left-wing policy at the Seventh Party Congress held in June 1928.
The left-wing policy called for: (1) confiscation of estates of the no-
bility, lamas, rich herdsmen, and government officials,, (2) compulsory collec-
tivization of the nomadic herdsmen; (3) an antireligion driv.' and the compulsory
return of the low lamas to laity; and (4) the control of foreign trtide by gov-
ernment and the restriction of private business.
This policy caused the population to protest, especially those who were di-
rectly affected. There were many uprisings. Many left the country to escape
such restrictions. The collectivized nomadic herdsmen killed more than 7 mil-
lion head of livestock.
Consequently, the MPRP decided to revisee policy at a Eighth Party
official
Congress held in 1931. The following year
at the meeting of the Central Committee of the Party.
The revised policy states that the MPRP' advocates a policy of strengthening
the Republic as an anti-imperialistic and independent nation; increasing produc-
tion; overthrowing feudalism; establishing national defense; and isolating the
high lamas and feudalistic elements from the working class, rich nomads, and low
lamas.
The Ninth Party Congress, held in 1934, claimed the fairness of the revised
policy.
At the Tenth Party Congress.of the MPRP, held in March and April 1940, a
resolution was passed adding another article to the Constitution which made the
MPRP a member of the Comintern.
At one time, the MPRP embraced 42,000 members. The present membership is
about 10,000.
The organization of the MPRP, in accordance with the decision reached by
the fourth executive committee session of the Central Committee, in 1913, is as
follows:
The supreme organ of the MPRP is the Plenary Assembly which meets once
every 3 years. An extraordinary session of the Plenary Assembly may be called
either by the Executive Board of the Central Committee or by a two-thirds vote
of the party members. The delegates to the Plenary Assembly are chosen by the
aymag party councils.
When the Plenary Assembly is not in session, the Central Committee direc-ks
all party functions and tries to carry out the program of the Plenary Assembly.
The Central Executive Committee meets at least once each year. The program de-
cided by the Central Executive Committee is executed by the members of the Cen-
tral Committee. Central Committee members are chosen by the Central Executive
Committee. The Central Committee directs the work of the Youth League and the
General Military and Political Department.
The Plenary Assembly appoints the members of the Party Central Examining and
Committee. This committee deals with Irregularities of the party members suppresses antiparty activities.
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The members of the Party Affairs Investigating Committee look after the
financial affairs of the pari,y an? examine the progress of the party program.
Party affairs at the aymag level are supervised by the Aymag Party Coun-
cil which meets once a year. When not in session, the Aymag Party Committee
takes over the function of the Aymag Party Council.
The Aymag Party Committee has the following departments:
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1. Political Training
This department investigates the execution of the Aymag Party Commit-
tee program by the party subheadquarters. It also assists the latter in all
necessary matters.
2. Propaganda
This department distributes party bulletins and does other such func-
tions to clarify the programs required by the Aymag Party Committee and other
higher offices.
3. General Affairs
This department handles all financial affairs arising within the Ay-
mag Party Committee.
The duty of the party subheadquarters is to recruit members from
somons, industrial plants, and offices.
Revolutionary Youth League
The Revolutionary Youth League was organized in 1921 and is a very active
member of the International Communist Party Youth Federation. At its first
plenary assembly, held in July 1922; the league advocated the democratic in-
stead of the monastic form of the Mongolian Republic.
At one time, the league had a complete monopoly over the political affairs
of the country. Its activities were later restricted by the MPRP because of the
league's extreme actions. The league's functions were thereafter controlled by
the MPRP and it became an essential asset to the MPRP in working with and re-
cruiting members from the nomadic tribes.
At its peak, the league's membership reached 23,000, although later the
membership declined. When the league abandoned its extreme poli.:y, membership
started to increase again, and climbed from 7,000 in 1936, to 17,000 in 1940,
and to 20,000 in 1941.
All males or females from 15 to 25 years of age, except relatives, sons,
and daughters of the nobility and lamas, are eligible for league membership.
The Revolutionary Youth League is organized along almost the same lines
as the MPRP. It is now playing a major role in pushing the literacy campaign
and expounding political knowledge to the masses.
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Organization of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
(as of 1933)
Party Plenary Assembl_,v_
Central Examining Committee Party Affairs Investigating Com-
mittee -
Central
Executive Committee
Aymag and Municipal
Aymag and MuTi-Icipal Aymag and Municipal
Public Offices prises
Dept Training Dept
l
Aymag and Municipa
Affairs Investigating Com-
mittee
Propaganda 3eneral Af- Politi-
Dept fairs Dept cal Train-
ing Dept
Party Subheadquarters
Party Cells in Party Cells in \Party Cells in
Governmental and Various Enter- Various Sumas
The Mongolian People's Republic is not recognized except by the USSR and
the Tuva Republic. Emissaries have been exchanGed between the Soviet Union
C0NFIBENTU 11I
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and the Mongolian People's Republic since 1926. At that time the two coun-
tries signed a friendship treaty. However, there is little economic Inter-
course between the two countries.
The Sino-Soviet treaty, signed in 1924 in Pei-p'ing known as the "De-
cision on the Settlement of Problems Between China and the Soviet Union,"
recognizes the Mongolian People's Republic (then called Outer Mongolia) as
a part of the Chinese Republic. Actually, however, many treaties and agree-
ments signed between the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic give the
latter an independent status. Besides, there are no economic ties between
China and Mongolia.
The USSR not only has Red troops garrisoned in strategic locations of
Mongolia and along the border region, but also has an embassy in Ulan Bator
and consulates in Jirgalanta, Dzhibkhalantu, Bayan Tumen (Choybalsan), and
Alvan Bulak. There are also many Soviet economic agencies scattered all
over Mongolia.
CONFIDENTIAL
This treaty calls for the abolition of all treaties and agreements
between Tsarist Russia and the old Mongolia. It calls for mutual recogni-
tion of the new governments, and the establishment of political and economic
relations between the two countries.
2. Agreement to Establish Soviet-Mongolian Joint-Management Concerns
in Mongolia, signed October 1922
3. Secret Treaty, signed February 1924
4. Economic Agreement, signed in 1924
5. Agreement on Establishing Telegraphic Communications in Mongolia,
signed October 1924
6. Agreement, signed in October 1924, making it possible for the
Buryats in the Soviet Union to become Mongolian citizens
7. Selenga River Agreement, signed October 1924
8. Mutual-Defense Pect, concluded in October 1927
9. Agreement on Establishing Public Health and Animal Epidemic Preven-
tion Stations in Mongolia, signed May 1930
10. Agreement on Simplification of Border-Crossi.g Procedures, signed
May 1930
11. Mutual Assistance Pact, signed 12 March 1936, and announced formally
7 April 1936
This pact states in part: "In the event of threat of attack upon the
territory of the USSR or the Mongolian People's Republic by a third state, the
two governments shall undertake immediately to consider jointly the situation
that has arisen and take all measures which should be necessary for the protec-
tion and the security of their territory.
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'This .ravision is to be supplemented by each party undertaking to ren-
der to the other every assistance in the event of military attack.
"'t'his protocol shall be in force for 10 years from the official signing
date, 12 ::arch 1936."
According to a census conducted in 1918 by the Maiskiy Expedition, the
total population in tt Mongolian People's Republic was 647,504, including
100,0)0 Chinese people and 50,000 Russians.
When the new administrative divisions were put into effect in 1930, the
total opulation in Mongolia was reported to be 760,000. This report gives
the population of each aymag, its area and density of population, as follows:
AM~Ll
Population
Area (sq km)
Density per Sq Km
Doronod
75,800
202,900
0.36
Hentey
;6,800
73,300
0.47
`Cob (Eastei?u)
115,800
149,300
0.77
Se]enge
111,900
69,100
0.60
iobsogol
62,700
107,200
0.58
Ara Hangay
8o,6oo
107,700
0.74
Obor Hangay
83,200
57,400
1.44
iizabhan
55,500
95,200
0.58
Ubsa Nuur
01,8C.0
84,100
0.53
Iiobdo
13,100
77,900
0.55
Gobi-Altay
3 ,':GO
207,100
0.19
Omono (South) Gobi
Dorono (East) Gobi
3 1,1; "")
155,400
0.24
766,oou 1,533,500
According to a recent survey obtained in Berlin and presumably made in
the total population in the Mongolian People's Republic in that year
was approximately ;CO,000. Of that total, 88 percent or about 790,000, were
Khalkhas. Others included Buryats, Olots, Torgods, Kazakhs, Uriankhaies, and
Durbets. The same source states that there were approximately 840,000 people
in the Mongolian People's Republic in 1939, if the Kazakhs and their affiliated
racial groups were not included.
The Berlin source also gives the following from another report:
2h_g
Population
Area (sq kin)
Density per Sq Km
Dorcn
od 55,800
202,900
0.22
Hente
y 50,200
75,300
0.66
Tob (
Eastern) 115,800
140,300
0.83
Selen
ge 14,100
69,100
0.20
Hobso
gol 56,700
107,200
0.53
Ara H
angay 113,600
57,400
1.97
Obor H
angay 166,700
107,700
1.57
lizabha
n 89,100
95,200
0.94
Ubsa fl
uur 67,200
84,100
0.79
Ilobdo
67,300
77,900
0.86
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('aainu::d)
ril
Population Area (s:] ion)
Density per Sq Km
Gobi-Altay
10,600
207,100
0.19
Umono (South)
Gobi
35,)00
155,400
0.23
Dorono (East)
Gobi
25,000
164,900
0.15
Total
3", 7,].,;O
1,544,500
0.59
7',;tc:: There
are at
)iesent fl-9437 18 aymags in the mongolian People's Republic.
will be noted that the population figures given above and those given
that. population in the ;-year period increased from 760,000 to 900,000 because
,.aili::g social diseases and the influence of Lamaism which forbids marriage.
LJn:a ructice of nonmarriage has been abolished and better medical service has
Po;n11ation Accordinjz to Sex and Aae
According to not too reliable data, the distribution of population in the
I.ioigolian People's Republic by sex and age in 1928 was as follows:
Males (including lamas returned to laity)
LZ HI-0 Percent
1 - 17
116,1:73
16.2
18 - 24
22,04]
3.9
25 - 115
71',776
1G.4
] - 17
115,01;0
16.0
1.-I - 24
43 , 892
6.8
='S - 45
103,536
14.4
:n-id over
')1, 313
12.7
1 - 17
-
-
- 24
].9,1413
2.7
- 45
23;041.
3.9
l;6 ana over
33,793
I1?7
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/17: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600310264-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/17: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600310264-4
Age
No
Percent
1
- 17
116,478
16.2
18
- 24
47,454
6.6
25
- 45
102,817
14.3
46 and over
93,470
13.0
The relations among Khalkhas, Kazakhs, and Tuvians have not always been
friendly. There have been many racial conflicts. In 1940, to do away with
these conflicts, Hobdo Aymag was reorganized into two aymags: Be-an Oldzey
and IIobdo.
Besides the above-mentioned tribes, there are many Russians, Chinese,
and Buryats. The number of Russians is increasing in Mongolia as Soviet in-
fluence continues to expand. Most of the Buryats are farmers living in the
river basins of the Selenga and the Uur. The 1924 Soviet-Mongolian agreement
made it possible for many Buryats to become Mongolian citizens if they re-
nounced Soviet citizenship.
Chinese inroads into Mongolians business started many years ago. At one
time the Chinese monopolized all the business. However, as the leftist in-
fluence increased, Chinese enterprises began to deteriorate. Consequently,
many formerly rich Chinese were forced to abandon their businesses and return
to China or stay in Mongolia as laborers or handicraft workers. The Chinese
population now [19417 in Mongolia is estimated to be about 10,000.
The same 1928 source gives the distribution of population, according to
tribes, in the Mongolian People's Republic as follows:
Tribe
Population
Percentage of Total
Population
Khalkhas
625,222
85.9%
Durbets
26,673
3.7
Minguts
3,500
0.6
Dzabhachins
7,542
1.0
Torgods
2,500
0.3
Baytuo
11,323
1.6
Kazakhs
13,000
1.8
Tuvians
12, 5')O
1.8
Hotons
1,500
0.2
Others
15,000
2.1
The Khalkha population, at present fl-94f, is believed to be about
790,000 which is 88 percent of the total.
Most of the minority tribes live in western Mongolia. The Durbets are
mostly nomadic herdsmen and live in the area roughly from the Hobdo River and
the Tannu Ola Mountains to Ubba Nuur. Anthropologically speaking, the Durbets,
whose language and customs differ greatly from the Khalkhas, belong to the Wes-
tern Mongol group.
DO~FIDENTIMI.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/17: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600310264-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/17: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600310264-4
f-04; 'ENTIAL
Other minority tribes in the Western Mongol group are the Minguts, Dzab-
hachins, Torgods, and IIotons. The Dzabhachins also are mostly nomadic herds-
men living in the Altay slopes and in the vicinity of Hobdo.
Other tribes living in western Mongolia include the Kazakhs, Tuvians,
and those who belong to the Turko-Tatar Group.
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