1950 - 1951 SCHOOL YEAR OPENS IN USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600370225-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 27, 2011
• Sequence Number: 225
• Publication Date: January 3, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
CLASSIFICATION SECRET SECRET
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1949 - 1950
DATE DIST. Jan 1951
NO. OF PAGES 15
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
THIS DOCSMINT CONTAINS INFORMATION A?FICTINO 7NS NATIONAL D/ISMSS
or TNI ONITID STATES WITNIO TUN ^SIININO OF Ur10NA0I ACT DO
O. S.. C.. AI AND 22. AS ANSNOI0. ITS TRANSMISSION ON INS NORATION
Or ITS CONTENT/ IN ANT MANNNR TO AN CNAITMORILID PRISON IS PlO-
NINITID ST LAW. IIFNOONCTION OF TOTS FORM IS 0NOIIOITRO.
1950 - 1951 SCHOOL YEAR OPENS IN USSR
Numbers in parentheses refer to appended sources./
The 1950 - 1951 school year began in primary, 7-year, and secondary schools
of the USSR on 1 September. Compulsory 7-year education entered its second year
still far from being achieved. The textbook problem continues to remain chiefly
one of distribution, more books having been printed this year. The teacher
shortage is critical, and threatens to become even worse as more children are
brought into the school system. There is a shortage of school space, with no
relief in sight due to poor, fulfillment of-school construction programs; most
schools continue to operate in two or more shifts. The most important problems
are still the large number of children who must repeat grades and, secondly, the
large number who drop out during the school year. The press continues to call
for raising the ideological level of teaching and improving Russian-language in-
struction in non-Russian schools. An increasing number of unfavorable comments
on separate education for girls and boys may indicate ite'eventual discontinua
tion. I
A. Compulsory 7-year Education
The extent of realization of the compulsory 7=year education plan in its
first year. of operation, 1949 - 1950, depended to a considerable degree upon the
network of schools already in existence in the given union republic. Fulfill-
ment.of the plan ranged from the 95 percent claimed by the Estonian SSR (1), to
the admission that 7-year. education had been introduced in only 11 fo-f the 6j
rayons of the Moldavian SSR and was actually operating in only. five rayons (2),
and that not a single rayon or city of the Kirgiz SSR had fully realized the
plan.(3)
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To meet the growth in the number of pupils, new fifth grades had been added
to 7-year schools, p: .wary schools reorganized into -year schools, and new 7-
year schools built. Failure to fulfill the plan can be attributed to incomplete
registration of children of school age, failure to build dormitories (internat)
and to provide transportation for pupils living in rural areas, failure to carry
out school-construction programs, backward local social customs, etc.
The problem of carrying out compulsory 7-year education was particularly
acute in Central Asia. Vestiges of feudal tribal customs regarding women (ob-
jection to their being seen in public, early marriages, etc.) kept an increasing
number of girls out of school. During the 1949 - 1950 school year, there were
302,489 pupils in Tadzhik schools; 243,980 (110,102 girls) in the first to
fourth grades; 51,549 (20,907 girls) in the fifth to seventh grades; and 6,960
(2,017 girls) in the eighth to tenth grndes.(4) Of the 1,210,000 pupils in Uz-
bek schools in the past school year, only 371,000 were girls.(5) Even the wives
of school teachers and directors continued to wear the veil.(6) Failure to at-
tend school, however, was not limited to girls. For example, in Andizhan Oblast,
Uzbek SSR, 15,000 school-age children failed to attend school last year. In
spite of.this, registration this year of school-age children in many rayons of
the oblast was carried out poorly or not at all.(7) In Samarkand Oblast, about
10,000 children (more than half of them Uzbek girls) were not enrolled in
schools.(8) Some 38,546 children failed to attend school in the Kazakh SSR.(9)
Failure to carry out the compulsory 7-year education law was not limited to
Central Asia. Although more schools are needed in the Karelo-Finnish SSR, par-
ticularly in rural areas, construction is proceeding slowly due to the failure
of heavy industry enterprises to cooperate.(l0) More than 9,000 children did
not attend school in the Moldavian SSR last year.(11) In the RSFSR, more than
6,000 Molotov Oblast children remained out of school last year.(12) The total
number of fifth-grade pupils in the Dagestan ASSR in the 1949 - 1950 school year
was to have been 22,000, but actually there were only 16,000, chiefly as a re-
sult of lack of dormitories connected with 7-year schools.(13) Some 2,082
children did not attend school in the Tatar ASSR because of poor registration,
lack of boarding facilities, and no transportation to and from school.(14)
Compulsory 10-year education was introduced in the 1949 - 1950 school year
in Armenian cities (15), as well as in seven cities of the Moldavian SSR (16),
and is being introduced this year in the six large cities of the Latvian SSR.(l)
B. Teacher Shortage
Although more than 5'(,000 new graduates of pedagogical and teachers' insti-
tutes have been assigned to Soviet schools for the 1950 - 1951 schoo year (17),
the press continues to refer to teacher shortages. Last year, the teachers' in-
stitutes of the RSFSR and the Kazakh, Tadzhik, Turkmen, Lithuanian, and Molda-
vian SSR failed to fulfill enrollment quotas for new students, especially in the
mathematics and physics faculties. While the pedagogical vuzes (higher educa-
tional institutions) of the RSFSR as a whole had, by July 1950, received appli-
cations for more than 57 percent of their enrollment quotas, the low number of
applications for a considerable number of such vuzes, particularly their mathe-
matics and physics faculties, and for teachers' institutes clearly threatened
the fu.Lfillment of new student quotas for the 1950 - 1951 school year.(l) The
Tadzhik SSR has an over-all shortage of 1,280 teachers, among them, 102 teach-
ers of Russian, 51 of mathematics and physics, 238 teachers of foreign lan-
guages.(1.8) Of the 18 new teachers promised the schools of Skulyanskiy Rayon by
the Ministry of Education Moldavian SSR, the Ministry has been able to produce
only four.(2)
Meanwhile, despite efforts of school authorities to provide more teachers
for the new fifth to.seventh grades by: (a) promoting the best primary school
teachers, (b) establishing correspondence divisions at more pedagogical and
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teachers' institutes where newly promoted teachers could improve their qualifi-
cations, (c) increasing the number of teachers institutes, and (d) increasing
efforts to fill new student quotas at pedagogical and teachers' institutes, re-
ports of teacher shortages continue to appear in newspapers throughout the
country.
Latvian SSR schools will need 600 teachers for the fifth to seventh grades
alone (19), and schools of Andizhan Oblast, Uzbek SSR, will be short more than
1,000 teachers.(20) During the past 3 years, mathematics and physics have not
been taught the 27 upper-grade pupils in the secondary school in Ishkashimskiy
Rayon, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Tadzhik SSR, due to lack of an in-
structor.(21) Ivenetskiy Rayon, Belorussian SSR, lacked 43 teachers, particu-
larly instructors in Russian, Belorussian, mathematics, and physics.(22) Ac-
cording to L. V. Dubrovina, Deputy Minister of Education RSFSR, there is an
acute shortage of teachers of Russian language and literature, -sthematics,
physics, and foreign languages for the eighth to tenth grades.(23) In many
schools in the Lithuanian SSR there are no teachers of Russian, logic, and
physics for the eighth to tenth grades.(24)
In the next 2-3 years, in connection with the introduction of 7-year edu-
cation, the need for teachers of fifth to seventh grades will become stabilized,
while at the same time the need for teachers of the eighth to tenth grades will
grow considerably. For every 100 pupils who entered the ei-hth to tenth grades
in 1949, there will be 160 in 1951, 275 in 1952, 450 in 1953, and 620 in 1954.
Practical solution of the problem lies in the transfer to pedagogical insti-
tutes of persons already enrolled in teachers' institutes, and reorganization
of the better teachers' institutes into pedagogical institutes.(25) Evidence
that something is being done in this respect can be seen from news reports tell-
ing of such reorganization, as in the Ukrainian SSR, where the Kremenets and
Stanislav Teachers' Institutes were converted to pedagogical institutes in time
for the 1950 - 1951 school year.(26)
C. School Shortage
The persistent shortage of school buildings throughout the USSR necessi-
tated the continuation of multishift instruction in the 1950 - 1951 school year.
The plan for construction of new school buildings was evidently not fully met,
and many existing school buildings are still being used for other purposes.
The shortage seems to have been and continues to be particularly acute in
the war-damaged areas of Belorussia and the Ukraine, although the introduction
of 7-year education only 4 years after the cessation of hostilities implied
that recovery was nearly complete. The city of Voronezh, for instance, had 11
schools in which children-were taught in three and four shifts during the past
year.(27) Secondary School No 12 in Minsx operated in three shifts.(28)
Schools in six city rayons of Kiev will operate in two and three shifts in the
1950 - 1951 school year.(22)
Multishift education is not, however, confined to Western USSR. Last year,
1,252 of the 1,541 schools of Kuybyshev Oblast, RSFSR, operated in Iwo shifts
and 15 in three shifts.(29) Schools in Chapayevsk, Ku)tyshev Oblast, for ex-
ample, have been on three shifts for the past few years.(30) Thirteen of Sara-
tov's 79 schools operated in three shifts during the 1949 - 1950 school year.(31)
In Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, 46 of the city's 50 schools operated in three shifts.(32)
Samarkand and other large cities of the Uzbek SSR were forced to conduct classes
in three shifts.(8) In Moscow Oblast, 187 of 3,414 schools operated in three r
shifts.(33) In the past echool year 36 of the 81 schools in Molotov carried on
instruction in three shifts.(22)
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Use of school space by outside organizations resulted in serious overcrowd-
ing and multishift instruction. For the 1950 - 1951 school year, however, hun-
dreds of school buildings in the RSFSR which were being used for other purposes
were returned for use as schools.(23, 34) During the past school year Moscow
school authorities managed to free only two of the 12 school buildings which are
being used for other purposes.(35) In Tashkent, 18 school buildings were being
"used illegally to the detriment of school interests." Many school buildings in
Kiev were being used for other purposes.(22) The Frunze Industrial Tekhnikum
had to turn away pupils because of insufficient facilities, because 2 years ago
the laboratory of the construction materials industry of the Kirgiz SSR took
over 100 square meters of the school's building and refuses to vacate. Another
portion of the school has been taken over by a vulcanizing shop. The school's
dormitory is also occupied by outsiders.(36). School No 637 in Kiyevskiy Rayon,
Moscow Oblast, has for 5 years housed School No 53 plus the graphic arts faculty
of the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. Last year, with 36 clas$es and only
18 classrooms at its disposal, the school was forced to operate in two shifts.
This fall, with more pupils entering, the school will have to go into three
shifts unless the arts faculty moves out.(37)
Relief in the form of new construction is not yet in sight. School con-
struction programs are still not being carried out, particularly in rural areas.
In Bryansk Oblast, RSFSR, only two rural schools of the 17 planned were com-
pleted by 1 August.(38) During the first half of 1950, only 38 percent of the
plan for school construction in the RSFSR was fulfilled in urban areas and 14.3
percent in rural areas. The plan has not been fulfilled for several years in
the Tatar ASSR.(21) The Main Administration of Rurgl Construction under the
Council of Ministers RSFSR was to have built 132 rural schools this year, but
only four were built during the first half of the year,(39) Of the 784 schools
built in the RSFSR during the past year, 519 were built through the initiative
of the local populace.(34)
D. Textbook Shortage
The plan for the 1950 - 1951 school year calls for the publication of 170
million new textbooks for Soviet schools. This year, publishing houses showed
better management than in 1949 (40), but Uchitel'skaya Gazeta and local news-
papers continued to report the unsatisfactory delivery of textbooks to schools.
This year, a new distribution system was announced, whereby Kogiz (Book-
Trade Association of State Publishing Houses) was to distribute textbooks from
state publishing houses to the rayons. On the rayon level, textbooks were to be
handled by rayon stores (raymag) for purchase by rural consumer societies (seY-
po). But two weaknesses in the plan have already been criticized: not all
rayons have rayon stores, and, as in the previous arrangement where textbooks
were handled by both rayon consumer societies (raysoyuz) and cultural-goods
stores (kul'tmag), there was nothing to compel the heads of rural consumer so-
cieties to purchase textbooks.(41)
Many schools had to begin the 1949 - 1950 school year without receiving
textbooks. In the Kazakh SSR, for example, thousands of' unsold textbooks were
in the stores and warehouses of book organizations: in Alma-Ata Oblast there
was a shortage of 37,862 textbooks during the year, while some 49,810 books
were lying about in book-trade warehouses,(42) In the Ukrainian SSR, some 5 mil-
lion textbooks, one eighth of the total published there last year, remained un-
sold in the book-trade system. Poor ordering on the part of the Ministry of
Education of that republic also added to the confusion: Stanislav Oblast got
27,000 texts each of an arithmetic and arithmetic problem book for the fifth
and sixth grades, when only 9,585 copies of each were needed.(43)
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New textbooks for the 1950 - 1951 school year were published without sub-
stantial changes, which was not the case in 1949. However, plans for buying
back used textbooks in the RSFSR again were not fulfilled because of careless-
ness on the part of pu`lic education sections and book-trade organizations.(40)
E. Problem of the Repeater
There is evidence that in order to be considered a good teacher, it was
necessary to pass at least 90 percent of the class. If more than 10 percent
failed, it was held to be a reflection on the teacher's ability and was con-
sidered an offense for which he might be dismissed or even brought to trial.
The result was that teachers made certain that the required percentage ad-
vanced to the next higher class, which led to a general lowering of educational
standards.(44) The relatively large amount of space devoted to the problem of
the repeater by both the general and pedagogical press, plus the statistics
(usually given in percentages) on the number of repeaters in Soviet schools,
partially substantiates the above statement. Available statistics are, however,
incomplete.
In the RSFSR, at the end of the 19148 - 1949 school year, 11.7 percent of
all pupils were left behind to repeat the same grade.(45) At that time,
24,453 Pupils in Tula Oblast failed to pass and 16,906 were given school work
during the summer (46); 86 percent of Penza Oblast school children were pro-
moted; and in Kursk Oblast, 73,000 pupils were made either to repeat the grade
or to be re-examined later.(31) fA 4 March 1950 decree of the Minister of Edu-
cation RSFSR gives pupils failing in up to three subjects the right to take the
examinations in those subjects again, usually at the end of August.(47),7
Schools of Sverdlovsk Oblast started the 1949 - 1950 school year with 50,000
repeaters, or 12 percent of its total of 418,600 pupils.(48)
Press treatment of the repeater problem in the Bashkir ASSR reflects op-
timism that the situation has improved, contradicted by statistics showing that
it has worsened. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, December 1949, stated that 12.7 per-
cent of the pupils in Bashkir schools failed to pass at the end of the 1946 -
1947 school year, 10.2 percent failed in 1947 - 1948, and in 1948 - 1949 the
percentage of repeaters dropped even further. The February 1950 issue of the
same periodical, however, indicated that at the end of the 1948 - 1949 school
year, 73,000, or 13.2 percent of the 553,000 pupils, were not promoted.(46)
The repeater problem is prevalent throughout the union republics. Twelve
percent of the pupils in Uzbek SSR schools failed to be promoted at the end of
the 1949 - 1950 school year (5); at the same time 85.3 percent of all Kirgiz
SSR pupils were promoted or graduated (49); 17 percent of the pupils in Belo-
russian SSR schools failed to pass (50), and in the Moldavian SSR, 59,000 pu-
pils failed and 20,000 more were required to take their examinations again.(51)
Eighteen percent of all pupils in Armenian SSR schools in the 1949 - 1950
school year were :epeaters.(48)
The press often refers to the growing number of teachers in a given rayon,
city, oblast, or union republic who finish the school year without failing a
pupil, but then fails to give a basis for comparison by neglecting to state the
total number of teachers in the area, Thus, A. I, Kairov, Minister of Educa-
tioi RSFSR, spoke of 10,000 teachers in the RSFSR and 3,000 teachers in Moscow
who had completed the past school year without a failing pupil; only elsewhere
in the text was the fact mentioned that there are 700,000 teachers in the
RSFSR (52), and nothing at all was said about Moscow schools which have over
25,000 teachers.(53) In the Kirgiz SSR, 300 teachers were reported to have
finished the 1948 - 1949 school year without a failure (54), but no mention was
made of the total of 15,500 teachers i,; the republic,(55) Likewise, 12,000
teachers in the Ukrainian SSR are said to have completed the 1949 - 1950 school
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year without a failing pupil (56), with no references made to the total of
253,380 teachers in the republic.(57) In rare instances, the two figures are
given in the same newspaper article, as, for example: "...in the Armenian SSR
800 teachers finished the 1948 - 1949 school year without a failing pupil....
There are 14,000 teachers in the republic"(48); "in Penza Oblast, RSFSR, 600
out of a total of 12,000 teachers completed the 1948 - 1949 school year without
a failure."(31)
I. A. Kairov pointed out also that the primary grades of rural schools are
responsible for the greatest number of repeaters.(58) Most of these pupils are
from rural primary schools where one teacher handles all four classes (odnokom-
plektnaya shkola), or where there are only two teachers to handle all four
grades (dvukhkomplektnaya shkola),(22) In the RSFSR, 50 percent of the total
number of repeaters are in the first to fourth grades,(52) Of the 50,000 re-
peaters in the schools of Sverdlovsk Oblast, RSFSR, at the beginning of the
1949 - 1950 school year, 40,000 were in the first to fourth grades.(48) In
the Bashkir ASSR, 46,000 of the 73,000 pupils who were not promoted at the end
of the 1948 - 1949 school year were in the primary grades, while 34,425 fourth
graders, or one quarter of all pupils in that grade, failed to pass.(46)
Most repeaters in the primary grades fail in Russian, in native and Rus-
sian languages in the non-Russian schools, and in arithmetic. Such was the
cas' in the RSFSR at the end of the 1949 - 1950 school year, according to
Kairov,(52) In Kursk Oblast, the majority of the 73,000 pupils who failed to
pass at the end of the 1948 - 1949 school year failed in Russian and in arith-
metic,(31)
While physics and chemistry are not the cause of an unduly large number of
failures, complaints continue to be made in the Soviet press of the low practi-
cal knowledge in those subjects. The lack of laboratory equipment is considered
to be the reason. For example, not one school in Si.alinogorsk has a physics
laboratory, and therefore no experiments are conducted and no laboratory work
assigned,(59) In the majority of rural schools in Andizhan Oblast, Uzbek SSR,
there are no physics, chemistry, or biology laboratories. Teachers are com-
pelled to explain experiments with blackboard illustrations.(7) In Ruzskiy
Rayon, Moscow Oblast, only two secondary schools (there is a total of 46
schools in the rayon) have physics laboratories, and even these lack basic
equipment. Equipment for chemistry courses is equally lacking. In the 7-year
schools of the rayon, in general, there are no chemistry laboratories, while
the scientific equipment and chemicals on hand do not provide for even the min-
imum practical work called for by chemistry study programs,(37)
That there is a solution to the problem of repeaters in Soviet schools is
shown by the record of School No 329 for gir_s, in Moscow, probably the most
publicized school in the USSR. For 2 consecutive years the school has com-
pleted the school year without a single failure,(25) The reason for the
school's excellent record was revealed earlier this year in an article in Uchi-
tel'skaya Gazeta, where it was disclosed that all teachers in the school have
had a higher eaucation, with some having completed work in three university de-
partments,(60)
Other schools in the USSR, however, are not as fortunate in regard to the
educational background of their teaching personnel. In the Kazakh SSR more
than 7,000 teachers fut of a total of approximately 52,000 (9)7 do not even
have a secondary education.(61) Of 9,302 teachers in the Chuvash ASSR, 1,033
have higher educations, 1,660 incomplete higher educations, and 6,609 secondary
educations.(29) Ninety seven of the 573 teachers in Shamkhorskiy Rayon, Azer-
baydzhan SSR, have higher educations.(62) Of the 23 teachers at the Voznesen-
skiy Secondary School, Akmolinsk Oblast, Kazakh SSR, five have higher education,
nine completed teachers' institutes, and nine are graduates of pedagogical
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schools.(63) In Molotov Oblast, RSFSR, of 1,064 primary school teachers pro -
school year,
tthin fifth gahbeginning
in1949 - 1950 stitutes.(12)
teachers the
82 had higher educations and421 had finished F. Problem of Absenteeism
Next in importance to the problem of the repeater in the Soviet school
system is that of the pupil who drops out in the course of the school year.
This is conjiderably hindering the realization of 7-year education. The seri-
ousness of the problem can be seen in the statistics on the decreasing number
of pupils in primary, 7-year, and secondary schools in the Tadzhik and Uzbek
SSR. During the 1949 - 1950 school year in the Tadznik SSR there were 302,489
pupils in the schools: 243,980 in the first to fourth grades, 51,549 in the
fifth to seventh grades, and 6,960 in the eighth to tenth grades.(4) There were
1,200,000 pupils in Uzbek SSR schools during the past school year: 180,000 in
primary, 49,000 in 7-year, and 10,000 in secondary school-s.(8) At the same
time, 3 percent of the Uzbek school children dropped out during the school
year.(5)
The problem particularly affects the upper grades. Of the total number
of pupils who entered the first grade of schools in the Kazakh SSR in the 1943 -
1944 school year, only one quarter entered the seventh grade in the 1949 - 1950
school year. In Karaganda, only 184 pupils out of 270 who were in the eighth
grade during the 1947 - 1948 school year entered the tenth grade at the begin-
ning of the past school year.(64) Last year, in Kanskiy Rayon, Krasnoyarsk
Kray, 261 out of 587 pupils admitted to the fifth to seventh grades had dropped
out before the end of the school year.(65) In Tula Oblast last year, 18,355
pupils, or 7.7 percent of the total number, dropped out of school.(46) More
than 11,000 pupils dropped out of school in Astrakhan' Oblast last year (66),
and more than 900 pupils dropped out in the Kabarda ASSR.(67)
The press sources gave a variety of reasons for lack of attendance on the
part of pupils. In the Tadzhik SSR during the 1948 - 1949 school year, lack of
fuel for schools, and lack of shoes and warm clothing for pupils were held re-
sponsible for the fact that more than 9,000 pupils dropped out of school.(68)
Complaints were made that kolkhoz chairmen in Kuybyshevskiy and other rayons of
the Tadzhik SSR were using upper-grade pupils for work in the fields.(69) In
Samarkand Oblast, Uzbek SSR, the schools lost 2,958 pupils during the first
half of the past school year as a result of lack of fuel for schools, cold
weather, and crowded conditions which forced most schools to operate in three
shifts.(20)
Vestiges of feudal customs in the Uzbek (6) and Tadzhik (70) SSR, and
parental opposition in the Moldavian SSR (47) are given as the reasons why few
girls of local nationalities are to be found in the upper grades. Remoteness
of schools in rural areas, lack of dormitories connected with 7-year schools,
hiring of children by kolkhozes, and lack of shoes and clothing for school
children were given as causes for school absences last year in Vladimir
Oblast.(71) In the village of Marino, Oktyabr'skiy Rayon, Kursk Oblast, 13
primary school graduates did. not continue with their studies when the past
school year began because the nearest fifth grade class was 10 kilometers
away (72)
The fall in attendance at the Ratchinskiy Primary School, Bogovarovskiy
Rayon, Kostroma Oblast, during the past school year was attributed to the ap-
proach of cold weather and the lack of suitable clothing..for children.(73) A
low level of instruction, with mubsequent loss of inte;e0t,'on the..part of pu-
pils was held to be the rea:.Cn why there were only 42 seventh graders at the
Pavlysh Secondary School, Onufriyevskiy Rayon, Kirovograd Oblast, when there
were 63 in the fourth grade in the 1946 - 1947 school ynar.(60) In another
case, 6,000 repeaters failed to show up for school at the beginning of the past
school year in the Bashkir ASSR.(46)
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The problem of pupils" dropping out of school was particularly noticeable
in the evening schools for working and rural youth. Indifferent attitudes on
the part of plant officials, overloading pupils with work, keeping them on duty
during hours scheduled for schooling, and lack of normal study facilities both
in schools and dormitories are held to be the main reasons for discontinuation
of studies by pupils in schools for working youth,(74)
Last year, 769 of the 1,644 pupils enrolled in schools for rural youth in
Tyrnovskiy Rayon, Moldavian SSR, dropped out of school,(75) During the past
school year, the five evening schools for working youth in Tambov had an en-
rollment of 1,288, but by spring 1950, almost half had ceased attending
school.(76) Last year, the 114 schools for working youth in Leningrad had an
enrollment of 36,705 pupils. During the year, 8,985 pupils had dropped out and
2,627 failed to pass at the end of the year.(77) More than 1,000 of the 2,500
pupils in the seven schools for working youth in Ordzonikidzevskiy Rayon,
Sverdlovsk, dropped out of school during the past school year,(65) School No 1
for working youth in Stalingrad began the last school year with 794 pupils; by
January 1950 there were 343 pupils, and at the end of the school year, 116,(78)
G. Revisions of Textbooks and Courses
The revising of textbooks and courbas has been an important problem
chiefly in the higher education system, but certain fundamental ideological
changes have begun to filter down to the lower school level.
In the past 2 years, as a result of decrees on ideological questions is-
sued by the TsK VKP(b), ministries of education and their agencies .i the union
republics have been revising the teaching of biology in the schools on the ba-
sis of the Michurin doctrine. However, complaints continue to be made that in
many schools that the study of biology still bears a bookish character and is
removed from actual practices of socialist agriculture,(79)
Revision of courses and textbooks in the light of Stalin's linguistics
pronouncements is, for the most part, being carried out mainly in higher educa-
tional institutions. However, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR and
the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences RSFSR scheduled a joint session for No-,amber
1950 to be devoted to Stalin's work in the field of linguistics and to the ques-
tion of language instruction in secondary schools,(80) Newspapers report that
teacher seminars are being organized in Leningrad schools on new language-
instruction methods bas-d on Stalin's work,(81) The dearth of up-to-date gram-
mars, textbooks, and dictionaries in Russian and national languages is discussed
H. Inadequacy of Russian-Language Instruction
Teaching of the Russian language in non-Russian areas continues to be stressed.
Vormally, teaching of the language starts with the second grade in non-Russian
schnnls. However, beginning with the 1949- 1950 school year, native schools of the
Karelo-Finnish SSR began Russian-language instruction in the first grade (82); in
the Kazakh SSR, oral Russian-language instruction was begun in the second semester
of the first grade (83); and in the Dagestan ASSR, pupils in non-Russian schools
also began the study of Russian in the second half of the first year,(46)
Criticisms of the quality of Russian-language instruction continue to appear
in the press. The low level of instruction is laid to lack of qualified teachers,
lack of special textbooks and materials, and failure of school authorities to pro-
vide proper methodological assistance to teachers.
In the Tatar ASSR during the past school year, complaints were made that teachers
themselves did not have a sufficient mastery of Russian. In the non-Russian schools
of the republic, reading in classes was carried on in Russian, but explanations,
questions and answers were made in Tatar,(48) door pedagogical preparation of teach-
ers in the Kirgiz SSR was blamed for the failure of Russian-language instruction to
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meet the level called for in school programs. Many teachers, it was held, did
not know their subject or how to present it. Russian-born teachers, for lack of
mastery of the native language, could not be entrusted with language instruc-
tion.(84) In Shchuch'ye-Ozerskiy Rayon, Molotov Oblast, last year, Russian-
language teachers in Chuvash schools had difficulty in teaching the language be-
cause of lack of textbooks and materials written in Chuvash, and were compelled
to use material written for use in Russian schools,(85) The same complaint
came from teachers in Armenian schools in Armyanskiy Rayon, Krasnodar Kray (70),
while reports of the lack of bilingual dictionaries came from non-Russian schools
in the Latvian !86) and the Kazakh (87) SSR. Poor supervision and poor methodo-
logical assistance to Russian-language teachers in non-Russian schools during the
past school year were criticized in the Armenian (88), Kazakh (87), Kirgiz (84),
and Azerbaydzhan (89) press.
To remedy the situation Russian-language faculties and departments are being
set up in pedagogical and teachers' institutes, as was done last year in the
Azerbaydzhan SSR (90), and the number of pupils in pedagogical schools to be
trained as language instructors for non-Russian schools is being increased, as
was the case in the Karelo-Finnish SSR,(82) In the Azerbaydzhan SSR, competitions
were held at the end of 1949 to find new textbooks for primary grades of non-Rus-
sian schools, and grammars, textbooks, and dictionaries for use in Russian-
language instruction were in the process of compilation.(90)
In April of this year, Literaturnaya Gazeta began an attack on the system of
separate education for boys and girls which has been in effect in the USSR since
1943. An article written by a Professor V. Kolbanovskiy called for a conference
of Soviet educators and a thorough discussion of the question.(91) In May (92)
and June (93) responses to KolbanovFkiy's article, in the form of letters from
parents, were published in the paper; of the ten letters published, only two
favored separate education. In August, the newspaper stated that of 4,000 per-
sons who had expressed their opinion on the subject in letters to the paper, 98
percent favored coeducation. Attacking separate education for boys and girls
as being in opposition to the socialist principles of equality of the sexes,
the editors called for a settlement of the question and a return to the coeduca-
tional system in time for the 1951- 1952 school year. (94)
However, except for a cartoon favoring coeducation which appeared in Kro-
kodil (95), no other official word on the question has appeared in either the
general or pedagogical press. School officials continue to remain silent on the
topic. With almost half of the present school year already over, there is some
doubt as to whether the question of coeducation will even be settled and schools
reorganized on that basis in time for the 1951- 1952 school year. On the other
hand, until such times as Sovi-,; school construction programs begin to meet the
critical need for more school space, the question of coeducation will present a
partial solution of the problem of overcrowded classrooms in some areas of the
USSR.
II. ATTENDANCE IN PRIMARY, 7-YEAR, AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
School attendance figures for all republics and for a few major cities and
oblasts for the 1950-1951 school year were available in the Soviet press and are
given below. The term "school" (shkola), as used here, refers to primary, 7-year,
and secondary schools. Attendance at special!-zed secondary educational institu-
tions (tekhnikums) and higher educational institutions is not included in these
school attendance figures unless otherwise noted.
BEGET
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USSR -- This year, the number of pupils in primary, secondary, and tech-
nical schools increased by 1,500,000 in comparison with last year; the total
number of pupils will reach nearly 38 million,(96) It is assumed that the 38
million pupils include all those in primary, 7-year, secondary, specialized
secondary, working and rural youth, and adult schools and courses. A tabula-
tion of individual republic attendance figures indicates that there are some-
thing over 33,140,000 pupils in the USSR. The discrepancy of nearly 5 million
pupils is probably explained by the fact that most of the republic figures
include only pupils in primary, 7-year, and secondary schools.
Armenian SSR -- There will be 302,000 pupils attending Armenian schools
this year. 9
Azerbaydzhan SSR -- There will be 620,000 pupils in the schools and more
than 35,000 students in the -' vuzes and 79 tekhnikums of the republic for the
1950- 1951 school year,(97)
Belorussian SSit -- This year, the Belorussian SSR will have 11,846 schools,
with 1,5 ,000 pupils, 120,000 more than last year.(98) The 40 schools in Minsk
will have an enrollment of 40,000 pupils.(99)
Estonian SSR -- There will be more than 1,200 schools in operation in the
new school year, with more than 150,000 pupils, 18,000 of them in the first
grade.(100)
Georgian SSR -- More than 700,000 pupils
the republic in the new school year,(101)
Karelo-Finnish SSR -- In the 1950 - 1951 school year there will be 715 schools,
with 77,000 pupils in the republic.(102)
Kazakh SSR -- There will be about 1,330,000 pupils, more than 422,000 of them
in the fifth to tenth grades, in the schools of the republic in the new school
year,(61)
Kirgiz SSR -- This year, the republic will have 1,660 schools, with more than
330,000 pupils (103), 13,000 more than last year.(l04) In addition, about 18,000
persons will be attending evening schools for rural and working youth.(103)
Latvian SSR -- Ten new 7-year schools have been opened and 17 7-year schools
reorganized into secondary schools for the new school year. There will be 281,000
pupils. (105)
Lithuanian SSR -- During the 1949 - 1950 school year, the secondary schools of
the republic converted to an 11-year course of instruction; all gymnasia were re-
organized into secondary schools, and progymasia into 7-year schools. In the new
school year the republic will have 3,614 schools, including 2,769 primary, 670
7-year, and 175 secondsry; the number of pupils will increase from 408,000 last
year, to 459,000,(106) Vil'nyus Oblast will have 11.5,000 pupils and about 4,000
teachers in 1950- 1951 (107), and Vil'nyus city schools will have an enrollment of
19,775 pupils, 2,601 more than last year.(108) In the new school year, the'city
of Kaunas will have 37 primary, eight 7-year, and 15 secondary schools, one school
for adults, and six secondary schools for working youth, with more than 25,000
pupils. Shyaulyay Oblast will have 869 schools, with 115,000 pupils-(109)
Moldavian SSR -- There will b-~ more than 420,000 pupils in the 1,935 Molda-
vian schools in the new school year; 14,000 persons will attend the eight vuzes
and 38 tekhnikums.(1.10) The Second Congress of the KP(b) of Moldavia in-Febru-
ary 1949 decreed the liquidation of illiteracy in the republic by 1 January 1951;
as of October 1950 there were about 40,000 illiterate and more than 100,000 semi-
literate persons in the republic.(111)
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RSFSR -- In the new school year, the 120,600 schools of the RSFSR (112)
will have 18,626,000 pupils, while 360,000 pupils will attend tekhnikums.(113)
In connection with the execution of the 7-year education law, 3,600 primary
schools have been conversed to 7-year schools,(17) This year, 65,000 new
teachers will begin their work in schools of the RSFSR.(114)
Moscow schools will begin the school year with 16,000 pupils more than at
the beginning of the past school year (104); a total of 629,000 pupils is ex-
pected.(115) The schools of Leningrad will have 350,000 pupils, while more
than 160,000 children will be attending classes in Leningrad Oblast.(1
Tadzhik SSR -- A total of 302,000 pupils is expected to attend the 2,799
schools of the republic in the new school year.(117)
Turkmen SSR -- More than 204,000 pupils will attend the 1,230 schools of
the republic in the new school year.(96)
Ukrainian SSR -- Seven million persons, 314,000 more than in the last school
year, will be engaged in studies in the republic during the new school year.(56)
There will be 29,424 schools in operation, 15,000 of them 7-year and secondary
schools (118), with an enrollment of 6.5 million pupils.(96)
Kiev will have 138 schools, 7 more than in the 1949-1950 school year. The
number of secondary schools has increased from 88 to 105. Attending the schools
of the city will be 109,000 pupils, with about 13,000 of that number going to
classes in evening schools for working youth.(119)
Uzbek SSR -- The republic began the new school year with 1,255,000 pupils
attending its 2,110 primary, 2,390 7-year, and 500 secondary schools.(120)
In addition, 19,000 pupils will attend evening schools for working youth.(121)
The following table shows attendance at USSR schools and higher educational
institutions during the 1949- 1950 school year. Statistics were collected from
the Soviet press. Where only 1950- 1951 school statistics were available, the
figure is followed by an asterisk (*).
Republic
Schools
Pupils
Teachers
Tekhnikums Vuzes
Students
Armenian SSR
1,193
302,000
14,000
14
14,000
Yerevan
63
12
Leninakan
23
2
Azerbaydzhan SSR
3,475
602,000
24,394
79
18
29,000
Nakhichevan ASSR
194
30,000
1
Nagorno-Karabakh AO
250
33,620'
1
Agdamskiy Rayon
71
12,823
1
Baku
120,000
12
Belorussian SSR
11,760
1,500,000
56,000
110
28
20,000
Western Oblasts
4,226
505,000
11
3,000
Minsk
41
38,000
11
Orsha
5,500
1
Estonian SSR
1,176
1.48,300
47
8
7,000
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blic
R
Schools
Pupils
Teachers
Tekhnikums
Vuzes
Students
epu
Georgian SSR
Abkhaz ASSR
South +etian A0
Chiatura
Karelo-Finnish SSR
Petrozavodsk
4,277
423
360
70
676
24
723,185
30.000
23,000
70,000
12,000
42,575
600
3,268
455
118
11
19
1
1
24,769
Sortavala 5
Sortaval'skiy Rayon 58
3,450
4,315
96
202
Belomorskiy Rayon
Kazakh SSR
Severo-Kazakhstan
Oblast
Alma-Ata
23
8,571
550
52
3,000
1,200,000
42,000*
52,000
108
23
19,000
1,650
320,000
15,500
Talass Oblast
18,000
Osh
12
6,508
1
Latvian SSR
1,527
269,860
66
9
9,500
Riga
115
16
8
Lithuanian SSR
3,615
408,000
42
14
12,500
Klaypeda City
and Oblast
600
70,000*
Kretinga Uyezd
110
11,000
380
Shyaulay
75
7,911
Ukmerge Uyezd
30
20,000
Moldavian SSR
1,936
393,000
4,000
36
8
4,271
Kishinev
16,000*
6
RSFSR
120,000
17,961,000
700,000
481
474,000
Moscow
560
613,000
25,000
68
80
125,000
Leningrad
387
320,000
50
79,. 00
Bashkir ASSR
5,2011
616,224
27,000
13
5
Chuvash ASSR
1,060
202,787
9,302
Dagestan ASSR
1,211
173,275
7;900
17
5
926
abarda ASSR
234
64,859
3,000
1bmi ASSR
690
13
2
North Osetian ASSR 265
95,000
14
5
Tatar ASSR 1 .32872
500,000
Yakut ASSR
600
65,000
3,000
15
Primorskiy Kray
1,036
230,000*
Advaev AO
250
Y 'ttNOkrug)NO
60
Chukot NO
80
Kbanty-Mansiysk NO 262
Arkhangelsk City
gl
5
and Oblast 1,470
1
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bli
R
Schools
Pupils
Teachers
Tekhnikums
Vuzes
Students
c
epu
Kurgan Oblast
1,609
75,000
Kuybyr`.iev Oblast
1,541
219,: 32
Molotov Oblast
2,609
400,000
Moscow Oblast
3,414
784,639
11
Penza Oblast
12,000
Ryazan' Oblast
2,559
Sakhalin Oblast
537
3,000
12
1
Stalingrad Oblast
260,000
Voronezh Oblast
3,426
Kuybyshev
96
20
6
6
Molotov
81
Saratov
79
11
Sverdlovsk
86,000*
11
Vladivostok
42
5
4,
Voronezh
11
7
Tadzhik SSR
2,799
302,489
.31
9
Stalinarad
30
?20,000
13
5
Turkmen SSR
1,230
204,000
10,000
29
6
10,000
Ukrainian SSR
29,768
6,544,386
253,380
560
157
137,200
Transcarpathian
Oblast
845
135,000
6,700
14
2
Lvov Oblast
974*
Stalino Oblast
472,000
Kiev
133
107,000
25
000
Kharkov
380,000..
26
27,
L'vov
28
13
Odessa
31
17
Uzbek SSR
4,797
1,213,000
44,000
100
36
26,000
Kara-Kalpak ASSR
12
76,000
000
100
2,919
16
Tashkent
5
,
17
8
Samarkand
Chirchik
11
8,000
USSR
220,000
35,000,000
1,250,000
3,500**
864
1,128,000
Enrollment in the 3,500 tekhnikums of the USSR in the 1949 - 1950 school
year was 1,308,000, including correspondence students.(122)
SOURCES
1. Moscow, Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 22 Jul 50
2. Kishinev, Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 16 Aug 50
3. Frunze, Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 26 Mar 50
4'. Stalinabad, Kommunist TadzhikistanE:, 2 Jul 50
5. Tashkent, Pravda Vostoka, 13 Aug 50
6. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 15 Jul 50
7. Pravda Vostoka, 8 Jul 50
8. Pravda Vostoka, 11 Feb 50
9. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 10 Aug 50
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10. Petrozavodsk, Leninskoye Znamya, 6 Jan 50
11. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 26 Mar 50
12. Moscow, Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 7, Jul 50
13. Moscow, Izvestiya, 25 Dec 49
14. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 26 Nov 49
15. Yerevan, Kommunist, 1 Sep 49
16. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 6 May 50
17. Izvestiya, 30 Aug 50
18. Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 23 Sep 50
19. Riga, Sovetskaya Latviya, 9 Jul 50
20. Pravda Vostoka, 26 Mar 50
21. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 19 Jul 50
22. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 2 Aug 50
23. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 1 Mar 5J
24. Vil'uyus, Sovetskaya Litva, 13 Apr 50
25. Moscow, Sovetskaya Pedagogika, No 7, Jul 50
26. Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 30 Aug 50 Jun 50
27. Moscow, Literature v Shkole, No 3, May
28. Minsk, Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 11 Feb 50
29. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 6, Jun 50
30. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 4 Jan 50
31. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 1, Jan 50
32. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 25 Jul 50
33. Moscow, Moskovskiy Bolshevik, 25 Dec 49
34. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 21 Oct 30
35? Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 13 May 50
36. Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 23 Jul 50
37. Moscow, Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 27 Jul 50
38. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 9 Aug 50
39. Moscow, Pravda, 8 Aug 50
40. Moscow, Kul'tura i Zhizn', 21 Jul 50
41. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 1 Apr 50
42. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 31 May 50
43. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 24 Jun 50
44. HICOG, Frankfurt 256, 9 Mar 50. Interrogation of Soviet defector who
taught in secondary schools of Western Ukraine 1936 - 1941.
45. Moscow, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 18 Aug 50
46. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 2, Feb 50
47. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 18 Mar 50
48. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 8, Aug 50
49. Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 12 50. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 1 Sep 50
51. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 13 Sep 50
52. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 19 Aug 50
50
53. Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 2 Sep 54. Uchltel'skaya Gazeta, 27 May 5O
55? Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 5 Apr 50
56. Pravda Ukrainy, 1.Sep 50
57. Pravda Ukrainy, 13 Aug 50
58. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 25 Feb 50
59? Sovetskaya Pedagogika, No 5, May 50
60. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 4 Mar 50
61. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 1 Sep 50
62, Baku, Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 27 Aug 50
63. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 9 Aug 50
64. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 11 Jul 50
65. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 6 Sep 50
66. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 9 Sep 50
67. Narodnoye Obrazovaniye, No 12, Dec 49
68. Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 25 Jan 50
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69. Kommunist Tadzhikisana, 19 Apr 50
70. Uchitel'ska.ya Gazeta, 12 Jul 50
71. Uchitel'skaya Gazea, 16 Nov 49
72. Uchitel'skaya Gazea, 5 Nov 49
73. Uchitel'Skda Gazeta, 30 Nuv 49 Moscow, 75. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 7 Jun 50
76. Trud, 2 Sep 50
77. Uchitel'skaya Gazea, 4 Oct 50
78. Lchitel'skaya Gazeta, 28 Jun 50
79. Pravda, 27 Aug 50
80. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 1 Nov 50
81. Uchitel'skaya Gazea, 28 Oct 50
82. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 10 Jun 50
83. Izvestiya, 10 Jun 50
84. Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 21 Apr 50
85. Uchitel'skaya Gazets, 25 OctO50
86. Sovetskaya Latviya, 14 may 87. Kazakhsanskaya Pravda, 7 May 50
88. Kommunist, 23 May 5011 Nov 49
89. Bakinskiy Rabochiy,
90. Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 14 May 50
91. Moscow, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 8 Apr 50
92. Literaturnaya Gazea, 4 May 50
Jun 50
93. Literaturnaya Ga, 28 Aug
50
94. Literaturnaya Gazea,
95. Moscow, Krokodil, No 21, 30 Jul 50
96. Pravda, 1 Sep 50
97. Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 1. Sep 50
98. Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1Sep5505O
99. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 13 Aug 1 Sep 50
100. Tallin, Sovetskaya Estoniya,
101. Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 1 Sep 50
102. Leninskoye Znamya, 1 Sep 50
50
103. Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 1 Sep
104. Izvestiya, 2 Sep 50
105. Sovetskaya Latviya, 1 Sep 50
106. Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 28 Jun 50
107. Sovetskaya Litva, 5 Aug 50
108. Sovetskaya Litva, 18 Aug 50
109. Sovetskaya Litva, 24 Aug 50
110. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 18 Aug 50
111. Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 15 Oct 50
112. Trud, 26 Aug 50
113. Uchitel'skaya Gazea, 5 ,Jul 50
1_1.4. Kul'tura i Zhizn', 20 Aug 50
315. Trud, 1 Sep 50
116. Leningradskaya Pravda, 1 Sep 50
117. Kommunist Tadzhikisana, 15:Aug 50
118. Pravda, 23 Aug 50
119. Pravda Ukrainy, 1 Jun 50
120. Pravda Vostoka, 1 Sep. 50
121. Pravda Vostoka, 18 Aug 50
122. Moscow, Slavyane, No 6, Jun 50.
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