NOTES ON AND TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING BASE GEODETIC NETWORKS BY B. N. RABINOVICH

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 27, 2011
• Sequence Number: 605
• Publication Date: January 27, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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Scientific - Geophysics, geodesy
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1948
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1948
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NOTES ON AND TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR
"PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING BASE GEODETIC NETWORKS"
BY B. N. RABINOVICH
This book, approved by the Ministry of Higher Education USSR as a text-
book for cartographic faculties of geodetic institutes, was written by the
author to serve as a text for a course which he was teaching at the Moscow
6 Institute for Geodetic, Aerial Surveying, and Cartographic Engineers. This
course, "Principles Governing the Construction of State Base Geodetic Net-
works," requires some 150 hours of lectures and field work, and is.aimed at
familiarizing the cartographer with those problems of higher geodesy and as-
tronon1' which he encounters in his practical work. Prof F. N. Krasovskiy
and Docent A. A. ?Izotov aided in compiling and editing this book. These
two men drew up t]3e'ellipsoid which by decree of the Council of Ministers
USSR of 7 April 1946 was adopted as the Ellipsoid of Reference for geodesic
.and cartographic works in the USSR. This ellipsoid, with length of the major
or equatorial semiaxis a-= 6,378,245 meters and flattening (A%= 1:298.3, was
chosen to replace the Bessel ellipsoid (a = 6,377,397 meters and oc = 1:299.2),
which geodetic practice showed did not reflect accurately enough the size and
shape of the earth within the boundaries of the USSR.
Table of Contents
Foreword
I. Introduction
1. Geodetic Concepts of the Earth's Shape
2. Importance of Planning and Height Points for Topo-
graphic Surveys and Compilation of Maps
Page
3
3. Methods for Determining Planning Base Points 9
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Page
4.
Importance of Astronomical Points in Cartography
12
5.
Methods for Determining Height Base Points
14
6.
Basic Concepts Governing the Use of Base Networks
for Topographic Surveys and the Compilation of Maps
18
PART 1. GEODETIC METHODS FOR DETERMINING BASE POINTS
II. Basic Principles Governing the Construction of State Tri-
angulation in the USSR
7. Density of Points of the Base Geodetic Network. General
Considerations on the Construction of Triangulation 22
8. System and Program for Class I Triangulation in the USSR 23
9. System for Class II Triangulation in the USSR and Its
Fulfillment 25
III. Accuracy of Triangulation Elements
10. Concept of Error in Length of a Side of a Simple Chain
of Triangles. Error of Geometric Connection 28
11. Error of the Geodetic Azimuth of the Connecting Side in
a Chain of Triangles
12. Considerations on the Frequency of Bases and the Length
of a Class I Triangulation Link
13. Longitudinal and Transverse Shifts of Triangulation
Links. Calculation of Errors in Coordinates of Points
of the Trigonometric Network
1V.
Stages in Triangulation
14.
General Information on organization of Work
39
15.
Requirements for Selection of Triangulation Points
40
16.
Concept of Surveying Means and Methods
41
17.
Selection of a Base and Layout of Base Network
45
18.
Materials Obtained as a Result of Reconnaissance
47
19.
Designation and Strengthening of Triangulation Points
at a Site
V.
Base Measurements
20.
Concept of Normal Measures; Past and Present Normal
21.
Yederin Base Instrument
55
22.
Sources o_ Measurement Errors Inherent in the Yederin
Instrument
57
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.3. Order of Base Measurement with the Yederin Instrument;
Evaluating the Accuracy of Results Obtained
24. Types of Base Networks
VI.
Instruments Used to measure Angles in Triangulation
25.
Geodetic Theodolite Used in the USSR for Class I
Triangulation
26.
Specifications for Design of Instruments Used in Class
II and Lower Triangulation
27.
Types of Instruments Used in Class II and Lower
Triangulations
67
28.
Instruments for Taking Readings from Circles
72
29.
Vertical Circle Unit
76
30.
Action of Instrumental Errors
77
31.
Calibration and Adjustment of the Instrument
80
VII. Measurement of Horizontal Angles and Zenith Distances in
Class II and Lower Triangulations
32.
Most Advantageous Time for Measuring Horizontal and
Vertical Angles
33.
Methods for Measuring Horizontal Angles
34.
Elements of Reductions and Methods for Determining Them
86
35.
Formulas For Computing Corrections for Centering and
Reduction
8
9
36.
Processing of Directions Measured at a Point. Evaluation
of Results
91
37.
Methods for Measuring Zenith Distances
95
38.
Materials Used in Angular Measurements
96
VIII.
Basic Concepts Governing Equational Calculations in Triangulation
39.
Purpose of Equational Calculations"iu Fill-in Networks
96
40.
Forms of Conditional Equations
98
41.
Permissible Dimensions of Free Terms of Conditional
Equations
104
42.
Steps in Equating a Free Network to a Plane by the Method
of Conditional Equations
.43.
An example of Equational Calculations in a Free Fill-in
Network of Class II (on a plane)
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44. Examples of Drawing up Conditional Equations Arising
in a Nonfree Network
45. Forms of Error Equations for Equating Triangulation by
;ion `-- - '124
IX. Geodetic Leveling
47. Formula for One-Sided Geodetic Leveling
48. -Formula for Two-Sided Geodetic Leveling
49. Accuracy of Geodetic Leveling
50. Possibility of Use,. of Geodetic Leveling in Geographical
Studies
X. Polygonometric Method for Determining Base Points
128
System and Classification of Polygonometry 133
Traverses of. Classes II-and III; Selection of the Path;
Signs and Centers
136
Work
54. Concept of Parallactic Polygonometry 137
---- ----- -
Works 139
56. Use of Precise polygonometry for Cartographic Purposes 143
57. Materials Used in Precise Polygonometry 145
PART 2. ASTRONOMICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING BASE POINTS
XI. Coordinates and Daily Movements of Stars and Measurement of
58. Subject of Astronomy as Applied to Construction of Geo-
detic Networks
59? Celestial Sphere; Points and Circles on It
60. Systems of Celestial Coordinates
61. Daily Movement of Stars
62. Sidereal Days and Sidereal Time
63. Time Measurements According to the Sun; Time, Mean, and
Civil Time
l46
1i{7
149
150
151
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64.
Local and Greenwich Time; Zone and Statutory Time
153
65.
Ratio Between Sidereal Time and Mean Time
155
66.
Tables of the Solar Astronomical Yearbook
157
67.
Converting Times (e.g., from Greenwich to local); Examples
159
XII.
Basic Concepts of Astronomical Determinations
68.
Classification of Astronomical Points
162
69.
Some Formulas of Spherical Trigonometry
163
70.
The Parallax
167
71.
General Considerations on Determination Df Latitude,
Longitude, and Azimuth
168
72.
Chronometers. Basic Data on Their Construction and Use
in Astronomical Determinations
171
73.
Determination of Chronometer Errors According to Zenith
Distances of Stars
174
75.
Method for Determining Latitude of a Site From Zenith
Distances of Stars
Determination of Azimuth of a Terrestrial Object by the
Pole Star
178
76.
Determination of Azimuth by the Sun
181
77.
Determination of Azimuth by Prof Krasovskiy's Method
.186
78.
Methods of Determining Difference in Longitude
188
79.
Purpose of a Radio Time Service in Connection with Deter-
mination of Longitude Difference
PART 3. ELEMENTS OF SPHERICAL GEODESY
XIII. Basic Formulas and Relationships on the Terrestrial Spheroid
81. Ellipsoid of Reference and General Considerations on Es-
tablishing Its Size
82. Geodetic Coordinates and Their Connection With an Auxiliary
Rectangular Coordinate System
83. Main and Average Radii of Curvature
84. Formulas for Determining the Lengths of Arcs of Meridians
196
198
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xi v. Calculation of Lineal and Superficial Elements Belonging to
Surface of Ellipsoid
85.
Use of Tables and Formulas for Calculating Lengths of
Arcs of Meridians and Parallels
206
86.
Determination of Areas of Trapezoids
209
87.
Determination of Frames of Surveying Trapezoids in a
Polyhedral Projection
88.
Solution of Small Spheroidal Triangles by Legendre
Theorem
XV.'
Calculation of Geographical Coordinates
89.
General Concepts on Solution of Main Geodetic Problem
220
90.
Schreiber's Formula for Solving Direct Geodetic Problem
221
91.
Solution of Direct Geodetic Problem by Means of Gauss's
Simplified Formulas
92.
Inverse Geodetic Problem by Means of Gauss's Simplified
Formulas. Examples
XVI.
Gauss-Kruger Plane Rectangular Coordinates
93.
Meaning and Method of Using Gauss-Kruger Projection
239
94.
Formulas for Converting from Geodetic Coordinates to
Gauss-Kruger Coordinates
243
95?
Converting from Gauss-Kruger to Geodetic Coordinates
250
96.
Formulas for Gaussian Approximation of Meridians
254
97.
Determination of Scale in Gauss-Kruger Projection
256
98.
Reduction of Distances and Directions to a Plane .
258
99.
Calculations Made in Reduction of?Triangulation.to a
Plane in Gauss-Kruger Projection
262
100.
Concerning Transformation of Gauss- er Coordinates
t
's
ov
of a, Given Zone Into Neighboring Zone includes Izo
Table) '
269
101. 'Superposition of a Rectangular Network on a Geographical
Network and Vice'Versa
273
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? CONFIDENTIAL
SUPPLEMENT
XVII. Survey and Use of Results of Geodetic and Astronomical
Works in USSR
102. Some Information on Development of Astronomical and Geo-
detic Works in USSR 280
104. Main Features of Triangulations of Russia Carried
Out in Nineteenth Century
105. Simplified Differential Formulas for Recalculating
Coordinates from System of One Ellipsoid into System
of Another
106. Triangulations of the Corps of Military Topographers
During the Period 1906 - 1918; Contemporary Triangula-
tions of USSR
107. Leveling Works on the Territory of USSR; Their Develop-
ment and Status 297
108. Past and Present Astronomical Determinations in USSR 300
109. Use of Astronomical Points in Field Cartography 303
110. Past and Present Catalogs of Triangulation, Astronomi-
cal, and Leveling'Works in USSR 306
Bibliography 314
Alphabetical Index 316
103. General Information on Triangulation Works of Nine-
teenth Century 282
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