APPLICATIONS OF PAVLOV'S TEACHING IN VETERINARY SCIENCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380055-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 55
• Publication Date: February 26, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORI
CLASSIFICATION CONFIDEN.'IAL ,~,0'~FIUt~91 ~~~
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific - Medicine veterinary
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED Oct 1950
LANGUAGE Russian
TNIS DOCUY[NT CONTAINS INTO[YATION A11[OTINS TN[ NATIONAL Ol1[N/t
01 TN[ UMITtD fTATl3 MITNIN TM? NlANINO~ 01 [3-IONAS[ ACT t0
Y. 6. C.. 11 AND 3[. AS AY[NDlO. IT! TAANlYISSION ON TNl l[YtLAT10N
Of 173 CONT[NTf IN ANT YANNIN TO AN UNAUTNOAItID I[NSON IS IAO?
NIIITtD It LAIT. Nt MODYCIION 01 TNIS IONY IS INONIl1Tl0.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1950
DATE DIST. ~,~ Feb 1951
NO. bF PAGES ~+
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Veterinariya, Voi xav1l, n6 iv, 1950, pp 1-13.
ApPLICATI0ft3 OF PAVIAV ? S TEACHIlQG Ift VE1'ERII~IARY Sr,ffi~CE
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The moat recent scientific meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR held
`ii.th the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR was devoted to problems of I. P. Pav-
lov a physiological teaching. This meeting has shown that further development
of Pavlov's physiological theory on the basis of the theoryr of evolution and
Michurln's principles of biology are~not proceeding quite smoothly.
Pavlov's theory concerning the materiRlistic basis of consciouanESS has
inflicted s heavy blow on the rea?tioaar?y idealism favored by bourgeois. scien-
tist~ of America and Western L~urope. Nevertheless, the fight against bourgeois
theories which Pavlov carried. on has not been pursued to an adequate extent since
his time. Ae far as Yurther scientific utilization of Pavlov's inheritance is
'concerned, considerable shortcomings exist in the work of veterinary higher edu-
cational institutions and those.specializiag in animal husbandry.
Many leading veterinary texts contain outlived remnants of Virchov's cel:
lular"theory. Thua, ft. I. Shokhor in his textbook (1947 edition) describes in-
fla~m;tion ns a purely local process and disregards the effect of the nervous
system on the appearance of inf].+emu-atioz. Ha states that disease, as a rule,
is transmitted by internal contact with affectecT parts, by contact with exu-
dates, or metastatically, and only is cT:rtaln cases (rabies, tetanus, leprosy)
prepagatee along the nerves.
Professors K. G. Bol' sad B.JK. Bol' in their Fundamentals of the Patho-
logical Anatomy bf Domestic Animals (1948) atate~ t tumors gran independently,
are not included in the general system of tissue growth and regulation of func-
tions and metabolism by the organism or individual organs;. and lack aqy fi~etional
significance. The influence on tumor growth of bitie w~aou , organism;~ana'+oz3nwee~:"
aer~ous? ay~t~q~,~:a,~astttcuL~,~ #fEWii~us? dented;..rl'T1~3uanthorsl~di~xdgaa'~ thal'rt3ork~u~~~y
~plov 1 s ? pup111~Pe~troT,a, ,;~~ ~agtellliira)~d by r the: autopsy. ot~doga ,wfii.ch~ ~+ beeai~c-
PmP_Qd;tO,~l3eiifC9u4:t18tratiac~@1'~.;L~'ONtht 0~~t1mDr~~rCattlbed?frdd'l]i~1/dltY~YY1t~15~ti~Ye
Petrova's,rCaul#.$ipr0.vae that ?the;fiatTfib~tSmulus'~' in3.b~Rti~Ltl-eigcnwtih~IbYil-l~ti~'-
coaes Pram the lsrrai~ cortex.
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The same applies to the theory of inflammation as expoundedliyl3al'andBol!,
These authors pay no attention.to SpCrarnskiy's its onthe pR.rt xMch;the~s~srvous .sys-
tem plays in inflammation, but discuss this process from the Y1eMpcaLr~ of Vir-
chow's organomorphological theory. The problems of regeneration, atrophy, etc.,
are treated from the same standpoint, while the nature of the pathological proc-
ess is discussed from an entirely faulty viexpolA~.. On page 22 of their book,
the authors state that the difference between pathological processes and normal
ones consists in the fact that in,jureG. cells and tissues acquire distinct pro-
perties, and, that the processes taking place in these cells and tissues proceed
at an excessively heightened or lowered rate and, furthermore, are disturbed as
tc time. and place. It would follow from this that the problem of the quality of
s. pathological process resolves itself into mere quantitative changes.
One of the most glaring examples of the undervaluation of the role played
by the nervous system is the absence of a chapter on the pathology of the ner-
vous system in Shokhor's textbook.
In Professor Olivkov's General Surgery, the sections on rege:eration, ulcers,
and wounds are written from an organolocalistic viewpoiat~ end the problems are
discussed by detaching the local f?om the general. :Jhile 102 pages'of this book
are devoted to the subject of wounds, only page 233 contains a reference to the
effect on the organism ae a whole, and this is restricted to vitamin deficiency,
while the role of the nervous system is disregarded.
In the textbook on special pathology and therapy of internal noninfectious
diseases of domestic animals by Professors Faddeyev, Sinyev, Po>,yanskiy~ and Sko-
rodumov (1947), the role of the nervous system is not explained in describing"
theropeutic measures and clinical aspects of pathological processes.
Elements of Virchow's outlook are also present in Professor Gannuehkin's
Course of Epizootology (1949). In the chapter "Susceptibility and Resistance
of the Organism Toward Infection," Garnushkin explains resistance to infection
by the barrier effect of uninjured multilayer skin epithelium, the effects of
the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and of the flickering epithelium of
respiratory organs, phagocytosis, and humoral factors (the effect of antibodies).
The role of the nervous system, as it effects various resistance factors, is
overlooked entirely.
Various manuals of special pathology and therapy divide animals into two
constitutional types, the vagotonic and the sympathicotonic. This classifica-
tion is based on the theory of Ettinger and Hese, according to which there ie
an antagonism of the sympsthettc and parasympathetic nervous systems. Assumption
of any such antagonism is based on localistic concepts, however, because in a
number of cases there ie synergism of both systems.
Professor Mozgov's text Veterinary Pharsacology demonstrates a faulty un-
derstanding ^f the interaction between therapeutic agents and the organism, which
is based on acceptance of Virchow's teachings. Thus, the author says that a phar-
macological effect on the cell is poss:hle only if the therapeutic agent ie in
direct contact with the cell. This book propagandizes Ehrlich's concepts. The
author says that Ehrlich created the science of chemotherapy and synthesized a
number of therapeutically activ~ substances. It is well known that Ehrlich,
who was an adherent of Virchow, has not created any chemotherapeutic theory and
that the synthesis of a number of ~herapeutical.xy activ~ substances by him is
mere]y an accident.
During the: pne+ 30 years, Soviet scientists have accamplishei: much in the
field of the physiology of agricultural animals, using Pavlov's methods. This
applies particularly to problems connected with the physiology of digestion and
n.~~Yino_ A number 4f inve=tioator_ h..aFe c~rified the ft:na,.s,.... ?t ~
?nt~l rel? ions..ips
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CONFIDENTIAL
underlying the unconditioned salivation reflex in swine. Others have .tudied
the unconditioned salivation reflex in ruminants and have clarified the influ-
ence of the brain cortex on the generation of saliva releasing reflexes. Still
others have investigated the conditioned and unconditioned salivation reflexes
in horses.
Various phases of digestion by ruminants have been investigated in great
detail. The digestion of horses has been studied under application of Pavlov's
methods. The pj~ysiology of the pancreas in ruminants has been investigated.
A considerable number of investigations dealt with the digestion in birds.
A11 this work is of great importance from the viewpoint of establishing
a physiological basis for optimum diets of animals to raise productivity in
animal husbandry.
However, the results obtained in the study of the physiology of digestion
have not been utilized to a sufficient extent by veterinary clinicians in the
prophylaxis of diseases of the digestive tract and the development of diets
which would expedite the recovery of diseased animals. Data on noninfectious
diseases show that diseases of digestive organs comprise 25-3096 in horses, 30-3596
in cattle, and 35-4096 in swine. If one considers the extent of noninfectious
1~~CPA000y vhi rh a4funt h~:ndreds Of tti'CL'.9ands Of ^^iy.^i" the .... ....~::.+C Ciy.i.?i-
o,,
canes of developing prophylactic and therapeutic measures against digestive dis-
eases on the basis oY Pavlov's methods becomes apparent. .
Pavlov's percepts are also insufficient'-* applied in the techn+que of feed-
ing. N. F. Popov's experiments have shown that xhen the daily ration is given
in five f~~dinga, the digestibility of cellulose is 2O96)xigher than when the
same quantity of food is given to the animal in three feedings. When too large
a portion is offered to the animal, a part of the food remains uneaten. On the
other hand, according to K. I. Bykov the mere process of eating acts as a signal
which influences metabolic processes of the organism.
Pavlov's theory postulating types of nervous activity is of great signifi-
cance in obstetrics and artificial insemination, and his theory should be applied
to a greater extent.
The treatment of problems connected with the regulation of metabolism must
be revised radically. The law of body surface and of the principle of compensa-
tion, ae formulated by Rubner, disregarded entirely the higher regulatory func-
tions exerted by the nervous system.. Experimental work by Pavlov's school 'shows
that the level of metabolism, as established by Conditioned "reflexes; depends to a
considerable extent on idiosyncrasies acquired in the course of sn individual life.
In evaluating this factor, the influence of the external medium in establishing
paths of conditioned reflexes moat be taken into account. An animal has an in-
dividually acquired and conditioned mode of regulation of metabolic proceaae~,of
the activity of the cardiovascular system, of digestive processes, and of other
physiological functions.
A11 this must be taken into account in developing high-quality cattle, from
tk:e production standpoint, and in feeding them.
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.From the veterinary .viewpoint, problems in connection with the raising of
young animals, development of resistance to unfavorable external conditions,
long life, and high productivity are of particular importance. The effect?of
temperature factors in combination with other external conditions and physical
exercise (e.g., the training of horses) are powerful means of acting on the an-
imal organism through its nervous system and numerous receptor mechanisms. The
scientific justification for raising calves in unheated sheds follows from this.
In general, a?.1 measures aimed at training &nd increasing the resistance of an-
imals must take into account the iaportant function of the nervous system, the
conditioning of the organism, and the dependence of the organism on the exterior
medium.
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To obtain successful results based on Pavlov's methods ann teaching, i~
will be necessary to take various organizational measures. Thus, a number of
leading veterinary scientific research'. icstitutes (the Ukrninian, Leningrad,
Kazan', and others) lack departments of p:kyeiology, biochemistry,?and patho-
logical physiology. Even the All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary
Medicine does not have a pathological physiology department. Under the cir-
cumstances, the institutes in question are not in a position to do work which
~oiild further develop Pavlov's?teach3ng.
Practical laboratory training in the fields of physiology and;patb~ogical
physiology at veterinary and animal husbandry higher educational institutions
is limited ?to.. woxk ..carried ?out on smell animals, Pavlov's statement to
the effect that one must take into account the particular species to which the
animal belongs is forgotten. Facilities forexperifientir{g on large agricultural
animals are absent.
It is also necessary to organize authors' collectives to provide adequate
textbooks on the physiology and pathological physiology of agricultural animals
and to create monograpLs and textbooks on probl~:ms of the physiology of higher
nervous activity.
'1'IIei'C 1H IIV (LUIlUIi ~LillSt Lfl@ tt(J(1Ctt1 Vl 4Ct8 AC:t3ll@-ly V1 OClep6'cb UMi70A, allll
the Academy of Medical Sciences USSEt to further work based on Pavlov's teach-
ings will find a wide response along scientists who are active in the veterin-
ary field.
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