1949 ACHIEVEMENTS IN SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600380576-1
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 576
• Publication Date: March 30, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSI'FICATI ON. .SECRET SECRET
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
HOW
PUBLISHED Pamphlet
WHERE
PU!LISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED May 1950
LANGUAGE Russian
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific - Miscellaneous, Stalin
Prize winners
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING Of ESPIONAGE ACT SO
U. S. C.. 31 AND 11. 11 AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION ON THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNEN TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIHITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
REPORT
CD NO.
DATE OF
DATE DIST. 30 Mar 1951
NO. OF PAGES 8
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT
E41VATDrFb1N.l9i(6
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No a Dostizheni a Sovet khnikMoecow, 9369 "Pravda"
1949 ACHIEVEMENTS IN SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Prof V. I. Kuznetso4
[The following is a brief digest of a lecture presented at the Society f9r
the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge in Moscow on an unspeci-
f led date in 1950,
possesses a large, powerful army of almost 150,000 scientists who work in some rI
3,500 institutes, experimental stations, and laboratories doing scientific-
V ..r
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-
September 1-1.- 11__
has possessed atomic weapons since 1947. (no further information given)
..
Physics and Mathematics
C_r
Physics and mathematics are fields that have been particularly expanded
during the Soviet era. The large numbers of physics institutes established at
universities has facilitated the preparation and training of a large group
of personnel in these fields.
Among the Stalin Prize Laureates for 1949, the work of the following is
particularly noteworthy,
Academicians S. A. Ambartsumyan and B. Ye. Markaryan, for their work in
determining new types of stellar systems being formed within our galaxy. At
present, 21 associations have been identified and there are several hundred
and perhaps thousands remaining to be identified.
G. A. Shayn was awarded the Stalin Prize for spectral studies of stellar
atmospheres. His studies open up a completely new field and present much new
data for the explanation of many physical processes which take place on stars.
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Shayn has written a great number of important works in the field of stellar
spectroscopy. He is credited with compiling the largest and most accurate
up-to-date catalog cS the velocity of light of stars. He was the first to
show that, in addition to the usual bands of molecular carbon in the spectrum
of so-called "cold" stars there are also bands representing molecules having
one atom replaced by heavy carbon. Shayn's most interesting work however,
has been conducted in the past 2 years. In that work he has shown that in
certain stars the percentage of heavy carbon isotopes is very large, in some
cases as much as one third the number of carbon atoms.
The Stalin Prize was awarded to M, V. Vol'kenshteyn and others for a
collection of works published as a two-volume monograph entitled "Oscillation
of Molecules," As a result of Vol'kenshteyn's work, it was possible to estab-
lish a theory of the oscillation spectra of complex molecules. Studies on the
structure and properties of glass, liquid fuels, plastics, caoutchouc, ploymers,
etc., would not be possible without the deep, fundamental, theoretical analysis
in the monograph,
D. D. Ivanenko was awarded the Stalin Prize for his work on the theory
of the so-called luminescent electron and for recent work on the problem of
electrodynamics, part of which was published in his monograph, "Classical
Theory of Fields." The major part of the monograph is devoted to the theory
of elementary particles and intranuclear interrelationships from the viewpoint
of the classical theory of fields. The author was able to show that many import-
ant problems of the theory of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles can
be rapidly solved by means of the simple classic method without recourse to
complex quantum calculations.
In line with work in the field of physical sciences, Stalin Prizes have
also been awarded for work In applied physics, This once again calls atten-
tion to Soviet preference for scientific work closely related to the scientific
and practical requirements of the national economy.
Several Stalin Prizes have been awarded for inventions. For example,
V. P. Linnik supervised a project which finally resulted in the manufacture %
of a series of optical instruments for evaluating the fineness of a finished
surface and for determining mic.rohardnesse Seven pieces of equipment were
developed, among which were an interference microscope, a small profilograph,
a microinterferometer, equipment for determining microhardness, and others,
Stalin Prizes were also'awarded to V. K. Prokof'yev and others for the
development and introduction into industry of new methods for spectral analy-
sis of metals and alloys. They recommended a method of selecting a sample
of the material to be tested for a spectral analysis, utilizing an electric-
spark method of transferring matter from the sample being tested to a selec-
ted electrode. The analysis proceeds by activating an electric-spark dis-
charge between the sample to be studied and a fixed copper electrodes After
a while, the sample is replaced by an electrode composed of the same material
as the fixed copper electrode, and an arc is formed between them. Then, on
the basis of the duration of a spectral line, it is possible to determine
the concentration of the element being studied.
A group of associates under the general supervision of Be K. Shembel'
developed a new state standard?for reproducing units of frequency. This
standard makes it possible to reproduce specified frequencies of oscillations
with an accuracy up to one part in two ten billionths per hour and one part
in two billionths for a 24-hour period, The qualitative characteristics of
this frequency standard exceed the quality of similar standards in foreign
countries.
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The Stalin Prize was also awarded to A. G. Nagatkin and others for devel-
oping and introducing into series production new types of pressure gauges for
high pressure and high accuracy. These gauges feature a new flexible element
in place of the usual Bourdon tube,
Technical Sciences
In the Soviet era, technical sciences have received a very important
impetus by the formation, in the Academy of Sciences 'ISSR, of the Department
of Technical Sciences. There was also formed a large network of so-called
subsidiary scientific research institutes and' design bureaus which are rap-
idly solving some of the more complex problems relating to industrial machin-
ery, instruments, and apparatus.
Much significance has been placed on work in the field of technical
sciences by engineers, inventors, et_,, in developing new industries and
re-equipping existing industries.
Among the Laureates of the Stalin Prize for 1949 are such leaders in
the technical sciences as V? Z. Vlasov who was awarded the Stalin Prize for
his work "The General Theory of Shells" and "Structural Mechanics of Thin-
Walled Elongated Systems," Works of this type are of fundamental importance
due to the wide application of shells in construction technology. For ex-
ample, in cases where previously it was necessary to create heavy dead' weight
frameworks, it is possible to use a light, thin-walled shell. Vlasov set
before himself the task of spanning the gap between the mathematical theory
of shells, on the one hand, and strength of materials, on the other, and to
establish a bridge between mathematical theory and practical problems of
construction.
Vlasov worked for 20 years in the relatively new field of structural
mechanics of thin-walled structures and finally developed methods which
yield clear and simple result3 r~ultabl.e for wide-scale application in prac-
tical construction, Today Vlasov is the recognized leader of the Soviet
school of the theory of shells. His theory of shells has been adopted in
the design of ferroconcrete coverings and span_- and has resulted in great
economies as well as improved architectural achievements
D, L. Timrot and his scientific: associates received a Stalin Prize
for studying the thermal. properties of steam under high temperatures and
pressures. These scientists were the first to conduct wide-scale complex
research on the fundamental properties of steam in the heretofore unknown
regions of super-high pressures. Data on the properties of steam in these
regions had, prior to this, been very 'limited. The thermal conductivity
of steam was completely unknown and data on viscosity revealed a wide
divergence in opinions. Timrot and others developed new methods which
were far in advance of achievements in foreign countries in this field.
On the basis of results obtained from these studies, it was possible to
compile steam tables which, for the first time, have a completely scientific
foundation. The significance of this work is clear when one considers that
the fundamental tendency in steam engineering is to use high-pressure and
high-temperature steam which results in great fuel economy.
Geology
Achievements of Soviet geologists must not be overlooked. On the basis
of minerals, the USSR appears to have the most abundant resources in the world,
It is impossible to. identify any one particular territory of the USSR where one
or another mineral cannot be found.
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Wide-scale studies of the natural resources of the USSR were conducted
during the Stalin Five-Year Plans and resulted in the development of many,
deposits of coal, petroleum, ores, and. other minerals.
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A Stalin Prize was awarded to the famous Soviet geologist V. A. Obruchev
for his unique and. unprecedented scientific: work "History of Geological Ex-
ploration in Siberia," which should prove to be an invaluable guide for other
geological studies in Siberia. In this five-volume work the author discusses
the history of geological studies in Siberia from the seventeenth century to 1940,
and gives a condensed, comprehensive analysts of more than 15,000 scientific
works which were written as a result of vrarious geological studies in Siberia,
A prize was also awarded to M. V. Tronov for his scientific works "Contem-
porary Glaciation in the Altay" and.`Notes on Glaciation in the Altay." These
works were based on a large volume of factual material, particularly that which
he gathered over a period. of 30 years of research. As a result of many expedi-
tions, "'ronov was able to identify and study more than 550 glaciers which com-
prises about three fourths of the total number of glaciers in the Altay<
Tronov, on the ba,3i of a comprchens ire analysis of all the physicogeograph-
ical factors involved, determined conditions for the formation and development
of glaciers and was able to establish the characteristic forms and types of
glaciers in the Altay? He was also able to establish a certain uniformity in
the geographical distribution of glaciers depending on a combination of climatic
and topographical factors and also gave an analysis of the change in climate
for the past hundred years and its relationship to changes in glaciation in the
Altay~
Biology
The outstanding development in the field of biology was the exposure of
reactionary Mendelistic and Morganiatic theories and a resulting greater under-
standing of Michurinian biology. In addition, severai scientists received
awards for noteworthy achievements in this field,.
A prize was' awarded to Academician Ye. N~ Pav:'_ov=kj.X for his scientific
work "Manual of Human Parasitology and Studies of lectors of Communicable Dis-
eases" L19k87. In this book he gives a generalization of the results of more
than 30 years' activity in this field in which he was supervisor and organizer
of large and exte nsive parasitological works. The booK is, In itself, an encyclo-
pedia on medical parasitology in which Favlovskiy unfolds his new ideas and
theoretical generalizations. Many original conclusions are included in the
long chapter on blood-sucking ticks and great attention is given to the basic
transmission of tick typhus, the transmitter of tick encephalitis, Marseilles
fever, and some of the other ticks having great significance in human diseases.
The work conducted by Favlovskiy has resulted in a fundamental revision of
USSR parasitological science.
A prize was also awarded to K. S a I for his three-volume scientific
work Trematoda of Animals and Humane" 1947 - 19497 in which the characteristics
of more than 600 types of trematoda are listed, This is the first attempt in
world literature to represent the characteristics of all species of trematoda
(thirty-six families; which may be found in animals. The work has great theo-
retical as well as practical significance for the veterinarian, the medical doc-
tor, the zoological technician, the biologist, and for all other specialists
dealing with parasites who will find in these volumes information on differen-
tial analysis of diseases and data for conducting comprehensive therapeutic
measures.
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P. Oklajnikov was awarded a Stalin Prize for the discovery, study,
A.
and description of the skeleton remains of paleolithic man and some notes
on their material culture. This was revealed in his scientific work "Teshik-
Tash (Paleolithic Man j." Through a systematic and pLanned program for un-
covering and studying skeleton remains, Ok.lainikov was able to confirm many
of the theories formulated more than 20 years ago by one of our most famous
zoologists and paleontologists, P. P. Sushkin, and also contributed import-
ant new data on the evolution of man.
Great interest was displayed. in work done by M, Mo Oe rasimov, who was
able to solve problems which for many years have been considered unsolvable
by foreign scientists. He was able to establish a direct relationship be-
tween the structure of the bones of the skvii and the structure of the soft
tissues of the face, which makeee it possible to reconstruct the facial fea-
tures of any person on the basis of ek:ill remain:;, .rasimov in the past
few years has been able to reccnstri rt. the f's.::.x1 features of more than 70
types of human beings from prehistoric man to contemporary man. Through this
method, he was able to recreate the .facia- features of Yaroslav Mundry, Andrey,
Bogolyubskiy, Timur, Ulug-bek, and ^':he-,s. Jn an attempt to check Gerasimov's
iucthois, a number of ex-,erimentr wo?r.t- ?..ar_ ;.-? o:' .. vo c;. skulls warn gi?...
to the author and recreated feci al repre-entati.ons 'were later checked against
existing photographs. These tests fully confirmed the value and reliability-
of -Gerasimov's method. His research und.oubt-d.':.y has grail; significance for
anthropology, archaeology, ethnography, and history,
Agrobiology
A group of 'Ukrainian animal husbandry technl.:;Tans supervised by A. Ye.
Yatsenko were awarded the Stalin Prize for developing a new highly productive
breed of cattle. The weight of this new breed is approximately 600 kilograms
for cows and one ton for bulls, The ,yield of the cows for a 300-day lactation
per+_od is n~prngimgtely to i+ tone This breed As now widely distributed
n the Ukraine and in some of the neighboring republics?
in-
Very interesting work was done by some Kazakh animal husbandry special-
ists. A group of technicians under the supe.rrision of N,, S. Butarin conducted
interspecies hybridization of a weld-mountain ram with finewooled sheep. As
a result, a new breed. of fertile. fine-wooled sheep was created, known as the
Kazakh Arkharo-Merino species, and characterized by their ability to pasture
the year round under the mountainous conditions of Kazakhstan,
A group at the Gor'kiy Agricultural Institute supervised by A. A.
Kapatsinskaya, together with kolkhoz animal husbandry technicians of Gor'kiy
Oblast, were able to produce a new breed of sheep which provides good meat and
semicoarse wool. Their average weight is approximately 100 kilograms and they
are particularly suited to life under the conditions of Gor'kiy Oblast.
The Stalin Prize was also given to various selection specialists in the
field of cotton growing. For example, V. P. Krasichkov, collaborator of the
Tadzhik Experimental Station on Cotton Growing, was awarded a Stalin Prize
in 1949. Krasichkov developed a new type of fine-fibered cotton which ripens
much earlier than some of the cotton plants currently in use. It is reported
to be resistant to disease.
Khadych Baychurov, agronomist at the Kazan State Selection Station, was
awarded a Stalin Prize for developing a new type of winter rye which is capable
of producing a much higher harvest than most of the rye planted in that region.
This rye is now widely grown in the Tartar, Mordovin, and Chuvash ASSR, and in
a number of central oblasts of the USSR.
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I. N. Semchenkov and others who are agronomists at the Siberian Selection
Station obtained remarkable results in developing a new type of winter wheat
with high harvest yields. This wheat has received wide adoption in the Altay
and Krasnoyarsk krays and in a large number of oblaeta in Siberia.
Important. biological work having great practical significance had been
completed in recent years by a large group of scientific workers under the
supervision of I, I. Zakharo'7. As a result of prolonged studies, they were
able to establish the possibility of acclimatizing. F''-ack Sea grey mullet in
the Caspian Sea. More than 20 years ago, a large number of young grey mullets
were released in the Caspian Sea. At pres=ent, this _peciea o.f fish has been
completely acclimatized and and is reprodu:Ifl so prolifically that commercial
fishing is now entirely feasible. For several years, a group of scientific
workers under the supervision of C-,. V. Nike. -ikiy have been conducting impor-
tant studies on Amur River fish,. 'rhe regu,t; +),'n work led to great im-
provements in fish economy on the Amu: R " er ani petu.ttrd the establishment
of a system of practical meamjres for inc~ea:-~n? f.isY productivityiinrtheed ha3 basin of the Amu As a result of these them
fish catch in this region. There is no d,^-.ibt 1.ha chr? achievements of work-
ers in the field of agronomy, s,l;bnni.rv. and. Freneral farm work have
opened up inexhaustible possibilities for e:t;land.irvj the supply of foodstuffs
and raw materials of the Soviet "ntor,.
Machine Building
In the field of machine bui:.dinr, one of the fa.ndarnentai branches of
-
Soviet industry, a Stalin Prize was awarded to N, P. K.0~va:_ev .for the man1.1
facture of a new-type l0_,000-hp turbine f-r use at the Dnepr Hydroelectric
_ ',.s-
Power Station. These water turbine.- are an-n;, .h. -gee': in the world with
respect to size and power, and represent the first pra~ti,-aI use of a fully
welded spiral chamber of unusual ctimur~ ions. Three tu-,bInes are fully auto-
matic, Tests have shown that they far are fsimilar UUS turbines.
-
Workers of the Ural Plant for Heavy Ma'h.ne Lui'.aing, unie- the super-
vision of G. L. Kbimic.h; develop-3 a Scvia . rai t-r :__fn. g, mil' which, with
regard to productivity, orig:.r_ality of deeigr,, and automatic
control of the individual, as well as whsle groups of machine., is superior
to similar equipment now in use in the _;Srp and. ahtad, The automatic and
remote-control equipment on this mill Pe-nits a ;e.reaee of 60 people in
operating personnel,
The Stalin Prize was also awarded to a group of engineers of the Gor?kiy
Milling Machine Plant, under the supervision of B. I. Petya.shin, for developing
high-productivity cantilever-type and hea'ry milling machine? New high-pro-
ductivity methods of machining metals, in particular high-speed milling, necessi-
tated completely new designs for machine tools, with emphasis on milling machines.
Emphasis has been placed on increased rigidity, improved. control methods with
fewer auxiliary cycles, and higher spindle speeds, which permits use of less
skilled personnel and even multiple operation of machines by one worker. These
machines have operating characteristics which are superior to foreign makes,
and require fewer operators. Among heavy-duty machine tools developed by this
plant, special mention should be made of the three-sided piano-milling machine
and the,face-milling machine for pillars of high buildngs.
Metallurgy
Metallurgy has always receivel the attention of the party, state, and,
particularly, Stalin, due to its importance to the national economy. This
year, as in past years, the list of Stalin Prize Laureates contains many workers
of the metallurgical Industry, Among them are the engineers of the Ural Plant
for Heavy Machine Building, supervised by A. G~ Taleysnik, who were able to
develop a large mold-making machine with a high loading capacity and with fully
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mechanized system of supplying molding sand and removing used sand. Conversion,
to the mechanized method has increased productivity more than 2.5 times and has
doubled the annual casting capacity of each square meter dofemol. space wheconomile
quality of the castings. This ma=pine is tmore
ical than the best available makes abroad.
At the Metallurgical Plant imeni A. K. Sera', a group of engineers, headed
by M. Kh. Lukashenko, developed a new method for forced feeding of blast-furnace
charge. As a result of this method, the utiIizati?on factor for the blast fur-
naces was greatly increased, as was the average annual output of cast iron per
worker. The method has also been introduced at other metallurgical plants in
the USSR and will hare a profound influsn:e. on the successful attainment of the
goal. set forth in Sta'lan'e historic. speech of 9 FP.br:ary 19t0b? namely, to achieve
a cast-iron production of 50 million tone
Over a number of years, Acadp-sician P. Ba_din and a group of his associ-
ates have ssuccessful--.y 'y solved. problems of _:ilizing oxygen in metallurgy, long
_
before similar work was started abroad.. This methccl has revolutionized the pro-
duction of cast iron and steel. Today, many ast-iron mills in the USSR utilize
oxygen blast in their furnaces; as a they produce ce?t? iron which con-
tains considerably less gases and has a more compact structure and superior char-
acteristics to cast iron produced by the _'_d method.. The actual application of
the oxygen blast in metallurgy was done by a group ~.f engineers under L. I. Levi,
who were awarded Stalin Prizes..
Another group of engineers headed by B. B.. Mi'_`man was awarded the Stalin
Prize for developing new techniques of producing high.-strength cast iron. This
new type of cast iron has twice the tensile strength of cast iron used in indus-
try at present, and also has increasedimpact sstrfcr engtheaandq l stiOlty, which
factors make it a fully satisfactory U
iron in many applications, and at reduced costs.
Mechanization of Labor
One of the fundamental trends of our techr.ic.a:, policy has been a continual
and greater mechanization of heavy and labor-cons-Jming work.. In =949, Stalin
Prizes were awarded to a group of engineers of the L'mitrnvskly Plante under M. B.
lay-
Aryan for developing a multibucket excavator suitable for digging trenches, for
ing water pipes, constructing irrigation canals, and excavating
large buildings. The excavator is mounted on a caterpillar track. The earth
which is dug up is dumped on a belt conveyer and dropped along one side of the
trench.
Inventor M. A. Stolyarov designed a very valuable machine intended for the
mining of construction stone directly on rock deposits possessing a strength of
110-250 kg per cm. The machine is capable of handling various lengths and widths
of stone.
The Stalin Prize was also awarded to a group of engineers headed by Ya., I.
offor use
drddesign
Balbachan for developing a new leading machine ofdununprecedented
or use
in vertical mine shafts, which resulted in a 50%
a 35% increase in shaft cutting speed, as compared with the old manual methods.
Another group of engineers under the supervision of M. K. Galushko developed
an original design for mine elevator cars for transporting miners along inclined
shafts. These new cars are being widely used in the Donbass, where most of the
shafts are of the long, sloping type.
In the field of agricultural machinery, a Stalin Prize has been awarded to
Volkov Lnitials owitted7, the designer of a one-man-operated cotton-picking
machine which can take the place of 20-25 men.
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A Stalin Prize was awarded to mechanic M. V. Obry-,.rko of the Yelanu Kolenov-
skiy Sugar Plant for designing a new type of machine for digging up sugar beets,
This machine can dig up 50 tons of sugar beets per r.c.u.re The actual cost of
loading and digging up sugar beets can be cut in half with this machine,
S, A. Kuznets, chairman of the "Prclet..ar' Kolkhez in Cherkassk Rayon, Kiev
Oblast, has developed a new machine for working the sail which is particularly
suited for fields on which kok-sagyaz is being grown,.
Construction
Great strides are being made in the co-!str-action of i.ndu=trial, cultural,
and residential buildings.. V. N. Yung and others were awarded the Stalin Prize
for developing new types of cement, namely, an expansive, an aluminous, and a
water-repellent cement, The sxpansiwe cement acquires water-resistant properties
upon hardening and has proven to be a most valr:ab_?e construction material for
subway tunnels, mine shafts, foundations, etc., while, at the same time decreas-
ing costs due to increased work productivity. The aluminous cement has quick-
drying properties which make it sui?able for many applications, The water-re-
pellent cement is characterized by its ability to resist moisture and to pre-
serve its full effectiveness over long pe:rids of storage,,
In 1946, an experimental ceramics plant was organried in Kiev in which
numerous experiments were conducted. on the development of new types of ceramics.
It was established that hollow ceramic. parts could be manufactured out of most
of the clays from Ukrainian deposits.. In 19'b9, many facctoriesTstarted
rted the man-
ufacture of hollcra ceramic blocks and ceramic fac.ing p_ use of
the constructional and architectural -mnteriod.. d.i Zhukov and oin a therssaving
were awarded the
than 9,>5 million rubles s in a a
Stalin Prize for the development of these ceramics,
in the glass iui+.iiS try, -ahc sutst-n--- ne eve-nt was the development of a
d --
new heat- and sound-insulatinggass ma.teria known as "foam glass." I,. I,
Kitaygorodskiy and. others were awarded a Stain Fr`?.2e?nr this developments
In general, the foam glass resembles b acre of hard porous material which
are created as a result of blowing gases through molten gass.. It is very light,
has very low heat conductivity, and relatively high mechanical rigidity, which
makes it a most valuable cons tructional-1.nsu lat+.rur material, It is water-, frost-,
and fire-resistant, and is easily worked and c:cloned.. It Is easily bonded by
cement and can be used in conjunction with bricks, stones, or any other construc-
tion materials. The use of foam glass in J.ar.ge buildings results in a great
saving in weight, which in turp reflects in savincs of material necessary for
the construction of building foundations,. It is estimated that a square meter
of foam glass blocks is 20 times lighter and 2 - 2.5 times cheaper than its
trick equivalent.
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