EDUCATIONAL CHANGES, SOVIET INFLUENCE, AND GUERRILLA STRONGHOLDS IN NORTHEAST CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600390451-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 18, 2011
• Sequence Number: 451
• Publication Date: May 29, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY China
SUBJECT Political; Sociological - Education
Military - Guerrillas, Soviet forces
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
G:UNFJDENlAt
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY I2EPOR1
CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTIAL
Dec 1950
{Chinese
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1950
DATE DIST...9 May 1951
NO. OF PAGES 7
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS DOCDOHT OOHTU.r 1.ID...nv............................-
or Till UITSD ITATtt WITHIN Till H61INIOt OF IIPIOHASt ACT SO
H. H. C.. ill AND 71.111 AHt1Dto. ITS THANIIIIIIOO OR THS SOSLATIOH
or ITS OOSTIHTI IF AHT- HAIIIIN5 TO All. YMAYTNOSRto -UHOH It rs0?
Chin-jih Tun - ei (Present-Day Manchuria), by Liu Yao-ch'i, Tzu-yu
ch'u-pan-she (Liberty Publishing Company).
EDUCATIONAL CHANGES, SOVIET INFLUENCE, AND
GUERRILLA STRONGHOLDS IN NORTHEAST CHINA
LThe following information has been taken from Chapters VI, VIII
and IX of the above-mentioned source.
l
Both schools and press in the Northeast are now thoroughly con-
trolled in the interests of the party, and Soviet influence is para-
mount. Many Soviet instructors are employed as teachers of Marxism-
Leninism. More hours are devoted each ?.;Teek to the teaching of mate-
ki`alism in the Northeast than required by the CCP.
Students from industry are employed in schools to report on the
activities of teachers and other students. Party and Youth Corps mem-
bership among students in higher educational institutions is strelssed.
In the middle schools attempts are being made to change the teach-
ing.personnel and revamp the curricula. Children of wealthy peasants
are ostracized by teachers and pupils until they drop out of school .a.
Children in factories are kept at work and not encouraged to go to
school, V-,
There are some 17 colleges and specialized schools in the North-'
east. Many are mushroom growths since the liberation..
The press is controlled, and literature and the arts are employed
almost exclusively as propaganda media. Works of real literary value
There are well over 500,000 Soviet citizens in the Northeast,
200,000 of whom are troops, the rest "specialists" and "advisers" or
farm and mine laborers. General Malenkov is directing the Chinese
forces' participation in Korea
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1 i.00 anti-
Cor,;manr `i'hey are deployed
in six areos in grUL, `1. ~,~ :-ro.,r r?bOb to b?5(0 men Some are poorly
eq,rippe?., but t.her' r,?,! 'onm?in?d ,.nder eta Shn-hsun The forces
i =m..art- .r,i w?.crl:rv 1'a n,._ :+':, h=: :re fled their homes,
represent K!'7
As fa" nn,,::r, , t rr t'_ , rc tr r:e n ; O:onnection with any
outside _7
CONFIDENTIAL
inn of the treaconr; ,; .A, b fit fist ':r'r' KrCC >,y 'rho CCP was the demar' that
all factto" :i., srn h ?' on I i cod. f r .. .t,r? sc'~,e cte tnl, that P91:catianal f reedom
be grant=:,d. togat e. wtti; Icr1? p'cmd' ri e press Today, both schools and
press un^er ti-:., ..a.P !r i . k : , . ! idr r i : i e t : u n r _ :urnp i i.ant .i.n9 rwuentn of pol-
icy. Praise of everyr.hirn F ' I ! s o any t , 'io rtage,4 'v-rrui.ng to the North-
east because cf ; t s a:i;~ar;=r: ? T O tr' !?SR. are toe main themes exploited, to
the great iisp,ust- of the prr;,i:_r who express their true sen-
ti.merit s
Col.'_eg?e ,ni s;;ec t a 1. t;' It n l e i , t.h:, wrthPar,t have Voluntar. ily added 40
to 50 per-er' tuc b'/ t.hc- COP for China as a whole for the
teachi.ng of di nl em ti': ,l and hi.storir.al materialism so
that , hours ra week are to these subject, and f hours to new people's
democracy ar-l the hi 9t91'y q( 1.';r mod"rn Chinese revoluti.on., The CCP now speaks
of Northeast e?dur t t i . , 09 t},,. r!ir.irl C r t1,e pal tin,
l'li"' e rirr? ot.lter d--' Li 11'1.-x,'
the real of 1.t,-
"three Ur1:isairah]e:?" in t!rri!
ucati-ona1 1n t.it:ti,,rr, .;I: tr 7:*!,-, t? ani the Northeast Committee
for Culture am- r A . -,t :on aco-I :?t?p' ! =..- ..o . -or, the USSR and "cultural
in .?, phra:,e, -if the "three desirables"
rrnu;t!ena" mi,idle =chocls., and the
Toe 't ltr',. d-: rr+hh c are tore Soviet
rger)ts
S .-. _ Cl, 'a'. - - tare f:.rr.tshed aLmost ex-.
c.lusi.vel_/ t mc^h,.rs of t. ,, i. I r,ere }:e been a great rush
into the corps bV North-hst ?ccut.i' ocl,rs+r.,sa staff members and workers' repre-
sentatives who attend these school; are riding high and are employed by the party
as specie]. agents to repctrt to psr tv r-presentntives on all the discussions and
The "three reductions" of the middle school. system arc' (1) reduction in
the number of old tP-.c}cors, (2l reduc.CtC,ci in the number of new students, and (3)
reduction In rmid-st;;le course=s There !:!Le, boon r; serious drop in the
standards of raid-i.1.- tl;:' disarl ssal of experienced teachers
and the ~ubstit:utinu of r.t cc?ci. }-P 1 !cmer? retired from active
service fur nral'.,_ n . ? .t --r ._:!.;., -ii.mineted, because
they were regarded. l;v rt-,, r,, ; drib F7u,is, wive not been replaced by anything
of comparable e,,iuce tz,,n=.]. ve.a.u: i_r s*>. :vn]r.tiac i'y terminology and person-
alities make up the bulk of rho new narteriuls
T!;e mr.tin reason for the present shortage of student,; entering middle schools
as correct-ed w_ti these Bocci-cog liee_;r? that dosing the several 'years of mili-
tary struggle in the Nurt e'a-mt etjlPntp: of middle-school age entered General Lin
Pian's military training schools
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~~':~ X41
CoNFtDENTIAL
ds1rables" in the primary schools they area (1)
h
ree un .
As for the t
wealthy peasants' children, (2) vagrant children, and (3) children in indus-
try,
Because of the promotion of the class struggle in the country and be-
cause the rural schools are largely controlled by rural cadres from the lower
rural classes, teachers and pupils cast so many aspersions on children from
wealthy peasant homes that the children refuse to go to school and go out to
work in agriculture..
The so-called. vagrant children are the former bootblacks, junk collectors,
etc., who more or less ran wi.l.d on the streets, The CCP claims their presence
in the sc.bools would be a ^enace to pupils from ordinary homes until they had
been processed in special. -pools to be set up for them, However, up the
present, no such schools have been established..
Child.ren it' industry are those i.n factori a and. some in farm eutelpliseo
whose labor in production is profi.tab.le for the authorities to exploit, Special
classes have been organized for them in the factories, bu: these are a poor sub-
stitute for regular schooling.
An astonishing number of institutions of higher learning and specialized
schools have been established. So-called national colleges and universities
are National Northeast university and National Chang-ch'un University. Insti-
tutions established under party auspices are Northeast Laborers' Political Uni-
sity Lu.-hsna Liberal Arts College, and Northeast Institute of Political Ad-
ministration. Those institutions closely affiliated with the CCP are the Insti-
tute of Pharmacy, Mukden Medical College, Mukden Agricultural Institute, Mukden
Institute of Industrial Studies, larbin Medical College, Harbin IL:.ustrial Uni-
versity, Harbin Agircultural Institute, Harbin National Language School, Chang-
chun Medical College, Northeast University (at Chang-ch'un), Dairen University,
and Yen-pan University. These are all institutions for imparting slave-educa-
tion to Northeast youth-
Privately operated publishing plants have disappeared in the Northeast,
All newspapers and periodicals are controlled by the CCP and speak for the CCP,,
The Mukden branch of the Hsin-hua News Agency exercises strict control over in-
ternational news; not even news from Hong Kong papers is released.
News concerning business, dissension, and unfavorable conditions may not
be reported, A look c-t the papers makes it appear that the iic.,theast is a pros-
perous, peaceful paradises The members of the press are selling their souls for
a couple of hundred catties of millet. They deceive themselves and others in this
way,.
The various newspapers are as fol.Lows~.
Name
Place of Publication
Mukden Tung-pei Jih-pao
Sheng-hu Pao
Dairen
Antung
CONFIDENTIAL
Harbin Ji.h-pao
Sung-chiang Jih-pao
Ta-chung Jih-pao
Lu-ta Jen-min Jih-pao
Wea-i Pao
Liaotung Ta-chung Pao
Antung Jih-pao
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Place of Publj c atlcib N T,e
Ch'eng-te
Kir:n City
Chia-mu-ssu
Chin-chou
Wang-yet:-migo
SI-i'scrriptions to
Nen-chlang Jlh-pao
?lo-chi.ang Pan
Ch' un-chung J.11-p.ao
Chi'lin Jih-pao
Jen-min Jih-pao
Li ao s i. :Jih-pao
Nei-meng-i:u Jih-pao
these newspapers are obtained by government pressure.
C numbers for literature in the Northeast, since the leftist poet Hsiao Chun (1)
Lumbers in parentheses refer to appended character was accused or rightest
tendencies ana paid the extreme penalty there is no outstanding literature left.
What w"tters there are prostitute their powers to the party line. Any l.itera-
tur~ of real worth is likely to be regarded. as reactionary.
The drama is flourishing. There are over 70 dramatic organizations in the
Northeast. Their productions are largely concerned with the class struggle.
Such plays as "The Grey-Fatted. Woman," "Liu Hu-lan," and "The Song of the
Red Flag" have been popular They have recently lost their propaganda value
among those truly conversant with actual rural living conditions, Since the
beginning of the Korean conflict, theatrical troupes have all been busy present-
ing "[Drive] The American Devils Into the Sea" and "The Blood-Red Yalu River."
In the motion picture field Soviet films reign supreme. A few Hollywood
films come in, but, only for study by Soviet specialists. The Northeast Film
Company's productive capacity is limited. by lack of materials and equipment.
Although the northeast is one of the places where the Yang-ko dance origi.-
natc+d., there is at. present a great decline in its popularity. The main reason
seems to be the criticism leveled at it by Soviet members of the Sino-Soviet
Friendship Association at the Harbt.n convention of the association. They said
it carried too many -acial overtones, was too much behind the times, and had no
artistic value whatsoever. Old-style rhinese theaters have begun to open up
again in various cities, and progressive revolutionary leaders are studying So-
viet theatrical patterns.
Soviet infiltration into the Northeast has been on a more subtle plane than
was that of the Japanese. The Japanese brought their people into Manchuria un-
der a program of so-called."relocation of population," The Russians infiltrate
under the labels of "specialists" and "advisers."
These specialists and advisers are found in every political, military and
economic organization in the Northeast.. The famous military adviser Malenkov is
now directing the Chinese forces' participation in the Korean action,
CONFIDE T IA1
1
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CONE DE aA
The actual director of every railway and factory is a Russian. All ac-
tivities are controlled by the "technicians" and advisers. It is perfectly
proper to say that the Northeast authorities are the running dogs of the Rus-
sians. The Russians in the Northeast receive from ten to 100 times the wages
Chinese receive. Foreign-style tailor shops, scarce goods stores, and sell-
ers of antiques and rare books are supported by these Russians. There are no
longer any poverty-striken blanket-peddling whit.- Russians to be seen. A com-
mon saying in the Northeast now is "Starve the Chineae to fatten the Russians."
Russians are at present distributed it the Northeast approximately as fol-
lows:
Locality
Harbin
Chia-mu-ssu
Tsiteihar
Pei-an area
Hailar area
Yung-chi (Kirin)
Mukden
An-shan
No of Russians
200,000
35,000
(Engaged in airforce train-
ing, railway service, mine
and collective farm services)
10,000 (Engaged in railway, politi-
cal, educational, mining,
and agricultural service)
11,000 (same as above)
25,000 (Engaged in gold mining)
15;000 (Over one half engaged by
the Inner Mongolian govern-
ment; 5;000 arc farmers,
1,000 are connected with the
Chinese Chang-ch'un Railway)
50,000 (Most of them are lumbermen;
4,500 operate the railways out
of the forests; 3,000 are em-
ployed on the'Hsiao-feng-mw
hydroelectric project)
60,000 (Except for a comparatively
small number of specialists
engaged in railway, government,
and economic services, the bulk
are agriculturists producing
food for Stalin).
10,000 (Government "specialists" and
"advisers")
2,000 (An-shan steelworks)
Huang-ku-t?un suburb of Mukde 7
railway shops and Fu-shun coal mines 3,500
Main railway lines out of Mukden 15,000
Antung area 130,000 (Of these, 100,000 are Soviet
troops disposed along the
Yalu River banks, the remain-
der are civilians employed on
railways, in mines, agriculture,
etc.)
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ti~NFfiFf. i!:
CONFIDENTIAL
largely a ruling class.
(A number of the Russian troops withdrawn from North Korea were sent into
China proper.)
From the above it can readily be seen what price the CCP paid for its rev-
olution in the Northeast, what the Soviet policy toward China is, and what the
people of the Northeast are suffering.
Locality No of Russians
Dairen-Port Arthur Unknown
various points south of Mukden 100,000 (Soviet troops)
The total of all the Russians listed above runs well over 500,000, over
one percent of the total population of the Northeast. Moreover, they are
27,000 GUERRILLAS IN NORTHEAST STRONG POINTS
Although the CCP in the Northeast does not recognize the existence of any
anti-Communist forces at present, it is a fact that such forces do exist.
They stem mainly from three sources: (1) remnants of the 12th and 71st KMT
armies, which constitute the main force; (2) remnants of the ~W Security Forces
taken over by the Chinese Communist. Forces and later discharged; and (3) bold-
spirited members of landlord and wealthy farmer families deprived of heir lands,
who have retired to the mountains and organized anti-Communist units.
CCP authorities in the Northeast have adopted a system of sealing off the
mountain strongholds of these anti-Communist groups which has compelled the let-
ter to be very self-reliant and self-sufficient. In spite of this sealing off
the various units are able to maintain liaison and act under a central command
headed by one Ma Ehu-shun. The aetual.Arigin. of this leader is obscure.. . Somer. msay, 'he is Pram the old army of Ma Chan-shah, ethers, that he. is _ KMj cadremano
Under his command are six guerrilla strongholds that give the CCP authorities
cause for concern. They are as follows;
1.. The strongest unit is in Liaosi Province, It comprises about 4,000 men
under the leadership of Ch'en,(2) They are located in the P'an-shan (3),
T'ai-an (4), and I Hsien (5) areas.
2. In the Chao-yang (6) area there are 3,000 men under the command of
Chu (7). They are in the mountains around Fou-hsin (8), Ch'ao-yang, and Hei-
shan (9), They frequently employ infiltration tactics and surround units o]
the Chinese Communist Forces,
3. There are 5,000 men under the command of.Ho (10) in the Chuang-ho (11),
Hsiu-yen (12) and Hu-shan (13) area, Since this is mountainous territory, food
supplies are short. However, the men are on good tern's with the peasants and
enjoy marked assistance from them. This area is at once a very hazardous and
most promising area for anti-Communist activity,
4. In the Liao-yang (14), Hai-ch'eng (15), Ta-shih-ch'iao (16) triangle
there are approximately 2,000 guerrillas under the leadership of T'an (17). This
area, being both mountainous and 2.evel affords ample supplies, but poses a rela-
tively greater threat from the Chinese Communist Forces.
71 A:
C
ONFIOFp4I1 L
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CONFIDENTIAL
5. In $ungkiang province nearly 5,000 men under the command of Wu (18) are
disposed in the Chu-chiang, Wei-ho (19), I-mien-po (20), and Wu-chang (21) areas.
In this area food supplies are ample, and the terrain fortuitous for a war of
attrition, but because of the difficulty of securing munitions heavy engagements
must be avoided.
6. About 8,000 guerrillas are located in the Chang-pai mountain area
under the command of Yin (22). This is the most important area for armed part-
isan activity in the Northeast and attracts the largest interest from the Chinese
Communists. However, the partisans here find plenty of cover and are abundantly
supplied with good equipment. Because of these factors and the difficulty of
the rugged mountainous terrain, the Chinese Communist Forces have great diffi-
culty in making contact with any of the main guerrilla forces.
This incomplete sketch of the underground armed partisan movement in the
Northeast by no means indicates a ten thousandth of the difficulties and hard-
ships they face. According to the writer's knowl.dge they have never had cea-
tact with Taiwan or any other outside group. They may be called a modern mira-
cle. When the time comes for the general drive for the recovery of the mainland
they will exert an important influence on the total result.
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CONFIDENTIAL
CDNFIDEN` IAL
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