HIGH-STRENGTH CASTINGS IN HUNGARY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600400569-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 25, 2011
• Sequence Number: 569
• Publication Date: August 1, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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COUNTRY
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
Fconcmic Metallurgy
Monthly periodical
Budapest
Feb 1951
1
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
CLAD h)N CONFIDENT 'L
l-iv i RNL INTELLIGENCE AGEN0
TINS DOCUMENT CONTAINS IRSONMATIO^ AFFEQIMN THE NATIONAL OFFERS"
Or TIE UNIT2D STATES WITHIN THE ^nANINN OF RSPIONA$E ACT IN
r. S. C.. I I AND Sl. Al AMNRSRS. I1 S TEARSMTSIOM OS TIE ^ITILATIOI
Or ITS CO^TENTS IN AMT MANNETI M AN IPAOTUOtlZED PERSON is Poo-
rISI/EN IT LAW. NNPMDUCTIOM OF ISIS FORM IN P^ONmTIO.
SOURCE Ontcde, Vol II, No 2, 1951.
CD P:
II
DATE
OF
INFORMATIO:.
DATE DIST. ~ 141 1951
NO. OF PAGES 5
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
HIGH-S`T1 G ; T I "I1/ O GARY
The physical properties and the strength of a casting are influenced not
only by the configuration of the graphite, but by the construction of the matrix
ae well, It was believed for a long time that in the case of flake-graphite
castings it vas the presence, in large quantities, of the matrix containing pearl-
ite which produced great strength. It has been found recently that it is not
the matrix containing pearlite, but the so-called dendritic matrix which results
in best strength in case of flake-graphite distribution. The dendritic casting
belongs to that type of castings in which increased strength and physical proper-
ties are achieved by the influence of metallic matrices.
quantity of alloys be leas than that in the preparation of cast iron containing
martensite or austenite, but more than that required in the preparation of cast
iron of a pearlitic matrix.
The alloy elements are added so that at the given speed of cooling the trans-
formation of austenite into the desired dendritic structure will take place below
500 degrees centigrade. Thus, a basic structure can be achieved which is similar
to the structure of martensite, but is in reality bainite, a transitional struc-
ture, composed of dendritic, needle-shaped crystals. This structure, as opposed
to martensite, is easy to work with and has a much greater strength than pearlite.
The tensile strength of this type of cast iron is not greater than that of or-
dinary castings, but after 5?-6 hours of annealing at a temperature of 260-370
degrees centigrade, strength is increased significantly.
If the austenite is left in the structure, it will favorably influence the
wear resistance. For this reason, it is used in the manufacture of B'tve shafts,
plowshares, cold. and hot pistons, fluted axles, gears, and lathe parts. Accord-
ing to Soviet data, tensile strength is 40-50 kilograms per square meter and
transverse bending strength is 70-80 kilograms per square millimeter.
FBI
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GUNHl NT'
Deniritic castings of high carbon content may be manufactured in cupola
furnaces. it is more pract.icaL to manufacture castings of lower carbon content
in indu;tiort or ax( furnaces. The composition of castings produced in cupola
furnaces is as follows (in percent) carbon, 2.7-3.1; silicon, 1.6-2.6; manga-
uee:e, 0; sulpbu.r, tnaxitmim, 0,.1.5. Necessary additions are carried out in
the au.l.irn_ri. Ordinarily, 75-percent. ferrosilicon is used for this purpose, and
0.3-0,6 percent of it is used... The alloying elements are as follows: molyb-
denum, 0.7.1 0 percent, is added in the form of powder or lumps during annealing.
Nickel is arified according to the following chart;
Casting Wall'irricknees Percent
+ camp
0.40 0.5-1..5
ILO-75 15-2.5
75-100 2.5-3.0
100-200 3.0-4..0
200 plus 4.0
Nickel may be a-dded in the furnaces or in the cauldron in the form of grains.
If The nickel to be added is under one percent, it is added cold.. If it is over
one percent, it is added warm.
Up tr.. a wall thickness of 40 millimeters, the nickel may be replaced by
copper, but. in a quantity not exceeding 1.5 percent. In case of a thickness
where more than 1.5 percent nickel is required., copper may be substituted for
the first 1 5 percent, but nickel should be added, to make up the difference.
The copper may be added in the ftrrtace or, if it has been preheated, in the caul-
dron.
The amount of chromium to be added is to be kept under 0.3 percent. The
material consists of hematite, raw iron, and steel scrap. The scrap is to be
such that it will ad8 the least possible amount of phosphorus. The amount of
silicon and manganese ran be regulated in the form of ferrosilicon and ferro-
manganese. The castings are removed from the mold when cold, at a temperature
not higher than 300 degrees centigrade.
Thr castings have to be heat treated by keeping them at a temperature of
300-350 degrees centigrade for 5 hours and''then slowly cooling them. For every
25 millimeters of wall thickness, the casting has to be heated an additional
hour, if the thickness is not over 250 millimeters. Heat treatment renders the
castings more ductile, without changing their Brinell hardness of approximately
300. Heat treatment will result, however, in the above-mentioned high strength.
These castings are used in the manufacture of drive shafts. The metal does not
wear easily.
A revolutioaa.ry change was brought about in the field of high-strength cast
iron when castings with spheroidal graphite were introduced. The graphite
totals 3 percent by weight and 10 percent by volume. In the case of cast iron,
the shape of the graphite is important. If the graphite is spheroidal, it least
disrupts the continuity of the matrix. The great strength of this type of cast
iron is to be attributed to the spheroidal graphite and the matrix containing
pearlite. The spheroidal graphite is formed only in case of a definite chemical
composition. It is important that the sulfur content be less than 0.02 percent.
Magnesium alloy, used to bring about the formation of spheroidal graphite, has
a strong desulfurizi.ng action, so that the sulfur content may be reduced to less
than 0.02 percent. Magnesium also has a strong degassing influence. It is not
known what role the degassing action plays in the creation of spheroidal graph-
ite, On the basis of Professor Guillemot's experiments, it can be stated that
without the use of magnesium it is impossible to carry out the removal of sulfur
and gases. opinions vary as to ^hether the spheroidal graphite particles are
formed daring the liquid or, solid phase.
CONFIDENTIAL
GUINFIF ENT AL
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nnli [IfF~'a a
CONFIT)ENTTAL
,1' ernl Pyp~rIaenta with wt.eriRLa such as copper, it was decided that
SiM v,'uld be a1-'.et advantalteoua for the preparation of the additive. There were
terio.,_J iTf!'i :wlttet, la i.?Te beginning because magnesium burned out and two ex-
1lc "i T?1ar.e.
*. 'a? 1olin;, finally, that if a very ema.ll quantity of copper is put into
r.},e ?1:.:y 'rot mr?lt.ir'g is carr.dd out under certain definite conditions, the ex-
pL??:=t. r- nn:1 the _.urning out cf the magnesium can be prevented.. Other difficul-
tieb axcee be~':auee of the introduction of silicon. When the quantity of silicon
roae nb','me r.:er?t, ferrite, not. pearlite, was obtained. Silicon ferrite is
a b.n-d and br;*.t.l: n lister. ~. When the amount of silicon was reduced to 0.5-0.7
percent, the ~"rn :mint mcr with sucraee and. a tenaife strength of 45-50 kilo-
grave per >,,:.nre [III titer was obtained. No constant results could be -)btained,
boweve-. At Iirr~a, r1'.ke-graphite castings were obtained, vhiie at other times
the aF, ,:mmr :rty ,-at formed. It was found that, the quantity of magnesium
was an iTJfr._,rLant Ia,rtnr. The magnesium quantity has now been eetabLi.ahed and a
t1U to n:;?-- only teni'iLe. strength, transverse bending strength, Brinell
ha.rdnes^, and le+in*in?:e to near have been examined. The tensile strength is
LS-60 k?1: rams por :Pqua.re Jnillimeter, transverse bending strength is 75-100
kilofirams per aquare m;lliroer.er, aril the Brinell hardness is 270-310.
*'? hr 'n TI'ir,e11 harrin.ese, the "ratings are ductile. The resistance
to weir van tear?i by preparint_, a bra.6e block for a freight locomotive. While
an c-?:t.;nn.rr frab.e b;r' k l ses 18 millimeters Lint use??, a spheroidal one loses
only ? ".III! l1 Rte' r't Other 'I8ta regarding strength can be obtained only from
the io'?imn e.~^
nn 'P=:-lance to heat. of spheroidal graphite castings compared to that of
other gray r-)trnas iik aho?ni in, the following table''
C re t i.
Temp Elongation
(deg C) -(mm'
Thickness
of Oxide (mm)
ay
C'b.rome-allc1y gray .aniirg
Magnet,iu.r r'ea.te.i spheroidal
graphite c:aaIt i
870
370
870
12 1 12
2.8 1
2,1 0.5
The :?treet+ or spheroidal graphite castings at various loads, as compared to
ether gray castings in as follows'
Tensile Strength
(kg/sq mm)
Fatigue Strength for
Repeated Bending
(kg/sq -)
Flare graphite
21.5
18
Modifle9 casting
340
23.5
Spheroidal graphite castings
with ferrite and pearlit_e
55.5
25
Spherol.a.al graphite arid.
pea:rlitr_
60 0
29
The resiliency under impact of spheroidal graphite castings is as follower
Canting
Tensile Strength
(kg/eq, mm)
Elongation
Impact Strength
acc to Izod test)
Flake g:raphtte
21.0
0~2
3
Spheroidal graphite
82.0
.3.0
13.4
CtNE0E 11AL
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of -pheroidal graphite r.aatings is 18,000 kilo-
Steel hr;m a :rL:xiulus of clnetic.,t.y of 20,000-21.,500 kilograms per square
1! i n;a? J?1 e the t lrnrti content is over 3 per-
4,-
`i! e _ I ;o T.,.., vble,; tie manganese or phos-
pn?e pea rlito cementite bed.. To render
tita -: 1:' i J 111 a:Nt.er the cementite network
r; i.1,- :asi:ing tr a cempe a ur'e of 97+. degrees c'ent's-?
T.:, ? -)I ,,v,. 1: se eta ,r ix Y,aa to be destroyed as well..
} ' . ; : ' a . _ 1 . -itlr?n', a t 72O c grefe cenri.grade.
o, ?. ,',,,.y T,,X.);q b-p"- ent. elasticity 11' -Is been achieved. In foreign
Iii rat.,re, n1;._:r,;M:ez tc .f?ercc,nt elasticity can be found. In theme casting
; 1 1 : c cl ..o',,',.. nnr ,ri, ?.i1.!,-on-ma.gneeium as used. Ni:ket probably
a tc-: M1Li ic, l-'~~.E?iesi.Lrn alloys ve.re triad in Hungary, but
,( ) 'er n+ L: i:c~ _+er sili;.or.-mot,nesium. on the contrary,
;]i~a_:.:'~;.!:,,::? :cl?-,? i,,r.._o :. Ni.rkel...mag:,esi;?.m w. ekes the iron flow less fluid.
?v,: 9c'rr,!.v: 'rtna,cs ,''f. 1?(' r'.'cprcai'ei oc this topic, because relatively few ex-
alloys.
T?!: t'1 ier :if:,`;-rntur5 +'.atot thatt, the ,zee of magnesium alloys posta the dif-
i'Lr.:.:1-;? .._ t.e r i r. t o pnv. r; ~. lecr s a r}tee a fter magneai.um alloying, or
the :?ber'..~a' ,Ya l :.e is :rn: fornea. into flake grr_phlte. This assertion has
not ie..en prnV-- Lt n rr'i. been poured 15 minutes after magnesium
A 11-.0 y: n` . 1110 1OJ:,? n e+ sec.re_? to 1,e that the cementite network, broken up by
the 9r. ,. t, ? n :. a r J i ?:.cn . w?_ 11 reappear if more than, 3 minutes elapse between the
gddi I io ^c,n air). 1:- ?; ,;~ of the- piece. Even then, the cementite net-
1r(v'k mn y be - 0':: . iton of silicon. To eliminate the need
.for 9. repr ar,,ri r?9r%, t .on :)i t o,,, ,,?ere should be poured within 3 minutes
elt.?.r :cddi.nfi, 'A,, .... ?r frrr '.t,;_ :'Ira!.
te)gur .t:;7r,? i:.:oc ::eL.y b(- u:.e'i. to the ttx?.c'ruf?i;::ure of spheroidal graphite
ca ti,;ze ?L3 ',e 1.1 :). ).C t,ru) t: o,f Lx,d:ifled castings, is is required that the cast?-
.1tgi' in a?i;ii Lion to the given wall. thickness and rate
of .. riLng If '.'?r' Tie,,'ri". La n:`i.rned. with a special additive containing 0.2.0.3
per:"r.t of mt,v,~--,1 rr,.. a Lm: di' -;i r_ at,ir~? as obtained. which contains graphite in
1t.!s pearl ec a-.-!r ix, Finely :is'i 1 ri's,_rced it,. the form of small bars. In this case,
the R*.r? ruz'.v .," "r? cict ng falI.a between 26-32 .kilograms per square millimeter.
'Pie aidit.i Je ;_, re y ',_aei~?]. i.2; the fiel?:3. of d.esul:flu?:ieing The following chart
show' the ri,_~+rlf ,_: t^.Lnu action of the magnesium,-silicon additive in the case of
R;OOd^r~+daitV g'ra:r ratings t').n per?.::ent):
GDR-' j?'~~'fP-
G
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?liar et: Star*. Magnesium Added Final Sulfur Decrease in Sulfur Content
0.082 o.066 0.074
0.082 0.149 0.047
0.082 0.25'( 0.021
0..082 0.4015 0.014
9.8
42.7
74.4
82.9
It should be noted that the price per kilogram of a spheroidal graphite
casting is about a forint higher than that of a good-quality gray casting.
During the last few years, malleable cast-iron castings have gone through
considerable changes. While before the war, during the 1930's, the tensile
strength of maLleable castings was 35-43 kilograms per square millimeter, yield
strength was 16-21 kilogram per square meter, elongation was 3-4 percent, today
tensile strength 1.s 50-60 kilograms per square meter, yield strength is 35-45
kilograms per meter, and elongation is now 5.5-8 percent.
Attempts have been made to reduce the cost of heat treatments and tempering
processes. This is important for Hungary because capacity for heat treatment
is relatively small, when considered in the light of the malleable cast-iron
casting requirements of the Five-Year Plan. To increase production, the time
required for heat treatment will have to be reduced. Experiments have been con-
ducted. an the past with this end in view. Attempts have been made to achieve
the heat chemical composition of the castings, and tempering methods have been
put into effect whLch reduced the 140-1'70 hour tempering time through the use
of induction furnaces. Under present Hungarian conditions, and if the castings
have the most favorable composition, tempering time can be reduced to 90-100
hours in continuous furnaces and to 140 hours in muffle furnaces. Further re-
duction could be obtained only through the gas-phase process. Furnaces used
for this process are manufactured in England only and, since the process is
patented., its application involves the payment of royalties. The purchase of
these furnaces would require expensive foreign exchange. In addition, it is
quite expensive to operate these furnaces, since the fuel used is electricity.
The idea of using this type of furnace has been abandoned, therefore.
After preparing the silicon-magnesium additive for the spheroidal-graphite
castings, there are two possibilities for the manufacture of castings which can
be heat treated rapidly. One involves the manufacture of malleable cast-iron
castings with a low silicon content at the start. It can be raised later by the
addition of the silicon-magnesium additive. This additive does not cool mal-
leable cast-iron castings, even the thinnest pieces flow out, and the added
silicon assures the separation of the cementite from the numerous temper-carbon
seeds. This process is facilitated by the fact that through the application of
silicon magnesium, the magnesium exerts a strong desulfurizing action. Through
the application of this process, favorable results have been achieved from 12-
17 hours of heat treatment.
The other possibility is the manufacture of spheroidal-graphite castings,
but silicon priming is not used and the spheroidal particles appear in a
cementite, not pearlite, bed. The cementite composition can then be broken up
after a few hours of heat treatment.
Spheroidal-graphite castings are malleable. If the iron, flowing from the
smelting furnace and poor in sulphur content, is treated with silicon magnesium
in addition to phosphorus and manganese, an alloy will be obtained which does
not have to be transformed to steel in Martin and induction furnaces to render
It malleable. Thus, malleable castings can be obtained in one step. On the one
hand, this would free to a certain extent Hungarian induction and Martin furnaces
and, on the other hand., this process renders the production less expensive. Hun-
gary is not at all backward in this type of research, but is on a level equal to
that reached by industrially advanced countries. The deficiency is that industry
takes a very long time to put the described processes into practice. Difficul-
ties will be encountered in the production of ordinary iron castings although
this, field of manufacture has a background of several hundred years.
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