INFORMATION FROM THE BOOK DESULFURIZATION OF COKE GAS AND OTHER COMBUSTIBLE GASES BY N. N. YEGOROV, M. M. DMITRIYEV, D.D. ZYKOV

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700010355-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 20, 2011
• Sequence Number: 355
• Publication Date: September 28, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO. --
DATE DIST. 2 S' Sep 1951
HOW
PUBLISHED Book
WHERE NO. OF PAGES 11
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE 1950
PUBLISHED SUPPLEMENT TO
LANGUAGE Russian REPORT NO.
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific - Chemistry, gas purification
MFO
CONTAI
AFFEC OFISTHEC UNITED STATES3 W I THIN ATHE MEANINGBOF THE E3PIONAGED ACT N 50
U S C..31 AND 3E. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
U.
NIBITE0 BV TLAW. REPRODU TION OF THIS FORM OISI PROHID 13 PRO
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Ochistka of Sery Koksoval'nogo i Drugikh Goryuchnikh Gazov, Metallurg-
izdat, (State Scientific Technical Publishing House of Literature on
Ferrous and Nonferrous Metallurgy)0
INFORMATION FROM THE BOOK "DESULFURIZATION
OF COKE GAS AND OTHER COMBUSTIBLE GASES
BY N. N. YEGORO ,_M. M. DMITRIYEV, D. D. ZYKOV
The treatment of combustible gases and gaseous fuels is of con-
siderable industrial, military, and economic importance because (a)
gases treated by the methods described are used in synthesis and thus
converted into other products, for instance, liquid fuels; and (b)
efforts are being made in the USSR to replace solid and liquid fuels
with gas and, in connection with this, to introduce efficient methods
of flameless surface combustion.
The commentary, preface, selected excerpts, two tables and the
complete table of contents of subject book are given below.
Russian Edit al Commentary
This book gives a review of methods of purification of combustible gases
from hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfur compounds. In the case of methods
which are of the greatest practical importance for industry, a description and
calculation of basic equipment is given and the production coefficients are
cited. Furthermore, conditions for the purification of the gas prior to de-
sulfurization are described, as well as methods for the utilization of hydrogen
sulfide gas obtained in cyclic purification procedures. The most important de-
sulfurization processes are evaluated and compared.
The book supplies information needed by engineers and technical workers
of the coke-chemical and gas industries. It may also be of use to students
who specialize in the conversion of fuel and combustible gases.
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Preface
The law on the Fourth Five-Year Plan [9l.6 - 195] has set the task of in-
creasing the utilization of gaseous fuel for industrial and household purposes.
To accomplish this task effectively, it is necessary to apply the most efficient
and economical procedures for removing hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfur com-
pounds from gases utilized in this manner.
The present work illustrates the contemporary status of questions connected
with desulfurization and describes the most important methods of purification.
The existing literature on these questions is out of date, incomplete, or
lacks a critical evaluation and comparison, so that the present book supplies
an essential need.
Excepts From Various Chapters
Coal from the Donets Basin contains 5-6% S; that from the Kuznetsk Basin
usually no more than 0.5% S; and Karaganda coal about 1% S. Desulfurization
of coke gas is therefore of the greatest importance when Donets coal serves as
crude material C 7.
The arsenic-soda method of purification from hydrogen sulfide was developed
in the USSR in 1930 - 1932 at UNIKhIM (Ural Scientific Research Chemical Insti-
tute), Sverdlovsk. It was studied in detail at MIN '(Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Coal Chemistry), Kharkov, and by the Gazoochistka Trust (Gas Purifica-
tion). This method is being applied extensively in the USSR industry at present.
The modified process developed in the USSR represents a simplification as com-
pared with the method described in US publications. This is shown by reaction
schemes given in the text 5p 51-5.2/-
The so-called cyclic. processes involve absorption of hydrogen sulfide by a
liquid sorbent, removal of hydrogen sulfide from the sorbent in a distillation
column, and recirculation of the sorbent to absorb more hydrogen sulfide. In-
stallations of this type were introduced in the 1930's and have been applied on
an extensive scale in recent years. In the USSR a considerable amount of work
on the introduction of this type of processes was done by M. S. Litvinenko and
M. V. Gofttman (UKhIN), who used carbonate solutions for the removal of hydrogen
sulfide from coke gas. Application of cyclic methods for the purification of
other industrial gases was investigated by S. M. Golyand at NIOGAZ (Scientific
Research Institute of Industrial and Sanitary Gas Purification) and Leybush at
GIAP (State Institute of Nitrogen Industry). Development work on the earliest
Gazoo-
projects involving application cyclic
was b investigated
chistka Purificationunderapplicationsofsethwas carried anolamines out
by A. P. Andrianov and S. M. Golyand.
As far as evolution of absorbed hydrogen sulfide on heating is concerned,
the most advantageous properties among chemical solvents are exhibited by ethano-
lamine solutions and salts of amino acids (alkazid) 5p 94-1037.
For the conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur, a catalyst of the type
used at copper-sulfur plants may be utilized to advantage. According to tests
carried out at NIOGAZ this catalyst is distinguished by a high and constant
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activity. The catalyst is prepared by mixing aluminum cement, aluminum hydroxide,
aluminum powder, a calcium hydroxide suspension, and water. The resulting mass
is then poured into molds and allowed to solidify. On solidification the mass is
ground. The catalyst has the following composition: 7.36% i102 46.89' A1203,
5.81% Fe203, 38.07% CaO.
Certain grades of bauxite are also satisfactory for use as a catalyst in this
conversion /pp 222-227.
kdareouunsuitable
For various reasons, some of the methods described
tinath mbook
fog practical application at this stage. This applies
several processes and to all oxidation methods with the exception of the one uti-
lizing arsenic. One must also exclude older methods which have been used in the
industry, but are relatively inefficient from the technological and economic stand-
points. Thus, wet iron-alkali methods are less advantageous than the arsenic-
alkali process because the latter yields purer sulfur. The ethanolamine cyclic
process is preferable to the phenolate cyclic process, because the ethanolamine
r
method, with the same initial outlay and costs for maintenance, yields aopurer
gas and is applicable in the presence of CO2 and even of some oxygen.
practical purposes, purification with ethanolamine has already replaced the phen-
olate method.
The cyclic tri-potassium phosphate and alkazid methods have specialized ap-
plications only. Tri-potassium phosphate is used when purification must be carried
out at a high temperature (up to 900). The only advantage of the alkazid method,
which is widely used in Germany, is selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in
the presence of large quantities of carbon dioxide, but the ethanolamine method
(under application of triethanolamine) shows the same selectivity (data of the
Gazoochistka Trust).
There are only individual installations using the ammonia and iron cyanide
methods. In view of the lack of experience with these iztallations, an evalua-
tion of the methods in question must be delayed.
The methods which are of importance from the point of view of extensive ap-
plication in industry are: (1) desulfurization with iron hydroxide
(method);
(2) desulfurization with activated carbon (dry method); (3) arsenic-alkali (wet); (4) treatment w:-.th ethanolamine (wet); (5) vacuum-potash method (wet);
and (6) vacuum-soda method (wet). Methods 1 and 2 are suitable when the hydrogen
sulfide content is low, with 2 preferable in large installations. As distinguished
from 3, processes 4, 5, and 6 are cyclic, and therefore of greater economic ad-
vantage. However, 3 yields elemental sulfur, which is a commercial product, while
4, 5, and 6 result in hydrogen sulfide. If the desired end product ib sulfuric
acid, the cyclic processes yielding hydrogen sulfide are preferable to 3. In
Method 3 a lot of power and comparatively small amount of steam and water are used;
in 4, 5, and 6, on the other hand, much steam and water and a relatively small
amount of electric power are used. As far as the degree of purification is con-
cerned, 4 is the most efficient method. Unless the gas pressure is elevated, 4
.,is followed by 3 and 5 or?6, in that order. Among the cyclic methods, 4 has every
advantage. However, one must also consider the composition of the gas in select-
ing the method 5p 233-237
-3-
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Composi
and Their Hydrogen tion of Natural (Oil Field) Gases
Table 7 fp- if. Sulfide Content in Volume Percent
origin of Gas H2S
Kuybyshev gas
(Kalinovka)
N2 C02
CH4 C2H6 yHS C! Ylg
1.0 14.5 0.2 76.7
3.0-4.6 1-7
Kinel'neft' 10.0
cKinel' Petroleu& 2.0
1.4-1.6 39-57
0.8 71.7
4.5 1.7 o.8 o.6
2.8-11.7 13-16 10-11 8-11
4.o 3.0 1.5
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Table 41 Lpp 236-23 17. Orientation Data on the Applicability
of Various Methods for the Desulfurization of Gases
Coke gas from
Southern plants 18-22
Eastern plants which
use Kizelevsk coal* 35-40
Low-temperature coking 20-40
T.nw-temperature coking
of combustible shales b-o
Hydrogen installations 4-20
Water gas 4-6
Generator gas (produced
by steam and air blow-
ing) from
Anthracite 3-4
Method of Purification When Gas is To Be Used for
Syntheses
Heating of Metallurgical and Conver- Conveying Over For Household
Boilers Furnaces sion Long Distances Needs
Arsenic or Arsenic or potash + dry method (iron hydroxide)
potash
Dry method (iron hydroxide)
Arsenic Arsenic or potash + dry method (iron hydroxide)
Ars nic or Arsenic Arsenic or potash + dry method (iron hydroxide)
potash
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Coal from Moscow
Basin
Gas from petroleum
conversion
Method of Purification When Gas Is To Be Used for
synthesis
Heating of Metallurgical and Conver- conveying over For Household
sio_ n Long Distances Needs
Furnaces
Boilers
Arsenic or
potash
Arsenic or
potash
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Arsenic or potash + dry method (iron hydroxide)
_ Arsenic or potash + dry method
(iron hydroxide or activated
carbon)
_ Ethanol Fthanolamine + Ethanolamine
amine drying
Ethanol- Ethanolamine Lthanolamine
amine or
tri-potas-
sium phos-
phate, when
temperature
of gas is
high
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Page
6
7
c
Chapter 1. Character s 7
Combustible Gases
Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduct{.on
s of Coke Gas and Other
ti
7
Coke Gas
10
Low-Temperature-Coking Gas
10
Water Gas
Generator Gas 11
11
Natural Gas
Gas Produced by Underground Gasification 12
Chapter 2. General Requirements in Regard to the Quality 12
in Desulfurization of Combustible Gases
Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide From Gases 16
Part I. Dry
Chapter 3. Purification With Ferric Hydroxide 16
Fundamentals of the Process 16
The Purification Mass 17
Production Flowsheets and Working 18
Principles of the Apparatus
Operational Indexes of the Apparatus 31
Control of the Operation of Installation 32
Determination of the Quantity of Purification 32
Mass
Calculation of the Apparatus 32
Purification of Gas Under Increased Pressure 34
Extractior With the Use of Spherically Shaped 36
Lumps of the Purification Mass
Chapter 4. Purification With Active Carbon 37
Fundamentals of the Process
Activated Carbon
Production Flowsheet
Apparatus
Production Indexes
37
40
40
47
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v V III .u.r" . ouA"I -HUM
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Part II.
Oxidation Methods of Wet Purification From Hydrogen
Sulfide
48
Chapter 5.
Basic Conditions of Wet Purification
49
Chapter 6.
Iron-Alkali Methods
51
Chapter 7.
Arsenic-Alkali Methods
52
Fundamentals of the Process
55
Production Flowsheet
61
Basic Apparatus
66
Brief Calculation of the Installation
73
Chapter 8.
Iron Cyanide Methods
73
Fundamentals of the Process
76
Production Flowsheet
79
Operation Indexes
80
Modifications of the Process
82
Chapter 9.
Other Oxidation Methods
82
Nickel Method
83
Wet Ferric Hydroxide Method
83
Methods Using Sulfur Dioxide
Use of Salts of Organic Acids and Copper 84
Compounds
Use of a Suspension of Activated carbon 85
86
Part III. Combined Methods of Wet purification 86
Chapter 10. Polythionate Methods
90
Chapter 11. Sulfite-Bisulfite and Catalytic Methods
94
Part IV. Cyclic-Methods of Wet Purification
94
Chapter 12. Fundamentals of the Cyclic Method
General Scheme of the Cyclic Process 94
Selection of the Absorbent Solution 96
Fundamentals of the Calculation of Apparatus 105
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Page
Chapter 13. Purification With Amino-Alcohol Solutions
(Ethanol Amines) 110
Fundamentals of the Process 110
Production Flowsheet 123
Characteristics of the Basic Apparatus 125
Operation Indexes 138
Chapter 14? Extraction of Hydrogen Sulfide ')y
Ammonia. Solution 142
Chapter 15. Absorption of Hydrogen Sulfide by Carbonate
Solutions 149
Chapter 16. Purification by Solutions of Alkali Carbonates
Without Utilization of the Hydrogen Sulfide 155
Chapter 17- Purification by Soda Solution With Utilization
of the Sulfur
Fundamentals and Flowsheet of the Process 159
Production Data and Characteristics of the
Equipment
Calculation of the Material Balance
Chapter 18. Purification by a Potash Solution
Fundamentals of the Process
Purification at Normal Pressure
Purification at Elevated Pressure
Chapter 19. Purification by Solutions of Salts of
Phosphoric Acid
Chapter 20, Purification by Phenolate Solution
Cha ter 21 Purification by Solutions of Amino-Acid Salts
p
163
165
168
168
170
174
180
184
(Alkazid Purification) 189
Fundamentals of the Process 159
Production of Flowsheet 192
Properties of the Equipment 193
Scope of the Application of the Alkazid:.
Purification Process 195
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198
Part V. purification of Gases From Organic Sulfur Compounds
Chapter 22. Catalytic Purification
Fundamentals of the Process
199
Production Flowsheet
Characteristics of the unit for 20,000 Nominal
Cubic Meters per'Hour
Preparation of the Catalyst Mass
Production Indexes
ti Organic Sulfur
n
190
198
202
205
206
g 210
Chapter 23. Other Methods of Elimina
Compounds
212
Part VI. Preparation of Gas for Purification From sulfur
Chapter 24. Effect.of Admixtures and Their Removal 212
From the Gas
212
Dust
213
Tars and Oils
214
Naphthalene
214
Sulfur Dioxide
215
Cyanides
216
Oxygen
218
Carbon Dioxide
218
Chapter 25. Cooling of Gas
220
Part VII. Utilization of Hydrogen Sulfide in Cyclic Methods
Chapter 26. Catalytic Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to 220
Sulfur
General Principles
Physico-Chemical Foundations of the Catalytic
Method
The Catalyst
roduction Flowsheet.
Characteristics of the Basic Equipment
Production Indexes
220
222
223
227
228
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Chapter 27. Conversion of Hydrogen sulfide to Sulfuric Acid
ulfide Methods of PurificPtion
Part VIII. Comparative Evaluation of
of Gases From Hydrogen
Bibliography
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229
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