SOVIET CAPACITOR CONSTRUCTION AND ITS IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700010567-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 21, 2011
• Sequence Number: 567
• Publication Date: October 11, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION CONFLUENTjAL V
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1949
factor DATE DIST. // Oct 1951
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
COUNTRY USSR
Scientific ~ Electricity, capacitors, power
SUBJECT
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED Nov .1919
LANGUAGE Russian
AFFECTING NATIONAL
CONTAIN OFIST HECU UNITED STATESS INFO THINATME MEANINO `M[ ESPIONAGE OACTN SO
NE' R TO IT ISSI H1 AIVON
ASANTp UASUTMOR 1[0 PERSON IISAPIRO-
OF ITS CONTENTS IN A AMENDED
NIEITED BT LAW REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED
NO, OF PAGES 14
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Flektric.he's t!rc, No ll, 1919, pp 1O'--9.
OB
SOVIET CAPACITOR CONS`I JCT'_3N ANSI 'TS IMMEDIATE PRLE
t9. M. Morozov, (;and Tech Sci
Condenser Plant, Ministry of Elec industry
Submitted 12 August 1949
(Elektrichestco ab tract 1'" use of. capacitor=, especialiy high-voltage
capacitors. has Drown enormously in electric engineering and many other fields.
The wide of technical requirements has made necessary the construction of
many differL'Llu type= of capacitor_-, The present status of Soviet, capacitoricon-
struction to meet high-current requirements is briefly reviewed and tas
problems involved in construction and in scientific research are set forth.)
As a rule, paper impregnated with suli ui drorisemiliquidsis used as a di-
electric for capacitors which are to Q
The most difficult conditions for capacitor insulation arise during the
continuous action of an alternating vroltage. In rectified voltage circuits,
pulse systems, etc., working conditions are easier.
High-current capacitors may be divided, according to the difficulty of
their operating conditions, into the foliowing groups'1. Capacitors for power-factor improvement in normal acdcircuitd, forrg-
overvoltage protection for voltage regulation, and for periolly
oscillatory circuits. tion 2. Capacitors for high-frequency protecion liofneshighand-voltashunge
lines and for communication along
capacitors for high-voltage do transmission lines
3. High-frequency (up to 10 kc) for smelting, heating, and hardening
equipment.
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CON F I 4,11L
CONFIDENTIAL
power per unit. While a 90Wkva unit is required ointor er t testa 10--kilovar
reach
capacitor, under triple test voltage, the power 900 kva when the power of the capacitor is 100 kilovars.
At present, take 10 kilovars for impregnation with oil or 15 kilovars of ca
ors for for impregnation with scvol as the basic unit of as group more capacitors than
power factor improvement at normal frequency. This
the prewar units of 6 and 21 kilovars and permits production in large series.
As a general rule, it is advisable tc produce large units for voltages
of 3, 6, and 10 kv.,
Table 1 gives basic data on a group of capacitors for kilovar supply of
the first standard size being produced at present The characteristics of
prewar capacitors are also given for comparison.
LSee table on following page;!
4
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Yr of Voltage Capacitance Power
Type production (kv) (?f a) (kvar)
KM10-10-1 1948 10 0.38 10
lcM6-1o-1 1948 6 l.0 10
143-10-1 1948 3 4.2 10
Produced in the prewar period by the KZETA (Kiev plant of Industrial Electrical Equipment).
Produced in the prewar period by the MTZ (Moscow Transformer Plant)
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1948 0.5 110.0
1948 0.38 110.0
Size of Wt Kg/ Cu dm/ Sq dm/ Cost per
case (mm) (kg) kvar kvar kvar kvar (rubles)
380 x 110 23 2.30 1 46 3.43 76
350
380 x 110 23 2.30 1.46
350
380 x 110 23 2 30 i-46 3.46 76
350
35D
5 380 x 210 23 4.60 2.92 7.0 225
1948 0.22 220 0 3 380 110 23 7,7
-2F,n
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From conditions governing c
(the casing, in particular), we can
powers for capacitors of the second size as shown in Table 2.
Larger units of the order of 100 or more kilovars must be manufactured in-
dividually under special specifications.
To regulate voltage in transmission lines withd the aidcofacipacitornbatted
teries, the use of standard single.-phase 3-, 6.,
in series is proposed. These would have the proper insulation with respect to
ground. In this case, there would be no need for making an capacitors for volt-
ages higher than 10 kv, Selection of a maximum power of 40 kilovars for a series-
produced capacitor (Table 2) is based on the fact that, up to this power, it is
possible to manufacture capacitors inlsm weldeoversd
and without hermetic sealing, ,
meanscomparison
gasketswith
to very
the case reliably
coverrnisn attached operates
andcboltstors in which the ture of Conde Table 2. Typical Size)nsers for Kilovar
Supply in Industrial Networks (
voltage
No-of Phases
Power l kvar
Impregnatcd With Impregnated
Mineral Oil With Sovol
~~
10 3
220 5 15
380 10 30 3
500 20 40 1 and 3
3,000 25 t0 1 and 3
6,000 25 t0 '_ and 3
10,000 25
The expenditure of paper per kva for a working voltage of 220 v is approxi-
mately three times that for 3. 6, and 10 k, The man-hours required per kva at
low voltage i4 also several times greater than at high voltages. Finally,tthes
production efficiency of the main equipment ca'_cu_ated in kva is alsoa3.3itie. c
higher for the production of high-+olt.ag capacitors than mfor ake the c;t of low-
These factors and the price of 7-8 micron capacitor pacitor paper make teapacttofs.
s
voltage capacitors coniderably high r produce high 'voltage capacitors-
As a result., it is considerably more efficient to pr_
In developing plans for kilovar supply of many large systems, some planning
organizations are inclined to. recommend the use of low voltage :apacitors. For
example, the construction of 380..v compensating units with a power of 30,000-
40,000 kilovars is planned in one of the systems. In the final analysis, the
determined
ratio of low-voltage capacitors to the total factory outputo must
by the voltage requirements of the consumer.;g e strongly
rmmend ma ing aen
careful technical and economic survey of B i requirements
souedeo. This
eral interests of the government in allocating ki_ovar supply
study should include not merely the comparative cost per kilovar of low and
high-voltage capacitors, but, also the most advantageous use of materials and
production capacity in manufacturing static capacitors. There seems to be in-
voltage
more tharts hrthe ecapacitors: defe'ctsainccapacitor paperrhave al e in
sufficient
operation than high-voltage
greater effect on n the operation of low voltage capacitors owing to the small
number of paper layers in them and to these layers' very large capacitance.
Where smooth regulation and distribution of active and reactive loads for net-
works of transmission lines is desired, it Is preferable to install large high-
voltage regulated capacitor batteries switched on and off at the discretion of
the dispatchers of the power system. Hence, it is to be expected that use of
low-voltage capacitors for power-factor improvement should temporarily be lim-
ited to cases where it is absolutely necessary.
CONFIDENTIAL
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To increase the reliability of postwar capacitors for power-factor im-
instead the vorking
of soldered, thusgradient
me-
provement, the ign
increasing thei
welded revised
s of ste cgsin
seam o
chanical strength- Changes have been made in the working parts of capacitors
to improve cooling.
The specific characteristics of the postwar series according to such in-
dexes as weight and volume per kiiovar ahi i than those prewar
Comparing the prewar KFM6 of reE KZETA Plant with
see that the power ^f the latter has been increased 66% while its volume has
in,rees.d only iO%, although the working gradient of the design was reduced
from 14 kv/mm in 1938 to 1= k''/mm in 1948 Such capacitor characteristics as
the loss angle and insulation resistance are sufficiently high in the postwar
The manufacture in the 'JSSP .o equ pmen+ for induction smelting, beating
_ -
+_ e de e nt :f =r u}; .,.u-rent eau citors for a wide
and hardening re i.._re,). ek,nr 'led, capacitors of one
and -D,-age:
range of frequent. for feuencies of 500 to
standard size were built for ind:ct'rn-a-~ furra(-. 4
000 :yc.ies at voltages of 1,5C0 to 000 v with a power of l2 14 kilovars
per unit. At present, capacitors are being preducedcfor 500, 1`r000,, 2,000,,
2,500 and 9,000 cycles with voltages ranging from 37~ 3,000 power and from 10 to 150 kit:'ar5.
The construction of assembly lines in -iariou. branches of andust_y and
the inclusion of surface hardening in=tallat:ioni in these lines compelled the
makers ca acito_s tc greatly r.a.acc the area and volume previously required
for capa acitor batteries in such instal. aticns. This was effected by new de-
signs using water cooling to eliminate heat when the capacitor dielectric was
heavily loaded.
Figure _ /figures ho, ----
r fn-n~. eP i?c-; for a ?o:sage of 1,500 v and a
CIA/ snows a g: -~A-
frequency of 2,000 cycles w_th natural ling and on capacitor for the same
voltage and frequency with Ovate' w,^._ch i 1.~:;a'lent co the group.
In a -apacitor with forced co- 'inke ccntsine- with two walls is used in-
stead of theordinarY and e J _ - . - ci led pips-. This designwas suggested
by
by S. K biedvede~' It rra.kea It passib_e ',o connect the cooling ys
urificationwof
or three c.apacitei?s In series and does not _a.1ui any the weight of the
the water or increase in pressure. also greatly reduce.,
capacitor.. These ceptcito-rs can be built in sections and the individual sec-
tions can be connected in parallel or in se .ries.Hence, they y -an
two voltage levels Depending on frequency and votag use efpower o e fncapad of
tors of this size varies from 70 to 1110 ki_o!ara.
mineral oil as an impregnant can increase the power for the same capacitor size
another 30-150% in some frequency ranges. In addition to its other advantages,
the use of forced cooling greatly reduces the c_t per kilovar of the capacitor.
Table 3 gives basic technical data on some capacitors used for induction
heating equipment.
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TechnLcal Cbaracterist Ca
a
PM 160.5
PM 2-0.5
PM 3-0.5
PM 1.5`2
PMV 1-1
CID
99
PMT 0.75 vi
1.5
h
PMV 2.4-2
EH
PMV 1=5-2
PMV o.66-2,5
PMV 0) ..2.5
0.750
PMV 2.750 -2.5
1.5
0.3
PMV 0.750
Cool.in_F
voita$e
kv
capa ,itan--
~?fd)
Power
(Kvar)
requea~.~v
cps)
wt. i` c~yt. a Y k`f :a'
(kq)
3,A.4
0 )
0: L2
l0
2000
_
n, 42
1000
25
i000
25
n 1 ;
70
2C.00
2"
PC
2000
25
9o
2500
o.66
i25
2500
25
0=750
0=750 b
_.5
0.375 22
0.750
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Extensile introduction of high-frequency communication on high-voltage
ansmission lines and employment of modern high-frequency protection against
circuits called for special high--voltage capacitors. These capacitors
short
are designed for outdoor installattandhare coltageeofdthectransmission-,
ions
151, and 220-kv lines. They h and telephone
lines at normal frequency from equipment intended for telegrap
communications and protective circuits and, consequently, provide safety for
Equipment
the personnel. These capacitors block power-frequency currents.
operating in a frequency range from 50 to 300 kc is used for communications
and protective circuits. A capacitor, tuned to resonance at a definite fre-
quency with an inductance connected in series, passes a current at this fre-
quency and, consequently, ensures the operation of the communications or pro-
tective equipment. Capacitors for such purpose although constantly under a
power-frequency high voltage,fa re designedhforosimnltane.ous operation,athhigh t frequency. Ffr hefficient p. practically constant during tem-
capaapacitnc e of these capacitors must remain p substations,
perature and. frequency variations Like other equipment in open they must have proper insulation since they are subject to atmospheric effects
and overvoltages.
These requirements complicate design of capacitors for this purpose, espe-
cially when we consider that their self-inductance must be made as small as
possible.
Figure 2 shows a 110-kv communications capacitor and mounting. It con-
sists of two elements.. For 154 or 220-kv insulation, n three ur elements
be used. These capacitors, which have ln electr cal 1h0 ac It
tics, can be reducad in weight and sir by
20C consisting of two
reliable A than capacitor
is more larger.
is not practical
kv to
elements them
changeable 110 Moreover,
it permits great flexibility in using the elements for both 220-landalbonkfolines
and reduces the number of spares needed. Hence there is no j
trying to make a '220 kv ac capacitor in one element for communications or high-
frequency proteci.i'.) 1..
High-voltage- capacitors'-are required for high-voltage rectifying equipment,
testin devices electron microscopes, X-ray equipment,
radio dc generators, g `
circuits .However, infilters
radio communications, and many ~onhe?aneeds,
ion in rectifiercondensers
circuits. the frequency,
ny,
and are intended for continuous pe- upon
tpis case, an ac component will be superimposed. Depending th effective value of the ac component for these condensers must not exceed a
definite~p"ercentage of the dc component, These percentages are shown in Table 4.
4
Table
Admissible ac Component ( 1
FrequencyL of __~ Components
10
Upto50 0
50 to 300
300 to 2,000 1.5
1.5
2,000 to 10,000 .'
As shown above, from the standpoint of the dilectricload, the
operating
conditions of filters make it possible to employ working gr
than tnose selected for capacitors in ac circuits. In the design of these capaci-
tors, no attention need be paid to losses, and there are no heat-dissipation
problems. Recent improved design has permitted us to greatly reduce the volume
and weight per microfarad of filter condensers (Figure 3).
However, a number of power applications such as the resonance filters of
electric auapricitors operating r on for a high high-voltage dc with transmission,
many others egdire c simultaneous
-9
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
superposition of an alternating component.. The alternating component may ac-
quire very large values, which creates a heat load in the capacitor, For ex-,
ample, filter condensers for traction substations operating comaonmust
normally operate with a superimposed 50 ,500 cps .
Table 5 shows the voltages and alternating components encountered in trac-
tion su stations. It follows from the table`that these ofilter capacitors must
be designed with consideration for ac operating conditions.
Table 5
vol;_ags of ac Effective Value of
Frequency of ac mfd)
Component (v) Cur (amp
Component (cps)
1
530
ti00
600 X68 1.44 900 288 1.75
2
~
1,200 `6'
To allow for the possibility of overvoltages in the supply lines of elec-
trified railroads, capacitors for this application must be highly reliable.
The performance of the 4-kv, 5j fd capacitor manufactured for traction substa-
tions is satisfactory But the extensive ~lectrificationUoft ailroads and t the
problem of reducing the space occup_- by
plifying their installation make it necessary to build capacitors with consider-
ably greater capacitance- At present, a set of capacitors for one resonance
filter consists of '39 units. This number co'l'd be reduced by enlarging the in-
dividual units and installing aiditiona_ tape In the capacitor covers.
Even more rigorous demands. namely, operation on a high dc voltage of the
order of 100 kv with simultaneous superposition of an ac component of about
40 kv, are imposed on capacitor. used. in the switching systems of dc transmis-
o` . this type Fi ire ~, has a test voltage of 250 kv,
sion lines. The capacitor ~ ~,,.. rn k? 6,. which can be used
Figure 5 shows a heavy-?auty 2. ?iu =,ratitc_ _
when alternating components of up t. several hundred cycles are superimposed.
The small size of thi condenser is noteworthy..
A series of high-,voltage pu-se capacitors has been developed in which a
Bakelite cylinder is used instead of a, metal casing with porcelain insulators.
Pulse capacitors can be used a filter capacitors in X-ray equipment, as volt-
age dividers, in electron microscope circuits, etc. Their low weight makes
possible suspension construction with several capacitors co reectedrinoseries
They are manufactured with a capacitance of 0.0022 to 0.03
from 40 to 300 kv,
Figure 6 shows a l10-kv, 0,022 fcfd capacitor and a 60-kv, 0..03 fefd capaci-
?tor, both of the new series in bakelite cylinders. The weight and size of the
new capacitors are only a fraction of that of earlier capacitors with metal con-
tainers and porcelain insulators' This can be easily seen from Figure 7. Of
course, the cost is also considerably lower.
Soviet high-current capacitor construction has made great progress and has
already reached a very high level, especiayhoductioneofbhiggh-volttage
capacitors, For example, 300-'kV, 0.0125 pfd capacitors
very compact form. total height 1 m, cylinder diameter 0.250 m. Special con-
densers have'been designed and built for spark-cuttingequipmment, stabilizers,
electric mining locomotives, electric welding, high-power
circuits, and for many other fields of modern engineering.
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Methods of Connecting Capacitor Sections
Y To reduce the cost of capacitors, it is advisable to have a standard
rd sec-
tion designed for a definite voltage and capacitance. Then, depending
desired voltage and capacitance, a different number of sections can be utilized.
n oitors
f
both hig oprati it tTheo fixed boundariesforsectionse incapac tended for
operating in
low and high voltage. In low-voltage capacitors, the sections are generally
connected in parallel.
Assuming a working gradient of 12 kv%mm and paper 8 microns thick, two
layers are more than sufficient for 220-v capacitors and three layers for 380-v
capacitors. In practice, however, at least three layers are used because of the
probability of weak spots in the paper coinciding. Hence, three layers are em-
ployed for 220-?v high current condensers and four layers for 380 and 500 v.
In the selection of a high-voltage section, attention must be paid to the
influence of the nonuniform field at the edges of dthe epending thickness
of the layer is increased. It is obV
age, a certain number of groups of sections will berconnected theseries withof
sections connected in pbrallel within the group.
opinion was that sections should not be connected in series for capacitors op-
erating in high-voltage rectifier circuits. Thhelarg oenttforathis oo piniondwas
that the distribution of a dc voltage is inversely g
ances. It was feared that there would be a breakdown in the capacitors because
of the unequal conductances of the individual sections after impregnation. At
present, however, we have succeeded in using Series connection of sections not
only for capacitors operating in ac circuits but even for those used in high-
voltage rectifier
to e cut f down circuits,size, and makes produce kv condensers
in a single casing.
Conclusions
on and development of the national economy of the USSR en-
The restorati
visaged in the Five-Year Plan: cats for thefwgomeaiuresuineSo eiengineert
construction in order to satisfy the requirements
ing
f capacitors in production to correspond
c
t
l
.
ure
a
nomenc
Broadening the
to the requirements of industry and scientific institutions by developing new
types.
2. Improvement of capacitor characteristics by better specifications for
individual Parts and improvements in design and production.
3. Improvement ofaperformancetbyirreducing githe weight and size of capaci-'
/'-tors and by studying
4. Maximum unification and standardization of capacitor units and parts
and reduction of the number of sizes produced.
5, Encouragement of more extensive laboratory research and use of experi-
mental departments of capacitor plants to obtain quicker and better results in
mastering and introducing new methods.
6. Design and manufacture by the machine-building industry of single-
operation equipment for producing high-current capacitors.
7. Collection of data on the behavior, service life, and causes of break-
down of capacitors for power-factor improvement.
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The ris-
industrial capacitor construction is a comparatively new field.
ing demand for specialists is an indication of the great importance of scien-
tific research in this development, Research should concentrate on the follow
ing lines: process to eatab
1. Study and improvement of the drying and impregnating p
lish the optimum temperature and vacuum conditions and the sequence and duration
of their changes in order to cut down the total time requithe red course of process,
2 Study and introduc=ion of t-thod,,-f=r i^hPhele~ectzica_ parameters of
and impregnating pr?c FS` according purpose,
the capacitor and de,re=opment of equipment _ r this pa'rP
Study o the feasibility of using high-frequency currents to speed up
the drying p:c 5Ss
6 %odernization of equipment for the drying and. impregnating process
Verification' of data obtained on the use in high-current capacitors of
5? chlorinated substances of the pentachlorodiphenyl
ne, imr egnario particularly
type ,, ith various stabilizing admixtures and add_t.ive''to increase the dielectric
o,_, t ant .
._ f _smi':^nductting liquids to im-
6. Research on and evaluaT_ion of the use
pregnate low-voltage ac capacitors.
7. Research on the utilization of metallized paper for high-current capaci-
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tors.
= and electrical parameters of con-
B. Exhaustive research on the physics
denser papers, transformer oil and soirol with a View toward developing new
for thF r.enstru_tion of high,grade condensers, with stable Para
spa ii lca~^^._ i
ecomomir ra.acter I=
meters and go:?d technical and qnaly3iS of capacitor
Establishment of criteria foc `omp_mpnrtnst?nd calcuiating capacitor
design and production. This espec1.11!yi p~ in relation to production pro-
f: capacitanc" and 1 gl` ca ac oon parameters, such + er :Ind impregnan+ n .. i._?, P
ccdure when thy: parameters cf he P
t angle before impregnation: are known,
and operation and
10. Detes~~n~heoryf,ofccapacitor breakdowns~uring testing development of 11. Study of the aging and life of capacitors under various operating
con-
ditions.
12.. Experimental determination and selection olconditionsefficient working
gradients for various capacitor types and operating
13. Comparative study of various capacitor dtermination of
with rei-
tions resulting in capacitcrs having the
gard to volume, cooling surface, and -sight per kva. terminals,
14? Improvements in various structural pants -_ section, casing,
internal assembly, and insulation from the casing.
15. Study of mechanizing assembly processes.
vacuum processes
16. Development of improved for
equipment, main
for construction,
presses, winding machines, etc.
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b.-.BL:OGPAPN_'t
)_ -sr-Factor Improve-
for P
Morozov, M. M.., 'Manufacture of Static. Capacitors
ment," vEP 'Vestnik Elektro-.5romyshlen.,osti!. No 6, 1924.
2. Morozo'a+ N. M-) "TeatinF the F:-9t Consignment of Soviet =.`stic Capacitors
for Power-Factor Improvement and a Draft of Specifications for Capacitor
Manufacture," " VEP, No 9, `93L
Capacitors,' VEP, No 7, 1934.
3. Okulov, P V,, "Overheating, in Paper ~~ ?)i:
4. Ivashchenko, 0. I., and Morozov, M M., "The First Installations of Static
Capacitors of Soviet Manufacture,` Elektrifikat_iya i Elektromonter, No 7,
1425.. '
Connection of Capacitor Units for Power-Factor Improvement,'
5. Moro2o'-r,
Elektrich?af ro. No 6, i9;6.
6. Moro?o^ M. M., "Protecting HighVoltage Capacitor Compensating Units From
Short-Circuit Currents," _`EP', No l9'.6-
7 Mor.ozoir. M. M . "ImpO'tanc? of Stat' Capacitors for Power-Factor Improve-
ment," Prorey;h,ennayaE?nergetrka, N: ,; :94q.
A-, and Mesnyayev, n Z ''Static Capacitors in Operation," Elek-
8. Tayts,
tromonter, No 6, 1936.
9. Medvedev. S.. K.., "Characteristics of Capacitors for Power-Factor improve-
ment at a Frequency of 50 Cycles," `7EP, No 8, 1948.
10. Ioganson, N. Ye,, "Our Static Capacitors," E lektric.heski e Stantsii, No 5,
1937?
11. Okulov, P. V., "Determining Overheating Temperatures in Oil-Filled Capaci-
tors as a Function of Their Parameters," Sbornik Nauchn~kh Rabot Kiyevskogo
Industrial.'nogo Instituta (Collection of the Scientific Works of the Kiev
Industrial Institute , 1935-
12. Grushetskiy, A. N., "Instructions for Operating Static Capacitor Installa-
tions for Power-Factor Improvement," Izdatel'stvo Nauchno-Issledovatel'-
skogo Eksperimentallnogo Proizvodstva Masterskikh Kiyevskogo Industrial'-
nogo Instituta (Publications of the Scientific-Research and Experimental
Production Shops of the Kiev Industrial Institute), 1937.
CONFTDENTIAL
_ ~.
of
rr 5 r~ 6A
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/21: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700010567-0
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CONFIDENTIAL
13. Gertsenshteyn, M. G., and Sokolov, S. L., `Sovol' Capacitors," VEP,
No 12, 1938.
14. Ayzenberg, B. L., "Testing the E:ectrical Strength of 6,000-volt Static
Capacitors," Elektromonter, No 2, 1938.
15. Gertsenshteyn, M. G.., and Sokolova, S.. L,, "Oil and 'Sovol' Capacitors,"
Elektrichestvo. No 3. 19?9.
16. Fedchenko, T k;_ "Defects in the Terminal Insulators of Static Capaci-
tors," VEP. No 12, 1939.
17. Fedchenko, I. K.., "Impulse Stiength of Static Capacitors for Working Volt-
ages of 3, 6 and 10 Kv," Elektricheskiye Stantsli, No 10 and 11, 1939.
18. Medvedev, S, K , and Fines, M N,, 'Cir.:uit