STUDIES ON THE STRENGTH OF STEEL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700070629-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 19, 2011
• Sequence Number: 629
• Publication Date: August 21, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific.- Metals, steel, properties
HOW
PUBLISHED Book
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED 1951
LANGUAGE Russian
VOID COCOON? (017X101 M17ONNATTON XIIICIINI TXI NATIONAL DITTOED
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DATE OF
INFORMATION 1951
Issledovaniya prochnosti stall, Vol XL, TBNIITMASh, Ministry of F.'avy
Mnrh/ n. M-41 a 4.... earn _-- . .. .
This book represents a symposium of 12 articles edited by I. V.
Kudryavtsev, Candidate of Technical Sciences, describing recent
works of T5NIITMASh (Central Scientific Research Institute of Tech-
nology and Machine Buiiding) ill the field of the strength of steel.
Six articles deal with the problem of surface strengthening, and
the remaining six relate to the theory and design of testing ma-
chines and instruments, and other subjects. Titles and brief sum-
maries of all article' are given below.
1. "Determination of Residual Stresses Induced by Shot Peening," by M. M.
Saverin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, pp 6-32, describes a method for de-
termining residual stresses in plates subjected to surface cold hardening in
the process of shot peening which induces in surface layers a plane stressed
state with a high-variation gradient of stresses in depth. The new method,
using a single specimen, permits plotting the diagram of residua1 stresses
along a cross section of the plate, interpolating the middle section of the
diagram. The shape of the complete diagram permits evaluating the precision
of expe:,imental analysis. Application of the new method reveals that not only
the peening process itself but also conditions of fastening the plate have a
great effect on the distribution of residual stresses.
2. "The Fatigue Strength of Steel Products With Surface Defects in the
Form of Thin Cracks," by I. V. Kudryavtsev, Candidate of Technical Sciences
PP 33-59, develops a method of cbtaining cloc?d notches on steel specimens of
high and medium hardness. This method permits studying the influen'e of sur-
face defects such as seams, hair cracks, and corrosion damage, on the fatigue
strength of steel parts. Closed notches cause a sharp de.rease in the resist-
ance of h steel piece to alternating load. Surface rolling considerably de-
creases and sometimes entirely eliminates this harmful effect on fatigue
strength. This favorable effect of surface rolling can be explained by the
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acticn of residual compressing stresses. Subsequent tempering of notched and
rolled steel specimens plays an important role in Maintaining a proper fatigue
limit; high temperature of tempering decrea es the fatigue limit due to the
removal of favorable residual stresses.
3. "Application of the Optical Method for Analyzing the Distribution of
Residual ..resses in the Process of Surface Strengthening of Machine Parts,"
by M. M. Saverin, Candidate of Technicel Sciences, and V. M. Zavartseva, En-
gineer, pp 60-93, attempts to study the distribution of surface residual
stresses directly in the zone of stress concentration by creating in optically
active material residual stresses similar to those nednby surface
hardening,
strengthenir7 processes such as shot peening, surface rolling, case
and others. Optical analysis shows that concentration of residual compressing
stresses in the zone of a notch permits relieving the most critical section of
a machine part from stresses caused by exterior load. This 'actor explains the
high effectiveness of surface ,.~rengthening of parts having various stress con-
centrators, as, for example, surface cuts and scratches.
4. "Effect of Surface hardening by High-Frequency Current and Subsequent
Rolling on the Fatigue Strength of Steel," by I. V. Kudryavtsev, Candidate of
Technical Sciences, and L. I. Savko, Engineer, pp 94-101, corroborates results
of previous studies of surface-hardened steel, showing that the fatigue limit
of a specimen decreases when its chamfered portions have no hardened layer.
Surface rolling of these zones improves the fatigue strength of weakened parts.
Crankshaft journals, which are subject to surface hardening, usually have a
hardened layer interrupted in the critical zone of transition into shoulders,
the induction hardening of which is technically difficult. The authors suggest
combined treatment for crankshaft journals of automobile, aircraft and diesel
engines5end induction hardening of journals and surface rolling of shoulders.
5. "Strengthening Cast S;.eel by Surface Cold Hardening," by M. M. Kobrin,
Engineer, pp 102-121, offers experimental proof of the economic and technologi-
cal expediency, in many cases, of replacing forged steel by surface-hardened
cast steel, which has a low sensitivity to stress concentration and develops
fatigue strength considerably higher than forged steel when surface notches
are present. The high effectiveness of surface cold hardening of specimens
with notches is expl, ied by the concentration cf residual compression stresses
around the notches, and by the stability of these stresses under cyclic load.
Since machine parts, as a rule, have stress concentrators similar to no cbes
on specimens, it may be assumed that the effectiveness of surface cold hardening
will also be nigh under operational conditions. Methods of surface strengthen-
ing, such as surface rolling or shot blasting, art recommended for a number of
cast parts such as crankshafts of internal combustion engines and forging ma-
chines, connecting rods of steam engines, cast ste,.,l rollers of rolling mills,
etc. The fatigue strength of cast steel can be considerably increase! by
special heat treatment consisting mainly of high-temperature long-term diffusion
annealing, which is espec'sll.y effective for parts with a wall thickness above
25 mm.
6. "Increasing the Endurance of the Welded Rotor of the Low-Pressure
Cylinder in a 35,000-Kw Turbine," by H. N. Vidman and I. V. Kudryavtsev,
Candidates of Technical Sciences, pp 122-126, presents an example of prac-
tical application of the surface rollin', method: increasing the endurance
of a high-power turbine rotor, on the surface of which fatigue cracks appeared
in the zone near a weld.
7. "Instrument for the Determination of Relative Vibration Damping," by
an Sciences and N. N.
damping Morganova,
V. I. Prosvirin,
vibra-
describes Doctor
tp 12 7-133,
tions. An optical method used for vibration recording keeps the instrument's
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own losses of e.,ergy to a minimum. The instrument, according to the authors,
will facilitate further study of an essential characterirti.c of steel, namely,
cyclic viscosity, seldom used in technical calculations due to a lack of de-
pendable data on the cyclic visc--ity of metals.
8. "Methods for Studying the Fatigue Strength of Steel Under Bending by
Asymmetrical Cycles," by S. G. Kheyfets, Candidate of Technical Sciences,
pp 134-146, describes a number of methods for realizing an asymmetrical cycle
of reversed bending. The possibility of breaking a specimen under reversed
bending at pulsating compression is experimentally es'ablished, contradicting
the opinion of certain American scientists who assume that fatigue failure can
be caused onll by tensile stressec.
9. "The Resonance Torsional Machine for Fatigue Testing," by 0. 0. Kuli-
kov, Engineer, pp 147-177, describes the K-2 machine which realizes symmetrical
cycles of loading. Loading and torsiometric devices are based on a two-flyG:el
vibratory system. Incorporating the feature of all resonance-type machines,
i.e., including high stresses with small loads, the K-2 possesses, at the same
time, a quality of machines with a two-flywheel system, namely, internal bal-
ance of basic forces.
10. "Selection of Testing Machine Parameters and Permissible Beats of
Specimens in Fatigue Testing," by S. G. Kheyfets, Candidate of Technical
Sciences, pp 178-195, discusses the physical nature of specimen wobbling and
methods for selecting testing machine parameters which keep the harmful effect
of wobbling to a minimum. Suggestions given in the article are based on the
author's previously published investigations.
11. "Utilization of an Optical Method for Measuring Stresses in the Solu-
tio- of Problems With Elastically Plastic Contact," by M. M. Saverin, Candidate
of Technical Sciences, and V. M. Zavartseva, Engineer, pp 196-222, studies the
distribution of specific pressure along the arc of grabbing in the rolling
process. Models of a roll were made of optically active material and a lead
strip was used for experimental rolling. Modeling of the rolling process and
analysis of experimental results corroborate a hypothesis, taken as a hasis for
the new theory of specific pressure distribution, namely, in additicu to two
zones of slipping, i.e., lagging and overrunning, there is another zone be-
tween them where slipping of the rolled metal is absent.
1.2. "Longitudinal Bend of a Beam With a Flat Lateral Support," by R. M.
Brumberg, Engineer. pp 223-256, deals with the calculation of a beam for
longitudinal bending when its buckling is limited by a side support. This in-
vestigation, an answer to practical demands for calculating certain details of
metallurgical machines, gives the solution of the problem under various con-
ditions of beam fixing and for various forms of 'ending which depend on the
relationship between load value and beam dimensions.
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