STEEL-MELTING FOR SHAPE-CASTING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 21, 2011
• Sequence Number: 34
• Publication Date: December 19, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
GENCE AGENCY RE,.r,pr
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
CENTRAL 1-1
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific - Engineering, metallurgy,
HOW steelmaking
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED May 1952
LANGUAGE
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or TN! ulmA Ir+TO nn,. TMI YWINS 01 IS"*'A.I Art So
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0/ ITS COlrtln IN ART NAZI [II TD YIIUIIO SITIO F[p 01 b IlP
x11"50 IT LAW. INFIGOUCIWI OF ANTxls FAIN 11 0AO0IIIOIO.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1952
DATE DIST./9 Dec 1952
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
STEEL-MELTING FOR SHAPE-CASTING
A session of the All-Union Scientific and Technical Foundrynens' Society was
recently held in Moscow to exchange production experience and the latest achieve-
ments of advanced science in the field of steel production for r t
hapecasting.
There were 212 participants in the session; 145 representatives of various
plants, 15 from ministries, and 52 from scientific research institutes. Alto-
gether, 26 technical papers were presented and discussed.
N. N. Dobrokhotov, Active Member, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, in his
report "Fundamentals of the Technology of Melting and Pouring Steel for Shape_
Casting," summarized results of the Joint activity of Soviet scientists and pro-
duction engineers, and outlined radical changes in certain generally recognized
concepts of steel-melting technology, For example, the usual concentration of
manganese in metal during the boiling period is not obligatory at all. He disputes
a widely accepted assumption that pouring of extremely overheated metal causes
high rejection of castings due to hot cracks, porosity, and improper structure,
and advances a new principle: the higher the pouring temperature-of steel, the
better the quality of castings and the lower the percentage of rejection; the
harmful effect of Sow pouring temperatures cannot be offset by any change in the
pouring rate, Rates of steel-pouring accepted by norms thus may be considerably
increased with appropriate improvement in the quality of castings,
The report aroused great interest, and by special request of the partici-
pants Dobrokhotov delivered a lecture on the contemporary theory of metallurgical
processes in steel-melting.
Professor L. M. Mariyenbakh delivered a report, "The Kinetics of Chemical
Reactions in metallurgical Processes," in which he presented a new theory of the
velocities of reversible processes taking place in a liquid phase. He demonstrated
that, with temperature rise, in the beginning an exothermic reaction takes place
in the system; the velocity of this reaction grows with the temperature rise, attains
its maximum, and then drops to zero. Further rise of temperature causes a revers-
ible endothermic reaction, the velocity of which also increases with further tem-
perature rise; the temperature at which the reaction changes its trend is specific
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
for each element. The theory explains all peculiarities and the sequence
of the burning out of various elements in the melting of cast iron and steel and
the process of steel deoxidation.
Engineer S. N. Mylko, in his paper "The Contemporary Technology of Steel
Production for Shape-Casting," presented information on peculiarities of the
technology of steel-melting in open-hearth furnaces at the Voroshilovgrad Loco-
motive Plant, and on those scientific research works which served as a basis for
the development of this technology. Its application has made possible conducting
of rapid melts, elimination of rejection due to porosity, decrease in consumption
of pig iron and ferromanganese, and improvement in the mechanical properties of
steel and particularly in its plastic properties.
Engineer V. P. Tunkov, Stalin Prize Laureate, Engineer Ya. L. Rozenblot, and
S. L. Freydlin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, established in their reports that
the maximum deoxidation of metal and slag and the minimum content of phosphorus
in metal must be achieved in melting high-manga:.2se steel by the basic open-hearth
process. It should he taken into consideration that a large amount of phosphorus
is introduced with addition of ferromanganese, and therefore partial replacement
of the latter with silicon..-.nganese gives good results.
Manufacture c,f high-manganese steel by the acid electric-arc process, based
on the mixing in the ladle of carbon steel with ferromanganese, melted in a cupola
or an oil furnace, or with preheated solid ferromanganese, gives high-quality steel
homogeneous in chemical composition.
To obtain high wear-resistance of castings, heat treatment is required for
securing uniform austenitic structure without carbides.
.Engineer K. Kh. Khayrov submitted a report entitled Method for Depbosphori-
zation of Steel in the Acid Electric Furnace." He discussed experimental melts
of steel containing ordinary charge with the phosphorus content brought to 0.04%
by making basic oxidizing slag immediately after melting the metal, when the fur-
nace lining is not yet very hot. Subsequently, the phosphorus slag is removed
and the new slag is formed.
V. A. Grigor'yen, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his report "Influence
of Deoxidizers on Decreasing the Harmful Effect of Sulfur in the Acid Electric
Furnace," presented the results of an investigation into the effect of various
deoxidizers on the mechanical properties of medium-=arbor steel. It has
been established that the most expedient method for deoxidising steel, melted in
an electric furnace with acid lining, is the application of a silicon-manganese-
calcium alloy (KMK), which provides for better fluidity and higher plasticity
than when the steel is deoxidized with aluminum.
M. A. Perov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his paper "Application of
Acid Electric Steel for Large Castings of Complex Shape," reported, on the.basis
of production experience, that steel melted in the acid electric furnace has mechan-
ical properties almost equal to those of steel made in the basic furnace, under
condition of removal of oxidized slag at the beginning of the melt, slag deoxida-
tion with ground coke at the end of the melt, and final deoxidation wit), silico-
calcium and magnesium.
Engineer M. V. Lipov, in his report "Technology of Steel Productiou for Shape-
Casting in Electric-Arc Furnaces at the NKMZ Plant imeni Stalin," stated that the
Novo-Kramatorsk Machine-Building Plant, which produces various and often unique
castings, sc.ures required qualities of steel in castings by the use of basic
electric furnaces, careful selection of materials for furnace lining, charge, and
fluxes, and also by strict observation of technology, controlling the entire course
of the melt with proximate analysis for determination of. all elements during the
melting process and with temperature measuring.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
Engineer Z. N..Khavin, in his report "New Method for Melting Acid-Resistant
Steel in the Electric Furnace," described a new method developed at the Plant imeni
Leese for making chrome-nickel steel out of a charge made entirely of scrap.
S. Ya. Karmazin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, presented his paper "Combined
Processes of Steel Melting for Shape Casting," in which be suggested a new process
for melting steel successively in a cupola with basic lining and oxygen blast, in
a side-blown converter, and in a steel-melting unit made up of an electric-arc
furnace and an electric mixer fed with current from a single three-phase transformer.
Engineer M. Yu. Baycher, in his report "New Mechanized Furnaces of Domestic
Make," outlined and analyzed the parameters of all electric melting furnaces designed
by the "Elektrostal" Trust
technical
d
,
an
economical considerations for selection
of furnace power, and operation Indexes of modern electric furnaces.
B. N. Ladyzhenskiy, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his report "Develop-
ment of Steel Production for Shape Casting in Side-Blown Converters," discussed
the quality indexes for various grades of carbon and alloy steels made in side-
blown converters. He showed possibilities for further improvement in quality and
for increases in the production of converter steel, using the cupola with basic
lining for removal of sulfur from pig iron without temperature drop and interrupt-
ing the blowing process at required carbon concentration, incorporating instru-
ments for rapid determination of carbon in the steel.
Engineer V. M. Pishchev, in his report "Production of High-Carbon Steel out
of the Side-Blown Converter," commented on the experiment of producing steel with
up to 1.2% C by the method of mixing in the ladle steel, blown and deoxidized with
ferromanganese in the converter, with pig iron.
S. 0. Byalinitskiy-Birulya, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his report
"Shape-Casting out of Thermit Steel" suggested fabrication of castings out of steel,
obtained by the thermit method, in the case of urgency in obtaining the castings
or when the pouring operation nas to be performed right next to the source of
molten metal.
N. S. Kreshchanovskiy, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his paper "Modi-
fication of Steel As a Method for Improving-Its Mechanical and Technological'Proper-
ties," reported, on the basic of research works and industrial tests, that in-the-
ladle additions of a number of elements change not only crystallization processes
and mechanical properties of steel, but also its technological characteristic.
Modification of steel may decrease, to a great extent, the concentration of gases,
sulfur, and nonmetallic inclusions and increase the density of metal improving
its mechanical properties. Selection of a modifier must take into consideration
the grade of bteel, since the same modifier may have different effects.
V. G. Gruzin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in his report "Methods for-
Measuring the Temperature of Liquid Steel in Melting Furnaces," described a pyro-
meter designed at TsNIITMASh for measuring the temperature of liquid steel by'sub-
mersion, with maximum measuring error from 4 0.8 to - 1.5%.
Engineer T. A.. Tatarskaya, in h' report "Basic Crucibles for High-Frequency
Furnaces," suggested heat-resistant chromomagnesite as lining material for large
and small crucibles.
Professor Yu. A. Nekhendzi, Doctor of Technical Sciences, in his paper "The
Fluidity of Steel as a Technological Index of Its Quality in the Melting Process,"
on the basis of numerous investigations conducted jointly with A. M. Samarin, Cor-
responding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR, established direct relationship among
the fluidity indexes of steel, the quantity and shape of nonmetallic inclusions
in stet-l, and certain properties of steel in castings. The better the fluidity
of steel, the higher are the indexes of its plasticity and impact strength.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1
Engineer S. I. Sapiro in his report "Hydromechanical Processes of Melting
and Crystallization of Steel," and S. M. Beranov, Candidate of Technical Sciences,
in his report "On Interrelation of Certain Properties of Liquid and Solid Steel,"
showed that study of surface phenomena in connection' With capillary-bydromechsnical
processes may give scientific substantiation and satisfactory soluciou of complex
problems in the field of steelmaking.
0. S. Raynus, Candidate of Technical Sciences, in~his paper "Modification of
the Macro- and Microstructure of Steel in Samples Taken in the Course of Heat,"
reported the results of investigation into the structure of steel in respect to
changes in its chemical composition. It was established that the Witmanstatten
structure appears only at a definite content of carbon and manganese.
The resolution adopted at the close of the session suggested the elimination
of certain unsubstantiated operations from steelmaking practice and the introduc-
tion of new materials and progressive methods.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/10/25: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700100034-1