NEW SOVIET RADIO INSULATING MATERIALS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 14, 2011
• Sequence Number: 326
• Publication Date: July 30, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
CLASSI FICATIO,,NCCttIl~~IJ{r:aTliI.
CENTRALSINTE`LIG~ ENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR FZADIO BROADCASTS
C~UNTRY ussR
SUBJECT Scientific -Electronics, insulating
materials
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
DATE
LANGUAGE Russian
.. odcwrrr c . , r . . nx . . rm.? r?x
or'rxc urrtm n?rn.cu rx~x rxc w?riracar r rcu,oxr nr
?xo n?. ar rxe u... cape, a ?xaoco. nrrn?r>aaier o. roc.
DATE DIST. p~,4 Jul 1953
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
NEW SOVIET RADIO INSULATING h1ATERIALS
Prof N. Bogur ~dits'aiy
Dr Ter-h :;a, SCalin Prize 'dinner
In the past decade, great progres, has bc~:n .13dr in the Soviet Union in the
development of inrulating materials. Two decades ago, scaresly three or four
tyres of special ceramic insulating materials were used in radio engineering; now,
Soviet scientists have developed scores of ceramic r_omnounds for various purposes.
The improvement in the quality of radio ceramics produced at present in ::ompari-
son with the prewar type is clearly shown in Table 1, whi:h 11sts the more impor-
tant electrical pro~rerties of ceramics. -
Table 1. Comparativ-, Charnctcristi.~s of Prewar ar.3
Present Radio Cerarll:a
STATE
ARMY
Prewar
Present
Dielectric constant
From 0.5 to 3C
Frcr.. 5.0 to 1;',000
Temperatm?e coefficient
of di
Idot standardized
Positive frur.. + 11^ x 10'^
electri_ constant
to + 0 x I~-~?;
3 ~ ne;atioo
in the temperat~~re
from - 151~~ :: i0-O t
-6
rang-: 20-80oC
o - 50 :c 10
Dissipation factor at
Down to 0.0012
Dorm to 0,0001
radio frequencies at
20oC
Ultimate bending
Up +.c 600
Up t~ ? 000
strength (in kg/sq cm)
NAW
O.IR
- 1 -
RESTRICTED
DISTRIBUTION
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
Along With the improvement in the electrical properties of radio materials,
of no less importance has been the improvement of their physical and mechanical
properties, i.e., moisture resistance, heat resistance, thermal expansion, heat
conductivity, and mechanical strength.
A great many raw raterisls are used in the production of modern radio in-
sulating; materials, especially radio ceramics. While th?_ ordinary electrotech-
nical porcelain contains porcelain clay, feldspar, sad quartz, the production oP
the modern radio ceramic requires, in addition to clays, oxides of barium. cal-
ci~.:m, titanium, strontium, zirconium, and other elements. This necessitntea a
complex technology and new methods for forming end firing parts.
GOST (State A11-Union Standard) Ho 5458-50 for hi,h-Frequency ceramic ma-
terials subdivides these materials into six classes and. establishes definite elec-
trica}.; physical, and rechanical indexes Por each close, as shown in Table 2.
Mable 2. Electrical and Phyaicomechanieal Properties of Aigh-Frequency
Ceramic Material:: (Radii Ceramics/, according to G03T 5458-50
i
Diclectrir~
Conat at f
Equa'L to
Class croup 0.5-5 Mc
i a i3o-1?0
b '70-90
it -- ?0-35
III --
Vi -- '(
Ultimate Stec :;;th
Under Static IIc+~d-
inq (kg/sq cm), a+.;
Class Group Least
I
a
b
300
II
_
8~J
III
--
800
IV
a
1400
t:
14or
V
-"
~5W
Temp Coef of
Dielectric Const
Dissipation Factor (can 5)
f?r f G 1 Me _
for t ~ + 20-+80?C
and f ~ 0.5-5 Mc
~ a 20?
? 5oC
t ~ Oa
t 5?
Fthen
tQoiet
-(1500 ? 150) x 10-6
6x10-4
8x10-~~
8x10-4
-(700 t 100) x 10-~
6x10-4
8x10-4
8x1o-t+
-(Sot 20) ;: to-~
6x10-4
8x10-4
8x10-4
+(30 t 20) .. 1U-~
6x10'4
8x10-4
8x10-4
3x10-4
10x10-~~
10x10-4
20x10-4
30x10-!~
22x10-4
?2x10-4
18x1i~-`~
15x10-4
:?, ; standardi:.e1
12x10-4
--
__
uti 300?
?'0?C
Density
(gc;'~u ::m),
sot Kore
liydr~s ~mi:
Factor (?,~)
Home of Material
Than:
not lQore Than:
in This Claa
4.3
u,02
TiY,ond-1;-0 (T-150)
k.3
0.02
0,02
Tikoad-80 (T-80}
Termokond ;?; (Tlr-2^)
4,0
0.02
Termokond R (TK-R)
3.2
0.02
Radiostezt!te
3?~
G.ii:
Steatite
3.4
O OS'
,
p
U'1:ra orcelair :
2.8
u ? ~~~
p t
t,
Corundum cerac~
The main advantages of the sew radio ~era;aics pr:ou.ed by Soviet plants
~.re the nigh stability oY their electrical ch:.::z teristi-s and also file n?rai7.-
ebility of materials with positive or negative _ ;araturc coefficien~::: of die-
t.eo'.rie constant. The latter permits tamperat.u?: ^ompensation of the parameiero
of o.^.ilt.ator ~cirr;uits. It is very important thati various carts of very sn;al]
size -an be mass-prodrxced from these materials. iMetalized red:.;, ceramics guar-
:rt,: '~~r. sic seals for sari%;ua par+.; of radio e?uipment.
vi -- r 600
t?
STAT
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
One of the moat interesting varieties of radio ceramics produced at pres-
ent is the aeignetto ceramic, first studied by H. M. Vul', Corresponding Member
of the Acadeay of Sciences USSR: sad Stalin Prize winner. Seignetto ceramic
is distinguished by rte exceptionally high dielectric constant, nonlinear de-
pendency of dielectric constant on applied voltage, and by its piezoelectric ef-
fect. 2.:se characteristics invite extensive applications; in particular, it
can be used.for the production of miniature capacitors of high capacitance (see
appended figure) and for crystal elements (as in pickups, for example). It can
be used sa s nonlinear circuit element ea, Por example, in dielectric ampllYiera.
Many Soviet scientists are now working on problems involved in the application
of aeignetto ceramles.
Along with ceramic electric insulating materials, glass of varying com-
position is used extensively in radio engineering. Soviet scientists and en-
gineers have now worked out the production technology oP glass with assigned
physical and electrical properties. Industry is producing t3~es of glass with
different softening temperatures which do not change their properties when acted
on by acids and bases. These types have definite coefficients o? thermal ex-
pansion and breakdown voltages which considerably exceed those of ceramics.
Glass hardened in a special manner (atalinite) can withstand heavy shocks.
Fibers ands from very Yine flexible glass threads (glass fiber) are exten-
sively used as insulation. Easily fused glass of special cc,mposition is used
as a dielectric in miniature capacitors with low capacitance. The ability of
glass to fuse easily with various metals (given the proper choice of coeffi-
cients of thermal expansion for glass and metal) makes it useful in obtaining
hermetic seals for some radio components.
However, ceramic and other inorganic materials cannot satisfy all require-
ments of radio engineering for insulating materials. In many cases, insulating
materials are required that have enough flexibility so that thin, strong fila-
ments, sheets of any thickness, and even films can be made from them. More-
over, high electrical properties of the materials must be maintained. These
requirements can be fulfilled by plastics. The discovery and use in engineering
of these organic substances has been of enormous importance, and now plastics
are used in almost all branches oP industry.
The synthesis of plastics and their ability to change from the liquid to
the solid state is based on the complex chemical effects of polycondensation
and polymerization. For example, the solid polystyrene is obtained from the
liquifl hydrocarbon styrene by means oP polymerization. Polymers and the mate-
rials produced from them (varnishes, synthetic fibers, films, and others) have
been thoroughly studied and are being used in the radio ind.~stry and in other
branches of the econouly.
Let us discuss briefly some of the more remarkable new plastics. P1as-
tica are subdivided into two groups, thermoplastic an3 thermoreactive, on the
basis of he1Y phyrsicochemical properties. Thermoplastic materials soften un-
der heating, harden after cooling, and can be softened again. In contrast to
these materials, thermoreactive materials suffer a sharp change in properties
under heating. In hardening, they obtain considerable mechanical strength and
lose their ability to be softened again by heating. Both groups are used in
the pure form or mixed with various fillers for the production of radio compo-
nents.
Plastic radio parts designed for use in high-frequency circuits are pro-
duced mainly from pure polymers without fillers. Among the high-frequency
plastics with good electrical properties are polystyrene, polydichlorostyrene,
polyethylene, and polytetraPluoroethylene (see Table '3 ). These are all neutral
or weakly polar dielectrics which are obtained by the combining of simpler mole-
cules. Tribe sockets, coil forms, extrusions, insulators, and other radio parts
are poured under pressure from polystyrene. Polystyrene films are used in ca-
pacitors of the paper type; these capacitors are close to the mica type in prop-
erties.
- .3..- .
STAT
~ ~ ~
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
Filaments and films of polystyrene are called styroflex. Film ~tyrofler.
ran be produced in thicrnesses down to 0.015 mm. A feature of atyroflex capaci-
tors in their very high insulation resistance; their time constant exceeds sev-
eral score hours. Polystyrene insulation is also used in the production of high-
frequency cables.
STAT
~~
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
Table 3. Basic properties of the New Organic Materials Used in Radio Engineering
Name
Density
(gm;cu cm)
Dielectrir_
C..nac
Polystyrene
1.03-1.05
2.5_2,7
Polydichloro-
1.4
2,5.2,7
styrene (sym-
metric stru::-
ture)
Polyethylene
0.92-o.9j
2,0_2,3
Teflon
?,1_2.3
2,0
Eskapon
1.0
2.7-3.0
Si]+.ron-organic
Materials
--
2.3-3.5
Polyami.de re-
:.1-1.2
3,j_4,2
sins (kapron,
i .~lyuretane)
Dissina-
tion Fac- Ultimate
for for Neat Frost Bending Zmpact
rf sad Resis- Resis-. Strength Strength
t v 20? taace^ tance s cm) (kg-cm/~sq cm)
.~ 0.0002 60-700 __ 400-1,000+~-* - 6-101
0.0003 90-100? -_ l.nn_i.nnn i. o
0.0003 60-80? down to 50?
0.0002 to 200? down to 1000
0.0005 80-110?~ __
0.0003- 150-200? down to 600
0.0010
0.02-0.04 80-100? down to 500 1,000 50-100
*Temperature of maxiir,un Seating in operation.
~*Depending on the degree of orientation of the :rolecules.
~*kDepending on the degree of polymerization.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5
PolydiChlorestyrene is close to polystyrene in its properties, but its heat
,r resistance is better. Polyethylene is used to insulate high-frequency cables and
some assembly parts because of its electrical properties, elasticity, frost re-
sistance, and nonhygroscopic qualities. Sheets, films, shaped parts, and cable
insulation are prepares from polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as teflon.
Teflon is characterized by its high chemical stability and heat resistance.
Eskapon, a new `synthetic material which replaces ebonite, was developed in
the laboratory of P,,;P. Kobeko, Corresponding Member of the Acadeay of Sci-
ences USSR. Eskapon, obtained by the polymerization of synthetic rubber, ~s
characterized by high heat resistance, high electrical properties at radio fre-
quencies, and is easily worked mechanically. It is used for the production of
assembly parts.
The newest group of plastics includra polyamide resins, which have excep-
tionally high mechanical tensile strengte and impact resistance, high heat resis-
tance, and good adhesion and elasticity. Very fine filaments and fibers can be
obtained from these materials. Polyamide resins are known under the names of
nylon, polycaprolactame, Capron, and also polynu?ethane. These materials are Wised
mainly to replace silk in the insulation of wires and for mechanical protection
and hermetic sealing of paper and ceramic capacitors and other parts. A defect
of the organic materials listed above is their comparatively low heat resistance.
Professor K. A. Andriannv hsa developed new electrical insulatioa materials,
namely, silicon-urQanic high-ao:ecular compounds. These cumpounds may be
liquid, elastic, or solid. They do not break down at temperatures
uY the oraer ur' 2GOoC. silicon-organic insulation is used extensively in i,ue
form of varnish coatings to improve the moisture resistance of radio parts. The
elastic properties of sllicon-organic compounds also make them useful for heat-
resistant insulation for wires, cables, and other parts which must operate under
difficult conditions. Silicon-organic insulation is a notable accomplishment of
Soviet science and is finding ever-in::reasing practical application.
`---v-~ G- Soo-l.i:-^/~ufd
0./ ~ufd aol~fd I,oaoNi.~d -
I/iirog_ ioKv
SeiEnetto Ceramic Capacitors (3/4 actual size)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120326-5