SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIALIZATION MOVEMENT IN CERTAIN AREAS OF CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120552-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 14, 2011
• Sequence Number: 552
• Publication Date: August 18, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120552-4
MAR 195a
CLASSIFICATION RESTRICTED
SECURITY INFORMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
China DATE OF
Economic - Agriculture, socialization,
HOW
cooperatives, mutual aid teams
DATE DIST.I 8
Aug 1953
PUBLISHED
WHERE .
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISH;,)
Semimonthly periodical
Peiping
10 Oct 1952
LANGUAGE
SUPPLEMENT TO
Chinese REPORT NO.
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SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIALIZATION MOVEMENT
IN CERTAIN AREAS OF CHINA
Zomment and Summary: This report surveys the development,
progress, shortcomings, and future plans of certain-mutual aid
teams and agricultural production cooperatives in China, as re-
ported in a number of articles published in the Chung-kuo Nung-
pao (China Agriculture), in October 1952. This socialization
of agriculture is intended to lead the rural population of China
from an individualistic capitalist economy to a collectivized
socialist economy.
The articles were prepared by the responsible committees of
the Chinese Communist Party for the areas concerned and thus
represent official appraisals of the situation under analysis
and official planning for the future.
This report gives information on Heilungkiang Province; Lin-an
Special Administrative District, in Chekiang; Wen-teng Special Ad-
ministrative District, in Shantung; Wu-hsinng Hsien, in Shansi; and
Wu-chin Hsien, in Kiangsu-7
A. Heilungkiang Province
At the end of 1951, in Heilungkiang 72.5 percent of the rural families
were enrolled in mutual aid teams. During 1952, the percentage rose to 88.
At the same time, the number of mutual aid teams dropped from 150,000 to
137,000. This drop indicates enlargement and strengthening of the individual
teams and correction of the former tendency of the peasants to organize with-
out sufficient previous education.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120552-4
B. Lin-an Special Administrative District
The information given below for the development of rural production or-
ganization in the Lin-an Special Administrative District is from a report of
a District Conference of mutual aid teary. delegates held by the Lin-an CCP
(Chinese Communist Party) 27 July t, 2 August 1952.
There was an increase of 59 percent in the number of farmers enrolled in
the production organizations as compared with 1951. By May 1952, there were
14,999 mutual aid teams in the District. Of these, 3,775 were of the year-
round type. There were 12 agricultural production cooperatives. Fifty per-
cent of all households and 46.5 percent of all farmers were enrolled in these
organizations. The patriotic production emulation drive has eliminated the
formalism that formerly persisted in many of the teams.
The Wen-teng Hsien mutual aid movement has a 10-year history. arts
of Shantung were under the control of the Chinese Communist Fourth Route Army
from very early in the Sino-Japanese war.7 Rentals and-interest rates were
reduced and organization of the farmers for cooperative labor began in 1942.
During the war, the deviation of authoritarianism had an adverse effect upon
the development of the mutual aid program. After the war, the pendulum swung
to the other extreme and there was a widespread rejection of the leadership of
the war-time authoritarian cadres who were not really acquainted with produc-
tion activities. There then developed an individualized unintegrated type of
mutual aid movement which persisted in varying degrees until 1952.
Early in 1952, the Wen-teng party committee, in response to directives
from higher levels, instituted a new indoctrination campaign for members and
cadres. Party leadership in mutual aid teams was strengthened and mutual aid
team delegate conferences were held for training; this resulted in the train-
ing of a' skeleton force of 130,000 cadres. Strong organization propaganda
was carried out among all the villages. A high percentage of village cadres,
as high as 92 percent in some areas, joined the mutual aid teams. The prin-
ciples of voluntary membership, steady, even progress, and democratic control
were applied. In a short time, 50 percent of the peasants were organized,
doubling the 1951 membership. Under this new program, spring work proceeded
with amazing creed. Also during the spring, 21,000 wells were dug, 4,100
dikes were repaired, and over 3,600 small reservoirs were completed.
The more than 10,000 military aid teams now in the area enthusiastically
joined in the patriotic production emulation drive. During the first quarter
of 1952, the supply and marketing cooperatives sold the farmers 60,400,000 cat-
ties of various types of fertilizers as compared with 70 million catties for
the whole of 1951.
D. Wu-hsiang Bien
There were widespread Cc?ununist party organizations in Wu-hsiang Hsien
as early as 1933. The people thus early developed a high degree of political
consciousness and coordination with the party. Cooperative production organi-
zation began as early as 1.942 - 1943. At. present, 92 percent of the rural
population are organized.
E. Wu-chin Helen
The information for this report on rural organization in Wu-chin Hsien
comes from a report by hsien party officials of a conference of mutual aid
team leaders held the latter part of July 1952.
STAT
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/14: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120552-4
In the past, the mutual aid movement in the area has been beset by a
number of weaknesses such as:
1. Self-satisfaction which resulted in stagnation.
2. A lack of political instruction resulting in extremism, either left-
ist or rightist There has been a tendency to eliminate intermediate steps
in a quick drive toward socialism, and, on the other hand, a tendency to lean
toward capitalism and to look forward to becoming wealthy farmers or merchants.
3. Mutual aid team leaders from the middle-peasant class promoted their
own ideas and neglected the interests of the poor farmers.
4. There has been too much emphasis on production and too little on po-
litical indoctrination.
5. Many cadres have manifested marked unwillingness to assume responsi-
bility and have tried to avoid attending meetings on the grounds that they in-
terfered with production.
6. The principle of voluntary membership has been disregarded. Those
who failed to join were regarded as not entitled to loans or were even stig-
matized as counterrevolutionaries. Again, it was said the voluntary princi-
ple applied only to ,joining, not to leaving the mutual aid team.
7. Seasonal mutual aid teFurs were looked down upon and year round mutual
aid teams were glorified. This revealed a failure to grasp the principle of
orderly progress from simple to complex.
8. A failure to implement the principle of to each according to his ef-
fort" in determining pay scales for labor.
During 1952, the mutual aid team movement has been strengthened by
the example of agricultural production cooperatives and collective villages.
Mutual aid teams are looking forward to becoming agricultural production co-
operatives and are taking such preparatory steps as making application to
hsierf authorities for authorization to reorganize, acquiring common property,
and shifting from oxen to horses in order to use modern machinery.
The percentage of the more permanent types of mutual aid teams is
continually increasing.
The Heilungkiang mutual aid teams quickly progressed from labor ex-
chang