METAL CERAMIC (POWDER METALLURGICAL) MATERIALS AND HARD ALLOYS USED IN SOVIET MACHINE BUILDING

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CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3
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December 22, 2016
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September 13, 2011
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December 8, 1953
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REPORT
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 CLASSIFICATI01~ RESTRICTID CEIJTRALi, INT~ ELLIGENCE A~GETINCY~ INFORMATION FROM FOREIGN DOCUMENTS, OR RADIO BROADCASTS COUNTRY USSR SUBJECT Economic; Technologies,], -Powder metallurgy, HUW machine building PUBLISHED Book WHERE PUBLISHED Moscow DATE PUBLISHED 1952 LANGUAGE Russian CIO) T itC I[. .[Lr, p.f [, ?.D )I?p, yp 1.[rD, t. IpD[, ?f u.!?Dlp. Iif T ?t)[' una . ~n cp?rt.n ro a? .an?r n .. ,,.?,?...~...._ ___ REPORT CD NO. DATE OF DATE DIST. ~ Dec 1953 NO. OF PAGES 16 SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT N0. THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION ravochnik Mashinostroitelva (Machine Building Handbook), Vol 2, Chap- ter 7, published by Mashgiz METAL CERAMIC (PGWDER M>;'TIT1ILLURGICAL) MATERIALS AMID A Rn erTrnc ---- ~~~ in ~uv1E~ MACHINE BUILDING Tables referred to are appended] I. METAL CERAMIC bfATERLU,5 AND PRODUCTS Metal ceramic materials and products are made from various powdered metals, or from mixtures of these substances with n~nmetailic powders such as powdered graphite, silks, or asbestos. The types and uses of the most common metal ~~eramic materials and products are as follows; 1D a Use Antifrictioa Sleeve bearings Porous Filters; heat-resistant gas-permeable foundry molds Friction Brake disks and linings with an iron or copper base Electrical engineering Contacts for spot and roll welding, and contacts for various instruments and electric ilu?naces; magnets; cores; metal-carbon contacts Dense Various machine parts Refractory Filament wire is electric light bulbs and contacts, medical instruments, and radio engineering equipment STAT CLASSIFICATION RESTRICTED Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 ~, Properties of Metal Ceramic Materials The properties of porous metal ceramic materials are intermediate between the properties of pressed and compact meals. The basic factor affecting the properties of metal ceramic products is their porosity. A peculiar feature of metal ceramic materials is the lack of the propor- tional relationship between hardness, compression strength, and tensile strength which is characteristic of cast material:. The compression strength of metal ceramic materials often equals or even exceeds that of cast material of the same composition, whereas the tensile strength is considerably lower. Another peculiarity of porous metal ceramic materials is their combination of a high degree of friability under tension and of plasticity under compression. This feature is due to incomplete contact between the parts of which the sintered materials are composed. With a otte-percent decrease in porosity, the mechanical properties of metal ceramic materials show an increase of 3-10 percent. The mechanical properties of materials made from coarse powders are lower than those of materials made of fine powders, these properties being diminished with an increase in the number of components of the materials. (Data on the mechanical properties of porous sintered iron are given in Table l.), The diversity of pores depends on the nature of the powders and the particle size. The most common types of pores are (1) the enclosed -- like bubbles, with no interco~nunication; (2) tubular -- elongated and intercommunicating; (3) pocket shaped -- coarse pores of the closed type; and (4) micropores -- dispersed through the entire compact. . Certain technological properties of dense (nonporous) metal ceramic materials are indistinguishable from those of pressure ca,t metals. In some cases the properties are even intensified. For example, metal ceramic steel., produced from carbonyl iron powder, can be welded much better than cast steel. Dense metal ceramic products are made for the most part with a base of iron, copper, aluminum, or their alloys. Powder metallurgical methods make it possible to manufacture widely differ- ent parts with a high degree of precision. Data on the chief properties of dense sintered materials are given in Table 2. By powder metallurgical methods a .7- to .9-percent carbon steel can be ob- tained, which has the following properties: impact strength, 200-300 kilogram- meters per square centimeter; tensile strength, 45-60 kilograms per square milli- meter; and Rockwell hardness, A scale, above 65. Table 2 gives the chief prop- erties of metal ceramic materials. Technical Characteristics of the 6fost Important Tvpe~ of Metal Ceramic Materials 1. Antifriction Materials This group includes porous bronze-graphite and iron-graphite bearings. The technical description of the most important types of porous bearings are given in Table 3. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 The basic distinguishing features of porous bearings are as follo*?s- (a) A Brinell hardness of 25-15, which permits use of the bearings for both raw and hardened shafts. (b) The properties of bearings xith an iron base are al- most unchanged when they are heated to 200 degrees centigrade. (c) The coeffi- cient of thermal expansion of porous bearings differs little from the coeffi- cient of expansion of cast bearings. (d) The coefficient of friction, with flood lubrication, is less than with bearings of cast tin bronze. The coeffi- cient of friction decreases with an increase in the load on the bearing. At low peripheral speeds (within one meter per second), the coefficient of fric- tion first decreases with an increase in peripheral speed, then increases some- what, and at speeds of more than 2 meters per second begins slowljr to fall again. (e) Porous bearings are more rear-resistant than cast bearings because of the absence of dry friction. Porous iron-graphite bearings, for example, wear six times as well as babbitt B-83 bearings. In running_~ properties, porous bearings are equal and in some cases even superior to babbitt B-83 bearings. The permissible load on porous bearings depends mainly on their chemi- cal composition, the particle size of the initial material (the powders), the peripheral speed, and the type of lubrication. Table 4 shows the results of tests on porous bearings. Comparative tests on different types of bearings at TsNIITMASh (Central Scientific Research Institute of Technology and Machine Building) with drop lu- brication (8U drops per minute), at a peripheral speed of 2.2 meters per second, showed the following PV values in kilogram-centimeters per second: 222 for bab- bitt B-83, 53 for cast bronze, 84 for porous iron-graphite, and 39 for porous bronze. For the porous iron-graphite bearings developed by TsIVIITMASh, the FV value amounts to 200-250 kilogram-centimeters per second. With PV values up to 40 kilogram-centimeters per second, porous bear- ings impregnated with o31 require no additional lubrication, but when the PV value is above 40 kilogram-centimeters per second, supplementary lubrication is necessary. 2? Metal Ceramic Filters bSetal ceramic f'i~ters are made chiefly from bronze, less often from nickel, brass, or silver. They range in size from 2 to 300 millimeters for cylindrical filters, and up to 500 x 1,200 millimeters for filter p]s.tes. With metal ceramic filters, the filtration speed of gasoline varies from 30 to 60 liters per minute ner square centimeter of filtering surface, with pressure changes within .5-2.5 kilograms per square centimeter. The tensile strength of bronze filters is 3-!t kilograms per squctire millimeter; elongation is 2.t3-3 percent; porosity, 1+5-50 percent (by volume); and minimum mall thiclaiess, 1.5-3 r,riLimeters. tdetal ceramic :filters are used for separating u small quantity of solid impurities from a lame quantity of liquid. The maximum permissible temperature of the filtering liquid is 500 de- grees centi~?ade if ;;_~e Pilter is oxidation-resistant; otherwise, it is 180 de- grees. The technical description of friction materials are given in Table 5. STAT~ Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 4. Contact Materials Metal ceramic materials are used for welding contacts (for roll and spot welding), sparking contacts; and contacts for various switching devices (knife switches, relays, etc.). The. chemical composition of metal ceramic contact materials varies widely. The basic components are tungsten, copper, molybdenum, chromium, cad- mium, zinc, cadmium oxide, silver, and nickel. The chief types of contacts are the Following: tungsten (100 percent W); copper-tungsten (50-70 percent W); silver-tungsten (50-70 percent W); copper-molybdenum (50-70 percent Mo); silver-molybdenum (50-70 percent Mo); copper-nicY.el-tungsten ($0-95 percent W, 2-10 percent Cu, 2-10 percent Ni); tungsten carbide (90-98 percent WC, and the remainder Co or Os; and silver-base contacts, including silver-graphite (5-25 percent graphite); silve~?-cadmium (2.5_10 percent Cd0); and silver-nickel (10- 60 percent Ni). A description of the most important properties of metal ceramic con- tacts is given in Table 6. The erosion resistance of metal ceramic contacts is many times as great as that of copper contacts. Metal ceramic contacts can therefore be used successfully in various types of sparking devices. The durability of metal ce- ramic welding contacts is also considerably greater than that of copper contacts, as shown in Table 7. 5? idetal-Graphite Brushes bfetal-graphite brushes for electric motors are made from a mixture of copper and graphite. Their mast significant properties are shown in Table 8. 6. Metal Ceramic t~'agnetic hLlterials These include (1) magnetic-dielectric alloys such as alsifer (an alloy of aluminum, silicon, and iron) and alnico (an alloy of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt), which are pressed metallic, ferromagnetic powders, the particles of which are insulated with dielectrics, usually Bakelite; and (2) magnetic mate- rials for high-frequency currents, made from powders of carbonyl iron and nickel. The chemical composition and physical properties of metal ceramic mag- netic materials are given in Table 9. Metal ceramic magnets are used in telephone sets, relays, radio-location instruments, and many other instruments. 7... idetal Ceramic Structural Atlterials Powder metallurgical methods are used to mile metal ceramic structural materials and products from bronze; carbon, stainless, and high-speed steel; al~uninum and zinc alloys; and many other metals and alloys. Table 10 gives a description oi' the most important metal ceramic structural materials. 8. Refractory fdetals These include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, zirconium; vana- dium, thorium, ILnfniur.:, etc. Tungsten, in the form of Faire or sheet, is used in the production of electric light bulbs, contacts in medical instruments, m,.gnetos, etc. Molybdenum wire is used to matte supporting parts for electric light bulbs. Tantalum and Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 niobium are used in sheet form in the production of surgical and special corro- sion-resistant apparatus, as well as for the manufa t f c ure o spinnerets for the productic:~ of rayon. Zirconium and vanadium are used in the form of panders and alloys with iron and other metals to obtain special heat-resistant a1J.oyc. The properties of tungsten, molybdenum, and tantaliuu are shown in Table 11. Basic Principles for Selection of bfetal Ceramic Products In developing the design of a machine or apparatus, the question of the efficiency of using metal ceramic products, instead of products produced by the usual methods from a dense metal, can be determined by considering the following conditions: 1. Conditions which contribute to the occurrence of compressing stresses (narrow projections, sharp spikes, etc.) are inadmissible for metal ceramic products.. 2. The relationship of the height of an object to its diameter must not exceed 2.5, and the relationship of the height to the wall thickness should not exceed 15-1,. The maximum accuracy attainable is second class. General Description The hard alloys used in machine building as?e metal ceramic or fused. Metal ceramic hard alloys are used for making the working parts of dies and tools?used in ctitting and drawing metal; for drilling rock, etc. Fltsed hard alloys are used for building up the wearing parts of mechanisms and machinCS, and dies and attachments, to increase their xear-resistance. ' Metal ceramic hard alloys produced are tungsten and titanium-tungsten alloys,. with cobalt used as a bond for the carbides. Fused hard alloys nosy be subdivided into steLite, quasi-stellite, granular; an3 electrode types. Stellites are cast, fused alloys of cobalt; chromium; tungsten, and, carbon, and are produced mainly in the form of rods which are used as electrodes for gas welding. The quasi-stellite fused alloys (iron, chromium, nickel, and carbon) closely resemble the stellites in properties and structure, but they have a dif- ferent chemical composition. The granular fused alloys (vokar and stalinite) are produced in the form of grits made up of different components (see Table 15). Electrode alloys are put out in the form of lengths of electrode wire with a coating of a special composition. Metal Ceramic Hard Alloys 1. Chemical Composition and Properties The chemical composition and the physical and mechanical properties of the metal ceramic 2wrd alloys used in machine building are shown in Tables 12 and 13. The structure of the VK-L?ypc metal ceramic hard alloys is two-phase: crystals of tungsten carbide cemented by a solid solution of the carbide in co- balt. The structure of the titanium-tungsten alloys (T5K1.0, etc.) is three- phase: crystals of tungsten carbide, a solid solution of the carbides of tung- sten and titanium, and a solid solution of the carbides in cobalt. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 The significant properties of meta], ceramic hard alloys are their mag- netic saturation and coercive force. The magnetic saturation is approximately proportionate to the cobalt content of the hard alloy. The coercive force depends on the dispersity of the alloy structure. The finer the structure, the higher the dispersity. The mag- netic saturation of metal ceramic hard alloys ranges from 100 to 150 oersteds, and the coercive force is 170-250 oersteds. As to the durability of tungsten and titanium tungsten metal ceramic hard alloys in relation to the speed of cutting in machining steel, the dura- bility of tungsten alloys decreases continuously with an increase in the cutting speed, while in the case of the titanium-tungsten alloys, there is a definite bili~ Jpeed (75_100 meters per minute) at which they have the greatest dura- Y? 2. Use of Metal Ceramic FIard Alloys Table 14 shows the reconunended fields of use of various metal ceramic hard alloys. 3? N,etal Ceramic hard A11oy Products The following items are made from metal ceramic hard alloys; for ma- chining metal -- tips for cutting tools (COST 2209-1~4) and drawing dies for drawing rods and tubes (OCST 2330-43 ); far minim, -- tips for electric and other dr311s, and for coal-cutting machine bits. Ilonstandard items are made by spe- cial order. Fused Hard Allo s The chemical composition of fused hard alloys is shocm in Table 15; the com- position of electrode coatings, in Table 16? the physical and mechanical prop_ erties of cast fhsed hard alloys, in Table 17; and the physical and mechanical properties of laminae built up with granular and electrode alloys, is Table 18. Sormayt No 2 submits well to heat-treatment (hardening and tempering), which increases its hardness considerably. Heat-treatment of other fused hard alloys does not produce structural changes in them and has scarcely aqy effect on their properties. 1. 6licrostructure of Fused Hard Alloys The structural components of stellites VK2 and VK3 (built-up and not built-up) are solid solutigns of carbides of chromium and tungsten, as well as free chromium and tungsten in cobalt. YTith a lo;r carbon content, the structure of the ctcllite is hypoeutectoid; with an average carbon content, it is eutectoid; and with a high carbon content, it is hypereutectoid. with free crystals of the carbides present along with the solid solutien? Btellites with hypoeutectoid structure have mtu:irlUnl resilience and minimum hardness, while those with hyper- eutectoid structure have the opposite characteristics. Sormayt lio 1 (built-up and not built-up) has a hypereutectoid structure, with a marked excess of free carbides of chromium. Soiriayt No 2 (built-up and not built-up) has a hypoeutectoid structure (solid solution of carbides of chromium in iron and nickel). Vokar (built-up lamina) consists of e solid sclution of carbides in iron of varying concentration depending on the thickness of the built-up lamina and other factors. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 itic The laminae built up with stalinite-coated electrodes structure built up with may ~Pe austen- mnrtensitic, or ledeburitic structure. 7b obtain a lamina, with austenitic weight of the coati stalinite-coated electrodes trode. bfartensitic~ be equal, to 15-1$ percent of ' it is necessary that the structure results when the we; the weight of the entire elec- percent of the total weight; and ledeburitic -6ht of the coati cent. The characteristic features structure, when it ism is 2p_25 austenitic -_ oT the built-up lamina are the follVe 30 per- great hardness~eat.vear_resistance, hardness, and resilience? ~1~' itic , increased friability, and diminished w ' maz'tensiti^ __ tune -- very high friability; poor wear_ ear-resistance; ledebur_ The most important fields of use ofsistance, porosity, and coarse 19? fused hard alloys are shown infrac- Table ~ppended tables follow] of chromium anldite built-up lamina,) consists oP a solid solution of c bar ide man6anese in iron. 2. Chr~um~ Manganese and Stalinite Electrodes The structure of the laminae built up with these electrodes may wary within wide limits, depending on such factors es the chemiccti c the. thickness (wei.6ht) of the electrode coating. omposition and Table 1. Mechanical Properties of Porous Sintered Iron Properties of Sintered Iron Density of the Compact Tensile Strength Yield Point 5.5 -- 6.0 ~-11 8-l0 14-16 6.5 12-13 1$-20 18-14 25$ porosity The same, with a 25-30 Table 2. Chief Properties of Dfetal Ceramic Materials Com- Tensile pression Material Brinell Strength Stre th Impact '-rdness k s rmn ~F: sg ncn El.on6a- Strength. tion. _m ~ ~ Antifriction, 30_50 with an iron 12-15 50-60 base, with 20- 0-l 6-10 copper base r-1V t+5-60 0_l 5 10-13 Dense, with an 65-$5 28-30 iron base 65-80 20-25 Friction, with a 30-45 8-12 copper base 40-60 0-1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 3. Technical Description of the I?IOSt Important Types of Porous Bearings Chemical Composition ('p) Specific Bearing Density Material Pe Cu Sn Graphite cc Iron-graphite 9u-97 (Voizit) Tensile Coapression Porosity Strength Strength Brinell (~ (k+F;/sq mm ('. s mm hardness 2-3 5.0-6.5 20-30 8-12 60-80 25-40 2-~+ 5.5-6.5 18-20 6-8 35-IFo 15-30 PV Value Coefficient of Friction, Coefficient of Bearing Material ( -cra sec on Steel, 17ithout Lubrication Linear Expansion (10-6 mm m C Table 4. Results of Tests* on Porous Bearings on Zaytsev's I?fachine Bearing Nnterial Porous iron Porous iron with 1.75p graphite content Porous iron with 2~, graphite and 7~ copper P=25 kg/sq cm for 2 hrs P=So kg/sq cm For 10 hrs Temperature Increase (oC) Coefficient of Friction Temperature Coeffi Increase (oC) of Fri cient ction 24.5 0.018 40.7 0.013 25.6 0.026 - 33.8 0.016 32.3 0.016 39.0 0.010 26.8 0:057 33.1 0.033 Wrests were conducted at a speed of 10 meters per second, under a load. Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Base Tongs+~n Molybdenum Silver Contacts Copper Copper-tungsten Table 5? Technical Descriptior of Friction Materials Chemical Composition (~) 6-15 -- Graphite 4-8 Asbestos Up to 1 Brinell Porosity 2-5 UP to 7 Up to 2 __ Ito-60 Coefficient of Friction, on Steel, Without 0.3-0.4 Table 6. Properties of Metal Ceramic Contacts Specific Density (g/cc ) lectrical Conductivity (m/ohm x sq mm) B Compression Stren th 9.5-14.5 8 5-12 25 x l0-~+-38 x l0-4 ~ rinell Hardness 60-160 g (kLS/s4 mm ) 60-130 . .5 30 r, 10- -40 x l0-4 1t5-125 60-120 7.5-9.5 1:2 x l0-t+-58 l0-~+ x 25-50 Table 7. Durability of Afetal Ceramic and Copper Welding Contacts 300,000 150,000 ~~ N,r, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 IJumber of operations Defore Breakdown Under an, Electrical Load of iv nw 15 KW 20 IiW 25 hW 1,000 2,500 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 8. Properties o: F'c#.~-Graphite II.u=hes Graphite Drinell Specific E1ec- t~ical Resistance Permissible Cur e t Ex?ush Content (y,) i[ardness (ohm/sq rca/m) r n De it ( / Permissible Linear Normal Pressure ns y a sq cm)* Speed (m/sec) ~ sq rln) tQG Ltp to 1 G-12 0.05-0.1 25-30 20 120-150 b1G-1 10-15 5-7 0.1-0.25 22-25 20 120-150 22-25 25 120-150 1?G-; 20-25 3-5 0.3-o.!F5 20 ~2 25 120-150 "t-I 50 -- !:-10 1?E 15 160-200 t?I-II 75 -- 6-16 12 20 16o-zco *Ca:?bon and Lrtal,hite brushes have a Ne,7nissiblc current density of 5.5-7.5 a~sq cm. Table ~. Description of tl:e host L:mortattt i"ypec of I;eta1 Ceramic Ifagnetic i?:atei?ia:Lr.. _ Checnicnl Comno~'tiou (N) Ph i _ ys cal Properties Loss Co- Initial t~netic i??aterial Iron Plickel Co- bait :tlu- minuet Si1i- c Cop- efficient for );ddy Coercive force Residual Induction Permeability u/ on er I3alcelitc Ctu-rents (oersteds Gauss) ~er(ted) Carbonyl 100 __ -- -- - iron*~ -- -- -' S x 10 7 0.08 6,000 3,300 Alnico 78-41 14-20 5-27 3-12 -- 0-7 0-SN of -- 500-600 3,000-IF 000 -- :llni~? 62-5'( 25-28 -- 13-15 -- -- of the quantit Y 4.8 x l0-q h 0- 30 5 5 , 3, Soo-lf, o00 __ Alsifer~~:: f,2 5 of metal . -- -- 7.5 10.0 __ 3 5 x 10-7 12-2 5 __ to_nnn_i~ r *?Ccres of alt ty1~es for a i~?eauency o up to ].00,000 kilocycles '?'*- ~s~::e*. c. :br _astruraents ~?x-k itiCh-_rec r.r _:~y ,:poke coils t: ere.?r, , , anC cores fur a "rcnueney of uh to 5C0-2,CC0 '.:ilocye].es Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 10. Description of the 1?`.ost Important t4etal Ceramic Structural hfaterials Specific Tensile Yield Density Strength Point Elottiga- Brinell Material ( cc s smm 1 s rmn tion Hardness Pure nonporous iron, sintered, (carbor~yi) Annealed Roomer-hardened Hardened Bronze (90~ Cu, 10'/i Sn, with a porosity of about 5~) Annealed Hammer-hardened Pw?c copper (with lON porosity) Annealed Hamner-hardened Stairil.ess steel E Ya 1 (with 20~ porosity), siaterecl and hardened Brass (70;~u Cu, 3oa Zn( 7.8-8.0 20-32 --. 28-40 56? 7.0 27 20 8 60 7.0 3'- -- 2.5 80 7.0 39 -- 1 250 7.9 2'r 16 13 62 7.9 29 23 4 72 8.0 27 14 17 55 8.0 "9 21 5 72 -- 5S 20 30 200 7?~ 23 -- 14 70 Table 11. Properties o; Tungsten, idolybdenum, and TentaLum Properties 4; h1o Ta Specific density (g/cc) 19-19.3 10-10.3 16.6 Alelting point (?C) 3,1100}.50 2,630150 2,900}100 Tensile strength (kg~sq mm) 110-200 35-120 90-120 Relative elongation (for o:ire --~',) 1-4 2-5 2-10 Brinell hw?dress 200-!100 200-255 80-200 Coefficient of linear e:cpansion at 25?C !+.Y :: 10-6 5.2 s 10-6 -- }Ieat conductivity at 20oC (cal/cm/sec/oC) 0.!F 0.35 0.32 Specific electrical resistance (ohms/ sq nm~m) 0.055 O.d+B -- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 12. Chemical Composition of Metal Ceramic Hard Alloys, According to COST 3282-47 _ _ Chemical Composition of Alloy (~,) Approxim t a e -- by Structural Components By Elements ALlo~y WC TiC C o W Ti Co C ~ ~ -- 3 91.05 -- 3.0 5.95 vK6 9E -- 6 88.3 -- 6.0 5.70 VK8 92 -- 8 86.37 -- 8.0 5.63 vFa.o 90 -- l0 81.5 -- lo.0 5.50 vtn.5 85 -- 15 79.80 -- 15.0 5.20 TStao 85 6 9 79.8 4.8 9.0 6.4 TSK7 88 5 7 82.6 4.0 7.0 6.4 T15K6 79 15 6 74.2 12.0 6.0 7.80 T3ox4 ~ 30 4 62.0 24.0 4.0 lo.o Table 13. Physical and Mechanical Properties of i?ietal Ceramic Hard Alloys, According to GOST 3282-47 Bending Strength Specific Density Rockwell Hardness Red FIardness Temperature ductivity (cal/~/ Electrical R i Alloy- -~ k .s mm cc A scale o? (C) o es stance sec C ) (ohms/sq mm/m) VK3 loo 11F.90 89.0 1,100-1,150 0.169 0.198 vx6 120 14.50 88.0 1,050-1,100 0.145 0.206 ~ 130 14.35 87.5 950-1,000 0.141 0.207 vFao 135 14.20 87.0 900-950 __. __ `Y?Q-5... 160 13.90 86.0 850-goo 0.168 0.188 T5KL0 115 12.20 88.50 1,100-1,150 __ __ T5K7 108 12.5 89.0 1,100-1,150 0.072 ~ 0.248? T15K6 110 u .o yo.o 1,20;, 0.065 0.399 T30~ 90 9.5 91.0 1,200 -- -- RESTRIC7BD Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Alloy General Description VK3 Very high xear-resistance and hardness, with lox resilience Table 14. The Use of Dietal Ceramic FIard Alloys VK6 Average resilience and wear- resistance VK8 High resilience and durability, good resistance to impact and vibration Blain Fields of Use All types of processing of nonmetallic materials (glass, coal, stone, plastic, etc.) 6emirough and finish grinding, milling, and reaming of cast iron and nonferrous metals Rough griadi.ng, milling, drilling, and other types of rough machining of cast iron and nonferrous metals rn.iv ttign resilience and xear- Drawing of steel sad nonferrous metal ~.5 resistance rods and tubes (VK15 alloy is also used for drilling) T5K10 High resilience, good resist- Rough grinding and other types of rough TSK7 ance to impact and vibration machining of steel T15K6 Less resilient than T5K7 and Semirough and finish grinding, high-speed TSxiO, but more wear-resistant grinding and milling of steel, cutting of threads, and reaming of holes T30K4 Very high wear-resistance and High-speed grinding and boring of steel hardness , xith chips of small cross section Table 15. Chemical Composition of Cast and Granular 1'lised Alloys stellate 13-17 47-53 Up to VK2 2 Stellate 4-5 58-62 Up to ~3 2 Sormayt No 1 -- -- 3-5 Sormayt -- -- 1.3- No 2 2.2 Stalinite No data No data No data Remain- der 9-lo up to 1-1.5 3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Impur- Cr Din C Si ities 27-33 1 1.8- 1-2 1-1.5 2.5 28-32 -- 1-1.5 2.5 1-1.5 16-20 13-17 8-10 Up to 1-1.5 3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 16. Composition of Electrode Coatings Composition ($) Ferro- Ferro- t4anga- Ferro- Coating chrome nese titanium Stalinite Chromium 70 -- -- -- tdanganese -- 75 -- __ Stalinite __ __ __ 72 T-590 T-54o T-600 5-8 5-8 5-8 Boron Carbide Graphite Chalk Fluorspar Feldspar ~5 ~5 -- 15 to __ -- 12 10 90 -- -- 5 5 -- 36.5 -- 40.0 -- S?5 i5.0 72.0 -- lt~ . o -- 14.0 -- Table 17. Physical and 6Sechanical Properties of Cast Fused bard Alloys Properties of A11oy Proverb PG .,r c;..,., ~ a..,, ~ .._ Hardness J Densit - Tensile Rockwell Relative Strength Hardness Relative Alloy C scaleY ccY 6Selting Point Wear* fU../~,.......~ ,,. _- __ - ----- ? .. -.~-,, o.? 1,275 0.60-0.65 60-70 41-43 0.50-0.55 Sormayt No 1 49-54 7.4 1,275 0.55-0.70 35.0 49-So 0.61-0.65 sormayt No 2 40-45 7.6 1,3co 0.30-0.70 39-43 39-43 0.65-0.70 ~ The wear of mangenese wear-resistant steel G12 is equal to 1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 r Percent of Soluble Glass in Relation to Dry C` tip Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Table 18. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Laminae Built Up With Granular and Electrode Alloys (per single ~AMina) Alloy Granular Vokar Stalinite coating Chromium bfanganese Stalinite Rockwell Hardness C scale Relative Wear Rod Hardness ( C) 61-63 0.17-0.18 l,ooo-l, goo 56-57 0.57-0.60 800-850 55-58 0.8-0.9 850-900 52-56 0.95-1.0 700-750 54-56 0.58-0.62 750-800 Table 19. Recommended Flieed Hard Alloys Recommended Fused Hard Alloys Causes of Wear Conditions of Work -- ---- ~-- ~..?..~.?__ ~u.o, cx- voxar, SL811IIlte, eleC- cavator teeth, millstones for disk mills, trodes (with wear-re- grab crane ,jaws, etc.) sistant coating) Sor- mayt fto 1 and 2 Careful machining and heat-treatment are required after Zlisi;~g on (punches for riveting, etc.) Attrition and Hot cutting of metals (tri~ning dies and Sormayt No 1 and 2 impact punches, blades for shears, tri~ning rings, etc.) Cold cutting of metals (triumting dies Sormeyt No 1 and 2 and punches, blades for shears, blanking dies, punches, etc.) Attrition (for Rough wear (screw-conveyer blades, plow- Vokar, stalinite, the most part) shares, exhaust-fan blades, rollers for coated electrodes roll tables, etc.) Machining is required after fusing on Sormayt No 1 and 2 (shaft and axle ,journals, bearing bushings, measuring instruments, feed rollers) STAT __ __, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 Causes of Wear Conditions of Work Erosion and corrosion Corrosion, no strong mechanical effects, and at moderate temperatures (steam turbine bL!des) Corrosion and mechanical effects, at high temperatures Recommended Fused Hard Alloys Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150299-3 STAT