METAL CERAMIC (POWDER METALLURGICAL) MATERIALS AND HARD ALLOYS USED IN SOVIET MACHINE BUILDING

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• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2011
• Sequence Number: 299
• Publication Date: December 8, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATI01~ RESTRICTID
CEIJTRALi, INT~ ELLIGENCE A~GETINCY~
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS, OR RADIO BROADCASTS
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Economic; Technologies,], -Powder metallurgy,
HUW machine building
PUBLISHED Book
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED 1952
LANGUAGE Russian
CIO) T itC I[. .[Lr, p.f [,
?.D )I?p, yp 1.[rD, t. IpD[, ?f u.!?Dlp. Iif T ?t)['
una . ~n cp?rt.n ro a? .an?r n .. ,,.?,?...~...._ ___
REPORT
CD NO.
DATE OF
DATE DIST. ~ Dec 1953
NO. OF PAGES 16
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT N0.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
ravochnik Mashinostroitelva (Machine Building Handbook), Vol 2, Chap-
ter 7, published by Mashgiz
METAL CERAMIC (PGWDER M>;'TIT1ILLURGICAL) MATERIALS AMID
A Rn erTrnc
---- ~~~ in ~uv1E~ MACHINE BUILDING
Tables referred to are appended]
I. METAL CERAMIC bfATERLU,5 AND PRODUCTS
Metal ceramic materials and products are made from various powdered metals,
or from mixtures of these substances with n~nmetailic powders such as powdered
graphite, silks, or asbestos.
The types and uses of the most common metal ~~eramic materials and products
are as follows;
1D a Use
Antifrictioa Sleeve bearings
Porous Filters; heat-resistant
gas-permeable foundry molds
Friction Brake disks and linings with an iron or copper base
Electrical engineering Contacts for spot and roll welding, and contacts for
various instruments and electric ilu?naces; magnets;
cores; metal-carbon contacts
Dense Various machine parts
Refractory Filament wire is electric light bulbs and contacts,
medical instruments, and radio engineering equipment
STAT
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~,
Properties of Metal Ceramic Materials
The properties of porous metal ceramic materials are intermediate between
the properties of pressed and compact meals. The basic factor affecting the
properties of metal ceramic products is their porosity.
A peculiar feature of metal ceramic materials is the lack of the propor-
tional relationship between hardness, compression strength, and tensile strength
which is characteristic of cast material:.
The compression strength of metal ceramic materials often equals or even
exceeds that of cast material of the same composition, whereas the tensile
strength is considerably lower.
Another peculiarity of porous metal ceramic materials is their combination
of a high degree of friability under tension and of plasticity under compression.
This feature is due to incomplete contact between the parts of which the sintered
materials are composed.
With a otte-percent decrease in porosity, the mechanical properties of metal
ceramic materials show an increase of 3-10 percent.
The mechanical properties of materials made from coarse powders are lower
than those of materials made of fine powders, these properties being diminished
with an increase in the number of components of the materials.
(Data on the mechanical properties of porous sintered iron are given in Table l.),
The diversity of pores depends on the nature of the powders and the particle
size. The most common types of pores are (1) the enclosed -- like bubbles, with
no interco~nunication; (2) tubular -- elongated and intercommunicating; (3) pocket
shaped -- coarse pores of the closed type; and (4) micropores -- dispersed through
the entire compact. .
Certain technological properties of dense (nonporous) metal ceramic materials
are indistinguishable from those of pressure ca,t metals. In some cases the
properties are even intensified. For example, metal ceramic steel., produced from
carbonyl iron powder, can be welded much better than cast steel.
Dense metal ceramic products are made for the most part with a base of iron,
copper, aluminum, or their alloys.
Powder metallurgical methods make it possible to manufacture widely differ-
ent parts with a high degree of precision. Data on the chief properties of dense
sintered materials are given in Table 2.
By powder metallurgical methods a .7- to .9-percent carbon steel can be ob-
tained, which has the following properties: impact strength, 200-300 kilogram-
meters per square centimeter; tensile strength, 45-60 kilograms per square milli-
meter; and Rockwell hardness, A scale, above 65. Table 2 gives the chief prop-
erties of metal ceramic materials.
Technical Characteristics of the 6fost Important Tvpe~ of Metal Ceramic Materials
1. Antifriction Materials
This group includes porous bronze-graphite and iron-graphite bearings.
The technical description of the most important types of porous bearings are given
in Table 3.
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The basic distinguishing features of porous bearings are as follo*?s-
(a) A Brinell hardness of 25-15, which permits use of the bearings for both raw
and hardened shafts. (b) The properties of bearings xith an iron base are al-
most unchanged when they are heated to 200 degrees centigrade. (c) The coeffi-
cient of thermal expansion of porous bearings differs little from the coeffi-
cient of expansion of cast bearings. (d) The coefficient of friction, with
flood lubrication, is less than with bearings of cast tin bronze. The coeffi-
cient of friction decreases with an increase in the load on the bearing. At
low peripheral speeds (within one meter per second), the coefficient of fric-
tion first decreases with an increase in peripheral speed, then increases some-
what, and at speeds of more than 2 meters per second begins slowljr to fall
again. (e) Porous bearings are more rear-resistant than cast bearings because
of the absence of dry friction. Porous iron-graphite bearings, for example,
wear six times as well as babbitt B-83 bearings. In running_~ properties,
porous bearings are equal and in some cases even superior to babbitt B-83
bearings.
The permissible load on porous bearings depends mainly on their chemi-
cal composition, the particle size of the initial material (the powders), the
peripheral speed, and the type of lubrication. Table 4 shows the results of
tests on porous bearings.
Comparative tests on different types of bearings at TsNIITMASh (Central
Scientific Research Institute of Technology and Machine Building) with drop lu-
brication (8U drops per minute), at a peripheral speed of 2.2 meters per second,
showed the following PV values in kilogram-centimeters per second: 222 for bab-
bitt B-83, 53 for cast bronze, 84 for porous iron-graphite, and 39 for porous
bronze.
For the porous iron-graphite bearings developed by TsIVIITMASh, the FV
value amounts to 200-250 kilogram-centimeters per second.
With PV values up to 40 kilogram-centimeters per second, porous bear-
ings impregnated with o31 require no additional lubrication, but when the PV
value is above 40 kilogram-centimeters per second, supplementary lubrication is
necessary.
2? Metal Ceramic Filters
bSetal ceramic f'i~ters are made chiefly from bronze, less often from
nickel, brass, or silver. They range in size from 2 to 300 millimeters for
cylindrical filters, and up to 500 x 1,200 millimeters for filter p]s.tes.
With metal ceramic filters, the filtration speed of gasoline varies
from 30 to 60 liters per minute ner square centimeter of filtering surface, with
pressure changes within .5-2.5 kilograms per square centimeter.
The tensile strength of bronze filters is 3-!t kilograms per squctire
millimeter; elongation is 2.t3-3 percent; porosity, 1+5-50 percent (by volume);
and minimum mall thiclaiess, 1.5-3 r,riLimeters.
tdetal ceramic :filters are used for separating u small quantity of solid
impurities from a lame quantity of liquid.
The maximum permissible temperature of the filtering liquid is 500 de-
grees centi~?ade if ;;_~e Pilter is oxidation-resistant; otherwise, it is 180 de-
grees.
The technical description of friction materials are given in Table 5.
STAT~
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4. Contact Materials
Metal ceramic materials are used for welding contacts (for roll and
spot welding), sparking contacts; and contacts for various switching devices
(knife switches, relays, etc.).
The. chemical composition of metal ceramic contact materials varies
widely. The basic components are tungsten, copper, molybdenum, chromium, cad-
mium, zinc, cadmium oxide, silver, and nickel. The chief types of contacts
are the Following: tungsten (100 percent W); copper-tungsten (50-70 percent
W); silver-tungsten (50-70 percent W); copper-molybdenum (50-70 percent Mo);
silver-molybdenum (50-70 percent Mo); copper-nicY.el-tungsten ($0-95 percent W,
2-10 percent Cu, 2-10 percent Ni); tungsten carbide (90-98 percent WC, and the
remainder Co or Os; and silver-base contacts, including silver-graphite (5-25
percent graphite); silve~?-cadmium (2.5_10 percent Cd0); and silver-nickel (10-
60 percent Ni).
A description of the most important properties of metal ceramic con-
tacts is given in Table 6.
The erosion resistance of metal ceramic contacts is many times as
great as that of copper contacts. Metal ceramic contacts can therefore be used
successfully in various types of sparking devices. The durability of metal ce-
ramic welding contacts is also considerably greater than that of copper contacts,
as shown in Table 7.
5? idetal-Graphite Brushes
bfetal-graphite brushes for electric motors are made from a mixture of
copper and graphite. Their mast significant properties are shown in Table 8.
6. Metal Ceramic t~'agnetic hLlterials
These include (1) magnetic-dielectric alloys such as alsifer (an alloy
of aluminum, silicon, and iron) and alnico (an alloy of aluminum, nickel, and
cobalt), which are pressed metallic, ferromagnetic powders, the particles of
which are insulated with dielectrics, usually Bakelite; and (2) magnetic mate-
rials for high-frequency currents, made from powders of carbonyl iron and nickel.
The chemical composition and physical properties of metal ceramic mag-
netic materials are given in Table 9.
Metal ceramic magnets are used in telephone sets, relays, radio-location
instruments, and many other instruments.
7... idetal Ceramic Structural Atlterials
Powder metallurgical methods are used to mile metal ceramic structural
materials and products from bronze; carbon, stainless, and high-speed steel;
al~uninum and zinc alloys; and many other metals and alloys. Table 10 gives a
description oi' the most important metal ceramic structural materials.
8. Refractory fdetals
These include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, zirconium; vana-
dium, thorium, ILnfniur.:, etc.
Tungsten, in the form of Faire or sheet, is used in the production of
electric light bulbs, contacts in medical instruments, m,.gnetos, etc. Molybdenum
wire is used to matte supporting parts for electric light bulbs. Tantalum and
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niobium are used in sheet form in the production of surgical and special corro-
sion-resistant apparatus, as well as for the manufa
t
f
c
ure o
spinnerets for the
productic:~ of rayon. Zirconium and vanadium are used in the form of panders and
alloys with iron and other metals to obtain special heat-resistant a1J.oyc. The
properties of tungsten, molybdenum, and tantaliuu are shown in Table 11.
Basic Principles for Selection of bfetal Ceramic Products
In developing the design of a machine or apparatus, the question of the
efficiency of using metal ceramic products, instead of products produced by the
usual methods from a dense metal, can be determined by considering the following
conditions:
1. Conditions which contribute to the occurrence of compressing stresses
(narrow projections, sharp spikes, etc.) are inadmissible for metal ceramic
products..
2. The relationship of the height of an object to its diameter must not
exceed 2.5, and the relationship of the height to the wall thickness should not
exceed 15-1,. The maximum accuracy attainable is second class.
General Description
The hard alloys used in machine building as?e metal ceramic or fused. Metal
ceramic hard alloys are used for making the working parts of dies and tools?used
in ctitting and drawing metal; for drilling rock, etc. Fltsed hard alloys are
used for building up the wearing parts of mechanisms and machinCS, and dies and
attachments, to increase their xear-resistance. '
Metal ceramic hard alloys produced are tungsten and titanium-tungsten alloys,.
with cobalt used as a bond for the carbides. Fused hard alloys nosy be subdivided
into steLite, quasi-stellite, granular; an3 electrode types.
Stellites are cast, fused alloys of cobalt; chromium; tungsten, and, carbon,
and are produced mainly in the form of rods which are used as electrodes for gas
welding. The quasi-stellite fused alloys (iron, chromium, nickel, and carbon)
closely resemble the stellites in properties and structure, but they have a dif-
ferent chemical composition. The granular fused alloys (vokar and stalinite)
are produced in the form of grits made up of different components (see Table 15).
Electrode alloys are put out in the form of lengths of electrode wire with a
coating of a special composition.
Metal Ceramic Hard Alloys
1. Chemical Composition and Properties
The chemical composition and the physical and mechanical properties of
the metal ceramic 2wrd alloys used in machine building are shown in Tables 12
and 13.
The structure of the VK-L?ypc metal ceramic hard alloys is two-phase:
crystals of tungsten carbide cemented by a solid solution of the carbide in co-
balt. The structure of the titanium-tungsten alloys (T5K1.0, etc.) is three-
phase: crystals of tungsten carbide, a solid solution of the carbides of tung-
sten and titanium, and a solid solution of the carbides in cobalt.
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The significant properties of meta], ceramic hard alloys are their mag-
netic saturation and coercive force.
The magnetic saturation is approximately proportionate to the cobalt
content of the hard alloy. The coercive force depends on the dispersity of the
alloy structure. The finer the structure, the higher the dispersity. The mag-
netic saturation of metal ceramic hard alloys ranges from 100 to 150 oersteds,
and the coercive force is 170-250 oersteds.
As to the durability of tungsten and titanium tungsten metal ceramic
hard alloys in relation to the speed of cutting in machining steel, the dura-
bility of tungsten alloys decreases continuously with an increase in the cutting
speed, while in the case of the titanium-tungsten alloys, there is a definite
bili~ Jpeed (75_100 meters per minute) at which they have the greatest dura-
Y?
2. Use of Metal Ceramic FIard Alloys
Table 14 shows the reconunended fields of use of various metal ceramic
hard alloys.
3? N,etal Ceramic hard A11oy Products
The following items are made from metal ceramic hard alloys; for ma-
chining metal -- tips for cutting tools (COST 2209-1~4) and drawing dies for
drawing rods and tubes (OCST 2330-43 ); far minim, -- tips for electric and other
dr311s, and for coal-cutting machine bits. Ilonstandard items are made by spe-
cial order.
Fused Hard Allo s
The chemical composition of fused hard alloys is shocm in Table 15; the com-
position of electrode coatings, in Table 16? the physical and mechanical prop_
erties of cast fhsed hard alloys, in Table 17; and the physical and mechanical
properties of laminae built up with granular and electrode alloys, is Table 18.
Sormayt No 2 submits well to heat-treatment (hardening and tempering), which
increases its hardness considerably. Heat-treatment of other fused hard alloys
does not produce structural changes in them and has scarcely aqy effect on their
properties.
1. 6licrostructure of Fused Hard Alloys
The structural components of stellites VK2 and VK3 (built-up and not
built-up) are solid solutigns of carbides of chromium and tungsten, as well as
free chromium and tungsten in cobalt. YTith a lo;r carbon content, the structure
of the ctcllite is hypoeutectoid; with an average carbon content, it is eutectoid;
and with a high carbon content, it is hypereutectoid. with free crystals of the
carbides present along with the solid solutien? Btellites with hypoeutectoid
structure have mtu:irlUnl resilience and minimum hardness, while those with hyper-
eutectoid structure have the opposite characteristics.
Sormayt lio 1 (built-up and not built-up) has a hypereutectoid structure,
with a marked excess of free carbides of chromium.
Soiriayt No 2 (built-up and not built-up) has a hypoeutectoid structure
(solid solution of carbides of chromium in iron and nickel).
Vokar (built-up lamina) consists of e solid sclution of carbides in
iron of varying concentration depending on the thickness of the built-up lamina
and other factors.
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itic The laminae built up with stalinite-coated electrodes
structure built up with may ~Pe austen-
mnrtensitic, or ledeburitic structure. 7b obtain a lamina, with austenitic
weight of the coati stalinite-coated electrodes
trode. bfartensitic~ be equal, to 15-1$ percent of ' it is necessary that the
structure results when the we; the weight of the entire elec-
percent of the total weight; and ledeburitic -6ht of the coati
cent. The characteristic features structure, when it ism is 2p_25
austenitic -_ oT the built-up lamina are the follVe 30 per-
great hardness~eat.vear_resistance, hardness, and resilience? ~1~'
itic , increased friability, and diminished w ' maz'tensiti^ __
tune -- very high friability; poor wear_ ear-resistance; ledebur_
The most important fields of use ofsistance, porosity, and coarse
19? fused hard alloys are shown infrac-
Table
~ppended tables follow]
of chromium anldite built-up lamina,) consists oP a solid solution of c bar ide
man6anese in iron.
2. Chr~um~ Manganese and Stalinite Electrodes
The structure of the laminae built up with these electrodes may wary
within wide limits, depending on such factors es the chemiccti c
the. thickness (wei.6ht) of the electrode coating.
omposition and
Table 1. Mechanical Properties of Porous Sintered Iron
Properties of Sintered Iron
Density of the Compact Tensile Strength Yield Point
5.5 --
6.0 ~-11 8-l0
14-16
6.5 12-13
1$-20
18-14
25$ porosity
The same, with a 25-30
Table 2. Chief Properties of Dfetal Ceramic Materials
Com-
Tensile pression
Material Brinell Strength Stre th Impact
'-rdness k s rmn ~F: sg ncn El.on6a- Strength.
tion. _m ~ ~
Antifriction, 30_50
with an iron 12-15 50-60
base, with 20- 0-l 6-10
copper base r-1V t+5-60 0_l 5
10-13
Dense, with an 65-$5 28-30
iron base 65-80 20-25
Friction, with a 30-45 8-12
copper base 40-60 0-1
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Table 3. Technical Description of the I?IOSt Important Types of Porous Bearings
Chemical Composition ('p) Specific
Bearing Density
Material Pe Cu Sn Graphite cc
Iron-graphite 9u-97
(Voizit)
Tensile Coapression
Porosity Strength Strength Brinell
(~ (k+F;/sq mm ('. s mm hardness
2-3 5.0-6.5 20-30 8-12 60-80 25-40
2-~+ 5.5-6.5 18-20 6-8 35-IFo 15-30
PV Value Coefficient of Friction, Coefficient of
Bearing Material ( -cra sec on Steel, 17ithout Lubrication Linear Expansion (10-6 mm m C
Table 4. Results of Tests* on Porous Bearings on Zaytsev's I?fachine
Bearing Nnterial
Porous iron
Porous iron with 1.75p graphite
content
Porous iron with 2~, graphite and
7~ copper
P=25 kg/sq cm for 2 hrs
P=So kg/sq cm For 10 hrs
Temperature
Increase (oC)
Coefficient
of Friction
Temperature Coeffi
Increase (oC) of Fri
cient
ction
24.5
0.018
40.7
0.013
25.6
0.026 -
33.8
0.016
32.3
0.016
39.0
0.010
26.8
0:057
33.1
0.033
Wrests were conducted at a speed of 10 meters per second, under a load.
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Base
Tongs+~n
Molybdenum
Silver
Contacts
Copper
Copper-tungsten
Table 5? Technical Descriptior of Friction Materials
Chemical Composition (~)
6-15 --
Graphite
4-8
Asbestos
Up to 1
Brinell
Porosity
2-5
UP to 7
Up to 2
__
Ito-60
Coefficient
of Friction,
on Steel,
Without
0.3-0.4
Table 6.
Properties of Metal Ceramic Contacts
Specific Density
(g/cc )
lectrical Conductivity
(m/ohm x sq mm)
B
Compression Stren
th
9.5-14.5
8
5-12
25 x l0-~+-38 x l0-4
~
rinell Hardness
60-160
g
(kLS/s4 mm )
60-130
.
.5
30 r, 10-
-40 x l0-4
1t5-125
60-120
7.5-9.5
1:2 x l0-t+-58
l0-~+
x
25-50
Table 7. Durability of Afetal Ceramic and Copper Welding Contacts
300,000
150,000 ~~ N,r,
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IJumber of operations Defore Breakdown Under an, Electrical Load of
iv nw 15 KW
20 IiW
25 hW
1,000
2,500
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Table 8. Properties o: F'c#.~-Graphite II.u=hes
Graphite
Drinell
Specific E1ec-
t~ical Resistance
Permissible Cur
e
t
Ex?ush
Content (y,)
i[ardness
(ohm/sq rca/m)
r
n
De
it
(
/
Permissible Linear Normal Pressure
ns
y
a
sq cm)*
Speed (m/sec)
~
sq rln)
tQG
Ltp to 1
G-12
0.05-0.1
25-30
20
120-150
b1G-1
10-15
5-7
0.1-0.25
22-25
20
120-150
22-25
25
120-150
1?G-;
20-25
3-5
0.3-o.!F5
20 ~2
25
120-150
"t-I
50
--
!:-10
1?E
15
160-200
t?I-II
75
--
6-16
12
20
16o-zco
*Ca:?bon and Lrtal,hite brushes have a Ne,7nissiblc current density of 5.5-7.5 a~sq cm.
Table ~. Description of tl:e host L:mortattt i"ypec of I;eta1 Ceramic Ifagnetic i?:atei?ia:Lr..
_
Checnicnl Comno~'tiou (N)
Ph
i
_
ys
cal Properties
Loss Co-
Initial
t~netic
i??aterial
Iron
Plickel
Co-
bait
:tlu-
minuet
Si1i-
c
Cop-
efficient
for );ddy
Coercive
force
Residual
Induction
Permeability
u/
on
er
I3alcelitc
Ctu-rents
(oersteds
Gauss)
~er(ted)
Carbonyl
100
__
--
--
-
iron*~
--
--
-'
S x 10 7
0.08
6,000
3,300
Alnico
78-41
14-20
5-27
3-12
--
0-7
0-SN of
--
500-600
3,000-IF
000
--
:llni~?
62-5'(
25-28
--
13-15
--
--
of the
quantit
Y
4.8 x l0-q
h 0- 30
5 5
,
3, Soo-lf, o00
__
Alsifer~~::
f,2
5
of metal
.
--
--
7.5
10.0
__
3 5 x 10-7
12-2
5
__
to_nnn_i~ r
*?Ccres of alt ty1~es for a i~?eauency o up to ].00,000 kilocycles
'?'*- ~s~::e*. c. :br _astruraents
~?x-k itiCh-_rec r.r _:~y ,:poke coils t: ere.?r,
, , anC cores fur a "rcnueney of uh to 5C0-2,CC0 '.:ilocye].es
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Table 10. Description of the 1?`.ost Important
t4etal Ceramic Structural hfaterials
Specific Tensile Yield
Density Strength Point Elottiga- Brinell
Material ( cc s smm 1 s rmn tion Hardness
Pure nonporous iron,
sintered, (carbor~yi)
Annealed
Roomer-hardened
Hardened
Bronze (90~ Cu, 10'/i
Sn, with a porosity of
about 5~)
Annealed
Hammer-hardened
Pw?c copper (with
lON porosity)
Annealed
Hamner-hardened
Stairil.ess steel E Ya
1 (with 20~ porosity),
siaterecl and hardened
Brass (70;~u Cu, 3oa Zn(
7.8-8.0
20-32
--.
28-40
56?
7.0
27
20
8
60
7.0
3'-
--
2.5
80
7.0
39
--
1
250
7.9
2'r
16
13
62
7.9
29
23
4
72
8.0
27
14
17
55
8.0
"9
21
5
72
--
5S
20
30
200
7?~
23
--
14
70
Table 11. Properties o; Tungsten, idolybdenum, and TentaLum
Properties
4;
h1o
Ta
Specific density (g/cc)
19-19.3
10-10.3
16.6
Alelting point (?C)
3,1100}.50
2,630150
2,900}100
Tensile strength (kg~sq mm)
110-200
35-120
90-120
Relative elongation (for o:ire --~',)
1-4
2-5
2-10
Brinell hw?dress
200-!100
200-255
80-200
Coefficient of linear e:cpansion at 25?C
!+.Y :: 10-6
5.2 s 10-6
--
}Ieat conductivity at 20oC (cal/cm/sec/oC)
0.!F
0.35
0.32
Specific electrical resistance (ohms/
sq nm~m)
0.055
O.d+B
--
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Table 12. Chemical Composition of Metal Ceramic Hard Alloys,
According to COST 3282-47
_ _
Chemical Composition of Alloy (~,)
Approxim
t
a
e -- by
Structural Components
By Elements
ALlo~y
WC
TiC
C
o
W
Ti
Co
C
~
~
--
3
91.05
--
3.0
5.95
vK6
9E
--
6
88.3
--
6.0
5.70
VK8
92
--
8
86.37
--
8.0
5.63
vFa.o
90
--
l0
81.5
--
lo.0
5.50
vtn.5
85
--
15
79.80
--
15.0
5.20
TStao
85
6
9
79.8
4.8
9.0
6.4
TSK7
88
5
7
82.6
4.0
7.0
6.4
T15K6
79
15
6
74.2
12.0
6.0
7.80
T3ox4
~
30
4
62.0
24.0
4.0
lo.o
Table 13. Physical and Mechanical Properties of i?ietal Ceramic Hard Alloys,
According to GOST 3282-47
Bending
Strength
Specific
Density
Rockwell
Hardness
Red FIardness
Temperature
ductivity
(cal/~/
Electrical
R
i
Alloy-
-~
k .s mm
cc
A scale
o?
(C)
o
es
stance
sec C
)
(ohms/sq mm/m)
VK3
loo
11F.90
89.0
1,100-1,150
0.169
0.198
vx6
120
14.50
88.0
1,050-1,100
0.145
0.206
~
130
14.35
87.5
950-1,000
0.141
0.207
vFao
135
14.20
87.0
900-950
__.
__
`Y?Q-5... 160
13.90
86.0
850-goo
0.168
0.188
T5KL0
115
12.20
88.50
1,100-1,150
__
__
T5K7
108
12.5
89.0
1,100-1,150
0.072 ~
0.248?
T15K6
110
u .o
yo.o
1,20;,
0.065
0.399
T30~
90
9.5
91.0
1,200
--
--
RESTRIC7BD
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Alloy General Description
VK3 Very high xear-resistance and
hardness, with lox resilience
Table 14. The Use of Dietal Ceramic FIard Alloys
VK6 Average resilience and wear-
resistance
VK8 High resilience and durability,
good resistance to impact and
vibration
Blain Fields of Use
All types of processing of nonmetallic
materials (glass, coal, stone, plastic,
etc.)
6emirough and finish grinding, milling,
and reaming of cast iron and nonferrous
metals
Rough griadi.ng, milling, drilling, and
other types of rough machining of cast
iron and nonferrous metals
rn.iv
ttign resilience and xear-
Drawing of steel sad nonferrous metal
~.5
resistance
rods and tubes (VK15 alloy is also used
for drilling)
T5K10
High resilience, good resist-
Rough grinding and other types of rough
TSK7
ance to impact and vibration
machining of steel
T15K6
Less resilient than T5K7 and
Semirough and finish grinding, high-speed
TSxiO, but more wear-resistant
grinding and milling of steel, cutting
of threads, and reaming of holes
T30K4
Very high wear-resistance and
High-speed grinding and boring of steel
hardness
,
xith chips of small cross section
Table 15. Chemical Composition
of Cast and Granular 1'lised Alloys
stellate
13-17
47-53
Up to
VK2
2
Stellate
4-5
58-62
Up to
~3
2
Sormayt
No 1
--
--
3-5
Sormayt
--
--
1.3-
No 2
2.2
Stalinite
No
data
No
data
No
data
Remain-
der
9-lo up to 1-1.5
3
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Impur-
Cr Din C Si ities
27-33 1 1.8- 1-2 1-1.5
2.5
28-32 -- 1-1.5 2.5 1-1.5
16-20 13-17 8-10 Up to 1-1.5
3
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Table 16. Composition of Electrode Coatings
Composition ($)
Ferro-
Ferro- t4anga- Ferro-
Coating chrome nese titanium Stalinite
Chromium 70 -- -- --
tdanganese -- 75 -- __
Stalinite __ __ __ 72
T-590
T-54o
T-600
5-8
5-8
5-8
Boron
Carbide
Graphite Chalk Fluorspar Feldspar
~5 ~5 --
15 to __
-- 12 10
90
--
--
5
5
--
36.5
--
40.0
--
S?5
i5.0
72.0
--
lt~ . o
--
14.0
--
Table 17.
Physical and 6Sechanical Properties of Cast
Fused bard Alloys
Properties of A11oy Proverb PG .,r c;..,., ~ a..,, ~ .._
Hardness J Densit - Tensile Rockwell
Relative Strength Hardness Relative
Alloy C scaleY ccY 6Selting Point Wear* fU../~,.......~ ,,. _- __
- ----- ? .. -.~-,, o.? 1,275 0.60-0.65 60-70 41-43 0.50-0.55
Sormayt No 1 49-54 7.4 1,275 0.55-0.70
35.0 49-So 0.61-0.65
sormayt No 2 40-45 7.6 1,3co 0.30-0.70
39-43 39-43 0.65-0.70
~ The wear of mangenese wear-resistant steel G12 is equal to 1
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Percent of
Soluble Glass
in Relation to
Dry C` tip
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Table 18. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Laminae
Built Up With Granular and Electrode Alloys (per single ~AMina)
Alloy
Granular
Vokar
Stalinite
coating
Chromium
bfanganese
Stalinite
Rockwell
Hardness
C scale
Relative
Wear
Rod Hardness
( C)
61-63
0.17-0.18
l,ooo-l, goo
56-57
0.57-0.60
800-850
55-58
0.8-0.9
850-900
52-56
0.95-1.0
700-750
54-56
0.58-0.62
750-800
Table 19. Recommended Flieed Hard Alloys
Recommended Fused
Hard Alloys
Causes of Wear Conditions of Work
-- ---- ~-- ~..?..~.?__ ~u.o, cx- voxar, SL811IIlte, eleC-
cavator teeth, millstones for disk mills, trodes (with wear-re-
grab crane ,jaws, etc.) sistant coating) Sor-
mayt fto 1 and 2
Careful machining and heat-treatment are
required after Zlisi;~g on (punches for
riveting, etc.)
Attrition and Hot cutting of metals (tri~ning dies and Sormayt No 1 and 2
impact punches, blades for shears, tri~ning
rings, etc.)
Cold cutting of metals (triumting dies Sormeyt No 1 and 2
and punches, blades for shears, blanking
dies, punches, etc.)
Attrition (for Rough wear (screw-conveyer blades, plow- Vokar, stalinite,
the most part) shares, exhaust-fan blades, rollers for coated electrodes
roll tables, etc.)
Machining is required after fusing on Sormayt No 1 and 2
(shaft and axle ,journals, bearing
bushings, measuring instruments, feed
rollers)
STAT
__ __,
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Causes of Wear Conditions of Work
Erosion and
corrosion
Corrosion, no strong mechanical effects,
and at moderate temperatures (steam
turbine bL!des)
Corrosion and mechanical effects, at
high temperatures
Recommended Fused
Hard Alloys
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STAT