WATER CONSERVATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN NORTHWEST CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2011
• Sequence Number: 514
• Publication Date: January 11, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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COUNTRY
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
Economic - Agriculture, irrigation,
facilities, methods
Monograph
Shanghai
Nov 1950
CD NO.
DATE OF
NO. OF PAGES 24
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
SOURCE Nunn-t'ien Shui-li (Agricultural Water Conservation in the
Northwest , Published by Chung-hug Shu-chu Ku-fen Yu-hnien Min,_. nE
WATER CONSERVATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN NORTHWEST CHINA
fsummary: This report sussnarizes Chapters II through IX of the
Chinese monograph, Agricultural Water Conservation in Vie Northwest
by Wang Ch'cng-thing. It discusses the irrigation systems, ancient
and modern, of the six arid northwestern provinces of Shensi, Suiyuan,
Ningsia, Kansu, Tsinghai, and Sinkiang where the annual -?ainfall
ranges from 4 to 850 millimeters. Twenty-one tables :,*.'c information
on location and equipment of irrigation facilities, saxces of water,
and areas benefited. The report also discusses prospects and require-
rrents for expansion of irrigation in the various provinces. Table 21
gives some crop prcduction data, for Shensi.l
A. Gco,raphical Basis of I:?riration in the Northwest
Because of its inland location, surrounded by mountains, the Northwest is an
area of light rainfall, ranging from almost none to about 850 millimeters per year.
The distribution of rainfall is indicated by the following table.
i_ try
Annual Rain-
fall (mm)
Nan-then;;
641.3
1936 - 1;1u:
T'ung-kuan
670.8
1937 - 1940
1,423.4
557.2
19' 23 - 1540
879.3
1925 - lrA0
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CLASSIFICATION COrrFIDL?TIAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
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Province
City
Annual Rain-
fall (nn)
Yearn
Yit-lin
422.7
1936, 1937
Suiyuan
Kuei-cui
374.1
1920 - 1937
Sa-la-ch'i
324.1
1920 - 1937
Pao-t'ou
409.8
--
1,409
Ilingsia
Yin-ch'uan
148.2
196, 1937
1,6o6.7
Chin-chi
236
2
.
1,511.3
Kansu
Lan-chou
306.9
1933
- 1940
1,355-1
Clan;;-ych
95.2
1939
- 1940
--
Chiu-ch'uan
79.1
1935
- 1940
--
Tun-huank;
31.8
1539
- , ,4o
--
Tsin4hai
IIsi-nine
364.5
1937
- 1940
Rua-lung
296.1
1937
- -940
Sinkiang
Urumchi
228.8
1937
- 1943
T'a-ch' en.,
274.2
1541
- 15,-3
K'u-ch'e
75.?
1928
- 1.931
Tu-lu-fan
29.2
1938
- 1943
Ch'o-ch'ians
4.5
1923,
1929
R. Irrigation in Shensi
year) and 65 _rercent of ?.thmt rain there is cones in the au-in. IIeuce irrigation
Canal River Rsiens (shi,`,-sou+?) irn pleted
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Canal
River
Hsiens
Lo-hui
Lo Shui
Ta-li, Ch'a-i, Hua-yin
Feng-hui
Feng Shui
Hu Hsien, Chang-an,
Hsien-yang
Hei-hui
Red Ho
Chou-chih
Mei-hui
Shih-t'ou
Mel Hsien, Chih-stun
Ho
Lao-hui
Lao Ho
Hu Helen
Kan-hui
Kan Ho
Li-ch'uan
Han-hui
Han Shui
Mien Hsien, Pao-c1:'eng
Pao-hui
Pao Shui
Pao-ch'eng, Han-cheng,
Chen;-ku
Hsii-hui
Hsu Shui
Ch'enq-ku, Yank; Hsien
Ting-hui
Wu-tang Ito
Huang-e1wn, Yu-lin
Chih-an
Wu-ting Ho
Yu-tin, Mi-chih
Irriga-
tion Area
shah-mou*
L6.ngth
of Ca-
nals
i-
500,000 83
230,000 48
160,000
55
132,000 121
1942
1938
100,000 22 --
30,000 5 1 44
'_10,000 111 1945
140,000 55 1;1:5
160,000 4i --
40,000 34 --
11,000 18 1939
2,9I.6,0oo 97 3
1One shih-mou equals 667 square meters?
The following table presents a list of planned new irrigation projects.
Table 3. New Irrigation Projects LConioiicri from finires given in the tc..-tJ
Total *
Tang-hui 6,000 11ci Hsien
Iling-hui 20,000 Mei Hsien
ruong the Han Shui
another 400,000 shah-mou are irrigable. Two million non along the Yellow River
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in Shensi and Shansi between Lung-men and T'ung-kuan and another million shih-mou
of alluvial soil along a number of streams in Shensi could be profitably irrigated.
The prospects for extensive expansion of modern irrigation projects in Shensi are
very bright.
In addition, there are 161 fairly large-scale old-style irrigation projects
in various states of disrepair, involving 29 hsiens in southern Shensi and 15 in
the north, drawing water from some 40 streams and capable of benefiting 64,400
shin-mou of land, that should be put into working condition. There are also in
existence 1,147 small-scale facilities collectively capable of irrigating 1,474,700
shih-mou. There are 40,213 shallow wells in use for irrigation in 17 hsiens; these
wells have a capacity for irrigating 295,721 shih-mou. Putting all these figures
and those in above tables together there is a total area o-' approximately 6,116,821
shih-mou of land in Shansi within reach of existin; and planned irrigation facilities.
C. Irrigation in Suiyunn
The most important i?ri,-ation area in Suiyuan Province has always been the
area of the great bend of the Yellow River commonly called the Ordos. This area
is bounded on the cast by the Wu-la Shan, on the south of the Yellow River, and
on the north by the Wu-chia He. It is an area 200 kilemeter:r long from east to
west and 70-odd kilometer., wire from north to scutb crisscrossed everywhere by
canals carrying water from the Yellow River northward across the plain into the
Wu-chia He and back through the Wu-liang-su Hai into the Yellow River again. This
area was formerly Mongol grazing land, but the pressure of the agricultural popu-
lation from Shansi and Shensi resulted in the initiation of irrigation during the
T'ang Dynasty 512, - 905 AD7.
During the Yuan ldongoj Dynasty 1281 - 1368 F] the area reverted to graz-
ing, land status. In the early years of the Manchu Dynasty `1644 - 1911, agri-
culture was revived with considerable success, again attractin; a large influx of
people from Shansi and. Shensi, who expanded the irrigation facilities. Some esti-
mates place the arable land in this area at 16 million shin-mou, of which 10 mil-
lion can be irrigated. Actually, the area now irrigated is considerably less.
The following table shows the present situation with :egarP to irrigation.
fee table on following page;
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Karl;-chi
Feng-chi
a^ha-ho
I -ho
T'ung-hai
Ch'ang-chi
T'a-tu
lIuang-t'u-1a-I?ai
Yang-chin-ho
Min-fu
Total
Lin-ho, Yen-chian,_
75
45
600,000
L
ang-shan
Lin-h?
E5
10
50,000
Lin-ho; Yen-chiang
36.;
43
200,000
;:u- pu an, Ycn-chiang
41,5
74
1,050,000
ilu-711a11, ar.-1e1
45
45
200
000
Ids.,-;,van, An-pei
57
142
,
10e
00n
Hu-?/u
n
A
i
,
,
n-Po
65
131
150,000
Wu-.:man,
:n-pei
60
204
120,000
Lin-ho,
Yen-chlang
72,1,
--
500,000
:a-t~'ang
30
65
400,000
An-pei
27.5
--
80,000
--
--
3,1+50,000
(shah
-mou
)
(shit
300,000 100,000
30,000 10,000
100,000
50,000
60,000 20,000
100,000 30,000
50,000 20,000
80,000 35,000
50,000 15,000
250,000
100,000
250,000
60,000
45'000 25,000
1,315,000 465,000
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Table 4. Comparison o, Important Irrigation Canals in the Ordoa Area
Canal Area Irritated Area Irrigated Length No of in Wet years ' -Area Irrigated Ilsien b' Branches (shah-mou in Ordinary Years in Dry Years
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In addition to the above canals there are 335 kilometers of smaller canals
capable of irrigating 93,000 shih-mou. In 1943, the Fu-hsing Canal was con-
structed east of the Feng-chi Canal to irrigate 600,000 shih-mou in Wu-yuan and
Yen-chiang hsiens. The main canal is 48 kilometers long and enters the Sha-ho
Canal. However, only about one fourth of the irrigable land of the area is as
yet provided with irrigation facilities.
The flood waters of the Yellow River are not yet being utilized to the
fullest possible extent. Because
f
o
the changeableness of the Yellow River a
great deal of expense is involved in keeping the canal inlctc connected with the
river year by year and control mechanisms are difficult to Taintaln. The silt
carried in the Yellow River in Suiyuan Province ranges from 0.12 percent to 2.55
percent. Hence silting of the canals is not a great problem.
The terrain in the area is suitable for irrigation having a gradual even
slope from south to north and from west to east. The loess soil is very fertile
and productive once water is available. The annual variation in water level in
the Yellow River in this area is 2-3 meters.
The following table indicates the sequence of water movement in the Yellow
River in the Ordos area.
Table 5. Seasons of High Water on the Yellow River in Ordos Area
Rain`n
Period of High Water (days)
s
Time of Hiw h Water
LOnF
Medium
Short
Spring Rains
Before 20 March
10
7
3
Peach Blossom Rains
About 20 April
15
10
7
Warm Rains
About 5 May
30
15
10
Dog Days Rains
June, July
45
30
20
Autumn Rains
August, September, October
6o
+0
30
Winter Rains
About 7 November
10
6
4
with the average around 108 days. Per year in thgis area ranges from 74 to 170
ver, sprin irrigation water carries con-
Ys. Howe use it
siderable alkali. Farmers, therefore, do not like to u. In the winter the
water carries ice which is useful in
The number of irrigation
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Table 6. Irrigation in the San-hu Ho Area
Le
h km
Area Irrigated
(shih-mou)
20
50,000
20
60,000
10
20,000
40
20,000
30
10,000
--
2,000
162,000
It is evident from the above figures that only a small portion of the
irrigable land in this area is being cared for. If the possibilities of
irrigation by use of the water of the Yellow River in Suiyuan Province were
exploited to their fullest extent some 12,700,000 shah-mou of land could be
benefited. Irrigation is basic to the development of this part of the north-
west. Aside from the Yellow River, the Ta-hei Ho and the Hsia-hei He, as
well as numerous mountain streams and springs, are being utilized by the
farmers of Suiyuan for irrigation.
The following table shows the extent of irrigation from such sources.
Table 7. Irrigation in Suiyuan
From Sources Other Than Yellow River
NO of Area Irrigated
Hsien Canals shah-mou
_~_ Rcr..arks
Kuei-sui 132 541,450 Water chiefly from the Ta-
hei Ho and the Hsiao-hei Ho
Sa-la-chi 15 81,600 Water chiefly from the Ta-
hei Ho
110-lin 16 60,960
T'o-1.'e-t'o it 31,000
Ch'ing-shui-ho 11 5,920
Chou-yang 18 70,300
Chi-n?ng 3 1,730 Water from Upper Yang He
Wu-chou 5 15,700
Hsing-ho 9 35,000 Water from Upper Yana Rn
Liang-ch'eng 10 44,500 Water from Upper Yang He
rung-cnen 14 19,350 Water from
? Upper Yang He
Total I.-
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Canal
Tung-ta
Hsi-kuan
Hsi-ta
Kung-chi
I?Ln-iii
Others
Total
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ing The combined irrigation picture
table. for all of Suiyuan is shown in the follow-
Table 8.
Present Irrigation Situation in Suiyuan
Canals
Location
Ordinary Seasonal Irri-a-
11 Bl
tion lrea (shih
ain canals
Ordos
mow)
32 Minor Canals
1,315,000 (Table
Ordos
FU-hsing Canal
493, 000
Ordos
I-lain Canals
600, Opp
Ch'ien-t'ao
Miscellaneous Canals
Various hsiens
162,O0o (Table 7)
Total
909,510 (Table 8)
3
If the Min-she ,479,510
lion rhih-mow c Canal ?,ere again put into working condition another 2 mil-
existi tied be added to the area currently irrigated in Sui
existing facilities i n the Ordos area were modernized, the water su IPIy n If would the
come much more dependable and agricultural operations wool
tory and productive, be-
d be far more satiofac-
D. Irrimtion in is
areas with a t tal
to " province divides naturally MJy --a rertile and
of 30 million shih-mow of into three irrigation
2,700,000 shih-mow are under cultivation. arable land of which at
present on1,v
The following table presents the current irrigation situation in the province,
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Table 9. Irrigation Situation on the Ninssia Plains
Length No of
(k-) Hranches
-
Area
Irrigated
shih-nou
Ho-lon, Yin-chou Ning-shuo, Yung-ning, Ping-lo, 600,548
Itui-nunv
Han-yen 110 436 Ho-lan, Yin-chou Ning-shing, , Yung-Wing
Hui-ring 184 664 Ho-lan, Yin-chou, Nina-shuo P'i
ng-lo, Hui-Wong,
Yun
-
i
g
p
ng
Ta-ch'ing 37 120 Ning-shuo
Ch'ang-lan 43 215 P'ing-lo
Pang-ch'u 30 37 Hui-nung
Yun3-jun 20 17 Hui-nung
Hsi -I:uan 24 17 Hui -nung
Ma-t'an-chia 4 -- Ning-shuo
Ho-h^,i Yun-t'ing 60
39 Ho-1 u, Yin-chou, Yung-Wing, P'in;-lo, Hui-nLmg
Ho-tung (East of Ch'in-ch'u 72 1,221 Chin-chi, Lin-ira
Yellow River
Chung-wei
345,857
396,306
59,750
65,700
17,098
11,136
14,500
12,807
200,000
186,266
133,600
26,104
130,865
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Han-ch'u 63 2c0 Chin-chi
Tien-zhui 18 72 Ling-mu
Mei-li 77 130 Chung-uei
/ djoins page 10 here.?
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Ch'i-hsing
Ling-yang-chiao
Ling-yang-shou
Ling-yang-chia
T'ai-p'ing
Hsin-pei
Liu-ch'ing
Hsin-sheng
Chung-chi
K'ang-chia-t'an
Huang-hsin-Van
Fend;-] o
/7djoins page 9 here.?
66
171
Chung-ning
12
6
Chung-wei
19
7
Chung-wei
24
19
Chung-wei
33
30
Chung-wei
20
14
Chung-wei
20
47
Chung-ning
38
9
Chung-ning
32
69
Chung-ning
12
10
Chung-ning
10
--
Chung-ning
37
42
Chung-ning
1,277 4,363
84,548
14,486
11,74o
30,988
47,678
17,260
19,176
30,495
20,256
11,103
15,931
19,750
2,545,408
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-ye eo large canals, capable of irrigating over
105000, ihhmoumea,htheg eYe ma,nytheothera canals capable of irrigating under
Province is onrable area usually irrigated in Ningsia
m
Pro Theis only 1, 5 0,~ shih which and some years as little as 700,000 shih-
ings. modern, have the following shortcom-
1. Poor Drainage System
Poor drainage is especially noticeable in the Ho-hsi area. Drainage
is best in the Chung-wei area. Where drainage is poor, water settles in low
spots and
tabl csiltethed
alkalinity Nin s
ofn
proeerl high in
suffers from this difficulty. I r Y? Mich of Ningia
2. Faulty Canal Inlet System
Since the movement of the water from the Yellow River into the canal
has always depended on gravity there is too great a variation in the supply of
water to the irrigation system between times of high and low water. During the
flood season a great deal of silt is carried into the canals where it settles
and combines with wind-borne soil to clog the canals. Much manpower is rquired
every year to clean the canals.
3? Faulty Canal Locks
The canal locks are not integrated. The system of branch canals should
be modernized to insure proper control and saving of labor.
with Estimates by ariousmstudents ofdtheapossibiillities of irrigation in Ningsis
mou. For reasons of topography the largest e.?cpansio
7.5 million shih-
shih-
3 nmwillobeto
Ho-hsi area. LSee Table 9 for names of hsiensJ possible in the
The ease with which irrigation can be carried on in Ningsia makes feasible
increased cultivation of paddy rice. In the fIo-hsi area most of the paddy rice
is grown north of Ho-lan Hsien where some 70 percent of the cereal production is
paddy rice. In the remainder of Ho-hsi and in Chung-wei and Ho-tung the aver-
age is 30 percent. Cereal farming in local areas is quite specializea, one area
grows wheat only, another rice only.
In addition to the irrigation of the Ningsia plain about 100,000 mou are
irrigated in the foothills areas.
E. Irrigation in Kansu
Since the annual rainfall in Kansu runs as low as 100 millimeters, irriga-
tion is a necessity for agriculture and has been practiced for at least 2,000
years. One of the chief sources of irrigation water is the melting snows on the
Ch'i-lien Shan.
In Kansu there are three main irrigation areas:
t'ai.. I. Area watered by the Jo Shui, with main centers around Chang-yeh and Kao-
2. Area watered by the Lin Shui, centering around Chiu-ch'uan.
3. The Sha-ho and Pai-t'ing He irrigation area centering at 'rtu-wei
can be raised in the areas around Ch
Ric
.
e
miscellaneous cereals are raised. ang-yeh, Kao-t'ai and Lin-tse; in other areas,
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Logging on the Ch'i-lien Shan in recent decades has resulted in elevati
of the snow line and serious s
il
o
on
restore washing on the lower slopes. Th completely
irrigation in the area it will be necessary to reforest these mountains.
Tgble 10. Irrigation Facilities and Acreage in
the Ho-hsi Area of Kansu
No of No of Average Rainfall High Rainfall Year
Hsieh Canals Dikes Year Irrigation Irrigation Area
Area hih
Yung-teng 10 38 101,600
Chi-lang 3 17
75,000
Yung-ch'ang 3 35 200
000
,
Wu-wei 300,000
10 41 255,000
Shan-tan 485,000
8 17 137,300
Min-ch'in 16 _
150,000
Chang_yeh 24 300,000
-- 266,700 477,700
Min-lo 8 -
164,400
Lin-tse 10
-- 107,400
Kao-t'ai 6 25
194,200
An-hsi 6 - --
33,300
Tun-huang 10 --
-- 120,000
Chiu-ch'aan 6 48
200,000 500,000
Yd-men 6 -
12,500
-mou) (shih-mou)
Total 126
229 anw l.nn
able water is actually used in irrigo~u ation canalsWithout, Only
tsixt he hnrn,,va+navail-
is unseasonable and the ,An,n+
=~c canal system is the lack of inlet controls.-yForezects in the present obso-
stagnation and evaporation in th various reasons includi
able flood water reservoirs -in~the unneIIerPp ~~ ties is the construction of suit-
possioleto expand considerably ' the- area under "? effective carrlea out. It irrigation. A will then great be ex-
pansion of the system of shallow wells i ri.?
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There is a certain amount of modern irrigation activity in Kansu in the
valley of the Yellow River and its tributaries. The terrain places certain
natural strictness on irrigation, most of the arable land consisting of long
narrow strips along the banks of the streams. The following table shows some
of the modern irrigation developments:
Canal Area
T'ao-hui Lin-t'ao
Huang-hui Kao-lan,Yung-teng
Po-chi Lin-t'ao
Jui-feng Ching-chou
Yung-feng Yung-ching
Yung-lo Yung-thing
Ching-feng Ching-yuan
Lan-feng Kao-lan
Teng-feng Yung-teng
Hsiao-feng Chin-ch'uan,
Chin-t'a
Length Irrigated Year
of Ca- Area (shah- Com-
Water Source nal(km mou) pleted
Tao Ho
28.3
Huan Shui
31.0
T'ao Ho
19.3
Jui Ho
13.1
Huang Ho
25.3
Ta-sha Ho
17.0
Yellow River
15.6
Yellow River
75.1
Ts-t'ung Ho
--
Lin-shui
--
27,000 Aug 1938
25,000 Apr 1942
35,000 Apr 1942
10,000 Mar 1944
23,000 Dec 1944
48,000 Dec 1944
20,000 Dec 1944
110,000 --
4,500 Apr 1946
70,000 May 1947
452,500
Kao-lan Shan-chien Shui 13
T'ao-sha T'ao Ho 10 15,600
Ching-yuan Tsu-li Ho 9 21,000
Wei-yuan Wei Ho _ 4 6,000
Ning-ting Tao Ho 2 250,000
Min Hsien T'ao Ho 1 20,000
- 13 -
CONFIDENTIAL
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Helen
Wu-shorn
Lung-hsi
Chang Hsien
Chin-an
Kan-ku
T'ien-shut
Li Hsien
K'ang Helen
Hui Hsien
Wen Hsien
Meng Hsier,
Wu-tu
Ting-hsi
Hui-ning
Ching-t'ai
Hal -yuan
Yfl-chung
Ching-ch'uan
Ping-liang
Cheng-ning
Lin-hsia
Cheng-ning
Hung-shui
K'ang-lo
Total
Water Source
Wei Ho
Wei Ho
Wei Ho
Wei Ho
Wei Ho
Wei Ho, Chi Ho, Yung Ch'uan
Chia-ling Chiang
Chia-ling Chiang
Chia-ling Chiang
Pai-lung Chiang
Chia-ling Chiang
Pai-lung Chiang
Nan-pei Ho
Tsu-li Ho
Shan-ch'ien-shut
Ch'ing-shut Ho, Shan-chien-shut
Ta-ying Ho, Ch'uan Shui
Ching Ho
Ching Ho
Ching Ho
Ta-sha Ho, Wei-chia-chi Ho
K'u-shui Ho, Hu-lu Ho
No of
Canals
Area Irrigated
(shih-mou)
3
8,600
6
23,900
1
20,000
8
3,000
1
5,000
5
4,6oo
1
1,000
1
2,000
1
3,000
5
11,000
1
2,000
5
10,000
2
7,900
4
1,500
1
2,000
7
12,200
2
40,0oo
1 400
6 320,000
2 200,000
20 37,000
6 10,000
2 3,500
2 8,000
144 1,285,500
Another type of irrigation practiced along the Yellow River is pump irriga-
tion utilizing the water of the river. The following table gives 1944 figures
on this type of water supply.
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Hsien
Kao-lan
203
Yung-thing
69
Ching-Yuan
59
Yil-chung
19
Ching-t'ai
9
Hui-ning
2
Total
361
General Average
Pinups
(ahih-mou)
Each Pump (shah-mou)
55,926
275
17,120
249
15,595
264
5,200
274
1,845
205
600
300
96,280
--
Although a sizeable amount of land has been irrigated by these water-driven
pumps, their initial PmAn~o ..
Table 14. Present Over-All Irrigation Situation in Kansu
Old-Type Irrigation (Ho-hsi area)
New-Type Irrigation
Old-Type Irrigation (East and South Kansu)
Pump Irrigation (Yellow River)
Well Irrigation (various hsiens)
Irrigation in Tsinghai
452,500 Table 12
1,285,500 Table 13
96,280 Table 14
The following table indicates the extent of old-style irrigation in Tsinghai.
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Area
Hsi-ning
Huang-yuan
Lo-tu
Kuci-te
Wu-chu
Tun-hua
Hua-lung
Win-ho
Tung-,j en
To-t'ung
Tu-lan
Wei --,,uan
COrrFIDSNTIAL
Table 15. Old-Style Irrigation in Tsinghai
No of Canals
Area Irrigated
(shah-mou)
1115,250
37,380
72,060
80,930
150,900
15,000
11,700
20,820
4, 56o
61,200
28,000
9,300
Table 16. W dern Irrigation Facilities in Tsinghai
Canal A Aq Length Year Area Irrigated
Fang-hui Hu-chu
23 Nov 1qF7 , ~ -
Tang-nai-ho JIsing-hai 5,500
10 1;16 S. Snn
Due to both terrain and climate in Tsinghai the possibilities for expansion
of irrigation outside the presen+ a
.. .. _ . _
re are
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G. Irrigation in Sinkiang
Most of the agriculture of Sinkiang is carried on at oases -- grassland
oases in the north and desert oases in the south. These oases depend largely
on melting snow from the mountains for their water supply. This fact results
in a very heavy population per square kilometer in oases, as high as 320 per-
sons in some cases. From time immemorial, human activity in Sinkiang, particu-
larly in the southern part, has been dependent upon irrigation. The future de-
velopment of Sinkiang requires that even greater stress be placed on irrigation.
Approximately one-half of the population in the Turfan Depression is dependent
on another type of irrigation, namely, tunnel irrigation. In the Ha-mi area
about one fourth of the population depends on this type. In Tu-lu-fan, Tu-shan,
and T'o-k'o-sun hsiens the irrigation capacity of tunnels varies from 300 to
1,000 shih-mou each, according to size; but in the Ha-mi area the average capac-
ity is 40 shih-mou. This method of irrigation is, however, expensive, both in
initial cost and in upkeep. The method of construction is to dig a canal from
the plain toward the hills and then continue with a horizontal tunnel into the
mountain side until a water-bearing stratum is reached from which water will
flow through the tunnel into the canal. The tunnels may be anywhere from a few
rods to several kilometers long. At intervals of 30 to 40 feet perpendicular
wells are dug from the surface of the ground to the tunnel to provide ventila-
tion and a means of cleaning silt or other obstructions out of the tunnel.
The paucity of rainfall in Sinkiang makes agriculture largely dependent upon
the melting snow of the various mountain ranges. Therefore, the larger part of
the agricultural population is distributed along the foothills of the various
mountain ranges.
The following table indicates the old-type irrigation facilities of the
province.
Sui-lai 9 176 154,912
Tu-lu-fan 2 150 254,524
Shan-shan 8 79 56,4oo
Ch'ang-chi 8 400 111,991
T'o-k'o-hsiin 2 180 35,740
Mu-lei-ho 5 48 26,500
Table 17. Old-Style Irrigation Facilities in Sinkiang
No of Area Irrigated
Hsien Canals Length (km) (shih-mou)
Ti-hua 68 1,038 160,290
Fou-k'ang . 20 242 76,512
Chien-te 21 154 67,475
Fu-yUan 23 633 121,753
Chi-t'ai 24 750 183,4oo
Hu-t'u-pi 3 80 69,560
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50X1-HUM
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py Approved for Rele
ase 201
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00809A000700150514-
3
r
50X1-HUM.
COIWIDFMIAL
Hsien
No of
Canals
Le th km
Area Irrigated
(shih-mou)
's ItI
i-;
t
I-ning
13
163
w ?.
sui-ti
11
252
989,419
t`
243,000
.
Wea-ch'{lan
45
1,410
0+0
37
~
t
#
Po-lo
21
194
,
25,174
1
0
Ching-ho
10
-
271
77,357
Chao-su
5
51
30,000
Kung-liu
14
260
2
,
289,665
Kung-ha
55
1
995
'
,
91,437
Ho-ch'eng
9
180
206,214
I
Ho-nan*
12
324
236,454
T'e-k'o-ssu
7
400
70,000
Hain-yuan*
14
146
52,741
T'a-ch'eng
76
404
78,960
i
0-min
18
285
`; .
Y{-min She-chih-
'
121
1
88$
13,270
f'
ch
{i*
,
4,820
i
Sha-Wan
23
190
54,584
s
+
Wu-su
q
720
71,540
Ho-feng She-chih-
chi*
2
150
'
1,0
75
Ch'eng-hua
31
1,790
6o,ooo
-'
3
180
6, 285
Fu-hai
4
56
12,000
Ha-pa-ho
12
1~3
2,521
Chi-mu-nai
10
150
16,225
_
Ch'ing-ho
5
125
,
,380
Pu-erh-ching
21
69
10,912
Ha-mi
6
114
60,410
Chen-hsi
32
3~9
53, 525
I-sin
8
233
11,281
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CONFIDENTIAL
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