WATER CONSERVATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN NORTHWEST CHINA

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CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3
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RIPPUB
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C
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24
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December 22, 2016
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September 13, 2011
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514
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Publication Date: 
January 11, 1954
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REPORT
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 COUNTRY SUBJECT HOW PUBLISHED WHERE PUBLISHED DATE PUBLISHED LANGUAGE Economic - Agriculture, irrigation, facilities, methods Monograph Shanghai Nov 1950 CD NO. DATE OF NO. OF PAGES 24 SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT NO. SOURCE Nunn-t'ien Shui-li (Agricultural Water Conservation in the Northwest , Published by Chung-hug Shu-chu Ku-fen Yu-hnien Min,_. nE WATER CONSERVATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN NORTHWEST CHINA fsummary: This report sussnarizes Chapters II through IX of the Chinese monograph, Agricultural Water Conservation in Vie Northwest by Wang Ch'cng-thing. It discusses the irrigation systems, ancient and modern, of the six arid northwestern provinces of Shensi, Suiyuan, Ningsia, Kansu, Tsinghai, and Sinkiang where the annual -?ainfall ranges from 4 to 850 millimeters. Twenty-one tables :,*.'c information on location and equipment of irrigation facilities, saxces of water, and areas benefited. The report also discusses prospects and require- rrents for expansion of irrigation in the various provinces. Table 21 gives some crop prcduction data, for Shensi.l A. Gco,raphical Basis of I:?riration in the Northwest Because of its inland location, surrounded by mountains, the Northwest is an area of light rainfall, ranging from almost none to about 850 millimeters per year. The distribution of rainfall is indicated by the following table. i_ try Annual Rain- fall (mm) Nan-then;; 641.3 1936 - 1;1u: T'ung-kuan 670.8 1937 - 1940 1,423.4 557.2 19' 23 - 1540 879.3 1925 - lrA0 50X1-HUM 50X1-HUM 50X1-HUM Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 CLASSIFICATION COrrFIDL?TIAL CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY INFORMATION FROM FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Province City Annual Rain- fall (nn) Yearn Yit-lin 422.7 1936, 1937 Suiyuan Kuei-cui 374.1 1920 - 1937 Sa-la-ch'i 324.1 1920 - 1937 Pao-t'ou 409.8 -- 1,409 Ilingsia Yin-ch'uan 148.2 196, 1937 1,6o6.7 Chin-chi 236 2 . 1,511.3 Kansu Lan-chou 306.9 1933 - 1940 1,355-1 Clan;;-ych 95.2 1939 - 1940 -- Chiu-ch'uan 79.1 1935 - 1940 -- Tun-huank; 31.8 1539 - , ,4o -- Tsin4hai IIsi-nine 364.5 1937 - 1940 Rua-lung 296.1 1937 - -940 Sinkiang Urumchi 228.8 1937 - 1943 T'a-ch' en., 274.2 1541 - 15,-3 K'u-ch'e 75.? 1928 - 1.931 Tu-lu-fan 29.2 1938 - 1943 Ch'o-ch'ians 4.5 1923, 1929 R. Irrigation in Shensi year) and 65 _rercent of ?.thmt rain there is cones in the au-in. IIeuce irrigation Canal River Rsiens (shi,`,-sou+?) irn pleted Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Canal River Hsiens Lo-hui Lo Shui Ta-li, Ch'a-i, Hua-yin Feng-hui Feng Shui Hu Hsien, Chang-an, Hsien-yang Hei-hui Red Ho Chou-chih Mei-hui Shih-t'ou Mel Hsien, Chih-stun Ho Lao-hui Lao Ho Hu Helen Kan-hui Kan Ho Li-ch'uan Han-hui Han Shui Mien Hsien, Pao-c1:'eng Pao-hui Pao Shui Pao-ch'eng, Han-cheng, Chen;-ku Hsii-hui Hsu Shui Ch'enq-ku, Yank; Hsien Ting-hui Wu-tang Ito Huang-e1wn, Yu-lin Chih-an Wu-ting Ho Yu-tin, Mi-chih Irriga- tion Area shah-mou* L6.ngth of Ca- nals i- 500,000 83 230,000 48 160,000 55 132,000 121 1942 1938 100,000 22 -- 30,000 5 1 44 '_10,000 111 1945 140,000 55 1;1:5 160,000 4i -- 40,000 34 -- 11,000 18 1939 2,9I.6,0oo 97 3 1One shih-mou equals 667 square meters? The following table presents a list of planned new irrigation projects. Table 3. New Irrigation Projects LConioiicri from finires given in the tc..-tJ Total * Tang-hui 6,000 11ci Hsien Iling-hui 20,000 Mei Hsien ruong the Han Shui another 400,000 shah-mou are irrigable. Two million non along the Yellow River Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 in Shensi and Shansi between Lung-men and T'ung-kuan and another million shih-mou of alluvial soil along a number of streams in Shensi could be profitably irrigated. The prospects for extensive expansion of modern irrigation projects in Shensi are very bright. In addition, there are 161 fairly large-scale old-style irrigation projects in various states of disrepair, involving 29 hsiens in southern Shensi and 15 in the north, drawing water from some 40 streams and capable of benefiting 64,400 shin-mou of land, that should be put into working condition. There are also in existence 1,147 small-scale facilities collectively capable of irrigating 1,474,700 shih-mou. There are 40,213 shallow wells in use for irrigation in 17 hsiens; these wells have a capacity for irrigating 295,721 shih-mou. Putting all these figures and those in above tables together there is a total area o-' approximately 6,116,821 shih-mou of land in Shansi within reach of existin; and planned irrigation facilities. C. Irrigation in Suiyunn The most important i?ri,-ation area in Suiyuan Province has always been the area of the great bend of the Yellow River commonly called the Ordos. This area is bounded on the cast by the Wu-la Shan, on the south of the Yellow River, and on the north by the Wu-chia He. It is an area 200 kilemeter:r long from east to west and 70-odd kilometer., wire from north to scutb crisscrossed everywhere by canals carrying water from the Yellow River northward across the plain into the Wu-chia He and back through the Wu-liang-su Hai into the Yellow River again. This area was formerly Mongol grazing land, but the pressure of the agricultural popu- lation from Shansi and Shensi resulted in the initiation of irrigation during the T'ang Dynasty 512, - 905 AD7. During the Yuan ldongoj Dynasty 1281 - 1368 F] the area reverted to graz- ing, land status. In the early years of the Manchu Dynasty `1644 - 1911, agri- culture was revived with considerable success, again attractin; a large influx of people from Shansi and. Shensi, who expanded the irrigation facilities. Some esti- mates place the arable land in this area at 16 million shin-mou, of which 10 mil- lion can be irrigated. Actually, the area now irrigated is considerably less. The following table shows the present situation with :egarP to irrigation. fee table on following page; Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 50X1-HUM Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Karl;-chi Feng-chi a^ha-ho I -ho T'ung-hai Ch'ang-chi T'a-tu lIuang-t'u-1a-I?ai Yang-chin-ho Min-fu Total Lin-ho, Yen-chian,_ 75 45 600,000 L ang-shan Lin-h? E5 10 50,000 Lin-ho; Yen-chiang 36.; 43 200,000 ;:u- pu an, Ycn-chiang 41,5 74 1,050,000 ilu-711a11, ar.-1e1 45 45 200 000 Ids.,-;,van, An-pei 57 142 , 10e 00n Hu-?/u n A i , , n-Po 65 131 150,000 Wu-.:man, :n-pei 60 204 120,000 Lin-ho, Yen-chlang 72,1, -- 500,000 :a-t~'ang 30 65 400,000 An-pei 27.5 -- 80,000 -- -- 3,1+50,000 (shah -mou ) (shit 300,000 100,000 30,000 10,000 100,000 50,000 60,000 20,000 100,000 30,000 50,000 20,000 80,000 35,000 50,000 15,000 250,000 100,000 250,000 60,000 45'000 25,000 1,315,000 465,000 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Table 4. Comparison o, Important Irrigation Canals in the Ordoa Area Canal Area Irritated Area Irrigated Length No of in Wet years ' -Area Irrigated Ilsien b' Branches (shah-mou in Ordinary Years in Dry Years 50X1-HUM Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 In addition to the above canals there are 335 kilometers of smaller canals capable of irrigating 93,000 shih-mou. In 1943, the Fu-hsing Canal was con- structed east of the Feng-chi Canal to irrigate 600,000 shih-mou in Wu-yuan and Yen-chiang hsiens. The main canal is 48 kilometers long and enters the Sha-ho Canal. However, only about one fourth of the irrigable land of the area is as yet provided with irrigation facilities. The flood waters of the Yellow River are not yet being utilized to the fullest possible extent. Because f o the changeableness of the Yellow River a great deal of expense is involved in keeping the canal inlctc connected with the river year by year and control mechanisms are difficult to Taintaln. The silt carried in the Yellow River in Suiyuan Province ranges from 0.12 percent to 2.55 percent. Hence silting of the canals is not a great problem. The terrain in the area is suitable for irrigation having a gradual even slope from south to north and from west to east. The loess soil is very fertile and productive once water is available. The annual variation in water level in the Yellow River in this area is 2-3 meters. The following table indicates the sequence of water movement in the Yellow River in the Ordos area. Table 5. Seasons of High Water on the Yellow River in Ordos Area Rain`n Period of High Water (days) s Time of Hiw h Water LOnF Medium Short Spring Rains Before 20 March 10 7 3 Peach Blossom Rains About 20 April 15 10 7 Warm Rains About 5 May 30 15 10 Dog Days Rains June, July 45 30 20 Autumn Rains August, September, October 6o +0 30 Winter Rains About 7 November 10 6 4 with the average around 108 days. Per year in thgis area ranges from 74 to 170 ver, sprin irrigation water carries con- Ys. Howe use it siderable alkali. Farmers, therefore, do not like to u. In the winter the water carries ice which is useful in The number of irrigation Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Table 6. Irrigation in the San-hu Ho Area Le h km Area Irrigated (shih-mou) 20 50,000 20 60,000 10 20,000 40 20,000 30 10,000 -- 2,000 162,000 It is evident from the above figures that only a small portion of the irrigable land in this area is being cared for. If the possibilities of irrigation by use of the water of the Yellow River in Suiyuan Province were exploited to their fullest extent some 12,700,000 shah-mou of land could be benefited. Irrigation is basic to the development of this part of the north- west. Aside from the Yellow River, the Ta-hei Ho and the Hsia-hei He, as well as numerous mountain streams and springs, are being utilized by the farmers of Suiyuan for irrigation. The following table shows the extent of irrigation from such sources. Table 7. Irrigation in Suiyuan From Sources Other Than Yellow River NO of Area Irrigated Hsien Canals shah-mou _~_ Rcr..arks Kuei-sui 132 541,450 Water chiefly from the Ta- hei Ho and the Hsiao-hei Ho Sa-la-chi 15 81,600 Water chiefly from the Ta- hei Ho 110-lin 16 60,960 T'o-1.'e-t'o it 31,000 Ch'ing-shui-ho 11 5,920 Chou-yang 18 70,300 Chi-n?ng 3 1,730 Water from Upper Yang He Wu-chou 5 15,700 Hsing-ho 9 35,000 Water from Upper Yana Rn Liang-ch'eng 10 44,500 Water from Upper Yang He rung-cnen 14 19,350 Water from ? Upper Yang He Total I.- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Canal Tung-ta Hsi-kuan Hsi-ta Kung-chi I?Ln-iii Others Total Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 50X1-HUM ing The combined irrigation picture table. for all of Suiyuan is shown in the follow- Table 8. Present Irrigation Situation in Suiyuan Canals Location Ordinary Seasonal Irri-a- 11 Bl tion lrea (shih ain canals Ordos mow) 32 Minor Canals 1,315,000 (Table Ordos FU-hsing Canal 493, 000 Ordos I-lain Canals 600, Opp Ch'ien-t'ao Miscellaneous Canals Various hsiens 162,O0o (Table 7) Total 909,510 (Table 8) 3 If the Min-she ,479,510 lion rhih-mow c Canal ?,ere again put into working condition another 2 mil- existi tied be added to the area currently irrigated in Sui existing facilities i n the Ordos area were modernized, the water su IPIy n If would the come much more dependable and agricultural operations wool tory and productive, be- d be far more satiofac- D. Irrimtion in is areas with a t tal to " province divides naturally MJy --a rertile and of 30 million shih-mow of into three irrigation 2,700,000 shih-mow are under cultivation. arable land of which at present on1,v The following table presents the current irrigation situation in the province, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Table 9. Irrigation Situation on the Ninssia Plains Length No of (k-) Hranches - Area Irrigated shih-nou Ho-lon, Yin-chou Ning-shuo, Yung-ning, Ping-lo, 600,548 Itui-nunv Han-yen 110 436 Ho-lan, Yin-chou Ning-shing, , Yung-Wing Hui-ring 184 664 Ho-lan, Yin-chou, Nina-shuo P'i ng-lo, Hui-Wong, Yun - i g p ng Ta-ch'ing 37 120 Ning-shuo Ch'ang-lan 43 215 P'ing-lo Pang-ch'u 30 37 Hui-nung Yun3-jun 20 17 Hui-nung Hsi -I:uan 24 17 Hui -nung Ma-t'an-chia 4 -- Ning-shuo Ho-h^,i Yun-t'ing 60 39 Ho-1 u, Yin-chou, Yung-Wing, P'in;-lo, Hui-nLmg Ho-tung (East of Ch'in-ch'u 72 1,221 Chin-chi, Lin-ira Yellow River Chung-wei 345,857 396,306 59,750 65,700 17,098 11,136 14,500 12,807 200,000 186,266 133,600 26,104 130,865 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Han-ch'u 63 2c0 Chin-chi Tien-zhui 18 72 Ling-mu Mei-li 77 130 Chung-uei / djoins page 10 here.? Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Ch'i-hsing Ling-yang-chiao Ling-yang-shou Ling-yang-chia T'ai-p'ing Hsin-pei Liu-ch'ing Hsin-sheng Chung-chi K'ang-chia-t'an Huang-hsin-Van Fend;-] o /7djoins page 9 here.? 66 171 Chung-ning 12 6 Chung-wei 19 7 Chung-wei 24 19 Chung-wei 33 30 Chung-wei 20 14 Chung-wei 20 47 Chung-ning 38 9 Chung-ning 32 69 Chung-ning 12 10 Chung-ning 10 -- Chung-ning 37 42 Chung-ning 1,277 4,363 84,548 14,486 11,74o 30,988 47,678 17,260 19,176 30,495 20,256 11,103 15,931 19,750 2,545,408 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 -ye eo large canals, capable of irrigating over 105000, ihhmoumea,htheg eYe ma,nytheothera canals capable of irrigating under Province is onrable area usually irrigated in Ningsia m Pro Theis only 1, 5 0,~ shih which and some years as little as 700,000 shih- ings. modern, have the following shortcom- 1. Poor Drainage System Poor drainage is especially noticeable in the Ho-hsi area. Drainage is best in the Chung-wei area. Where drainage is poor, water settles in low spots and tabl csiltethed alkalinity Nin s ofn proeerl high in suffers from this difficulty. I r Y? Mich of Ningia 2. Faulty Canal Inlet System Since the movement of the water from the Yellow River into the canal has always depended on gravity there is too great a variation in the supply of water to the irrigation system between times of high and low water. During the flood season a great deal of silt is carried into the canals where it settles and combines with wind-borne soil to clog the canals. Much manpower is rquired every year to clean the canals. 3? Faulty Canal Locks The canal locks are not integrated. The system of branch canals should be modernized to insure proper control and saving of labor. with Estimates by ariousmstudents ofdtheapossibiillities of irrigation in Ningsis mou. For reasons of topography the largest e.?cpansio 7.5 million shih- shih- 3 nmwillobeto Ho-hsi area. LSee Table 9 for names of hsiensJ possible in the The ease with which irrigation can be carried on in Ningsia makes feasible increased cultivation of paddy rice. In the fIo-hsi area most of the paddy rice is grown north of Ho-lan Hsien where some 70 percent of the cereal production is paddy rice. In the remainder of Ho-hsi and in Chung-wei and Ho-tung the aver- age is 30 percent. Cereal farming in local areas is quite specializea, one area grows wheat only, another rice only. In addition to the irrigation of the Ningsia plain about 100,000 mou are irrigated in the foothills areas. E. Irrigation in Kansu Since the annual rainfall in Kansu runs as low as 100 millimeters, irriga- tion is a necessity for agriculture and has been practiced for at least 2,000 years. One of the chief sources of irrigation water is the melting snows on the Ch'i-lien Shan. In Kansu there are three main irrigation areas: t'ai.. I. Area watered by the Jo Shui, with main centers around Chang-yeh and Kao- 2. Area watered by the Lin Shui, centering around Chiu-ch'uan. 3. The Sha-ho and Pai-t'ing He irrigation area centering at 'rtu-wei can be raised in the areas around Ch Ric . e miscellaneous cereals are raised. ang-yeh, Kao-t'ai and Lin-tse; in other areas, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Logging on the Ch'i-lien Shan in recent decades has resulted in elevati of the snow line and serious s il o on restore washing on the lower slopes. Th completely irrigation in the area it will be necessary to reforest these mountains. Tgble 10. Irrigation Facilities and Acreage in the Ho-hsi Area of Kansu No of No of Average Rainfall High Rainfall Year Hsieh Canals Dikes Year Irrigation Irrigation Area Area hih Yung-teng 10 38 101,600 Chi-lang 3 17 75,000 Yung-ch'ang 3 35 200 000 , Wu-wei 300,000 10 41 255,000 Shan-tan 485,000 8 17 137,300 Min-ch'in 16 _ 150,000 Chang_yeh 24 300,000 -- 266,700 477,700 Min-lo 8 - 164,400 Lin-tse 10 -- 107,400 Kao-t'ai 6 25 194,200 An-hsi 6 - -- 33,300 Tun-huang 10 -- -- 120,000 Chiu-ch'aan 6 48 200,000 500,000 Yd-men 6 - 12,500 -mou) (shih-mou) Total 126 229 anw l.nn able water is actually used in irrigo~u ation canalsWithout, Only tsixt he hnrn,,va+navail- is unseasonable and the ,An,n+ =~c canal system is the lack of inlet controls.-yForezects in the present obso- stagnation and evaporation in th various reasons includi able flood water reservoirs -in~the unneIIerPp ~~ ties is the construction of suit- possioleto expand considerably ' the- area under "? effective carrlea out. It irrigation. A will then great be ex- pansion of the system of shallow wells i ri.? Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 There is a certain amount of modern irrigation activity in Kansu in the valley of the Yellow River and its tributaries. The terrain places certain natural strictness on irrigation, most of the arable land consisting of long narrow strips along the banks of the streams. The following table shows some of the modern irrigation developments: Canal Area T'ao-hui Lin-t'ao Huang-hui Kao-lan,Yung-teng Po-chi Lin-t'ao Jui-feng Ching-chou Yung-feng Yung-ching Yung-lo Yung-thing Ching-feng Ching-yuan Lan-feng Kao-lan Teng-feng Yung-teng Hsiao-feng Chin-ch'uan, Chin-t'a Length Irrigated Year of Ca- Area (shah- Com- Water Source nal(km mou) pleted Tao Ho 28.3 Huan Shui 31.0 T'ao Ho 19.3 Jui Ho 13.1 Huang Ho 25.3 Ta-sha Ho 17.0 Yellow River 15.6 Yellow River 75.1 Ts-t'ung Ho -- Lin-shui -- 27,000 Aug 1938 25,000 Apr 1942 35,000 Apr 1942 10,000 Mar 1944 23,000 Dec 1944 48,000 Dec 1944 20,000 Dec 1944 110,000 -- 4,500 Apr 1946 70,000 May 1947 452,500 Kao-lan Shan-chien Shui 13 T'ao-sha T'ao Ho 10 15,600 Ching-yuan Tsu-li Ho 9 21,000 Wei-yuan Wei Ho _ 4 6,000 Ning-ting Tao Ho 2 250,000 Min Hsien T'ao Ho 1 20,000 - 13 - CONFIDENTIAL Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 50X1 -HUM Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 50X1-HUM. Helen Wu-shorn Lung-hsi Chang Hsien Chin-an Kan-ku T'ien-shut Li Hsien K'ang Helen Hui Hsien Wen Hsien Meng Hsier, Wu-tu Ting-hsi Hui-ning Ching-t'ai Hal -yuan Yfl-chung Ching-ch'uan Ping-liang Cheng-ning Lin-hsia Cheng-ning Hung-shui K'ang-lo Total Water Source Wei Ho Wei Ho Wei Ho Wei Ho Wei Ho Wei Ho, Chi Ho, Yung Ch'uan Chia-ling Chiang Chia-ling Chiang Chia-ling Chiang Pai-lung Chiang Chia-ling Chiang Pai-lung Chiang Nan-pei Ho Tsu-li Ho Shan-ch'ien-shut Ch'ing-shut Ho, Shan-chien-shut Ta-ying Ho, Ch'uan Shui Ching Ho Ching Ho Ching Ho Ta-sha Ho, Wei-chia-chi Ho K'u-shui Ho, Hu-lu Ho No of Canals Area Irrigated (shih-mou) 3 8,600 6 23,900 1 20,000 8 3,000 1 5,000 5 4,6oo 1 1,000 1 2,000 1 3,000 5 11,000 1 2,000 5 10,000 2 7,900 4 1,500 1 2,000 7 12,200 2 40,0oo 1 400 6 320,000 2 200,000 20 37,000 6 10,000 2 3,500 2 8,000 144 1,285,500 Another type of irrigation practiced along the Yellow River is pump irriga- tion utilizing the water of the river. The following table gives 1944 figures on this type of water supply. CONFIDENTIAL Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Hsien Kao-lan 203 Yung-thing 69 Ching-Yuan 59 Yil-chung 19 Ching-t'ai 9 Hui-ning 2 Total 361 General Average Pinups (ahih-mou) Each Pump (shah-mou) 55,926 275 17,120 249 15,595 264 5,200 274 1,845 205 600 300 96,280 -- Although a sizeable amount of land has been irrigated by these water-driven pumps, their initial PmAn~o .. Table 14. Present Over-All Irrigation Situation in Kansu Old-Type Irrigation (Ho-hsi area) New-Type Irrigation Old-Type Irrigation (East and South Kansu) Pump Irrigation (Yellow River) Well Irrigation (various hsiens) Irrigation in Tsinghai 452,500 Table 12 1,285,500 Table 13 96,280 Table 14 The following table indicates the extent of old-style irrigation in Tsinghai. -15- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Area Hsi-ning Huang-yuan Lo-tu Kuci-te Wu-chu Tun-hua Hua-lung Win-ho Tung-,j en To-t'ung Tu-lan Wei --,,uan COrrFIDSNTIAL Table 15. Old-Style Irrigation in Tsinghai No of Canals Area Irrigated (shah-mou) 1115,250 37,380 72,060 80,930 150,900 15,000 11,700 20,820 4, 56o 61,200 28,000 9,300 Table 16. W dern Irrigation Facilities in Tsinghai Canal A Aq Length Year Area Irrigated Fang-hui Hu-chu 23 Nov 1qF7 , ~ - Tang-nai-ho JIsing-hai 5,500 10 1;16 S. Snn Due to both terrain and climate in Tsinghai the possibilities for expansion of irrigation outside the presen+ a .. .. _ . _ re are Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 G. Irrigation in Sinkiang Most of the agriculture of Sinkiang is carried on at oases -- grassland oases in the north and desert oases in the south. These oases depend largely on melting snow from the mountains for their water supply. This fact results in a very heavy population per square kilometer in oases, as high as 320 per- sons in some cases. From time immemorial, human activity in Sinkiang, particu- larly in the southern part, has been dependent upon irrigation. The future de- velopment of Sinkiang requires that even greater stress be placed on irrigation. Approximately one-half of the population in the Turfan Depression is dependent on another type of irrigation, namely, tunnel irrigation. In the Ha-mi area about one fourth of the population depends on this type. In Tu-lu-fan, Tu-shan, and T'o-k'o-sun hsiens the irrigation capacity of tunnels varies from 300 to 1,000 shih-mou each, according to size; but in the Ha-mi area the average capac- ity is 40 shih-mou. This method of irrigation is, however, expensive, both in initial cost and in upkeep. The method of construction is to dig a canal from the plain toward the hills and then continue with a horizontal tunnel into the mountain side until a water-bearing stratum is reached from which water will flow through the tunnel into the canal. The tunnels may be anywhere from a few rods to several kilometers long. At intervals of 30 to 40 feet perpendicular wells are dug from the surface of the ground to the tunnel to provide ventila- tion and a means of cleaning silt or other obstructions out of the tunnel. The paucity of rainfall in Sinkiang makes agriculture largely dependent upon the melting snow of the various mountain ranges. Therefore, the larger part of the agricultural population is distributed along the foothills of the various mountain ranges. The following table indicates the old-type irrigation facilities of the province. Sui-lai 9 176 154,912 Tu-lu-fan 2 150 254,524 Shan-shan 8 79 56,4oo Ch'ang-chi 8 400 111,991 T'o-k'o-hsiin 2 180 35,740 Mu-lei-ho 5 48 26,500 Table 17. Old-Style Irrigation Facilities in Sinkiang No of Area Irrigated Hsien Canals Length (km) (shih-mou) Ti-hua 68 1,038 160,290 Fou-k'ang . 20 242 76,512 Chien-te 21 154 67,475 Fu-yUan 23 633 121,753 Chi-t'ai 24 750 183,4oo Hu-t'u-pi 3 80 69,560 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3 50X1-HUM 1 Sanitized Co py Approved for Rele ase 201 1/09/13: CIA-RDP80- 00809A000700150514- 3 r 50X1-HUM. COIWIDFMIAL Hsien No of Canals Le th km Area Irrigated (shih-mou) 's ItI i-; t I-ning 13 163 w ?. sui-ti 11 252 989,419 t` 243,000 . Wea-ch'{lan 45 1,410 0+0 37 ~ t # Po-lo 21 194 , 25,174 1 0 Ching-ho 10 - 271 77,357 Chao-su 5 51 30,000 Kung-liu 14 260 2 , 289,665 Kung-ha 55 1 995 ' , 91,437 Ho-ch'eng 9 180 206,214 I Ho-nan* 12 324 236,454 T'e-k'o-ssu 7 400 70,000 Hain-yuan* 14 146 52,741 T'a-ch'eng 76 404 78,960 i 0-min 18 285 `; . Y{-min She-chih- ' 121 1 88$ 13,270 f' ch {i* , 4,820 i Sha-Wan 23 190 54,584 s + Wu-su q 720 71,540 Ho-feng She-chih- chi* 2 150 ' 1,0 75 Ch'eng-hua 31 1,790 6o,ooo -' 3 180 6, 285 Fu-hai 4 56 12,000 Ha-pa-ho 12 1~3 2,521 Chi-mu-nai 10 150 16,225 _ Ch'ing-ho 5 125 , ,380 Pu-erh-ching 21 69 10,912 Ha-mi 6 114 60,410 Chen-hsi 32 3~9 53, 525 I-sin 8 233 11,281 -18- CONFIDENTIAL s Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/09/13: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700150514-3