AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW NORTHEAST AND INNER MONGOLIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700170091-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 1, 2011
• Sequence Number: 91
• Publication Date: March 26, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW NORTHEAST AND INNER M~NGOLLA
Hsin Tung_pei Chieh-shoo
Mukden, Mar 1951 --
LCo~nt~ This report summarizes a monograph compiled by Lin
P'eng that was based mainly on nrticles that had appeared in the
Mukden TunR_pei Jih-pao but included data from other
periodicals
and reports of the provincial and local governments of the North-
east issued in January 1950.]
In 1949, the Northeast Government divided the Northeast into six
Lisotung, Liaosi, Kirin, Sungkiang, Heilungkiang, and
municipalities to be under its direct control, Mukden provinces,
Jehol; and designated five
and Lu-ta (Dairen, Port Arthur, and vicinit ' ~ shy, An-ahsn, Pen-ch'i,
wince, and portions of Jehol and Liaopei were made~a was formerly Hsin
Autonomous Region. 6-an Pro
part of the Inner Mongolia
Mukden
Mukden is the Yuo of five railway lines, the Peiping--Mukden, the Harbin--
Mukden, Mukden--An-t,.ng, Mukden--Kirin, and the Mukden--Dairen lines.
the center of a well-developed highway net-work. Both buses and electric cars
operate inside-the tit It is also
Y? The population in the city proper is 1,027,000and rises
of the7cit0y011es west ofbthesChinesecCh'ian The center e.f the industrial section
machine shops, breweries, and factories producin ReilwaY? Industries include
~eet] sugar, matches, cigarettes, woven and knittedgetable oil, bean vermicelli,
other articles. It has many lar a goods, 61ass, rubber, and
dealing in silk, cotton goods, offigenequipment,smachinery andsaops and stores
trial raw materials, and daily necessities. Mukden also serves asaaamsin center
of trade in gocds produced or needed by neighboring cities such as An'tun
k'ou, Fu-shun, Pen-ch'i, T'ang_shan, and Chin-huang-too. There are a n g
prosperous tradin co g, Yin
g mpanies, cooperatives, and private industrial enterpurisesof
Fu-shun
Fu-shun is on the Hun Hc, about 45 kilometers east oi' Mukden and slightly
to the north. The city is about 25 kilometers long from east tc west and roughly
4 kilometers wide from north to south. The population is over 237,000. The
Lion withscoalamining.miWorkerstandetheirefamanliesdconnectedowithotheiminesnand
the industrial shops constitute about 70 percent of the population. The largest
oi' the five principal mines is the open-pit mine; the others are the Lun
Sheng-li, A-chir.-kou, and Lao-hu-t'ai mines. B,
g-fen
Petroleum is produced from the oil-hearing shale xhich over-lies the coal
seams. The coal seams contain light and translucent amber which is carved for
articles of personal adornment and sold in large quantities to tourists. Vege-
tables and rice are produced nearby. The railway line between Mukden and Kirin
pastes through Fu-shun; there is also motor vehicle read to Mukden. During high-
water season in summer, boats can ply the IIun Ho upstream as far as Hsin-pin and
downstream to Ying-Y,'ou. Electric rail transport serves bcth the mines and the
city. The city is well served by hospitals, clinics, drug store,, .snd public sani-
tation faciliti=s. Fu-shun plays a large part in the economic construction of the
Northeast.
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An-shan
An-span is on the Mukden-Dairen railway line about 100 kilometers south of
Mukden. Iron ore is quarried nearby and converted into iron and steel in Ar-shan.
An-shan vas only a small rural station on the railway when the Japanese South Man-
churian Railway, in 1917, began the establishment of coke ovens and iron furnaces.
Product?on vas started in March 1919, but operations were suspended later in 1919
and through 1920. Operations were resumed in 1921 when it was found that lox-
grade ore could be processed profitably, and the works were expanded to serve Ja-
pan's military policy. In 1943, the population had grown to 300,000 and in 1945
to 380,000 persons. After V-J Day in 1945, An-shan changed hands three times be-
txeen the Nationalist and the Communist governments, in the course of which the
plants sustained serious damage and the population dropped to 140,000. Nox the
population is back to 210,000, and the appearance of the plants is like nex. Motor
vehicles and electrically operated railways connect the mines xith the blast fur-
naces and mills. A glance in any direction reveals a network of tall chimneys,
furnaces, electric wires, wheels, and pipes.
Beside the big Mate-operated steel mills, which maintain an Iron and Steel
Research Institute, there are more than 1,260 middle-sized and small privately
owned industrial concerns. There is a local daily paper known as the An-shan
Kung-jen Pao.
Pen-ch'i
Pen-ch'i is a busy place about 60 kilometers south bf Mukden on the railway
between Mukden and An-tong, and situated on the T'ai-tzu Ho. The portion of the
city on the south bank of the stream is known as Kung-yuan. The two main mines.
are situated about 5 kilometers from each other. The population at the time of
the Siao-Japanese hostilities was about 140,000, of xhich about 30,000 were Japan-
ese. Subsequently, the population dropl,ed substantially, and now stands at about
100,000, of which 20,000 are engaged in industry.
Caal and iron are its chief products. It also produces clay, limestone,
silica, and large amounts of iron pyrites containing manganese, lead, mica, sta-
lactitic material, and talc. The city is well provided with transportation facili-
ties.
The coal and iron plants and the cc.rnent works are very large and organized
along modern lines. The coal and iron plants turn out coal, coke, pig iron,
special steels, fire resistant materials, and a score or more of by-products and
accessory articles. There are 14 smaliei? privately owned iron working factories,
390 other handicraft shoes, and over 650 large and small commercial business con-
cerns.
Lu-ta (Port Arthur and Dairen)
The Lu-ta municipality is situated or, the southern e:aremity of the Liao-
tung peninsula. Its municipal government controls the cities of Port Arthur and
Dairen, Chang-shan Hsien, Chin Hsien ;'121 iFj, 3y 07j, and seven other sections
of territory, a total area of 2,3yy square kilometers with nn aggregate population
of about 927,000 persons.
In 1949, this area produced 455,000 tons oi' grain. Other products include
fish, salt, apples, peanuts, cotton, vegetables, and the ibllowing minerals--
asbestos, silica, and dolomite.
As regards communiritions, all ,carts of the i9ortheast nay be reached by the
Chinese Chang-ch'un Railway and its Connections. By s^a, Ikiiren is about 177
r.::utical miles iron An-tturg, Ying-k'ou, and Tientsin; 145 miles from Chin-huang-
tao; 85-90 miles from Chei'oo and 41ei-hai-wei; 285 from Tsingtao; and 544. from Shang-
hai.
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4Rten Dairen was liberated on 22 August 191+5, its industry was crippled a
paralyzed, the port was subjected b
d
n
y the Nationalist government and. the US to
an economic blockade, and the people were e:rpw-handed and in a half-starved con-
dition. But~:with the generous and disinterest~3 aid of the USSR, the work 0f
industrial and commercial rehabilitation wns undertaken, and since then the pro-
gress of the city has been rapid. 'She train industries are shipbuilding, brewing,
and the production of oil, textiles, machinery, chemicals, electricity, foodstuffs,
fi^h, and salt.
Dairen is an important commercial city which handles the export of a msjor
part of the abundant products of the Plorthcast? hence there are a great number
of prosperous trading companies, state-operated buiiness concerns, general stores,
and cooperative societi~.
The friendly and cooperative attitude of the Soviet advisers and specialists
and of their government, has been of great help to the Chinesa authorities in the
trair:ing of thousands of Chinese men and women to become able managers and skilled
workers in many lines of technical employment.
Liaotung ::ov.irrce lies east of the Liao River and extends to the Yalu River,
which is the boundary between Chinese territory and Korea. The province has an
area of 103,7(3 square kilometers and a population of 8,448,00. T+ contains five
n~'nicirnlities: An-tong, Ying-};'ou T'imq_hun, Liao-yap(, and Act_nn, 31 :0 ?A >,r
An-tong, ying-k'ou, Tung-hua, Liao-?yan;, ,;,i-a n, Fu-shun
I?'u-hsien, Kai-ping, Hal-ch?en dens:
B, Hsiu-yen, K'u;,n-tien, ienv-;,?itl'~h,g~` ~~ r'-ho, Hsin-~,
lung, Tung-feng, Hsi-feng, Chin?-yuan, Hsin-hui, Chi-an, Lin-chiang, Ch',^J.nn~ ~i-
Fu-sung, Ching-yii, Huf-pan, and Liu-ho. The ^,ent of the provincial capitalcis~at
An-tong.
Of the abundant products of Liaotxmg Province, the following are worthy of
mention:
Isrge quantities of coal, as well as gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, talc,
and mica are produced in Hsi-an, Sai-ma, Lin-chiang, Fu-cknu -wan, and Yen-t'ai in
Liao-yang Hsien. Ahtogether more th;.n 20 kinds of minerals are found in this area,
only part of which are being, e:cpl_oited.
Land under cultivation amounts to about 20 million moo. Ir. 1949, over
2,~t99,300 tons of }caoliang, corn, and soybeans were produced. Llao_yang hsien
and Hai-ch'en~ Hsien produce cotton. Fcn~-ch'eng, Hsiu-yen, Chuang-ho, and Sai-
p'inG hsiens produce .a ..^,ort of wild silk (tso Cs 'an or tussah) avsragictY about
2 billion cocoons a year, and.yisldtnrr abo;;t 1.h million chin ~_one chin equals 1.,1
pounds of reeled silk. Feng-ch'eng and K'u:.n-lien hsiens produce tob;;rco lesces,
(3,880 tons in 19119), Lt 1949, the c:pple c-?~p of Kai-ping, Hsin-chin, Fu-hsien,
iiai-ch'eng, and Ying-k'ou hsiens was shout -;O,C00 ten,. The output
gin.erg, and other herb; is abundant in P.he -f skins, hair,
and of fish and salt in the co~staJ h?.ien::? LBes~desft] ~1 citi~et~na~Ch..rn`;-Pai hsiens,
the only other city i+f ~ndus;`_riai and ccsn:erciaJ Lr r.~;nttonec,
ir;portance is !::;-fang-ii.el?.
State-operated industrial. enterprises incJ.udc l.t:e reiilways, :2irrm;,~, shin-
buildi.ng, textiles, eillc, rubber; and paper :sill:,, r?chinery and br-?:~ :;nd ,-oiler
bearing factories.
Provincially operated enterprises include i'ectorfes prodr-:ing c~,Ctcm ;?oods,
sill: goods, roaches, pottery, chemicals, drugs, asbestos, needle:,, ;,~;,; ],.,t:,;~,,-
products.
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Private industries produce cotton goods, sil}; goods, iron and. steel wares,
and miscellaneous supplies.
Commerce is active throughout the province, the trading centers being Yirg-
k'ou and An-tur.?g. The principal products for export include soybeans, coal, iron,
lumber, table salt, xild silk, and paper. Imports consist chiefly of textiles,
wearing apparel, and daily necessities. The foreign import and export trade of
Liaotung Province exceeds that of all the other provinces of the Northeast.
The, educational Facilities include: 5,850 primary schools with 803,600
pupils; 34 middle schools with 26,000 students; and the following higher schools:
two agricultural schools, two normal schools, one trade school and one medical
training school. Besides these formal schools, a great nuaber of leisure-time,
vacation, and winter-term classes are conducted.
The important cities include An-tong, Ying-Y.'ou, Tung-I:ua, and Liao-yang.
An-tong is the provincial capital and has a population of 250,000. It is
situated on Lhe north banY, of the Yalu River. A railway bridge crosses the river
at this point to Hsin-i-chou on the Korean side. In the center, there is a draw-
bridge that permits passc:ge of good-sized ships. The lumber yards are grouped in
the Ta-tung_l:ou district southwest of the city, where are also located at present
the offices of the An-tong Iisien government.
A short distance by rail to the northwest are the hot springs at IJu-1w~g-pei,
which are one of the three famous; hot,prings oi' the Northeast. The other two are
at Tang-kang-tzu and at Hsiung-yrei:-ch'eng.
Ying-1;'ou has a population of around 200,000. It is situated on the Po-hai
Gulf at the mouth of the Liao River, and has rail connections with both the Pei-
ping-idukden line and the :vukden-]:.siren line. Following the construction of the
Chinese Eastern Railway and the South 6Lnchurian Railway, Dairen displaced Ying-
k'ou as the main port in southern t?;nnchuria, hove?.er, Ying-k'ou still handles a
large volume of traffic and continues prospercus.
Tung-}lua is situated on the upper reaches of the Hun Ho, at the rail ,junc-
tion of the Tung-hua __ Lin-Chiang line with that of the idei-ho-k'ou -- Chi-an
line. Its busy conunercial district is located in *he eastern suburU. South oi'
the city, at Ta-miao-kou, tliere is a fold placer mine. The grape wine m:de at
Tung-hua has ~ good reputation t:roughout the }7ortheast.
Liao-yang is situated on the south bank of the T'ai-tzu Ho with hills bord-
ering it on the southeast. Its chief industry }c cotton spinning and weaving.
Business is increasing, and education is making rapid progress.
The province of Liaosi lice in the contharr. cart nt' t:he Slorthe-gat, and west
of the Liao River. It; e:;tends from the Uordar of Kirin Province en '..i:: north to
the Po-hai Gulf on the south, and to the boundaries: of Jehol and Znner blangolia
on th~~ west. Its area is about 56,000 square kilometer;; population, 7,;10,000.
This province controls four-municll:aliti_es, Chin-chou, Ssu-ping, r"~u-hain, and
Shan-hai-'ruin; nnd'em~races 21 hsiens: Chin-~+r,ien, CL?in-boi, Sui-ch:m,c? Hsin
ch'cng, Sheng-span, T'ai-an, Liao-shun-;; I-h:;ian, Hsin-;,;ln, rh:Lg_,ru, Fsu--hrin,
Pei-Chen, Hei-shan, Chang-i.'u, Li-c:hu, r.:?-k'u, 6'r.n,;-;.?i.ng, Shuang-.iao, K'zi-
wan, T'ieh-ling, and Ch'an~;-pe.i. Chin-~rlsou i? '!?e ?~i?evinclal capital.. Althcnrii
the ~aea:1::: is not extreme, the . ,.?ars are a'rozc:. ovar ~_: about 1} months .tn +he
your.
._,__.
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:+v~u-~es. lts coal reserves are estimated at 152
million tons, lead ore at 46 million tons, copper ore at 1+ million tons, and tin
at 80,000 tons. The Fou-hsin coal mines, second only to those at Fu-shun, had a '
daily production in May 1949 that e:cceeded by 146 percent the highest record of
this mine under Nationalist operation. There are also aluminum mineral, ac5estos,
molybdenum, limestone, fireb:icY. clay, iron pyrites, natural soda, quartz crystals,
and silex deposits. Especially precious is the aluminum ore at Yang-Chia-chang-
tzu, in the vicinity of Chin-hsi, which contsins molybdenum and nickel.
The tilled land amounts to npproximately 26 million mou; this figure includes
nearly one million mou of wild land opened and put undA+? rul.tivation in 1 4 .
rosin crops and approximate annual production are: kaoliang 964,000 t~ns,9m~lletbe
331,770 tons, soybeans over 200,000 tons, and wh?at 33,850 tons. More than
1,904,600 tons of all kinds of cereal grains are produced. Cotton, hemp, tobacco,
peanut; are also prod'ucecl in abundance. 47ith the help of agricultural loans and
crop aids from the Central People's Government in recent years, the acreage planted
to cotton was brought back to normal and expanded, and cotton became the main crop
in Sui-chun3i Hsing-ch'eng, I-hsien, and Chin-hsi hsiens. In these same four hsiens,
peanut^, are also an important crop, there being 140,530 mou of land devoted to the
raising of peanuts, which is 61 percent of all the lan3 used for raising peanuts
in the N:,r*.heast. About 5,000 tons o: hemp are raised annually in Liaosi.
Due to neglect and disease for sevex?al years prior to 1948, the fruit orchards
and crops, particularly apples, sui'fered considerab)y, but?with government aid,
improvements were made and the fruit crops in 1949 were as follows: apples 2
million chin, pears 38,600,000 chin, apricots, peaches, and other small fruits
about 6 million chin. The fruit crops provide a large port of the farmers' in-
comes.
Farmers, as well as government agencies, harvest a total of some 2 million
cubic meters of poplar, willow, oak, and elm lumber from upwards of one million mou
of Hoodland.
Marine products from the Po-hsi Gulf are abundant, consisting of some 60
varieties of fish, shrimps, crabs, and other shellfish. The fishing town of Erh-
chieh-ko:i, in Sheng-shan Hsien, produced in 191+9 about 8,805,000 chin of crabs,
which wasd60 percent of the crab crop of that year for the whole of the Northeast.
The total annual fisheries production for this province is about 25,900 tons. At
several points along the coast, salt is produced to the extent of about 3j50G,000
piculs a year.
There are rail communications between the folloring points:
1. Shan-hsi-kuan to Mukden, 420 kilometers; branches from Kou-pang-tzu
to Yin-k'ou, and Lien-shan to Hu-lu-tao
2. Chin-chou to Ch'eng-te, via Yeh-yai-shou, 440 ]:ilometers
3? Ta-hu-shan to T'w~g_liao, 370 kilometers; and continuing on to Cheng-
chia-t'un, the line is sometimes referred to as the Ta-Cheng line
l+. Hsin-min to I-hsien, via Hsin-li-t'un
5? Ssu-p'ing to Mei'ho'k'ou
6. _Ssu-p'ing to T'ao-an
The Chinese Chang-ch'un line passes through Ssu-ping, Ch'an;;-t'u, Y,'ai-
yuan, and T'ieh-ling. There is also a narrow-ge:;3e branch line from K'ai-yuan
to Hsi-feng.
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There are 4,39p kilometers of highways in Liaosi Provinc
kilometers arc nnw pass
b
a
o which 1,173
le. These include the roads from Chin-thou to Shan_
hat-kuan; I?lukden to Ku-pei-1;'ou {via this province); Chin-thou to Ku-pei-k'ou;
Chin-thou to I-hsien; Kung_chu-ling to Dairen; K'ang_p'ing to Hsi-an; b}ukden to
Shvnng-liao;.and a main highway bet?,reen Hnrbin and Dairen which basses through
Ssu-P ing and T'ieh-ling.
Wooden river boats, with sails, are able to na+~gate u~ the Liao River ns
far as Shuang-liao (Cheng-this-t'w~).
Industries include the i'ollowing:
State-operated: I'ou-hsin coal r:Snes; electric gen?rating plant; oil re-
finery, sulfuric acid plnnt.
Provincially operated: Coal mines, machine shops, emery crheel factory,
cottom mills, potteries, paper mills, bedding factory, a cigarette facto:y, a
vegetable oil e::pression plant, and an iron cookin?-pot foundry.
Privately omed: In 1989, there were over 1,550 large and small industrial
and cow;;ercial business concerns, includir,S machine shops, oil plants, cotton
mills and cthers? There ;;ere 7u0 cooperative.^, in Liaosi of carious kinds.
As of December 1949, there were 32 :piddle schools, including four normal
schools, xith 25,28lF students and 572 teachers; and 163 primary schools with
785,362 students and 16,905 teachers.
t3'pes arc conducted. In i In additii~n, many classes of verious
tablished for peasants -SSo, nu.^;ber o_? cupplemertary schools are to be w-
and wcr}:ers? Tl,c provincial ~overnrer.C publishes n daily
Paper, the Liaosi Jih-pao,
The important cities include Chin-thou, Ssu-o'inG, SI:cribed. These measures not only promoted economic con-
st.^uction and encouraged people to practice thrift and accun;ulate savings, but also
furnished' appropriate means for huncll ing (lasting capital.
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R~q]nninq in 1950, to strengthen the budret system ar~d exoed;te
the turnover of funds for constr~?~~.ive tasks, the govermnent ordered s.ll
government agencies errga~e' in business enterprises to maintain in-
dependent accounting ,ystems, instituted a n~;a pL:n for settling up accounts,
and gave the Portheast Bank responsibility for serving as the clearing house
and as the controller of cash ..nd short-term credit loans. In 1950, the North-
east collected its proffer share of the revenues of the country and contributed
substantiully to the baiancin;; of the country's budget, to the stabilization of
currency and prices, to the development oi':aroduction, to the proaision for the
people's livelihood, and to the increase of the nation's defensive strength.'
In 1950, 54 percent of the budget of the Portheast government wus allocated
to investments in economic restoration end construction, and 40 :,ercent: of that
wss devoted. to indu:;tri:_1 enterorise::? Cf the l~ttcr, 35 aercent was to be'used
for capita construction and i5 percent i'or projects designed to sunuly consumer
goods. The ;;overnment's iuvestmerts ir. industry 1n 1950 were i;wo and one-half
times those in 1949.
Having unlergone years of restor_ti.on, re?.. construction, and improvement
in instruction =::cilities and s:ethods under the people's govermnent, the educa-
tional plant of the Northeast ].n 1950 included the following institutions: 16
curiversities and colleges ??ith 15,700 students; ;UO middle schools (includi.ng
normal schools) :,ith 162,16u students; j5,7e0 pri:rary schools with 1F,572,4$2
pupils, which is about 11 percent of the whole ponulation.
In the case of the middle school.:, the number of students represents an in-
crease of ~6 percent over that for 1949; and of the increase, 52.4 percent catm
from the families of peasants and workers, showing that education is now for the
people. The foregoing figures do not include evening adu:.t classes, of which
there were 11,500 classes of one kind or another. In the winter of 1949-1950,
'there were 59,662 winter time classes attended by lF,252,966 peasant :non and women
students. Dfany of these classes later became x?egular full-time schools. In
addition. to the above, beginning in the sprln" of 1950, four short-term middle
schools were established to hurriedly train the intellectually more talented
youth as cadres for work among the nzsses. Special arrangements were node in
num_rous places to assist youth who had had to le.ve school, to ma':;e.up lost
;lrounc] and continue on to advanced studies. Scholarships were granted to poor
students to help them ~;:t an education.
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 Prenured by the Ilortheast People's Government, January 195u
Diunicinalities tdunici- Pin- Total Area
and Provinces polities Hsiens Hers (in sa YJn)
t?fukden
Fu-shun
.'-s-shan
Pen-ch'i
Lu-tu
i.iaotunr
i.iaosi
firin
^un~ :ng
Heilun~'.?:iarg
Jehol
3,151.6
91.2
576.u
Ir3.5
-- 2,399.0
.-- -- 103,70'3.3