URGENT TASKS IN DEVELOPMENT OF HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700200001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 31, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 6, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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URGENT TASKS IN DEVELOPIMU OF HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD
t TRA1LSFOSIONS CBNIQUES IN TBE USSR
Meditainski ?Rabotnik
Vol 17, No p p 3 A. A. Bagdosnrov. Corr Mem
SSR
During theiimseliate]y preceding period Soviet Aced Med Sci USSR
medical science has made
tical considerable progress in the development of work on the theoretical and prac-
problems of hematology and blood transfusion, particularly as far as the
investigation of the physiology and pathology of hemopoiesis is concerned.
Thus, as a result of many-sided experimental investigations it has been
established that the development of compensatory hemopoietic reactions is con-
nected with the functional condition of the central nervous system (N. A. Fedo-
rov, V. N. Chernigovskiy, and others). It has also been established that dam-
age to various divisions of the nervous system as a rule results in the develop-
ment of hypochromic anemia which, however, has a reversible character because
of the great compensatory potentialities inherent in the blood formation system
(N. S. Dzhavadyan, N. S. Roxanova, and others).
The role of the nervous system in the realization of the effect of humoral
factors on hemopoiesis has been convincingly demonstrated. Thus, the develop-
rent and activity of the hemopoietic factor is considerably modified when the
stomach has been denervated and also whenever there are functional shifts in the
activity of the cerebral cortex (A. M. Nemyatysheva, M. G. Kakhetelidze).
It was established that an overstrain imposed on the higher nervous activ-
ity of animals brings about premature development of experimental leukoses (M. 0.
Raushenbakh, Ye. I. gharova, M. N. Khokhlova).
Distinct progress has been achieved in the therapy of diseases of the blood
formation system. Of great practical value are the new liver preparations An-
tianemin and'1 h, which exert a more active effect on he ,
mopoiesis than Kampolon.
These preparations are successfully used in the therapy of the Addison-Biermer
disease and of macrocytic anemias. Vitamin B12 is also very effective in the
treatment of the Addison-Biermer disease.y This vitamin has been obtained in
work done at the Institute of Biochemistr
imet,i A. N. Bakh.
Special investigations have established that there are definite functional
shifts in the hemopoiesis during hypertension, cancer, and
Bagdasarov, M. S. Dul'tsin). other diseases (A. A.
Notwithstanding the progress reviewed above, some important problems of
clinical and experoental hematology are still being investigated to an in-
adequate extent. The treatment of a number of hematological diseases is still
being carried out purely symptomatically. For that reason, the most urgent
and important task is the development of methods of treatment that are justi-
fied from the pathogenetic standpoint and creation of experimental biological
models of leukoses, aplastic and hyp'oplastic anemias, and agranulocytoses. On
the basis of investigations of this
Of fundamental importance are new data which make it possible to regard
leukosis as a process of the neoplastl,> type. It was possible to demonstrate
that the psychophysiologicel and psychomorphological characteristics of leuko-
cytes in leukosis patients resemble those observed in tumor cells. The more
acute the course of the'leukosis, the more distinct.lj expressed is the malig-
nant character of the blood cells (E. I. Terentlyeva .
tai therapy on a broad scale. 'Pe, it is necessary to develop experi-
?' i . ,, ?,. ~
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j o a work on the in-
dications; for the appljration of various means of therapy ffornchronic leukoses
and to draw up instructions ?cn methods of therapy for leukoses.
It is also time to launch extensive experimental and clinical investiga-
tions for the purpose of finding new chemotherapeutic agents and other agents
for the treatment of hematological diseases as well as for the development of
hemostatic agents (lagochilus and others). In doing this work, one should
study not only the therapeutic effect of various preparations
mechanism of their action. , but also the
The present day problems of the etiology, pathogenesis, therapy and pro-
phylaxis of hematological diseases demand a deeper understanding of the in-
timate mechanism of the nerve regulation of hemopoiesis. Notwithstanding
this, up to now the role of the nervous system in the regulation of th-' ~unc-
tiore of hemopoiesis has been studied primarily in experiments. It is nec-
essary to supplement this omission and to launch a many-sided investigation
of the functional interrelationships between the nervous system and the sys-
tem of blood formation. This work must be carried out from the many stand-
points indicated and in close connection with the study of the functional
condition of other organs and systems as well as in connection with investi-
gations of metabolic processes.
During recent years great attention has been paid to important problems
of the theory and practice of blood transfusion. At the Central Blood Trans-
fusion Institute, the Kharkov Institute, and other institutes of blood trans-
fusion, successful investigations have been carried out which implement the
corticovisceral theory of the mechanism of effects produced by blood trAns-
fusions. It has been found that after a blood transfusion the positive con-
ditioned reflexes are strengthened and the processes of excitation and in-
hibition in the cerebral cortex are brought back to normal (N. A. Fedorov
and his collaborators).
Much has been done in developing a rational system for the application
of chemotherapeutic agents in shock, diseases of the liver and kidneys, gas-
trointestinal ulcers, surgical operatiors carried out on the cranium, lungs,
and gastrointestinal tract, and also in splenectomies and cancer (A. N. Baku-
lev, A. V. Gulyayev, V. I. Kazanskiy, and others).
Great attention has been paid to prolonging the period for the storage
of blood. Extension of the period during which blood can be stored has been
achieved by prolonged maintenance of the processes of metabolism at definite
levels and by stabilization of the protein system in erythrocytes (S. Ye.
Severin, P. S. Vail'yev). Furthermore, conditions have been c-eated which
make it possible to preser?re the erythrocytes in a state of antibiosis (A. D.
Belyakov, P. I. Pokrovskiy, and others).
Successful work has been carried out in the preservation of individual
blood components, i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma (F. R. Vinograd-
Finkel', and others). New effective methods have been developed for the pro-
longed storage of erythrocytic mass and the preparation of large quantities of
leukocyte suspension, a preparation which is very effective in leukopenic con-
ditions.
It is difficult to overestimate the value which blood substitutes and ther-
apeutic blood preparations have for public healtk.. Investigation of the prob-
lems involved was started with the development o,.' a method of production and
application for therapeutic purposes of natural and dry plasma, this beanm the
best blood substitute. This plasma [dry plasma?] has an excellent effect in
cases of shock, hypoproteinemias, burns, etc. Plasma is often preferred to
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whole blood, for instance, in diseases
the the of the liver and kidneys. To increrse
rape" t therapeutic properties of serum and plasma, methods have been developed
for saturating them with hemoglobin, vitamins, untibioticE, and hypnotics
.
Various blood preparations, for instance gamma globulin, fibrin film, and
hemostatic sponge are being introduced more and more widely into medical prac-
tice (G. Ya. Rozenberg, A. N. Filatovand others). Some of these blood prep-
arationa serve as substitutes for ant'
serum and for the `.reatment of
poliomyelitis and other infectious diseases, while others are applied in the
therapy of burns, in neurosurgical operations, and for the treatment of paren-
cilymu6ous and venous hemorrhages.
Of great practical importance is the problem of artificial blood substi-
tutes. Thus, many substitutes of the salt solution type resemble blood plasma
in their inorganic composition. Still more effective than substitutes of the
salt solution type are the salt-colloidal substitutes. Particular attention
must be paid to.ahe progress achieved by Soviet scientists in the development
of binodsubstitutes prepared from heterogenous protein (N. A. Fedorov. P. S.
Vaail'yev, M. A. Lisitsin, I. R. Petrov, L. G. Bogomolova, and others.
In a number of therapeutic Institutions N. G. Belen'kiy?s therapeutic
serum is used as a blood substitute. While Belen'kiy's therapeutic serum has
a positive effect on a number of pathological processes, such as shock, blood
losses, hypoproteinemia, etc., this serum is not devoid of
and has anaphylactogenic properties. After species specificity
prma after repeated transfusions of this serum with long intervals betweenu
transfusions, reactions and even complications occurred. It is consequently
necessary to perfect the technology of the production of such preparations to
eliminate anaphylactogenic properties.
Much has been done as far as the preparation of synthetic organic blood
substitutes is concerned. With a view toward preparing them, various organic
compounds are being studied.
Of great importance are antishock solutions. They are prepared with the
possibility in mind that they act or. nerve mechanisms. This is due to the
fact that USSR scientists (N. N. Burdenko, E. A. Asratyan I. R. Petrov and
others) have convincingly demonstrated the important role of the neurogenic.factor
in the development of the state of shock. This explanation of the nature of
shock is different from that given by foreign scientists, who assume that the
state of shock is produced by the loss of plasma and by intoxication.
In the new antishock liquids drugs are contained which produce protective
therapeutic inhibition of the central nervous system (E. A. Asratyan, N. A.
Fedorov, A. N. Filatov, P. L. Sel'tsovskiy, D. M. Grozdov, and others).
The progress achieved in the field of blood transfusion doec not yet by
far correspond to the increased demand put to this method by the theory and
practice of Soviet medicine.
Our immediate task is to introduce into medical practice highly effective
heterogenic protein liquids which are devoid of anaphyla:togenic and toxico-
genic properties. Of great importance is also the development of methods for
the production of synthetic n-gani^ compounds. All these preparations are to
be used not only for the replacement of natural blood substitutes, but also in the
c
apacity of special therapeutic agents. It is also necessary to continue to
perfect s of ro as to insure and im-
provementhofmtheotherapeuticcproperties of naturalpandodriedsplasma and also
of serum, these being valuable natural blood substitutes.
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The. ak ,of future scientific research 1Cj11`fie to find new, more ef-
fective antiehock liquids of the salt and colioluai Hypes formulated under the
utilization of heterogenic proteins and synthetic preparations.
of It let also time to finally complete the work on the comparative evaluation
the therapeutic activity of many blood substitutes, antishock solutions, and
hemostatic solutions and give an explanation that is based on the pathogenetic
Processes for their therapeutic action. Another object for investigation ought
to be the problem of parenteral protein nutrition, which plays an important role
In-the therapy of many diseases.
Problems of the nature of blood transfusion are closely connected with the
problem of the interconnection between the cerebral cortex and internal organs.
In addition to-an investigation of the nervous system, it is necessary to in-
vestigate simultaneously the condition of various organs and systems, or meta-
bolic processes, and of the permeability of blood capillaries, utilizing in
work of this type the tracer method, tht method of electrophoresis, and other
new methods of'investigation.
Particular attention should be paid to a thoroughgoing development of dif-
ferentiated indications for the application of hemotherapeutic agents in various
pathological processes. One must define exactly what place blood transfusion
should occupy in-the system of the manifold treatment of suppurative-septic con-
ditions, of traumatic, surgical, posthemorrhagic, and burn shock, and also of
diseases of the cardiovascular system. The indications and contraindications
for the application of hemotherapy in infectious diseases have not been defined
adequately. The same applies to indications for the antra-arterial transfusion
of blood.
An important field for investigation is the new serolo;ical blood factors
and research on their role in the development of posttransfusion reactions and
complications. Research of this type permits the more thorough investigation
of the pathogenesis of such complications and the development of effective meth-
odz for their prophylaxis and treatment.
One must actively search for methods of prolonging the periods during which
blood to which stabilizers have been ad'ed can be stored. At the present time
great possibilities are being opened fcr the prolonged preservation of blood by
using substances which delay the histolysis of tissues. As a result of the use
of such substances the activity of enzymes which participate in the aseptic au-
tolysis of cells is suppressed.
Of great significance is the completion of the development of new methods
for the preservation of blood which have been proposed by the Central Institute
of Blood Transfusion and the Leningrad Institute of Blood Transfusion.
An. important factor in the organization of measures in the field of hema-
tology-and blood transfusion will be furnished by the creatic:, of small hema-
tological hospitals attached to republic instit .:es and major blood transfusion
stations and'also by the opening of hematological cabinets at large polyclinics,
so that dispensary treatment of patients with diseases of the hemopoietic system
will be Possible.
It is important to expand and improve the training of physician-hematolo-
gists by creating appropriate courses at the institutes of advanced training
for physizians.
The necessity has arisen for the publication of a special journal on hema-
tology an! blood transfusion, which would contribute to the fruitful exchange
of experience and timely introduction into practice of scientific achievements.
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FAY, it is necessary. to recruit on a large scale scientific collabora-
tore vto are active at various clinics of medical and higher educational insti-
tutions and related scientific research institutes so that they. may conduct
scientific research work in the field of hematology and blood transfusion.
All theee'ijediate problems of the highly important medical field being
revieved-will be dLm ssdd at the 32nd Expanded Plenary Session of the Scien -
tific Council, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, in which
representatives of blood transfusion organizations from 80 cities of the USSR
will participate.' This plenary. session will open within a few days.
STAT
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