UTILIZATION OF FULL WEIGHT LOAD CAPACITY OF RR FREIGHT CARS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700200002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 31, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: August 6, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECK -- empty car-kilometrage.
LCK -- loaded car kilometrage.
TCK -- total car-kilometrage.
a -- empty ~..--?,.---
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1952
DATE DIST. 6 Aug 1954
NO. OF PAGES 7
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
Jen-min T'ieh-tao (People's Railways) No 10, 1952
UTILIZATION OF FULL WEIGHT LOAD CAPACITY OF RR FREIGHT CARS
[Comment: This report is a full translation of an article in Chinese pre-
pared by the translation gffice of the Ministry of Railways, that was published
in Jen-min T ieo-tao (People's Railways) 1952, No 10, 15 October 1952. The text
was based on -a lecture before a class of Chinese trainees delivered by Zadoro-
zhniy, a Soviet railroad adviser at Harbin. For convenient use, the following
glossary of terms and symbols is included.
Glossary of Terms and Symbols
Still load -- the dead weight of the cargo in a car at rest.
Mean transit load -- The average (weight) load on a car throughout the movements
of one turnaround period, ascertained by computation using still load
and ton-kilometrage data for each car.
Pcm -- average (still load) carload.
ZP -- total or aggregate weight of cargo.
u -- number of loaded cars involved.
n -- number of cars in operation, loaded and empty.
Prp -- mean transit load of loaded cars.
L -- kilometrage.
7'L -- total ton-kilometrage.
Lhsrp_ -- total kilometrage of loaded cars i- terms of car-kilometers.
tsnop -- total kilometrage of empty cars in terms of car-kilometers.
its -- total kilometrage of all cars in operation.
PO -- mean transit load of cars in operation.
Pnod -- the weight load capacity of a freight car.
Krp -- (weight) loading coefficient of a car.
ro -- car output rate.. This is the index of the amount of productive work
per car per day, in terms of ton-kilometers; is equivalent to the total
net ton-kilometers per day of all cars in operation divided by the num-
ber of cars in operation.
CLASSIFICATIONC_0_N_F-I-D-C-N-T-I-A-L
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS
COUNTRY China
J SUBJECT Economic; Transportation - Rall, operation
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
PUBLISHED Peiping
DATE
PUBLISHED 15 Oct 1952
LANGUAGE Chinese
... ...no..:
ua n.. or n. u... coo. ~'?. .,.,o...a m n.,vvo, o...?..
NSRB
FBI
DISTRIBUTION
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C-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
SS
daily car-kilometrage of one car.
B -- daily car kilometrage of all cars in operati
avera
e
g
Pmex number of cars in daily operation. on.
-- Planned normal load;
0 -- sangpeceific weight or technical standard (still)
load.
e _ of commodity or cargo. r of variation of specific weights of any one commodity.
Kb -- coefficient of space
s pace utilization; equivalent to the ratio between the
On _ pace occupied by cargo and the total space in the car.
On -- space capacity of car.
volume of goods or cargo piled up above the side walls of a car.
OM -- space in car occupied by -- pacet of ara heavy goods, when car contains a mixed load. PM w Pd -- weight of light goods in a car with mixed load.
Pd _ gh goods in a car with mixed load.
Gd - specific weight of heavy goods.
Od specific weight of light goods. ?
space occupied by light goods.]
A very inportant problem for the railways to consider is how to perform the
planned transportation task with the minimum numbers of cars. One way shorten the turnaround time; but it is of equal importance to utilize the full
weight and s is to
depends n a pace capacity of each car. High-grade performance in this matter
great extent on skillful loading. Are the best rationl loading
methods employed, such as those developed by Yang Mao-lin? Is the best
being observed with respect to the manner of packing and measurements of pa-
ages? Are the practice
cargo?
most suitable types of cars being used for the various kindscof
Reference to the data for average carload gives the simplest indication of
the degree to which full-capacity loading is being realized. But there are two
ways of speaking of the load of a car; the still load, and the mean transit load.
When the loads on the cars of a train are evenly distributed, and are not changed
while in transit, the average still-load carload [Pcm] may be found by using the
formula Pcm - W_ , where Zp is the total weight of the cargo, and u is the num-
ber of loaded cars involved.
The weight of still-load carloads depends on the nature and
the cargo, regardless of the car capacity and distance to be traveled. This
being the case, the weight of
of being
weight-carrying ght of the still load can only indicate what
oflth iweichte whether cappacity of the car at rest, is-being trcannoton
fh y ne course of the hat proportionnof carrying capacity is used throughout
transit load to the weight-carrying capacity of journey, the The
ca rcanti iv of tar mean
indication of the degree of utilizntionaoftthecar'scarrinca a ity. To akee
capacity. To
the mean transit load, we must know the number of ton-kilome era
each car-kilometer of loaded cars or cars in operation.
~1et loa4) for
The mean transit load of loaded cars [Prp] may be calculated by using the
formula:, pre where
under considers one L is the total ton-kilometrage for the period
terms of car-kilometersiYnsrp is the total kilometrage of the loaded cars in
The mean transit load
be calculated b B of cars in operation [PO] (including empty cars) may
y using the formula: PO --I FL APL
Ensnop stands for the total kilometrage of empty ca s and fis ,whore
metrage of all cars in use (including loaded and empty ars ns is the total kilo-
Consider an example of the calculation of the average load for a
The following diagram indicates a number of stations, A,B,C,D,E, and K, and their
distances from each other in kilometers given bureau.
amount in tons, origin, and destination; .of and
nuthe mbercoffsshipmen ble indicates the
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Movements
Distances
--
Tons ear o of
6
No of
Cars
Ton-
Car-
Average
A -*
-
_
Kilometers
Kilometers
Carloads
C
165
4,200
200
6
A-. K
220
93,000
40
0
.0
1
D -!
210
4100
180
0
,7
19
9
K
E --->-A
115
18
1800
100
861, 000
00
37,800
.80
222.
E C
5
l
4,8oo
0
888,
,
11,500
,
21.80
K~ E
K ->-
g
1, 00
150
90
480
000
24
000
20.00
A
210
15
0
102,000
--
76,500
13.24
K -> E
31,500
13.241-[sic]
85
--
150
[ - ]
-
12,750
13.24E[sic]
[ - 1
23,300
1,46o
4,008,000
239,600
13.24F[sic]
[16.701
,The average still load per car, Pcm . fP is 23 300
~'" En- = 20.1 [sic] tons.
[As the fraction 21 360 -
1 6o
figure stands, the quotient should be 15.95 tons; and this
would be the average still load per ?_,ar for all cars in on?ration (~ n),
If the formula Pcm .-!~P is used
the fraction would be 23,300 = 20.1 tons,
which would be the average still load It appears that the point
g per loaded car. 1,1 0
being made below is that the avers
into account gives a more accurate indicationcofcthetdegree of ut lizationaof cars,
than by reckoning merely the still loads on cars.] r of utilization of cars,
The. average in transttJ.oad per car for loaded cars is ~ZPL s
ton-ka`metrs ^ 4008000._ nsrp
car-kilometers 20,?52 tons.
195,350
= The a`vveP ge in transit load for all cars in use, loaded and e
PO __ :LPL
ton-kilometers _ 4, ooo 6.7Y, is
nf nsnop car-ki- _3 ,0 o - 16.7 tons.
ometers 2
The figures used in the foregoing example are those of two-axle care with
a very small percentage of four-axle cars.
The average still load indicates only the number of tons loaded, or trana-
ported, on a 'car, and the proportion of the car's weight load capacity that is
being used, The ratio [Krp] between the average still load of a car [Pcm], and
the weight load capacity of the car [Prod], may be considered and used as the
loading coefficient of the car.
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cars in operation.
Eb f PL = ~PLxSb l+a~ P00 + x Sb - Prp x Sb
aj
In this formula, Sb stands for the daily car-kilometrage of the cars in
c.Nration.
day [Eb], is the - ""?r"" `nee. -rne car output rate, for a certain
portion performed by one car of the net ton-kilometrage performed
on that day by all the
Factors that aff,rt the degree of utilization of cars such as the speed of
operation, the lnarii- ..,.
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S - ins. Prp - Z;PL
R nsrp
The car output rate has a decisive effect on the number of cars required to
transport the quantity of cargo that must be transported. The relationship may
be seen in the formula: R _ PL, where R stands for the average number of cars
in daily operation. Eb
The normal (weight) load of a car is determined as follows:
The normal load of a car for different kinds of cargo depends on the follow-
ing factors: the size, shape, and weight capacity of the car, the size and weight
of the individual packages of the cargo, and the manner in which they are stowed
in the car. Calculation of the tentative normal load capacity of a car should
be made sei$rately for each type of car and each type of cargo. The rules to b^
observed in testing the tentative normal load of a car are those worked out b."
Yang Mao-lin and formulated in his loading method. To carry out the tests, am-
marize, and reach proper conclusions from the results of tests, consideration of
the following matters is essential:
1. Knowledge of the technical characteristics of the cargo, whether it is
fragile, able to withstand heavy pressure, or malodorous.
2. Knowledge of technical weight-carrying capacity of the car that is beir
tested.
Method of packing, such as e o
wrappings, etc arger units and weight and
greater degree of compression of cotton, different
.
3. Investigation of new methods of loading or stowing cargo in or on the
4. Experimentation with test samples of car o f 1
5.. Decision on rules governing weight and height of cargo pile to be adopted
for the purposes of the testa.
6. Decision as to the respective methods of loading for the various kinds
of cargo tested and determination of the technical loading quota for each.
The loading .tests for various kinds of cargo, the results of which are to
be the basis for determining the normal loads of cars, should be carried out
under the supervision of a commission organized by the Ministry of Railways and
composed of representatives of the railway bureaus nr subbureaus concerned and
of the parties interested in the industry that produces the products requiring
transportation. The results of these tests are to be recorded by this commission.
In order that the load carrying capacity of cars for various categories of cargo
may be more fully utilized, consistent with safety, the Ministry of Railways
should issue special regulations for the loading of gondola cars.
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The normal load adopted should not be merely the average of ordinary loadings,
but rather should be the average of the loadings which are packed closely and
stowed by men who practice the progressive Stakhanovite principles. The normal
load is to be based on the technical conditions that pertain to the loading of
a particular kind or type of cargo, conditions that are formulated in the course
of the tests which should be approved when the normal load is approved and adopted.
Concerning the technical loading conditions, the following points should be made
clear:
1. Type of car best suited to the cargo to be transported lizc most fully the weight-carrying ca in order to uti-
parity of the cars.
2. Sort of packing and wrapping most suitable for the cargo.
3. Loading methods selected for normal loads of particular kinds of cargo.
These should be recorded, and their observance required.
4. Permissible height goods may be piled up when loading open cars, and
whether to ridge, or to round the top.
5. Precautions to be taken against damage to cargo.
6. Best ways for assuring the security of goods in transit.
When the normal load is being determined for different types of goods, special
attention should be given to the matter of how the correct specific weight of eoods
may be ascertained. The specific weight of goods depends on their substance,
brand, and moisture content. Due to these varying characteristics, it is necessary
to divide cargoes into different categories. But to avoid too many fine distinc-
tions, a limit of specific weight variation has been adopted, namely from 50 to
100 chin (one chin equals 1.1. pounds).
To ascertain by calculation the normal load for covered cars for a given com-
modity, the following formula may be used:
Prax = On x Kb x (G t e ), where Pmex is the planned normal load; G is the
specific weight of the commodity, expressed in tons per cubic meter, for the light-
est specimens of each type of cargo; and e stands for the range ofspacific weight
variation. Kb is the coefficient of space-utilization per car; and On is the total
space capacity of the car. G t It is the average specific weight of the commodity
based on the applicable range of2variation.
For a gondola car, use the formula:
Pmex = (On + Ow) x (G t e ), where Ow stands for the volume of goods piled
up above the side walls of a gondola.
The principal methods for better utilization of the weight carrying capacity
of cars are: (1) by increasing compression of such goods as cotton, straw, hemp,
sheet metal, or by crushing or pulverization; (2) by careful stowing of cargo,
per Yang ciao-lin's methods; (Lby use of thin, light, not bulky, wrappings or
containers; (4) by use of the knockdown method, such as complete or partial dis-
assembling of machines; (5) by wide use of containers; (6) by intelligent loading
of suitable proportions of light and heavy cargo; (7) by calculating the dimen-
sions of the car and the dimensions of the articles or individual parkages, so
that they may be stowed evenly or in the most advantageous manner; (8) when trans-
porting certain kinds of cargo, by raising the sides of the gondola to permit
piling;_tg ,.j,ncreased height.;_s,nd (9), by ascertaining exact weight of the cargo
and exact normal load of the car.
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The kinds of cargo transported by rail vary greatly in density or specific
weight. When moving heavy goods t
h
e full weight-carrying capacity of a car is
generall
y , used while its space capacit
weight o y is not fully used; and when moving lighfullyt-
gods, the reverse is the case -- although the content of the car is
occupied, the full weight carrying capacity is not fully utilized. Mixed loading,
that is, heavy and light goods in the same car, may greatly raise the degree of
utilization of carrying capacity, if done intelligently. Such mixed loading is
permissible, subject to the nature of the goods. To derive the maximum advantage
from mixed loading, it is necessary to ascertain the relative specific weights
of the two kinds of goods, and then the average specific weight of the combina-
tion of goods must be equal to the unit weight load capacity of the car. The
weight of the heavy goods [Pm] may l~e fours? by using the formula:
Pm = Pnod - (On x G) ,
1-Gd
Gm
where On is the space capacity of the car; Gd is the specific weight of the light
goods; Gm is the specific weight of the heavy goods. The weight of the light
goods, Pd is then equal to Pnod - Pm.
Let us by the application of the above formula, calculate the amount of light
and heavy goods that make up a mixed load which fully uses the space and weight
capacity of a car.
Let the weight capacity of the car [Pnod] be 20 tons;
Let the space capacity of the car [On] be 45 cubic meters;
Let the specific weight of the heavy goods be 0.82 tons per cubic meter;
Let the specific weight of the light goods be 0.22 tons per cubic meter.
Then, Pm = 20 - 45 x 0.22 = 13.84 tons.
1 0.22
0
The weight of the light . 2
goods will be 20 - 13.84 = 6.16 tons. The amount of
space occupied by the heavy goods is Om = Pm 84 = 17.0 cubic meters.
Gm 13, 0-0. 2
The space occupied by the light goods is Od = Pd = 6.16 = 28 cubic meters.
Gd 0.22
The proper placing of goods in the car has a great deal to do with the full
utilization of a car's carrying capacity with regard to both weight and space.
Suppose a full carload lot of goods is to be transported in a 2O-ton car whose
length is 1,360 millimeters, width 620 millimeters, and height 330 millimeters,
and the weight of each box is 125 kilograms. if, when placing the boxes in the
car, their long dimension is placed parallel with the length of the car, the
width of each box in line with the width of the car, and the thickness of each
box in line with the vertical height of the car, then the number of boxes that
can be placed in this fashion is as indicated in the following table:
No of
Dimensions Dimensions Boxes
of Car mm of Boxes (mm) P
Unoccupied
laceable
Suace
Length 6,600 1,360 4
Width 2
160
1
,750 620 4
Height 2
00
,
270
,5
330 7
190
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0 percent. Proportion of utili-
of If, however 20
the car, and , the the width of the boxes is made to
of the length Of the lie in line with the length
,g will be: 6,600 s boxes across the width Of the car, then the
Placin 2,750 e 1 360 330'_-20 boxes in the length of the car no
_ 2 boxes in the width of the car ( unoccupied
total5nu - 620 _ 4 boxes in the height of the car 20 ;
umber of boxes (30 mm unoccupied spac
load is 160 x 125 placeable is then 20 x 2 x 4 mm unoccupied space. of
there was an increaseplo _ = 160 boxes. The yei
3 perceent 20 tons ' which Is full capacity ght of the
capacity of the car d in the utilization of . Thus,
the weight carrying
an a great reduction in the waste space.
A convenient wa goods and the most y to ascertain the most suitable dimensions for
a space loading table similar advantageous to Packaged
way to P g`them in the car,
the following table. ' is to Prepare
The
of the total number of boxes
load
is x l 112 number -125 _ placeable is thus 4 x 4 x
nation of weight capacity is i kilograms or 14 tons- The 112 boxes. The weight
No of
boxes
Length
Width
Height
Space Loading Table for a 40 ton car (dimensions in millimeters)
1 2
12,64o 6,320
2,667 1,333
2,375 1,187
3,166 1333 1,053 790
543 2 If 222 166
If If the the dimensions of the boxes are 9 197 148
are p , Placed, the number a3,166 x 333 x 197 millimeters and the
goods clud in , and the maximum load weight based on the weight of the
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