NATURE OF SOVIET CAST ALLOYS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700200261-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 31, 2011
• Sequence Number: 261
• Publication Date: December 23, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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STAT
[Comment: This report presents excerpts from the book Spravoch-
nik po Litym Splavam (Handbook on Cast Alloys), by A. F. Silayev,
published in Moscow in 1954 by Vodtransizdat. The information is
presented under the following categories: I. Properties of Steel
for Shaped Castings, II. Properties of Iron Castings, III. Substi-
tutes for Casting Bronzes, and. ZV. Substitutes for Tin Babbitts.
p translation of the table oY contents of the source is appended.)
I. PROPERTIES OF STEEL FOR SHAPED CASTINGS
Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel for Casting
Steel for shaped castings may be classified on tkie basis of chemical com-
position, structure, quality, or method of manufacture. Steels which contain
all or some of the following amounts of admixtures are classified as carbon
steels: up to 0.65 percent carbon, up to 0.5 percent silicon, up to 0.9 per-
cent manganese, up to 0.1 percent sulfur, or up to 0.1 percent phosphorus.
Steels containing greater amounts of these admixtures are known as alloy or
special steels. Steels with up to 0.2 percent carbon are called low-carbon
or mild steels, those with 0.20-0.40 percent carbon are medium-carbon steels,
and those with a carbon content in excess of 0.40 percent are called high-car-
bon steels. If the total content of alloying elements in a steel is 3.0 per-
cent or less, it. is classed as a low-alloy steel. When the content of the
alloying constituents is from 3 to 5.5 percent, the term medium alloy is used,
while if the alloy content exceeds 5.5 percent, the steel is called high alloy.
COST [State All-Union Standard) 977-1+1 for shaped carbon steel castings
divides all steels into five grades on the basis of physical properties and
carbon content. These steel grades for normal-quality casting are as follows:
15-4020, 25-4518, 35-5015, 45-5512, and 55-6010.
The first two digits in the grade designations refer to the average paint
carbon content, the second two digits to the tensile strength in kilograms per
square millimeter, and the third two digits to the relative percentage elonga-
tion for a specimen with a fivefold gauge length.
If the method of manufacture is to be specified, appropriate code letters
are prefixed to the grade: B foi? Bessemer, M for open hearth, and K for acid,
e.g. K15-4020, B25-4518, etc.
The following are the grades of high-quality steel for casting: 15-4024,
25-4522, 35-5019, 45-5516, at~d 55-6012.
Moreover, there are also the following grades of steel for special-quality
casting: 15-4028, 25-4525, and 35-5022.
Steel for shaped casting may be produced by any method: Bessemer, electric
furnace (arc, high-frequency), etc. The silicon and manganese content in sll
of the above-listed three groups of steels is limited by COSTS to a range of
0.17-0.37 percent for silicon and 0.50-0.90 percent for manganese.
It is recommended that the phosphorus and sulfur content of acid aad basic
steel for normal-quality casting not exceed O.US percent each, and not exceed
0.04 percent for special-quality casting. In normal-quality Bessemer steel,
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the phosphorus content should not be over 0.09 percent, while in high-quality
steel it should not be over 0.06-0.07 percent. In castings sub,~ect to welding,
the following admixture limits are recommended: carbon 0.25-0.35 percent,
silicon up to 0.60 percent, phosphorus not over 0.05 percent, sulfur not over
0.04 percent, and manganese not over.1.10 percent. Shaped steel castings which
are to be welded must have an increased silicon and manganese content, but
should not exceed the limits established for carbon steels.
Typical Uaes for Castings
The uses to which carbon steel castings are put in the shipbuilding indus-
try are listed in the following table (Ma.ritime Registry USSR, 1952, Central
Planning and Design Bureau-2, and other sources).
Standard
Parts Steel Grade,
Group GOST 977-41
A 25-4518 Lightly stressed
parts whose dimen-
sions are based
on structural and
technological con-
siderations
B 25-4522 or Vital`~castings op-
35-5015 erating under con-
siderable static or
evenly applied
stress, impact
stress, or at
pressures over
10 kg per sq em
Flywheel fittings; handles;
board 'Hawses; side light
frames, bolt bars; hinges;
draining, ballast, and
scupper fittings; bulkhead
stuffing boxes; hand-driven
gears; rollers; lightly
stressed block shells;
hesvy thrust bearing check
clamps; crosshead slides;
lightly stressed machine-
dri.ven geax?s; lightly
stressed machine stands
and frames; pilot wheel
pedestals; pedestal chocks;
guardrail supports; door
assemblies, canting frames,
etc.
Saturated and exhsust steam
fittings in pressure oil
mains and high-pressure
fire lines; covers for heat-
exchange apparatus; flanges;
Kingston valve fl8ps; cold-
hardening equipment; axe
heads; hawse pipes; deadwood
pipe bushings; rudder stuff-
ing boxes; deadwood pipes;
shaft bossings; rockers and
rudder quadrants; flukes;
intermediate and thrust
bearing housings; reducing
and worm gear housingc;
auxiliary apparatus turbine
housings; screw propeller
hubs; steam boiler collector
parts; ttiachine foundation
frames and pedestals; anchor
brake plates; engine cylind-
ers; drive gears for auxil-
iary machines and equipment;
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Standard
Parts Steel Grade,
Group GOST 9~7-41 General Application
~
35-5G15
Especially vital
castings subject
to impact loads
and vibration; op
erating under a
400?C temperature
and at high pres-
sures
D
25-4522,
Vital castings for
35-5015, or
steam turbines
35-5G2G
Specific Cast Parts
reduction-gear wheels;
eccentric yokes; windlass
sprocket wheels; windlass
plates and drums; boat
davit supports; loading
boom supports; steam hydrau-
lic and hydraulic press
stands; forge stands etc.
Stems; screw shaft brackets;
rudders; rudder frames;
rudder heads; boat davit
supports and stands; hawse
pipes; valve housings and
valve boxes for superheated
steam; screw propellers;
propeller blades; crank and
head bearings; nozzle hous-
ings; diesel cylinaer caps,
etc.
Steam turbine cylinders and
rinQS, valve housings,
reducer-gear housings,
diaphragms with cast vanes,
etc.
E 4GG-L Especially stressed Large cylindrical Beers,
parts and parts anchor chains, etc.
subject to wear
When in low-temperature service, carbon steel castings are unsatisfactory
because of their sharp decrease in plasticity. For example, at 60 degrees be-
low zero centigrade, t}ie resilience of steel with 0.25-0.30 percent carbon is
about one kilogram per square centimeter. It is recommended that alloy steel
be used in cast parts in service below 30 degrees centigrade,
Chemical Composition of Alloy Steel for Shaped Castin
As was indicated above, steel with nn increased content of the usual ad-
mixtures, or with a content of special admixtures, is known as alloy steel.
Alloy steel has the following substantial advantages over common carbon
steel;
1. Improved physical and mechanical properties not only at ordinary but
also at high and low temperatures;
2. Longer service and less chance of failure in service;
3. Increased suitability for deep hardening, thus considerably ir_creasing
the strength of large parts;
4. Suitability for deep drawing, which allows a decrease in internal
structural stresses without a great loss in strength of hardness, tlws assuring
increased plasticity and high service reliability with great variable loads;
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5? Considerably greater corrosive and wear resistance in sea water, super-
heated steam, and other aggressive media.
The following alloying elements are used in special steels: manganese,
chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium,
cobalt, and others. Most xidely used are manganese, chrome-nickel, and chrome-
nickel-molybdenum steels.
Much practical use is made of chromium and copper alloys. Steels rich
small amounts of alloying elements -- chromium, nickel, and molybdenum steels,
the so-called lox-alloy steels" -- are widely used.
The symbols for identification of alloying elements in steel grades has '
been standardized as follows:
Carbon
U
Chromium
Kh
Manganese
G
Nickel
N
Silicon
S
Molybdenum
M
Tungsten
V
Copper
D
Aluminum
Yu
Phosphorus
p
Vanadium
F
Cobalt
K
Titanium
T
Sulfur
__
The first digits in alloy-steel grade designations refer to *he average
point carbon content, e.g., 4JG or 30Kh. In tool steels, the carbon content
is indicated in tenths of one percent and follows the letter, e.g., L'~ or L'12.
The letters to the right of the figures indicating carbon contest identify
otk~er alloying elements in the steel, e.g., 40KhGS. The digits following the
letters indicate average percentage content of the alloying element, if over
one percent, e.g., 40Kt:2G.
The suffix "A" identifies the steel as being of high quality with a limited
sulfur and phosphorus content, e.g., 40KhGSA. The prefix E" indicates that the
steel was produced in an electric furnace.
Single-Element Low-Alloy Steels
1. Manganese Steel
A manganese content of up to 1.10 percent in steel noticeably increases
the strength, hardness, and resiliency of the ferrite and decreases its plasti-
city.
The hardenability of manganese steel is not significantly increased by
heat treatment, thus it cannot be used in large castings having wall thicknesses
of over 100 millimeters.
The principal asset of manganese steel castings is their high resist-
ance to wear. They are used for excavator shovel parts and various other low~-
and medium-weight castings which may be hardened in an air stream or liquid,
Manganese in the form of blast-furnace ferromanganese is not a deficient
alloying element.
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The recommended manganese steel composition is carbon, 0.20-0.45 Per_
cent, and manganese, 1.0-1.7 percent. Carbon steel with a higher manganese
content is characterized by greater strength and wear resistance.
The carbon and manganese content in steel is determined by the desired
physical properties of the casting and its wail thickness. If the part is to
have high plasticity, normal strength, and thick walls, the manganese content
must be greater and the carbon content lower. if, on the other hand, high
strength and normal plasticity are required, the manganese content must be de-
creased and the carbon content increased. In every case the manganese and car-
bon content must be such as to assure a pearlitic or sorbitic structure.
The chemical composition of manganese steels used in wear resistant
castings is as follows:
Grade Composition ~~,)
Maroon Manganese Silicon
0.20-0.30
i.10-1.30
~
1.35-1.55
1.70-1.90
0.25-0.35
1.05-1.35
0.30-0.45
0.35-0.45
1.35-1.55
2. Nickel and Chromium Steels
Niokel increases the strength and hardness of ferrite without de-
creasing ductility. Nickel steel is easily irachined. Nickel sharply increases
the hardenability of steel and assu:?es uniformity of physical properties through-
out the body of the casting. When nickel is used as the sole alloying element,
its effect on steel is somewhat weaker than when used is combination with other
admixtures; therefore, the use of nickel steel in the casting industry is limited.
Nickel steel has high fatigue limit and resiliency. Nickel-steel castings are
characterized by a very high structural and physical uniformity as well as by a
high resistance to corrosion by sea water.
The usual chemical composition of nickel steel used for casting is car-
bon; 0.20-0.40 percent, and nickel, up to 3 percent. A nickel steel of this
composition is recommended for screw propellers and paddles for ice breakers
and long-range ships.
Chromium increases the strength, wear resistance, and hardensbility
of steel. By regulating the chromium and carbon coctent, it is possible to
improve the physical properties of tkie steel.
The usual composition of low-alloy chromium steel used for casting is
carbon, 0.35-0.45 percent, silicon 0.25-0.45 percent, manganese 0.6-0.8 percent,
and chromium 0.7_0.9 percent.
In parts subject to xear it is rrrn2,~ndcd th.,
increased to 0.60 percent and the chromium content to ty t?e carbon content he
twining 5 percent chromium, up to 0,20 5 percent, Steel con-
and up to 0.3 percent silicon Percent carbon, 0.4-0.6 percent manganese,
for diesel heads in hi Possesses high corrosion resistance and is used
gh-speed, ocean-going si;ips.
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25GL
30GL
4aL
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up to 7 -
--'"" "? ?~ is usea in castings wish wall thi.^knesses of
5 millimeters and which are subject to great wear, +
gaseous, corrosive atmospheres. Chromium steel castiags have hatrelativelyssmgll
plasticity, although higher than carbon steel castings.
Chromium steels with copper and nickel, molybdenum, c?r other admixtures
possess many desirable properties and are therefore finding ever increas'_ng use.
3? Silicon Steel
A silicon content in excess of 0.4
the ferrite and the hardenability of the steelrc'i~t increases the strength of
and increases its resistance to wear. gill ' mproves its physical
hi gnetic pro Proper+.ies,
~ ma perties, con steel is used in castiags hsving
Low-alloy silicon steel for casting may, for practical purposes, be
divided into two groups: 'low-carbon steel with 0.1-0.2 perce:2t carbon and up
to 1.0 percent silicon; and high-carbon steel with 0..40_0,50 percent carbon and
1.4-1.6 percent silicon.
brad a Bigh carbon silicon steel is used for su?:h wear-resistant castings as
8 =cane rollers and pulverizer gears.
Because of their low flowability, silicon-steel castings tend toward
hot and cold fractures and blow holes. Therefore, in designing silicon steel
parts it is necessary t}iat wall thickness be uniform and that there be no sharp
edges and no stress raisers.
4? Copper Steel
of steel,cand thenresistanceeoftcas~ingshto atrrrosphericiandyseand resiliency
wa.er corro-
sion. The effect of copper upon steel structure is analogous to that
The optimum chemical co of nickel.
0.15-0.30 percent cs2?bon and 1.2~osition of low-alloy copper steel is
erties of co 5-1.75 percent copper. about
pper steel together with its good castin The g?od physical DI'Cp?.
are responsible for its wide use in the machine and shipbuildins and low cost
corroborated. 6 industries.
The belief that copper was responsible for 2?ed-shortness in steel has not been
cent siliconh 087bOngcpe~enttman apes 1'35-1.60 percent carbon, 0.85-1.10 per_
chromium, not over 0.1 g e, 1.5_2,0 percent copper, 0,4_p?5
used in casting engine crescent phosphorus, and 0.06 percent sulfur is widey~e-1t
nkshafts.
5? .Molybdenum and Vanadium Steels
.Molybdenum imparts increased strength, hardness, Yutrdenability, and
machineability to steel. The chemical composition of low-alloy molybdenum
steels lies generally within the range of U.2_0,1a percent carbon and 0.2_0 5
Percent molybdenum. Molybdenum steel is used in turbii2e ar.3 boiler bu1131ng.
Vanadium considerably decreases structural disu.lfor?nf.t
grain, improves the physical properties of steel
-, and is a very good reducer,
Large castings from low-allay vanadium steels are disting2lshed b' re.ihA- the
atructural uniformity and fine grain, At room and low tom
increases the resiliency of steel. 3 their
recommended for service in the northTherefore, vanadium steelacastingsa~e1~
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The chemical composition of low-alloy vanadium steel lies wlt}~in
0.25-0.45 percent carbon and 0.20-0.80 percent vanadium.
Because of its good physical, structrual, and casting properties,
vanadium steel ie used in thin-walled, complex castings.
Binary Inw- and Medium-Allo Steels
Content oi' chromium and nickel imparts many favorable properties to
steel: increased strength, plasticity, and resiliency, }uirdenability, and
improved resistance to wear.
The recommended composition of chromium-nickel steels is as follows:
carbon, 0.3-1.0 percent; manganese, 0.6-1 .0 percent; silicon, 0.3-0.7 percent;
chromium, 0.5-2.0 percent; and nickel, 1.0-4.0 percent: As the carbon rwithin
the above range), chromium, and nickel contents are increased, the strength of
the steel rises.
Chromium-nickel steel is used for casting parts subject to abrasive
wear, impact loads, and alternating tensile and compressive stress such as
excavator shovel parts, which must have hig}~ strengths at increased temperatures.
Steel containing 0.41 percent carbon, 0.58 percent mangan~^e, 0.29 per-
cent silicon, 2.00 percent nickel, and 0.87 percent chromium is suitable for
casting highly stressed gears, winch drums, etc. This steel is a1c,o used for
coating vital complex parts, and parts with walls up to 200 millimeters thick.
It should be noted that for reasons of nickel economy some plants use steel with
ar. inverse proportion of nickel and chromium: 0.2-0.25 percent carbon, 2 5-2.0
percent chromium, 1.U-1.5 percent nickel. Such steel possesses high strength and
plasticity..
The chemical composition of low-alloy chromium-nickel, nickel-molybdenum,
and chromium-molybdenum steels for casting are as follows:
Chemical Composition ($
Steel Grade
C
Mn
Si
37io'NL
o.35
0.80
0.40
KhN2L
o.39
0.86
0.37
KhN2L
o.40
0.52
0.37
3orrt+?,
0.32
0.70
__
3o}rnnu,
0.30
0.80
0.40
3o}a~ru.
0.27
--
--
4o}o,tu.
0.39
0.81
0.39
2o>g,2ru.
0.20
0.68
0.37
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Cr
Ni
S
i,m5x)
p
Ho Amax
o.9i~
1,30
__
__ -
0.67
1.78
0 04
-- a o
1.00
2.39
__
_- _
--
1.35
--
0.32 _.
o,~o
--
--
0.20 _.
1.00
--
--
0.50 _.
0.69
-_
_..
0.43 __
2,05
--
--
0,50 --
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2. Nickel-Molybdenum Steel
Nickel-molybdenum steel has hig}: strength, plasticity, and ductility
at normal and high temperatures, and is easily 2lardened.
The admixture of molybdenum to r,i:kel steel increases i*s hardenability
and resistance to r_reep, and decreases its temper brittleness. The chemical
composition of low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steel genera~y lies within the
following range: carbon, 0.20-0.45 percent; nickel, 1.2-1.8 percent; and mol b-
denum 0.2-0.4 percent. Y
Low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steel is used for large, complex castinge
sub,Ject to extreme stress or high temperatures.
3. Copper-Chromium and Nickel-Vanadium Steel
Copper facilitates the dispersion hardening of steel, t}+us increasing
the strength, plasticity, and resiliency of castings, especially in the presence
of chromium.
The composition of copper-chromium alloys is as follows: carbon., 0.15-
6.30 percent; silicon, 0..25-0.35 percent; nanganese, 0.60-0 80 percent; copper,
1.30-1.50 percent; and chromium, 0:6-0.8 percent.
Such steel serves as a substitute i'or navy castings made of chromium-
nickel-molybdenum steel and is finding ever increasing use.
The admixture of vanadiemi to nickel steel facilitates the nt?ainment
of fine granular structure in thick-wall sections. Vanadium also increases
strength, plasticity, and resiliency.
The chemical compositicn of low-alloy nickel-vanadium steel generally
lies within the following range: carbon, 0.20-0.40 percent; nickel, 1.2_1..6
percent; and vanadiuun, 0..15-0.25 percent.
Nickel-vanadium steels are used in vital and complex castings sub,Ject
to low temperatures (down. to 70 degrees below zero centigradel.
hfulticomponent Steels
The concttrrert beneficial effect of two er morr_ alloying elements on the
physical properties of stnu tonal steel is due first to the positive effect of
each of the elements on the primary and secondary crystallization of the metal,
and second tc the neutralization ei' any }~nrmful effects of one element by another.
For example, nickel in chromium steel deters granular growth and improves the
ductility of the steel, increases resistance to fatigue, etc.
Thus,Tmolybdd nom andfvannd'um 3n~~llromiwaenickellspteeleSincreasedresrronlcontent
in chro:niurn_molybdentLm steel, etc., make it possible to improve seine of the
physical properties of heavy-weight castings.
1. Manganese-Chromium-Silicon StaPt frt,...,..,...,_.,+
Manganese-chromium-silicon steel has good ilardenabi'_ity and physical
properties. The average chemical composition of this steel is: carbon. 0.20-
0.45 Percent; silicon, 0.5-1,0 percent; manganese, 0..7-1.5 percent-; and chromium,
0.5-1.0 percent.
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Low-alloy aarganese-chrcmium-si'_icon steel is ore of the high-grade
steels and is used for castings subject to imFact; wear, end high stness.
However, castings made of this steel ere coarse grained and relatively ;lis-
uniform in structure. Consequently, may plants general'_,y alloy this steel
with vanadium.
2. ?4angsrese-Silicon-Chromium-Yenad+_;:;A and ^hromi~si Nickel?Molybdenum
Steels
Tne introduction of up to 0.12 percent vanadium intc manganese-chro-
mium-silicon steel improves the deoxidation aad prlm?.ry crysth'_1lzation of
tY+e steel and increases its structural uniformity is large esstings.
The steel has good hardenability and physical properties. 3t is used
in vital castings. Since the msngaaeae-silicon-chromium-vaadium steel main..
twins its high du_tility at low temperatures, _t is re_omnendsd for Cast parts
in service ir. the north.
Chrcmlum-nickel-molybdenum steel has gcod hsrdenab111ty and physical
properties. It is 3istinguished by its resistance to wear and creep. This
steel is used in special-purpose large and complex. vital castings subject to
heavy, variab'_e Loads at high temperatures (over 400 degrees centigrade i.
? Nickel?Chromium-Manganese-Molybdenum Steel
'T'his steel possesses good hardenability aad -_ high resistsa~e to wear
and creeF. The chemiesl composition is as follows: carbon, 0.30-0.40 Fereent;
manganese, 1.25-1.60 percent; alekel, 1,0-1.3 percent; Chromium, 0.6G.0,75 per-
cent; snd molybdenum, 0.3-0.5 percent.
The steel is used for vital, complex large 2a=tinge subject to wear.
Multicomponent Steels
_~_ CheQdcal Composition ~~)
Steel Crade C SS C
r yi Mo
4
v
(x,j{hL o.3'f 1.49 0.46
0.52 _. _
_
40;;I4iL o.39 '1.38 0.57 0.63 _.
_
3oxhGSL o.38-0.38 o
9o-i 20 0
-
?_
.
.50-0.75 0.50-0:80
(sicJ -- --
l~OxhGSL
0.42 1.45 0.80 o,3g __
--
3a;xhMt. 0.34 _..20 __ ? ~,~
?-
c.;:G
.. - -.__ W .,. ,.,-,, . ,: ~.~~-u. a+ -- U.6o-0..90 1.75-2.25 0.15-0.25
Beat-Resistant, StainlesaLand Wear-Resistant Steels
i. Heat-Resistant Rnd Stainless Steely
It is necessary that a distinction be made between hest-resintart and
heat-proof steels. Heat resistance is the ability of a steel to resist the
formation of scale, whereas "het-x roof" is the term applied to the ability of
steel to maintain its strength at high temne natures. Hest?p:roof steels ere rcr.
considered is this handbook.
Castings of low-alloy and medi+im-alloy carbon steel_ used in the ship-
building and especially in the machine building industries sometimes lack
sufficient corrosion resistance agsi.^st the action uC humid sir, superheated
steam, ac13s, bases, flue gas, .and high temperatures. At high temperatures
these steels lose their strength and began tc Creep. Low and medium alloy :;ar-
bon steels do not bear high-temperature (400-600 degrees centigrade snd .Huey)
water and steam pressures well. Some grades cf steel, when kept at high but
subcritical temperatures over .long periods of time, precipitate grsphite and
lose their ductility and initial good physical properties.
_~~ ~~ ~~~ o~~
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The corrosive process is the gradlgi, pr-gr~=.i~.: dry-tr~-t?_n n!'' the
metal by the surrounding medium through chemical -- eiectr~rhemL-a. rya^_tiona wirh elemcrtc more noble thsn iron, so.ch as - tittsi: ~:
and molybdenum, or with eaeily ~ 'OpF`-r? =---?sel,
and al+.unimim. The ,,, Fas. ivated e1g T,Fnts. su-h ss c*rrt;i aim c
m~s~ vide'y used allc , ---: a,
stsialess steel= ?- - Ying ?r'at in neat-res!sr:?nt ,.-,
- chromium .hrcmiam fora` the beet, dni F nt. Per^'nt; sad }'-rce~.-~
~'1U.5 arc=_ =~rtersit? eteel _.
- ,;arL?nn
Graphitiz_ e_ d_ Steel
. r'ommon gray and nodular cat
Properties, resi.ileney, and stress iralser~inducednnsiderabl ir_
8 1, en the oche Y better ?,ae-_
r hard, hs;; actur= ,ndices than ~ ,
steel eo!rNS closest to combiningehoth the esdva 271 stee-
and steel. Plasticity. And ErzFr~itized
? ntageeus properties of east irons
? In strength and applicabilit
rolled 45 and 45r,~ grade', e? y' `-?st grsphitized steel is
rePl.aced with castir, s of t ell . Thar?.fore similar to ;he
g Brap,,itized steel~.~nY Party made of forgings may be
The EI_93, E133C, and Ei366
.n industry, ThF Eioy 8rades of graphitiz?d ~;
stnra,pin6 whose stabil.3 steel is widely used ir, cas__rg steel
Preparin Are us?d
D12~steels and about double tLattofethosm~s B stamps for .,oIR
that of stamps made of t}~? rap and
steel has goof wear resistance and is used~nefacinhe Kh12M ste
grinders, housin Fi? The LIj65
machine parts asgwe117asvother assenbllesnsubleC;in6 Flates 'or shot-blasting
$ ri0ZZ1eF, wOrR,-gegr r-r^~w~;e
~ to abraoive vaar. '=raphitized
~ ~-~.
,y
_. -. ...
- ~ ~
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/31 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700200261-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/31 :CIA-RDP80-00809A000700200261-8
Fteel is fully suitab3e for ~astiug small trac
molds, stacrps,~ 8rates, etc, Cast stn for tyL~ arsn:rsha,fte, :ha.L
in stability with .forged stn ?1Fs from graphitized steels are- ea?~el +
and are considerabl aPs bvt .require dreaater t,A,a~o3o
y.less expensive, Y,Y in mannl'acture
Graphitized steel of the following =omp0sltlon is cse3 ir: t.e 'g^ _
bon, 1,; Percent; sili::on, G.85_p,y5 percent; v~r+ an
phosphorus, 0.03 Percent exch. When casting lnr e - "F+' -ar
B ese, 0. ze:r;e.^.r, su'.r;r and
percent molybdenum is added. and the sil 8 ' comple,Y psrt_
aerlt to in;rease hardensbility, i`on content is redu,?;e3 b~.'y~r,.~cnG~-S
L& ;cw_r-
On the basis of the latest research, the follow+~g KrgF}:itized ;;.>:
by recommended for essting; carbon, 1.2-1.4 percent.;
cent; silicon, 0.!7-l lq r man e- may
each; nickel, up to 0. p.r:ent.;_ulfur a.n3 phosphorus, ganese. Q.fi-+?.~ Lar_ .
5 percent; cot r 0.,
0:7 percent- =nrcmiur., up to ~~ qs owe n7 P?z :