MOSCOW CONFERENCE ON PEACEFUL UTILIZATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700240133-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 11, 2011
• Sequence Number: 133
• Publication Date: November 30, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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MOSCOW CONFERENCE ON PEACEFUL UTILIZATION OF
ATOMIC ENERGY
Problems connected with the peaceful utilization of atomic energy were
discussed on 2,3, and 5 July 1955, at sessions of the Departments of Physico-
mathenatical, Chemical, Biological, and Technical Sciences, Academy of Sciences
USSR.
The session of the Department of Physicomathematical Sciences devoted much
attention to the consideration of the physical basis of the operation of uranium-
graphite reactors. In view of the fact that by means of these reactors a direct
chain reaction of the fission of atomic nuclei was realized for the first time
in the USSR and the energy evolved in the process used for industrial purposes,
the interest evinced in a detailed exposition of this process is quite under-
standable.
The first report, which was given by I. M. Frank, Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Sciences USSR, and entitled "Multiplication of Neutrons in Uranium
Graphite Systems," served as a general introduction to the following reports, in
which the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the system
uranium-graphite at various concentrations of uranium and different temperatures
of carrying out the nuclear reaction were elucidated. These reports were given
by D. T. Ad'yasevich, L. V. Groshev, 0. 1. Kozinets, L. Ye. Lazareva, K. D. Tol-
stov, Ye. L. Feynberg, I. M. Frank, F. L. Shapiro, and I. V. Shtranikh.
The reports presented at the session demonstrated that the different physi-
cal parameters of the system uranium-graphite have been investigated thoroughly.
Fine details such as the role played by the water layers used for the cooling of
the uranium slabs [literally "blocks"] and the significance of the clearance in
the graphite which is necessary when the slabs are cooled with gas have been in-
vestigated. The temperature dependence of different factors which determine the
reactivity of the system has also been measured. Experimental work dealing with
the measurement of the reson,nce absorptton of ,,eutrons at various thicknesses of
uranium slabs [literally "diameters of w,e uranium blocks"] has been discussed
in detail in reports given by M. V. Yegiazarov, V. S. Dikarev, V. G. Madeyev, and
N. A. Burgov.
The results of these experiments are in close agreement with the theoretical.
assumptions that have been nade. Because the uranium [imbedded] in the moderator
has the structure of large blocks, it was possible to reduce considerably the re-
sonance absorption and to obtain for the uranium-graphite system coefficients of
multiplication significantly larger than unity. The method of investigation that
had been used was explained in all reports. A number of data were obtained with
the aid of the so-called prism method.
Experimental data which are of major importance for the calculation and
construction of reactors that are to be used for the generation of energy were
subjected to detailed consideration. In reports given by S. Ya. Nikitin, S. I.
Sukhoruchkin, and N. E. Galanina, the dependence of the effective quantity of
secondary neutrons on the energy of the captured primary neutrons was considered.
The conclusion was made that there are significant differences in the effective
quantity of secondary neutrons originating as a result of the capture of neutrons
by different levels of substances undergoing fission.
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scribed which serves as a sne co-called neutron transformer was de-
source of neutrons paving intermediate energies. P. A.
Spivak, E. G. Yerozolimskiy, I. Ye. Kutikov, G. A. Dorofeyev, E. N. Lavrenchik,
and Yu. P. Dobrynin cited results obtained in measuring the effective number of
neutrons emitted by the isotopes uranium-235, uranium-233, and plutonium-239?
Data obtained by the comparative measurement of the average number of neutrons
emitted in the fission of various isotopes of uranium and plutonium were described
to a report by V. I. Kalashnikova, V. P. Zaki.arova, V. I. Lebedeva, L. A. Mikael-
yan, P. Ye. Spivak, and M. I. Pevzner. issi able Thecleiattenti, namelywthe]numbereofiemitted secoondaryoneutrons pertc y of red neu-
and particularly the dependence of this number of neutrons onptheenergyd etheon
captured neutron is completely understandable. The importance of this entee
is due to the fact that the nucleus of the fissionable element, on capturingTauon
neutron, may split and yield neutrons in the process of splitting or, on captur-
in? the neutron, nay not undergo any another isoLop' ;ac.e elan nc. me sccondoprocess isenotaonlytuseless by
reason of the fact, 'I at no seconeary neutrons arise, but downright harrSul be-
c:use the captured neutron is wasted.
The interrelationship between the two processes changes, depending on the
resonance l eve- at which the neutron is captured; in other words, depending on
the energ;;- possessed by the neutron which is captured. Investigations demonstrate
that in rel,tively hot reactors, in which the average energy of the neutrons is
somewhat higher, the coefficient of multiplication is lower than in cold reactors.
This circumstance must be taken into consideration in the calculation of reactors
which are to be used for the generation of energy. Furthermore, the measure-
ments whu., have been carried out sake it possible to arrive at interesting con-
clusions which are of a purply scientific nature and which have a bearing o: the
nuclear levels of fissionable clo.;.eats.
The uranium-graphite reactors are not the only systems which are suitable
for the generation. of electriCL1 energy. At present, now that the problems of
the industrial production of heavy water and of enriched uranium have been solved,
other system: can also be designed. G. N. Flerov, Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, reported or work done at the Academy of Sciences USSR
"sectors charged with uranit:r:-23 5, Plutonium-2 1,-, and a hydrogen moderator.
The theoretical basis of the calculation of an energy-furnishing reactor
in which uranium., and ordinary water are used was also considered. Some charac-
teristics of this reactor, which have been discussed in reports by S. M. Feyn-
berg, C. A. Stolyarov, L. V. Komissarov, V. P. Katkov, and U. V. Nikol'skiy, in-
?'icate its promising nature for applications aimed at the generation of energy.
The calculations and experiments data show that when the slabs of uranium are
placed very close to each other the coefficient of multiplication in a reactor
of this type can be greatly increased.
Several reports were dcvored to investigations of the
radiation emitted during the radioactive decay of heav spectra of alpha-
Ye F. Tret'yakov, G. I. Novikova, S. lsoo, and K. elements in) L. itl the,
use of this method, data on the energy levels of heavy . N. eilsuch as With the
237 and americium.:-2h2t e nuclei such as neptunium-
237 obtained. Results of investigations of the spectra
of gar.,ma-rays emitted during the capture of thermal neutrons in some heavy nuclei
were cited in a report by V. P. Ad'yasevich, L. D. Groshev, and A. M. Demidov.
U. G. Abov reported on results of investigations made by him with the aid of a
crystal neutron spectrometer.
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given which dealt with the modification ofjthe ucuv ana U. N. Aleksenko was
action exerted by neutron radiation. It has beenoestablishedgthatiunderdthetef-
fect of radiation not only the physicochemical characteristics of graphite undergo
certain changes but also its volume. X-ray diagrams which formed a part of the
report indicated that there is a significant change in the crystal structure of
graphite. The results of investigations on the changes to which graphite is sub-
jected under the action of neutrons are of significance not only in the designing
of uranium-graphite reactors but also of great importance from the standpoint of
physics of the solid state.
Reports were also given on the neutron yield in the photo-splitting of ur-
anium and thorium (L. Ye. Lazareva, V. I. Gavirilov, D. N. Valuyev, and G. N.
Zatsepina and on a method which makes it possible to measure doses of radiation
with th., use of scintillation phosphors (V. V. Antonor-Romanovskiy, I. B. Keirim -
Markus, Z. A. Trapeznikova, and M. S. Poroshina).
In the concluding report given at the session of the Department of Physico-
mathematical Sciences, Academician A. R. Alikhanov emphasized that the information
presented at this session cannot by any means be considered completely represen-
tative of the results achieved by Soviet physicists in the fielc of peaceful utili-
zation of atomic energy, because a considerable number of USSR reports will be
published for the first time in connection with the international conference at
Geneva.
The session which has been held definitely gave to science much that is use-
ful and the material presented at the session on the whole was also of interest
taken by itself. In view of the fact that the system consisting of naturally
occurring uranium and graphite is one of the simplest for carrying out a nuclear
chain reaction, the properties of this system were considered in great detail.
However, this does not mean that now when we have reached the stage at which the
most economical and practical system for the generation of electrical energy has
to be solved an the problems of the industrial production of heavy water and en-
riched uranium have already been solved, this system should be given the greatest
attention.
One of the possible solutions of the problem consists in carrying out the
chain reaction with the aid of a uranium-water reactor in which enriched uranium
is used.
In view of the fact that in a reactor of this type the participation of
neutrons having energies somewhat higher than the thermal energy will be great,
the processes of fission and of the capture of neutrons in 'uranium and plutonium
at these higher energies acquire a great significance. According to A. I. Ali-
hanov it follows from this that the data on measurements of the cross section
of neutron capture in the energy range of 0.03 - 2 electron volts cited by U. G.
Abov represents information of considerable interest. However, one must note
that the data of Abov in regard to the capture of neutrons having an energy close
to u.3 electron volts are to some -xtent at variance with the results of measure-
rents made by other investigators. It is of interest to establish the reason
for this difference in the results and to determine the actual value of the cross
section of capture at a maximua. resonance when the energy of the neutrons amounts
to 0.3 electron volts.
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heavy elements have shown thatiBohr'sGidea, of tYieirotationaltleveliineelong-
ther ated nuclei progress is in the capable Of bearing results and cakes it Possible to achieve f,-
This of nuclear levels.
This work and also investigations on the photo-splitting of nuclei are of
great interest from: the scientific standpoint, as has been mentioned by Alihanov.
He reiterated that although we m ay study practical applications , we still must
Pay close attention to problems of the
structure of the nucleus and of its levels.
Foreijl scientists took part in the work ri the sea;ion conducted
Department of Physicorathematical sciences.
In31a) Fontel An n by the
(Sweden, oils 1 (Finland) thee.; were Professors Saha
(Bur''a), halmud Ahma~n sh_Shi (China), Sigvard Arne EY:lund
Dra o ), Yao F' a
G Grdenic (Yugoslavia), htahr:ud Hasabi1 n) (Egypt) Pavle Sav;,. and
Bloch (Isra>)v. (Iran.), Arne Lundb
Fu11'!-a (Japan), and )thers. Y (Norway), Benjamin
The Papers given at the General meetin;; of the Department Sciences dealt with three principal fields: (1)
action of high-energ radiation c e of Chemical
J Particles on the nuclei of chemicalelements,yand
EPplication of isotopes in chemical research. (3) the
V. L, Karpov discussed the Problem of the action of nuclear radiation on
YiCh-Polyr,:er subst;.roes. In connection with th
it has become possible to use the sources of nuclear t
e Production of atomic en.tiy
for the irradiation of Polyroer substances. ThistreamentbrinYes of } about radical
achanges in the properties of the material belay irradiated.
For instance, the high polym-er may be transformed into a nonfusible and in-
soluble substance (this is the so-called radiochemical vulcanization
resistance to heat may be raised. In other cases complete destruction Polymer takes place undez* l, ) o` its
are particularly imp rtanttfor theccorrect1selection Of Polymeric s subs thiehtype
(plastics, elastcmers, etc.) that are to be used nymei iuvolvinggsex-
posure to radiation fields of hi:h activity.
under conditions involving
a report by N. A. Bakh, experimental data were summarized that had
been obtafr-ed at the ?cademy If Sciences USSR in the invests
In the light investigation of the
action of various types of radiation on aqueous solutions of inorganic salts.
tablishment fel Systems discussed, the interrelationship between the es-
es-
ajs1 nh stationary conditions in the liquid medium and the emission of
sized that p of dues ofiradiobysis wa., considered. The author of the Paper _
empha-
lutions
lutions of inorganic sa!ts y of redox processes which originate in aqueous so-
the under the action of radiation may be utilized not
only-for solution of problems which have a direct relation to radiochem-
istry: they are also of irportance fcr the elucidation of more General
Prob-
lems tions connected twithbehavior
electronftransiGtionssalts in aqueous solutions during
M. A. Proskurnin, V. D. Orekhov, and Ye V. Barelko in their report demon-
strated that successful study of radiochemical processes is
the mechanism of the phenomena of sensitization of the required reactions is
clearly understood, The combination of several different reactions of o-?i_
dation or of conjugated oxidation-reduction taking place in aqueous o ble to o
the
increase consideras
subjected f ra eld,to tet'atoo incr asedtheieffectirenessooflthe utilization of the e,
siderably
of radiation.
err'.y
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under the action 0-fl - woe formation of ozone and the oxidation
of
and electrons with gam radiation having an energy of 200 f nitrogen
cussed the de energy of 10-400 electron volts' -300 ectronvolts
activation Of endenceebetween the processes of the fog S Ya' Pshezhitzhitski
on the one tics and of ions and y dis-
characteristics of radiation-: ced hand, ea and the kinetics and of the
reactions on the other quantitative
In a re by other hand.
port by
ccov, and v. P. Port Shamov N.
A. Perfilov, N. S. Ivanov, 0, V. Lozhkin
the
uranium, bismuth results of investigations ' V. I. Ostrou-
slow mesons on thesednucleitweresoa result A the actiof
nhofffastop Of nuclei uclei of
I. P. mesons
protons and ,
in these s oleinE report given by
IIaranov, T. V. garanovu N.er.;ber of the Academy Sciences K. Virogradov
' F B. Pavlotskaya, and L. D. Krasa-
viva dealt with work on the fissionuofithe nuclei of bismuth, thorium
and copper under the action of different particle ' V I A
results of the investiSation b + uranium
by deuterons with es y radiochemical having high energies. The
energy .r 2fl0 000 G00 methods of the fission of t
report by B. V. Kurchatov' V. ' electron volts were described in88ten
N. Nekhedov, M. Ya Kuznetsova, and L. N. Kurchatova.
The reactions of deep fission of the
was characterized in a nuclei of con
other The radiochemi n an resort bon of thin' V. K. frtper' lanthanum, and ndt -
^;otut}~ means uc s erfissiokiy and
of high-energy particles was described products of the fission of silver
V. M. Mekhedov,. and I. Kukvadze, L. oris Borisov, H.
Mekhe Cl
N. CYa,oKuznetsova, a reM. l port b y B. V. L
V ChistYakova gave data L. ki , and B. V. and and L.
ie V.'
on the yields of cerium and odim M. P. nn these e e. s orshas
ments in the fission of nedimium when these
uranium-233, elements forr. as fraG_
The authors of the papers indicated
Eat ions in question .soviet scien`i s have discovered t that rea result of the ifvneti-
radioactive isotopes. _ a
it possible to arrive at s in;e'ItUl data cited in Lh grea~ is have ande
isssbleions certain new ideas in regard to the zechanisn: of the
which. occur when complex nuclei have been x nuclei have been bombarded with }high_
energy particles. Rudiocher.ica1 data
of the occurrence of emission sila t have enabled
us to eval
the dee uad the probndioity
p splitting of nuclei. The data des fission an excited level, and of
formulation of new concepts served as a
chemical elements, pts pertaining to the basis for the
systematization of the nuclei of
In a report by A. I. Brudskiy, Corresponding Member of the Academy of
ences USSR, a summary was given
Sci-
Soviet scientists on the application e out by
e sonu
the study of isherOf stable isotopes ofor
reactions, and of the reactivity ccmpn,u,ds _
report, the investigation of isotope sebs antes. As1it7ie a ch a of f chemical
As storm si the tee author of this
precise data than those obtained by any other method which enable us to
the problem of the interdependence between the possible to obtain more
structure of substances this bein reactivity and
the solve
for theoretical chemistryg a problem which is of the chemical
greatest importance
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a critical review of workewithdthe applicationYofAradioactivecisotopessdonegbye
Soviet and foreign investigators on the structure of complex compounds and the
mechanism of their formation. Because of the increased importance of complex
compounds in various fields of chemistry and biology, the data in question are
of great theoretical and practical significance.
E. I. Kuznetsov has shown that in
dd
a
ition to inorganic coprecipitants,
organic coprecipitants have acquired considerable importance during recent years.
The organic coprecipitants make it possible to isolate microquantities of ele-
mentz from very dilute substances. This is of great significance for the iso-
lation of rnlinactive tracers in a radiochemically pure state. Very extensive
investigations in this field have been carried out in the USSR.
In reports by G. P. Miklukhin and Ye. N. Gur'yanova, the results of investi-
gation: of the mobility of sulfur atoms in various organic sulfur compounds were
described. Organic compounds of sulfur occur frequently among substances en-
countered in nature and have the most diverse applications in chemical techno~ogy.
For that reason it is very important to establish the nature of th,, interrelation-
ships which determine the mobility of sulfur atorrs depending on the structure of
the molecules in which they are contained.
S. T. Konobeyskiy, Corresponding fler..ber cf the Academy of Sciences USSR,
reported for the first tin.e results of investigations by methods of physico-
chemical analysis of the alloys of plutonium with nickel, manganese, iron, sil-
ver, and other chemical elements. These investigations made it possible to
establish certain regularities in alloys formed by plutonium with other ele-
ments. These results are of great theoretical importance.
The reports presented at this session were subjected to a detailed dis-
cussion. A group of foreign scientists participated in the session. Among
the foreign scientist; who participated were Prof Ternis Barendregt, Dr Torb-
joern Sikkeland (Norway), Prof' Stig b.eltker Claesson (Sweden), Prof Eberhard
Leibnitz (Gernn Democratic Republic), Prof Jan Hendrik de Boer (Netherlands),
Jaromir Maly (Czechoslovakia), Drago Radovanovic, Doctor of Chemical Sciences,
and Prof' Pavle Savic (Yugoslavia), Dr Jagji Shankar (India), and Professors
Erich Schmid and Berta Kurlik Q,ustria).
ciunonSeclucdeing
Department l of was given by M. M.
Sciences,, summarizedithe,
results of the session as follows. Soviet scientists, said Dubinin, are very
glad of the opportunity to share with others results of investigations on the
utilization of atomic energy and to learn about the experience in this type of
wn"k acquired by scientists of other countries. This exchange may lay the founda-
tion for international cooperation among sdientists and for the development of
?ways to use atomic energy to the advantage of humanity as a whole. The Soviet
scientists will greet the opportunities to develop further scientific contacts
with foreign scientists [in order to erchanCe information] pertaining to all
basic directions of scientific activities carried out at institutes of the De-
partment of Chemical Sciences. The most effective form of this cooperation
would be mutual visits to scientific institutions of the countries involved and
participation in mutually-held scientific meetings.
In the work done by the session of the Department of Biological Sciences,
major attention was paid to the utilization of nuclear radiation in the food
industry and in agriculture.
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The problem of radiation sterilization in the food industr
in a report by N. M.
wa
d
y
s
iscussed
siological, and biochemical)invettigationslhaveaestablished thatraftericoldhsteril-
ization of fond products (i. e., sterilization carried out by exposing these
ducts to ionizing radiation), as distinguished from hot sterilization (i. e,,
sterilization by heat), the bacterial cells for some time continue to carry out
a number of biological functions. They resorb oxygen, carry out some enzymatic pro-
out
processes, and even make attempts to w~ although they finally die alvssterili-
less. The promising nature of radiation pasteurization (i. e., ter
zation) is due to the fact that only relatively low doses ofradiationl 85,000-
90,000 roentgen) are required to accomplish it, while at the same titre, the
number of microorganisms is reduced by 35-95% and there is no significant change
in the conposition of the products which have been sterilized. Radiation
zation makes possible to prolong the time during which the products for instance in refrigerators. p3stekrl
can be stored,
Still lower doss of ioz;iein;:, radiation may stimulate some practically use-
.'ul metabolic processes i- microornisms. Thus, R. D. Gal'tsova succeeded by
applying relatively low doses o;. : rays ia, increasing by a factor of nearly 3
the yield of crgostcrcl obtained in the biosynthesis of this substance with the
aid of yeast cells. Thi _ffect i.s brought about because of interference with
J the: fat metabolism of the yeast.
Ye. N. Zaostrovekay. placed preparations of radioactive cobalt into layers
of vegetables or potatoe~ ttopt in storage. As a. result of the irradiation of
the vegetables by doses of gar.ra rays amounting to 5,000-55,000 roentgen, a de-
lay in the sprouting of the vegetables until the fall was obtained. In some
cases there was a delay in sprouting amounting to more than a year.
Very complex and It the sam_ time ver? attractive is the problem of rais-
ing the yields of a;i.ultural crops by exposing the plants to the action of
rays emitted by artif.cial radioactive isotopes and naturally occurring radio-
active substances. With this ain. in view, P. A. Vlasyuk, Active Member of the
Academy of Sciences Ukroinian SSR, and I1. G. Zhezhel1, Doctor of Agricultural
Sciences, applied very low doses of i..di.,active substances, which exceeded the
quantity of the substances normally contained in the soil by a factor [literally
order"] of only 1-2. This original z:ethod, which according to the data presented
by the authors of the paper is very promising, is based on the theoretical.
lates of V. I. Vernadskiy, who was of the opinion that small doses of ionizing
radiation represent a factor which has stu-
a genetic influence on living organisms.
In a number of reports, the results obtained by Soviet radiobiologists
in work on the elucidation of the mechanise: of the biological action of ioni-
zing radiation were discussed. Ritharto it has not been possible to establish
by direct methods the occurrence of any changes in proteins which have been sub-
jected to doses of radiation large enough to produce severe injury in living
organisms. A. G. Pasynskiy has shown that the use of compounds containing radio-
active sulfur tracer atoms increases the sensitivity of the measurements by a
factor of 50-100. As a result of the increased precision of measurement achieved
with the aid of radioactive sulfur, it became possible to establish for the first
time that the primary action of radiation does not consist in the induction of
chemical changes in the protein molecules (in the sense that peptide bonds are
broken or rearrangements of cyclic groups take place), but the transfer of the
irradiated system int, an excited and activated state, a phenomenon which is
accompanied by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the system in
question.
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A. M. Kuzin, Doctor of Biological Sciences
basis of the biological
in a r
action exerted b
eport on the biochemical
to chaanges accurrin radiation
ited new y ionizing
the Pertaining d
terns. $e dischne de of g in the macromolecules of nuc standpoint o
leoproteins en
pro-
its bearing on the sensitivityiofttissuesntolradiation and dw
co
tion between the modification of adsorptive he elton the c?oec-
tin living tissue tand mthe odification
activity properties of hi
iniliry g u is of enzymatic systems. A high-Polymer sesences
pf the living changes
e
importance for an understanding of then biological rea thactions
organism to irradiation.
Prof L. T. Breslavets described the results of
Physiological investigations
which have shown that the sensitivity of various organelles of the cell t
izing radiation depends on the particular organ and tissue of which the cell is
a part. to ion-
ion-
New data on the connection between local irradiation with
subdivisions of the central nervous system and changes
of various
in the c peripheral blood were contained in a report given by P. F. X Minayevrays The changes
in the peripheral blood were found identical with those bservedn subsequently
to injury produced by general exposure of the organism to radiation.
Extensive work dealing with the relationships governing the action of radi-
ation on the fertility of animals which has been carried out by Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences USSR, and his collaborators
in particular that continuous .' N. I. Nuzhdin,
xposure to a dose of radiation bwhichriscaccepted d
at present as a pernusslole (0.05 roentgen per working day) has no effect
fertility of the animals irradiated.
on the
Prof E. Ya Grayevskiy reported results of investigations dealing with pro
tection of the animal organism from the harmful effects of
-
He demonstrated that ionizing radiation.
phenomena innlcaing that plays a decisive role in the initial chain of
hen of the lganim b damage on the organism which represent
y reason of its exposure to radiation.sges in the afflic-
Academician L. A. Orbeli discussed problems involved in the investigation
of the effect of ionizing radiation on the animal organism. He emphasized par-
ticularly the important role of reflex phenomena and also of the reactions of
lymphoid tissue and endocrine glands in the chain reaction of the development
of radiation sickness. He called attention to the cyclic nature of the
ceases which take place in the animal organism within the
diation effects. pro-
general scope of ra-
ra-
In Orbeli's report experimental data obtained by his collaborators were
veled which deal with the possible ways citop. in which radiation afflictions may de-
Work dealing with the use of radiation emitted by the investigation of vital processes taking Place
extensively radioactive substances
Y represented in the reports at in animals and plants was
given at the session.
By using tracer atoms, the detailed aspects of the metabolism of various
parts of the glycogen molecule in the liver of healthy animals and animals suf-
fering from diabetes were studied. In this work, which was carried out by Stepanenko, Doctor of Biological Sciences, it was established that in cases of
A-avitaminosis, contrary to the E. N.
generally held opinion, no significant shifts
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in the sulfur content of different organs and tissues take place. Furthermore,
it was found that the process of ceratinization does not take place b
of the synthesis of new proteins which are richer in sulfur bi' because
formation of by reason
disulfide bridges by the thiol groups of the )f the
ready present. This work has been carried out by Prof S. D. Balakhovskiyrandl
I. V. Kuznethova. The specific role of sulfhydryl groups in the transmission of
nerve excitation was proven and the interrelationships between certain chemical
substances which act as nerve impulse mediators and other substances which block
the action of these mediators was establisnea. The work mentioned above has been
done by Kh. S. Koshtoyants, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
G. M. Turpayev, and D. Ye. Ryvkina.
Extensive possibilities exist of using the isotope method in the investi-
gation of the nutrition and metabolism of farm animals. Specifically, the rate
of blood circulation, the blood volume, and the characteristics of phosphorus
metabolism in highly productive milk cows were determined with the aid of this
method (Prof. A. A. Kudryavtsev).
Investigation with the aid of radioactive carbon of the metabolism of
and lactic acid bacteria made it possible to develop an
fermentation with a significantly fer). gnificantly shorter cycle of improved ofc
production ion (P (Prof I. . Ya Ya. Ves
e-
A great number of papers dealt with the use of the tracer atom method
for the investigation of the vital activities of the Flant organism,
the process of photosynthesis. The rapid resynthesis and replacement ofr theparticularly
constitutional proteins of plants has been experimentally proven (Prof S. V. Tur-
chin), the important role of chloroplasts in the biochemical functioning of the
plant cells clarified (M. N. Sisakyan), the fact that the assimilation of carbon
dioxide in the process of photosynthesis begins with addition of carbon dioxide
to the iron of the molecule of the acceptor demonstrated, and the assumption that
phosphoroglyceric acid is originlly formed refuted (Ye. R. Boychenko, Doctor
of Biological Sciences, and N. I. Zakharova). The effect of ecological and phy-
siological conditions and of the species of plants on the composition of the
organic substances formed in the process of photosynthesis has been clarified
(0. V. Zalenskiy). For instance, it has been established that photosynthesis
which occurs in fruits of the poppy regulates the gas regime of the fruits and
assures their normal development, although the nutrition of seeds takes place
principally by utilizing assimilated products that originate in the leaves (V. E.
Pontovich).
The application of radioactive isotopes opens up new experimental possibili-
ties of investigating the very fine processes which take place during the fertili-
zation of plants. For all practical purposes, these processes have not been in-
vestigated to any appreciable extent as yet. Taking as examples corn, wheat, and
tobacco, the significance of repeated pollination for the physiological processes
taking place in developing seeds has been shown and in some cases the significance p
llinat fromhthetrresult ng seeasi yitalit hasbeencdemonstratedv( I. M. pol tkov, Corre oondingd
Member Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR). Corresponding
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who participated presented were subjected to a discussion. Those
in the discussion gave a critical evaluation of the data cited
by the authors of the paper, Particularly when questions connected with the prac-
tical application of radiation in industry and agriculture were involved. This
testifies to the great amount of interest which Soviet scientists evince in the
rapid and successful solution of the problems connected with the extensive use
in the people's economy of the new and powerful means which are capable of ad-
vancing it.
It understandable that the program of the session has reflected only some
directions along which the work of Soviet biologists proceeds as far as the
problem of the application of ionizing radiation and the use of the method of
tracer atoms is concerned. The fact that reports were made by representatives
of the academies of sciences of union republics and workers from branch insti-
tutes testify to the fact that extensive research in this field is being con-
ducted in the USSR.
The following foreign scientists participated in the session: Prof Su Yu-
ku (Peoples Republic of China), Sokhey, Pal Rudrendra Kumar, Shirsat, Ganapati,
and Khanolkar (India), Shagdar (Active Member of the Committee of Sciences, Mon-
golian People's Republic), and Gerrit Avgustin Sivabessi (Indonesia).
In an address concluding this session, Academician V. A. Engel'gardt empha-
sized that the gratifying fact of the presence at the session of foreign scien-
tists transforms this session into a preview of more extensive international
scientific gatherings where problems connected with the utilization of the newly
discovered forces will be discussed from the standpoint of their use for the bene-
fit of humanity.
At the session of the Department of Technical Sciences the following foreign
visitors participated: Professor Macke (Dresden Technological Institute), Pro-
fessor Szulin and Dr Niewodniczauski (Polish Academy of Sciences), the metallur-
gists Ts'en Sen (People's Republic of China), Sin San-kuk (Democratic People's
Republic of Korea), Dr Barwich (Academy of Sciences at Berlin), and Prof Mao
Kkha (Burma).
The session was opened with a number of reports dealing with problems of
the application of radioactive isotopes in metallurgy. The data presented dem-
onstrated the extensive possibilities of the investigation of metallurgical proc-
esses and of the physics of metals with the aid of the method of radioactive
isotopes. The possibilities of studying the effect of refractories in contam-
inating steel with nonmetalic inclusions were discussed (E. M. Samarin, Corres-
ponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and Ye. S. Kalinnikov). In a
report by E. I. Osipov. results obtained by means of the tracer-atom method in
the investigations of processes of mixing in the hearths of open-hearth,furnaces
were discussed.
By using the radioactive isotope of calcium and applying the radiographic
method S. M. Gnuchev investigated the effect of the method of pouring on the
structure of steel ingots. It could be seen from the radiograms shown by the
author of the report that when either bottom pouring or top pouring is used the
lower part of the ingot is contaminated to the greatest extent. Contamination
is increased when bottom pouring with supplementary addition of hot metal is
applied. The kinetics of the desulfurization of cast iron were also investigated
with the aid of tracer atoms (L. A. Shvartsman, 0. V. Travin).
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radioactive isotopes for the investigation of evaporation tand forlthetdetermin-
a
a tion of the coefficient of diffusion of metals has made it Possible to develop
and alloys. oTheseamethodsdareoalreadytinyuse atothesscientific research insti-
tutions of the USSR. As Academician T. N. Gudtsov mentioned in a~brief iinntro-
duction, the application of radioactive isotopes makes it Possible to measure at
relatively low temperatures the vapor pressure of metals which have a very low
vapor tension.
At the Institute of Metallurgy, Academy of Sciences USSR, several devices
have been developed for this purpose. The equipment that has been developed
makes it Possible to determine the quantity of condensed active metal. If the
ratio between radioactive and nonradioactive metals in the sample is known, and
the temperature, duration of the experiment, and the function of the alsysi.ctoiucau-l-
tion of the molecular beam in space are al,, known quantities, it is ea
culate the rate of evaporation or vapor pressure of the metal under investigation.
With the use of this method, the heats of sublimation of iron, cobalt, zinc, and
other pure metals were determined.
In the inve,Ligation of she vapor pressure of metals which enter into the
composition of alloys, it is best to use methods that are based on the principle
of isotope exchange between the sample containing the radioactive isotope of
the metal under investigation and a sample which does not contain the radio-
active i::-,tpe. Using the method of isotope exchange, the vapor pressure of iron
in its alloys with chromium and with a number of other metals was investigated
(A. N. Nesmeyanov, N. V. Lebedev, D. I. Lozgachev, and E. G. Chudinov). In a
report by M. A. Starikovich, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, the results of an investigation by the method of radioactive isotopes of
the carrying over [entrainment] of salts with steam and of the hydrodynamics of
two-phase liquids were discussed.
Academician G. V. Kurdyumov called attention to very important results
which were obtainers in the measurement of coefficients of diffusion and self-
diffusion (homogeneous diffusion,] with the application of radioactive isotopes.
Data of this type cannot be obtained by ordinary methods.
A number of reports dealt wits. the application of isotopes and rays emit-
ted by radioactive substances in machine construction; particularly in the con-
trol of the wearing out of machine parts and of cutting tools and in the measure-
ment of the thickness of metal products. The data contained in these reports
demonstrate that the methods in question, which have been developed in the USSR
and are being extensively used there, make it passible to determine with pre-
cision which is much greater than that obtained hitherto the processes of
wear at different velocities, pressures, and temperatures, and also to observe
the action of different lubricating oils, fuels, and additives to oils ana fuels.
The experimental data which have been accumulated make it possible even at this
point to give recommendations to industrial enterprises in regard to the applica-
tion of rapid methods for the determination of the effects on wear of lubricat-
ing oils and of vtrious anticorrosion additives (Yu. S. Zaslavskiy).
An important application of radioactive isotopes is in investigations deal-
ing with the wear of cutting tools. The existing methods of meas
of tools are not sufficiently precise and require a uring the wear
great deal of work. In a
report given by Ye. P. Nadeinskaya results of the application of radioactive
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isotopes in the development of a rapid method for measuring of
of cutting tools have been d the
resistance
escribed. Equipment designed especially for this
Purpose makes it possibi to determine directly the rate of wear by the radioactivity of the products of wear.
measuring
The value of the new method consists also in the circumstance that the
quantitative and qualitative analysis of the wear to which tools are subjected
can be carried out during the process of cutting itself. The new
it Possible to determine the optimum rate of cutting which resul
amount of wear. method makes
is in the least
At present, USSR enterprises active in various branches of industry
gamma rays for the control of a number of technological
ing. In a report by use
in the y I. G. Fakidov, the application Peoconszs of metal work-
gamma-ray defectoscopy products having g n a the
great i thhic tckn n method
discussed. of metal products having was as
The application of rays emitted by radioactive substances in the control
of the thickness of rolled steel and of metal coatings was also subjected to
discussion (B. I. Verkhovskiy, A. N. Makarov). V. A. Yanushkevskiy presented
data on the industrial application of isotopes in the marking of rolled steel.
Academician V. I. Dikushin pointed out the great significance of work
dealing with the application of radioactive isotopes and expressed further improvement of methods based on their use will lead to a wide
application of the techniques in xPresaed confidence
economy. question in various branches of the people's
Radioactive isotopes and rays emitted by radioactive substances are also
being applied Practically in the prospecting for useful minerals. This type
of application was discussed in a report by V. N. Dokhnov.
In a number of reports, the application of radioactive isotopes in the
petroleum industry was discussed. Information was given on the use of neutron
radiation for the investigation of wells with the purpose of distinguishing
between petroleum-bearing strata and water-bearing strata N. K.
Kukharenko, U. S. Shimelivich guishing
ukhaen ) In a report by B. G. z(E? I. iy an E
d, E. F.
Besp, the use of scintillation counters in radiometric equpmentwassub-
jected to discussion. zing
the results
his Prof L. F. Vereshc agin remarkedotateduringsthen astt5 years group the reports,
o,
work done in the field under consideration has considerablgrow on volume of
fies to the extensive introduction of methods involving the e n. adio ttivi-
into practical prospecting for petroleum and natural g d use of radioactivity
gas deposits.
However, much remains to be done in this field. For instance, one must
test and introduce with a greater degree of confidence methods of this type
into the prospecting for other useful minerals, i.e., those yielding boron,
manganese, mercury, tungsten, and cadmium.
The application of radioactivity in the construction of instruments and
the actual introduction already at this stage of instruments [control applian-
ces] of this type into practical use at industrial plants indicate the exten-
sive possibilities of using atomic energy in the automatization of technolog-
ical processes at USSR industrial enterprises.
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At the conclusion of the session, Vereshchagin said: "We are proud obeing the participants at the first sessio t~
note with a feeling of profound satisfaction that, due ftott ecefforts ofWour
scientists and engineers, the results of manifold scientific investigations
in the field of the peaceful utilization of atomic energy have found applica-
tion in many branches of industry."
During the time of the session a demonstration of iustrial models of
USSR radiometric, dosimetrrc, and counter devices and ....truments and also of
equipment which operates with the utilization of rays emitted by radioactive
substances was organized for the participants at the session. At present,
several types of equipment for the measurement of the activity of radioactive
substances and of the intensity of radiation emitted by them are being pro-
duced. This equipment is also used for controlling the contamination with
radioactive substances of buildings in which work with them is conducted.
Specifically, the participants at the session were shown an improved counter
installation of the B-2 type which is distinguished by portability, realiabil-
ity, and convenience in use and also by the increased assortment of counter
tubes which form a part of the equipment. Also demonstrated was a scintilla-
tion attachment for the device of the B type and a new type of portable labor-
atory radiometer for the measurement of the contamination of clothing, hands,
and working surfaces with preparations that emit alpha or beta radiation.
This radiometer makes it possible to carry out measurements in a range extend-
ing from single impulses to 100,000 impulses per minute. Special arrangements
are provided for the automatic compensation of the gamma-radiation backround
in the measurement of beta-activity and for automatic signalization indicating
that the permissible level of radiation has been exceeded.
The participants at the session familiarized themselves with new types
of dosimetrrc equipment widely used in the practical work of medical institu-
tions and scientific research institutes. This included new models of indi-
vidual dosimeters of the DK - 0,2 type.
Great interest was elicited by an assortment of manual tools for work
with radioactive substances at a distance. This assortment included various
types of handles for the holding and carrying of dishes weighing up to one kg
and containing radioactive solutions. Special pipettes, automatic pipettes,
micropumps, etc., were also shown.
Attention was also attracted by radiometers of the "Severn" type, which
are designed for use in field investigations involving radioactive isotopes
and particularly for investigations of the assimilation of phosphorus fertil-
izers by plants depending on the method of introduction and time of introduc-
tion of the fertilizer.
Various types of appliances which operate with the use of radioactive
isotopes were subjected to detailed inspection. Among them was the device
GUP-Co-0,5 for industrial gamma-ray defectoscopy to be applied in tests car-
ried out at plant laboratories or plant production departments. This device
is equipped with special protective sheaths. Several types of portable am-
pules for testing by the method of gamma-transmission were also shown. These
ampules are designed for the control of the quality of welded seams of pipes
and of steam conduits and also for the circular inspection by the method of
gamma-ray transmission of annular seams in pipes having a diameter of 150-550
mm, as well as for the inspection of sheets which have a thickness equivalent
to 30-1+0 mm of steel sheeting.
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wnlcn principle activity and are to be used myvarious branchesrofon the try were d of radio-indus One of them was a level indicator for universal industrialusewhichnmakeseit
possible to carry out continuous measurements at a distance. This device re-
cords and controls the level without penetration into the object subjected to
measurement or control or contact with the medium the level of which is being
measured. By means of this indicator the level can be measured in tanks, auto-
claves, pipe conduits, etc.
With the aid of this device, one may control the level of liquids, the
boundary between two phases, and also the nominal level of boiling and bub-
bling liquids within a range of values up to 500 mm. The absolute error of
measurements comprises t 1 mm.
Devices for the recording and automatic control of the level of liquid
metal which are based on radioactive ray transmission through a vessel con-
taining the metal have also been shown. Other examples of the equipment dem-
onstrated are a device for the measurement at a distance of the level of liquid
chlorine or of some other liquid packed in cylinders (in this application the
system source-receiver is displaced together with the level of the liquid and
the error in the measurement is no higher than 10 mm) and a device for the
cuflinu;,us measurement, recording, and control of the density of various liq-
uius at a distance by a method which is based on the principle of the absorp-
tion of radiation emitted by radioactive substances (in this application the
range of measurements is 0.5 - 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter and the limit
of error is? 2%). Also shown was a
present for the control of the operatiio aofasuctionedredges. The operation
of this device is based on the measurement of the intensity of radiation emit-
ted by a radioactive substance after it has passed through the sludge (the
therangdiametere of
mm) . per cubic mentishown whe-
n
a device for measurement at a distanceeofthepthicknessnofom
cold-rolled sheets wn.cn is based on the recording of radiation transmitted
through the material (the ranges of measurement as applied to a steel band are
3-150 microns and 50 microns - 1 r.n., with a limit of error amounting to= 1.5%)
and a device for the measurement o, the thickness of coatings which is based
on the measurement of the intensity of reflected gamma radiation (the range of
measurement as applied to a tin coating on sheet iron is 0.10 microns with a
limit of error comprising? 2.5%).
The participants at the session also familiarized themselves with other
industrial models of equipment that has been applied in various branches of
industry.
For instance, increasingly extensive application is given to a device for
measus?emen'et:u 'istanr_e nd recording of the pressure of rarefied gases and
vapors. The ,-anke of measurement obtained with this device is indicated by
the fact that it has a linear scale corresponding to pressures from 0.01 mm to
10 mm of mercury. Being provided with this scale, the device in question can
be used for measuring air pressure or the pressure of water vapor at tempera-
tures from 20 - 150?C. In order to obtain the desired values, the recorded
values must be multiplied by appropriate correction factors. The error in
measurements with a device of this type amounts to ? 2.5%.
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the
Operates On the
is a Portabl
Pri
nciple
rad.toativit
e counter Of plication of this device in the counti radioactivity Particular objects which
able rate of movement. The device counts of objects on Co Promisiw is the g-
ccnveyers with a change-
operate under conditions where a high to 120 objects per
gh humidity is minute and ma
encountered. Y
The extensive range of radioactive isotopes which are available
high level of development of modern electronics make it
devices for the control and and the
ible to design
factors. measurement of the most diverspos
estechnologicaThese devices are "n additional proof of the
which the application of radioactive substances and of the radiation emitted
by them opens possibilities
production. witted
pens up to instrument engineering and consequently to science and
The demonstration of samples of radiometric, dosimetric
vices organized by the Academy of Sciences USSR not only
de-
Portent adjunct to the work of the session but also a not counter de-
the persistent efforts which clear illustration
of
task of harnessing Soviet scientists and technologists sts a
have recentlyto t
apes which he
become available for exploitation. forc
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