REVIEW OF ALBANIAN WORKERS PARTY JOURNAL, APRIL AND MAY 1956

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700260108-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 7, 2011
• Sequence Number: 108
• Publication Date: November 19, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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REVIIs'W OF aT.aaxrax iTORKER4 PARTY JOURNAL APRIL AND MAY 1 6
Insufficient time is allowed Por amatteura to learn their parts.
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The editorial (pages 3-11) iri the April issue of Rrurta a Partiae, ~gtitled
"The triumph of the Ideas of leainism," written to celebrate Lenin's birthday,
gives the following figures for the achievements of the present world socialist
system. The system comprises 35 percent of the world's population and 25 per-
cent of its territory, and accounts for 30 percent of its total industrial pro-
duction. The article claims that Communist and workers parties have about 30
million members and guide the daily etTUggle oP hundreds oP millions of wrkere.
It says that more than 1.2 billion people in India, Indonesia, Burma, etc. have
been freed from the colonial yoke and are cooperating with the socialist camp.
After recounting the successes of Leninism, the editorial notes that the
20th Congress oP the CP3U severely criticized weaknesses in party an3 state
xork .since the 19th Congress, such ae the cult of personality, espr..cielly oP
Stalin; the violation of collective leadership and socialist lega;ity; ar-
bitrary measures; the spread of bureau4racy; neglect of initiative in the mas-
eea; and failure to develop ideological xork and the Marxist-Lennist theory.
The author points out that when Lenin came to the conclusion that xar vas
unavoidable sa long as imperialism and capitalism existed, there was no world
system oY eaciallem, whereas nox a great group of states in klu~op? sad Aaia is
against war and bas the power +,o atop it. He says, however, that'vlgilamce multi
not be relaxed and unity of action must be maintained between Co~uniat and so-
cialist xorkera parties.
The article praises the 20th Congress for adapting the idea that different
countsiea may arrive at e0ct.a1lem in the way beat suited to their individual
con~iitione.
Artistic Activities sa Aid in Mobilizing the Masses
Lhshnor Mamagi contributes an article (pages 45-53) on "hkpanding and
Dieing the Amateur Artiata' Movement to a Higher Level," which seems largely
to mean using them more efficiently for propaganda purposes.
He states that 5,060 artistic collectives xith about 60,000 participants
performed is Albanian festivale in 1955, and that over 4,049 oP these perfoYm-
ances were given by artistic groups from houses of culture.
However, he makes the Polloxing criticisms:
Such artdatic collectives exist mainly in cities; they are limited in
number in the villages. The artistic level oP these collectives is low 'in cen-
tral and north~,rn Albania; reading rooms and schools in these regibna do not .
combat the "Picnaticiem" xhich prevent;collectivea frost appearing on the stage
of reading roans. False exeusae are given Por this situation.
Artietie collectives lack stability. Many amateurs ,join them before
a festival and leave immediately forward.
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There is a great eaercity oP musical inatnments and stage props, and
a tendency exiatb in some groups to feel that these should be Yurniehed gratis
by the state.
Repertories are sot a_lwaye chosen to mobilize workers to do their duty
oa the economic front. For example, the Beret Rreth Party Conoaittee foaaed an
artistic brigade to aid oolleetivization, but no piece on collectivization wsa
ever given. Moreover, playa which are too difficult for amateurs, such as those
of Ehakeapea~e, are staged, instead oP plays oP current interest.
Assistance in interpretation is insufficient and sporadic.
Mamagi concludes That trade unions, educational and cultural sections in
executive committees of meth people's councils, and the Ministry of Education
and Culture itael_p fail to show sufficient zeal in solving the problems oP
~:heee groups and giving them sufficient guidance in aiding the masses to do the
tasks set before them by the party sad government.
Discovery and Utilization of Internal Resources in Mining and Induatrv
An article (pegeg 26-35) by Adil Carcani, Minister of Industry and Mining,
reports that this ie the second year of a movement to discover and utilise in-
ternal resources in Albania, and that :the movement now includes all branches of
industry and the national economy, as xell as a71 workers. But Carcani admits
.that many such resources are still unutilized. For example, a repair shop left
lying outside Aeversl tong oY old iron and'steel which could have been recovered.
I:hterpriseg which used their internal resources to exceed the 1955 Production
plan in~:lude the Y,rrabe Coal Mina, the Rubig Copper Mine, the?Tirana Footxear
Eaterprise (1?I5H-kepuceve), and the Korea Food Eaterprise (RI3H-ushgimore).
Carsani mekeg the following criticisms: acme directors and workers still
do not know how to utilize internal resources; often discovery and utilization
oP these resourcea nre not organized on a sound technical basis; records oP im-
provements made by u9ing these re~ourcee are sot kept; and party primary orgaai-
zatione3 fail to evaluate such eErortcominge.
Carcani ,:ells .?ull use of production capacity one of the main factors in
increasing labor productivity. Today, he says, Albanian industry is equipped
with new, modern machinery, which is not efPi~i.ently used. For example, the
percentage of machinery once obtained to some enterprises is as follows: Ea-
ver Works, about 70; 3talia Town Repair Shop, 60; workehaps of the Textile Com-
bine sad the Vlore and Cerr.ik cement factories, not even 50. Moreover, the Ea-
ver Works. and other workshops could produce many spare parts, now imported at
a cost of millions oP leks. tational sad local ca~9pentry shops, sawmills
and brickyards are equally inefficient.
Another factor in inAroviag~labor productivity, according to the article,
is increasing fixe planned coefficient. oP effective opek~ation, which many enter
prises fail to do for such reasons as work stoppages, scarcity oP materials,
breakdowns in machinery, etc.
tutill another source of increased labor productivity given by Carcani is
mechan&retion oP production processes. Yet many enterprises, such as olive oil,
soap, feotw_yr, sad.rubber factories, still cling to p;unitive methods with low
productivity.
Avoideace of lo9a is xorking time is called another great .internal resource.
Although 50 percent less time ass lost in 1955 than in 1954, the record is far
Prom aatialactory, the article says, since 87,928 workd~ wlire lost without
4;~,,
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3ustifichtion cause in 1955, rtpresenting a lose oP 80,190,336 lake in indus-
trial production at the statistical price. Carcani criticizes enterprise di-
rectors, Party Primary or~aizatione, and the ministerial apparatus for failure
to enforce diariplin~ in such cases.
Caro-ani lists sy~tsmatization oP norms and gages as another great resource.
He rites ss an example the Yar_t that revising sad raising norms is the indi~striai
and mining sectors saved millions of lake in 1955? He says, however, that the
Central Camnittee of the party found ~y errors in 1955, in norms being fixed
so low ?hat they ''.rr? too easily exceeded. He criticized enterprises which
itedg~i-d lobe inonrr?;tly, so that sages were higher than the type of fob mer-
He also considers inventions, rationalization, and dissemination of pro-
gressive experien.e e~: sources of increases is labor productivity. Yet, he
says, directors o? enterprises and mines and the "~iesion on Inventions
.and Rationalizstioaa itself often let moaths:go by trithout examining xorkers'
eu8geetions or p!tt?.ing thP.m into effect.
Internal resources are not sufficiently utilized, Carcani adds, to re-
duce production costa,. For example, in 1955, while 29 enterprises reduced
their production expenses by this mesas, 15 others raised theirs. The Auxes
Macaroni Factory (fabrike.~ makaronave) reduced its production coats by 228,000
lake, chile a similar Yactory in 3arande increased'.ita costs. The Kt?abe Coal
Mino reduced production Costs 7.11 percent, but the Menalis~ Cost Mine did not
reduce its costs. Other enterprises which increased their coats in 1955 are
the Tirana Brickyard (AI3H-tullave), 46.79 percent; the Bulgise Chromium Mine,
12.72 percent; GSirokaster Leather Factor (AI9H-lekurave), 22.44 pergeat; and
the Vlore Food Eaterpriee (1PI9H-ushgimore}Y, 9.69 Percent.
Other manse of reducing production costs, according to this article, are
reducing unProciuctive expenditures, such as expenditure on transportation and
storage, and corrr_cting the imbalance between production workers sad the cleri-
cal or administrative force.
Carcani also censures lack of care .in the protection of the people's prop-
erty, xhi.^h costs the government millions of leks.
9e urges utilization of internal resources to increase the assortment and
impk'ove the quality oP industrial products. Although there has been much im-
provement along these linen, he Pinch many shortcomings, ef.~ecially in the food
and clothing industries. 'Olese shortcomings he says are due partly to the scar-
city of engineers and partly to directors who do dot stimulate their engineers
to plan she manufacture of more and better goods and to improve production means.
This "reaistanee? to playing may be Pound even in the Ministry of Industry.
Among enterprises which failed to improve their goods for this reason were the
Korce Knitted Wear Factory (NI3H-trikot~zhi); the (Tirana) Foottear Eaterprise~
leather enterprises, especially the one in G,7lrokaster; snd:rarious sawmills.
Carcani admits that in -some.cases oP poor quality, the excuse of scarcity of
raw materialF, too frequently given by directors of enterprises, ie Justified;
but he finds that more often the reason for poor quality is that party primary
organizations and enterprise directors do not know hox to discover the many
available internal reeourcea.
Moreover, he blames many directors of enterprises Por being content to
fulfill their production plans in quantity only, xhile permitting manufacture
of substandard, goods. The party primary organizations in these enterprises
have Failed to penalize such practices.
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O's.`"cani aonPeeacs that proper Ntamdarda hays not been net up for all in-
dustrial articles sad what existing standards are often violated. Be points
out that-the sstxbliyhment of .:orrect standards and technological methods Por
each article would be another means oP discovering internal rea~urces. TLe
government 2~ in_.tituted ir_chnical inspection offices and many enterprises
have lsbozatoriea, he say=abut they often not only Pail torexert control over
the quality oP ra~r or semifinished (auxiliary) materials, but even accept aub-
atandard material.,
klzrthe~cra, although h? _~?.mita mush Las been done Qa establishing quali-
iication crcuraer f,r ~~rkers, eapr;:islly for directors, engineers, aai teeh-
niryiane, ,;a=;aai 'in.~ ~,uy,faults in teaching methods an3 ma+,erials and in
att~nifanea et saureee, He blames theca faults on inpuPficisnt control by di-
rectera of entezprie:ss and. mines, by party o_rga.ai2ations, and by the appa^a-
tus oP the aini-.try it3e'_f,
1%CVelUPmAIIt Of Star ~,n,~j
Mi;i B'so, in hie, s.z?ticls (Pages 36-46) on "The 5trengtheaing end Levelop-
ment of S'r.t? Fs_-:~.:, :eta;es that ;2tee area under crape at state terms vas 2.4
bYmbhe~oll;r it '955 tLan in 1950, ~$i1e yields during this period increased
auga,r beetu, (+rl^;~4~a,~mikin pOsr-ant): cheat, 430; vegetables and potatcea, 90;
ae Polla~s (in pF.r~Fnt): hor~ea, Oi catt1e~110Peandd~oultrstock increased
P Y, 350.
Although,,tate fa,-n? occupied only 4.3 percent of the total area under
cultiva+.?ion in 1955` mss:: says, they prvdu::e3 17,9 percent of the total com-
pulsory delivrrie .,, rhea; to the atnte, 41.7 Percent of the (total?) vege-
table ,rcp, and c9?~ p?.r;_as oP the milk procured by state and coopei-ative
tra.3e orga.nl2sti:a:'; a~ .,,.~ as 7.1 percent of the meat, 17.1 percent of the
wool, 17.7 P`roent :f the auger baeta, sad the fatal amount of sugar beet
need end hemp.E.r, (probably cf total compg7.aory dCliveriea).
Bono slo noted that there were, in 1953,
in 1950. tie core slyo mare a.ebdery P , 3.4 times more tractors than
more self-prnpe]1ei crymbi.nea; mon electri~bre kere~and ear beets, end "cotton;
supply oP la-ige in,ubatora end in3tzumenta afor~art~icial.'i~nsevinati na etc~l
The state, according to Bozo, Lea invested heavily in reclamation, irriga-
tion, housing, road building, stabling, repair shops, clubk, and schools. Thus,
at many state Parme, each as those is Maliq, Sukth, Kamze, LushnJe, and Fier,
the str,te hay built workers' housing centers. Yet the results obtained by state
Parma cannot be :onsidered at all satisPar_tory, he~says, since many of them fail
to .fulfill production plant,, attain only low yd.elds, and display great teChT13Ca1
and orgenizatien9l x:^akneae:ez.
Bozo reports that in June 1955, the 3tnte Farm Administration and its aux-
iliary bran;:.hes set forth the national requirements for each enterprise, but
that lack oP ccorllnatinn between the 8tete Farm Administration and state farms
had caused ea 1`mbalance beixeen agricultural production for trade and for ani-
ma1 hu.bandry. :_u 1952, for example, wheat occupied only 20 Percent of the to-
ts]. area under cultivation on Mate Parma a,nd decreased to 14.9 percent in 1953,
while fuP,,9er rropE were disproportiona]1y large. Fodder crops, especially bar-
ley and twits, hold first place; next came perennial grastea; and lastly annual
gI'S.dae9> The average yield of Poddzr grains is only 75 Percent of that of peri
ennial grawaes and. 50 perc:snt of tLat oP annual. grasses, while the production
coat of a _odder unit Prom these grains is 2-3 times greater tLan Prom Lay, /~_
though he eA.ya ~+?~= con.?ideratioa Lea been given to this disproportion, Bolo
Peels that in_:u_~f.3oient attention i:y pai3 to the Pact that a large part of state
Pam lead has ao-,. bin impravad. He points out that a much l.erger yield per
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unit of ~ c;.ul: ha obtained on unimproved land Pz~ annual
fodder grains, aai. at s mu-oh le4t;r cost. He also iiads fault t~*ithathetratiorof
~nu~ wall aaj.aPr~g gra,~ae?. For example, in the Pa11, state Parma plant
only oa.e, an3 in i:ce aprixsg only corn and a very ama11 sugar beet Drop for fod-
der. Be blems? Phis system Por the lack of fresh fodder during certain periods,
when, by prlxr planning, f+?e,:h .?odder could be available all year, Another
.riticiiwm h- msi:e~ is that fall annuals udr_d Por winter fodder are more expend
eive, wince. th,y raauize ~:~ manpower, while spring annuals can be planted oa
la::ger ara.a and., when ensiled, nerve as a sufficient winter Yodder.
7n3u?trisl rsapc ylio arL too rt3trictad in aiate Parma, B,iyo says, and
ia?~is::r That mare lpase ;hauld be uevotad to them.
Se adviars _=.eleo#ing auxiliary breaches in e~,Rts Parma xitn eare~ taking
` into :oa~iaeraiion the conditions and area of each farm, An unsucceeaPul Casa
which he ciie~ ?vao tJle attempt of a farm to alert as auxiliary branch Por rain-
ing all vypaa ,f livaatock, Pith the z'esult that omly a few head oP cattle vnre
produced, s*, a high .:.oat. 'On the other hand, he days, ICamze State Farm makes'
a euc.e~a oP p1g rai_,ing because pigs Den eat vegetable 4erap which would not
r,~tt:exvi.ye be. urea, aa3 Fier State Farm makeE a profit on poultry, which con-
riumea grain wsete. :.ha.~ other animals. cannot eat.
B^,so c.on-,l3era !inn proper ratio of different animals in a herd or flock
as i?P;;r'-a;r:` P.sator in livtato;.]c raising. For example, Kamze Statr_ Farm, ylth
J3 aot~. p"--' 100 aaimsle, obtained 26 percent morn: milk than Idal.iq State Farm
t?ith 42 corgi pax 100, Sheep-Rsising ffitsrpriae Ao 5 (adermarje blegtorale Nr 5)
prcQused 21 p~xrsnt. ~irE milk and 22 percent more wool than Sheep-Faiaiag EuLer-
pr'_sc No ly br:carse No 5 had 81.E bearing ewes per 100 head, while No 1 had only
67.1 per 1C0. "R,:ae r:rrors are being corrected, he says, but it rill take 2-3
y c:nrs to cocplete t:he ,Job.
R~zo cri:i_isee: '.he General Dire::torate of State Farms for not enlisting
pariy c=gs.ni~:s>.ion; and. heady of forma in o_gani2ing work and production. He
given tY.~ `.'nllo~?ing .figures for time .epeni annually on various agricultural ac-
tivitle~ by r,'.A;> ,"arxn :rorktrs (in workdsye per hectare): planting corn, 35-lw;
planting vhrar,., lh_2~~; and plsnt(ing vege*.ablea, 230-250. Workers' wages per
m:.tric quintal of olive., amount t~ 51 percent, and oP milk, to 31.6 pergen4, oP
the total annual p.-_3u~:,ion costa of these praducta. These figureu ahox a lox
degxte oP me~~:`.>ranitstinn,he Faye, and low labor productivity, which depends not
only on m~c.ha.ni,^,atioa but also on labor organization and. technical methods such
as proper eery thinning an3 auger beet plaY:,ting.
:n animal hu:baa:icy, Bozo reportF, state farms are nor milking eo?,ra sad
feeding Pigs 3-4 iimrx a. da.Y; Piga and poultry are fad prepared Pood to in-
cresEe their weight; zex:orda are kept oP the 'quantity of milk. at each milking;
hsY is Psi ,_ carry iyst~sd. of their being pastured; and pigs sad poultry are
fad concentrated food. 2-3 t:imea a day. Hr clad.mr, That there is an excessive
ratio of noapreduction to production workers. For instance, every year state
farm`: apea;1.1.5 million lake fnr 60-70 vorkere: rho carry drinking water to
field. aorkrrs. Ee point< out that while worker? must have drinking rater, it
could be auppli?.f by morn ?+ell? in the fields and more personal canteens. Ns
eatims.ter the t. thz~n .f every 17 workers dp not take peat in direct production,
and that 30 ~~rkFre. on =acre :ascot. could Yell, be eliminated by reor~.-tization of
work.
P::o:?z^.f1on could b!; greatly inrreas_d, Bolo contcnda, by using internal
reyourcea, such r~, mFadmre and uncultivated land, and by planting 2-3 crepe a
year on goo:. sail. 7n 1955, staiu~farma produced a satisfactory quantity of
indn.,~..~vi ~..-__ __~ __.. __. _t, __
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Because aicontinuous fall raina,inthe1955 '~ Planting plan was fulfilled;
nonce over 6,000 hecta+~es moat be planted to corn is the 2+pring of 1956, or
about three times more flan in 1955, to cc~pensate Yor the deficiency. Be
urges all party or~nizatione, Cammuaista, and workers to put this plan into
effect.
In animal husbandry, Bolo asserts, state farms have great internal resources;
they have the brat damretic breeds and, in general, are making great efforts to
improve their stock sad increase their productivity. Thus, in 1955, the ~'
fzota,7 State Farm obtained from its whole herd as average of 2,325 kilograms of
milk per crnr, and 3 kilograms of wool per sheep, while the Kamze State Fhrm ob-
taiaed 2,157 kilograms of milk per cox and 2.6 kilograms of wool par sheep.
Many slats Terms, including those in Luaha,7e, Goranxi, and Maliq, maintain in-
adequate fodder bases, thus redwing the productivity of their livestock. The
Fier State Farm began xith domestic cows of low productivity, but.ae a result
of breeding them with Jersey bulls, milk production reached 1,839 k~].ograma per
cox is 1955? Ifs Bozo argues, all party organizations and farm directors took
measures t~ aid state Parma, in 3-4 years there woaYQ be ao more livesto^-k of
lov pro:uctivity.
Bozo given the following table to ahox the difference is productivity be-
tween Kamze Farm, which pays attention to fodder bases, and Luahn~e State
Farm, which is less attentive to this problem. The table shows animal produce
in metric quintals per 100 heetaree planted to fodder at the txo Mate Parma:
Product
iCamae
~~
rink
975
141
Mean
112
31
wool
3
1.67
~,tt~r
4.9
0.64
At the same time Ksmze State Farm produced 24,1000 eggs and Lushn,je State
Farms,5oo eggs.
The difference Bozo attributed to the fact that ICamze State Farm obtained
16,181 metric quintals of fodder Pram 735 hectarea)or 22 metric quintals per
hectare, while Luahn~e obtained only 11,077 metric quintals from 1,380 hectares
or 8 metric quintals per hectare.
A sei:ond table given by Bozo shows the effect of the quality of fodder
Product Kamze
Milk 423 177
rat 51 38.5
But er 2.2 ' 8
Wool -137 2.1
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Bozo cri;icizea the General Directorate of State Farms is the Ministry of
Agriculture Yor not p$ying mars attention to the collection and quality oY hay
and to ensilage of green fodder. the directorate, party organizations, and
s+~ste Yarm heads, he nays, should do more patient, systematic work in educat-
ing cadres e~id workers, especially young workers and brigade leaders, in tech-
nological processes. He deplores the tendency of state farm directors -- Yor
example, in Ms13q an3 Sukth -- to look for "trained" cadres, instead oY teach-
ing young cadres, and says that this tendency should be rigorously censured by
party organization:. The Ministry of Agriculture has opened one-year courses
to quality lc ~r-grade :adroa, but oYten thosa who have passed and are appointed
to reaponeiblR ,jobF are not given the most elementary inlatructiona about direct-
ing !rork. He cites the case of an appointee to a sector in Lushn,7e State Fhrm,
vho did net knov for 2 months how production there waa orga~llzed or what he
should organize. Bo~O ~riticizee the farm's director and party primary organi-
2ati?;n Por permitting such a situation.
Although he admits that there have been great improvements in the techni-
cal traia~ng of simple workers to fit them to operate complicated machinery,
au;h as milking machines, Bono p~oteste against existing shortcomings, especially
irregular atte~dgnce st courses, and courses which are not intelligible to the
lieten~.r.
State farms have a double duty, according to Bozo: to be an example to
others end to obtain high yields themeplvee, but same state Parma -- Yor in-
stance, those e.t 9ukth, Luehn,je, Goraai, and Fier and Sheep-fhtising Enterprise
No 3 (N3H-blegtorale Nr 3) -- have done neither duty well. He calls upon gark
party organizations and local authpritiea to help eradicate errors by going to
the Yarms personally, and begg them to restrict their work to "asking Yor a re-
port" or "making as analysis." He concludes that there is every possibility of
eradicating errors, but "the real problem is how the General Directorate of
State Parma, party committees, and executive committees of gark and rnth peo-
ple's councils are to improve their manner of directing and to give more aid
to state Yazffia."
Agri:ultural ~ollactivee
In an article (pages 54-61) entitled "Gur Work for Agricultural. Collec-
tives," I~po Dervishi, first secretary of G,jirokaster Bark Party Coemmittee,
notes the vide~gap between the progress of industry and the backwardness of
According to Perviehi, this wrk began by strengthening existing agricul-
tugal collectives economically and organizationally, and improving their con-
dil;ion=, so that they might be an example to peasants and a basil for agitation
and propaganda. luny collectives in G,jirokaster at this time were weak. Even
in 1953, aYter n favorable year, yields xere very low -- even lower than in
1952, and there wan less grain to be divided amopg G~irokaster collective ~em-
bers than the average in all other collectives in the country.
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After they hr~d snalyzed the situation, Derviehi relate, the q~-rk party
cammitteg and bureau sent 80 expert cadres from the city oP-GJirokaster to
aid the xcak, new collectives.
Dsz'vishi claims that 43 pergoIIg~ instead of the 18 planned, and 50 tractor
operaiorW and mechanics, or 30 more than planned, attended the Tirsaa agricul-
tural collective school Pram GJirokaster irk. As a result oP these classes
and other measures, the collectives completely fulfilled the 1954 spring and ffill.
planting piA Q, ge yes a number oP vill8ge8 X82. collectives, where the pea~-
ant' ,,ire in.9pir~d to form their ova collectives, so ti~st 56 neW coLl.ectivea
and. 45 agricultural and animal husbandry cooperatives of types I and II were
formed in 1955?
l~r'viahi desr_ribes the methods used by his committee, 02 utilizing politi-
rsl sahool5 and unlimits3 pr~ganda to make collectivism a matter oP interest
not only :o a fax leaders, but also to the masses and mega'-or6snizatlons. He
attribute_ many successes is this xork to youth organizations. These method$
developed initiative in the peasants themsel~ies, crtn formed collectives z+ithout the
need oP visits From.members of the party or of executive committees of people's
councils. He ligtg several instances, in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in trhiCh appli-
cations were made by peasants, and permission crag granted, to Porn collectives.
Ia mountainous regions, Derviehi insists, propaganda must be linked with
the actual possibilities of uniting small holdings into large farms Por animal
husbandry or fruit 8rowing, eo that they may later become collectives.
~rvishi criticizes the epecisl party organizations for collectivization
for coacentrttting on propaganda for agricultural collectives in villages, and
forgetting the simpler types of cooperatives. He calls attentioh to the April
1955 Plenum of the Delvine Rreth party Ce?nittee, which censured the mistaken
ideas of those who thought that forming simple cooperatives required more xn;k
than forming a collective, and which drex up Plans Por Propaganda Por simple
cooperatives. Later, a deleg~tioa of peasants visited acne of the simple co-
tge~ra.tives, talked to members of these cooperatives and of MT3, and to city
workers who produced email agricultural implements. The party c~ittee bu-
reau,in compliance with the Plenum'a directives, studied the poaelbXlitie~ oP
prapsring leadership squads through short specialized courses. The subsequent
growth of class I and,II cooperatives in Delvine lb?eth may may be ascribed to
these measures accorting to Dervishi,.
ay the end of 1955, ]krvishi claims, there here 80 collectives and 40
agricultural and~a.nimal husbandry cooperatives in G,jirokaster ~1'k, and the
overvlielming ms,~ority of those established in the spring oP 1995 have ob-
ts,ined satisfactory results in agriculture and animal hvsbaadx.y
1~rvishi cites the following average per-hectare yields in G31r'okaster
Q3rk, obtn.ine.d with the aid of state agrarian credite?amounting to 23 mil-
lion leka (.figures in metric quintals); in the collective sector -- corn, 20;
-ice, 37.7; cotton, 8.1; and tobacco, 6.5; and in the private sector -- wheat,
8.4; corn, 14.6; rice, 35; cotton, 5.9; and tobacco, 6.1. Dervishi asserts
that there are nox many collectives, established in the spring of 1955, which
have a good income. He names various collectives trhich give 5.306.67 kilo-
grams of bread. grain for a day's work __ a profit which has persuaded many peas-
ants of the advantages of the collective system.
CYxviahi sta.+,f;s that existing collectives accepted over 320 nex families
xith 714 workers in 1955? During the first 2 months aP 1956, 30 other villages
established nerr collectives. to asst+.,... .
cou~ctives. Today, G~irokaater - "'~ +a+~uiica wno Joined existing
in fertile agricultural zones. ~'k has 120 agricultural collectives,. gene _17.y
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Dsrvis'ai admits that, although hie cOmmitte'e work has both increased the
number of collectives sad improved their efficiency, there is still much to be
don"-? His cc~ittr:s's successes include timely fulfillment of spring and Pall
planting plane, an increase in arable area amounting to more than 450 hectares
by adding new land, end an increase in the number and productivity of livestock.
Hairver, he eay~ ills 1955 annual reports on collectives shox that many internal
resources remain untapped, sufficient msnuXe is not used, and mechanized means
ere not fully utilized. Por example, in the fall oY 1955, only 96 hectares were
ehallov-plowed and only 17 hectares were deep-plowed, seeders planted only 14
percent of the ~nin, and resprrs ware used to mow only ly percent of the crops.
He varn~ that the grain yield demanded by the party will never be obtained in
thin way. -.
Aa to animal husbandry, Dcrvishi feels that while acme success has been
achieved, little has been done to increase fodder bases or improve bleeds. More
over, pig3 an3 poultry get little care, the ratio or-cows to livestocx, in get3-
era1, is too low (only one percent), and there ie an average of lees than t?ro
Poole per family, Of 21,065 sheep in collectives, only 224 are purebred, and
moat of these have been raised by one collective, the Azim Zeneli. The Zer-
vat Callectivc is selling piglets instead of fattened hogs, thus losing hun--
drede of metric quintals of meatgaad. thousands of leka. Dervishi deplores the
iact~that alfalfa and clover are still not widely planted, and that only Your
silos were built in 1955?
He obetrves that only 880 of all able members of G,7lrokaster Qsrk collec-
tives completed the mini~um number of workdays in 1950, while 141 members took
no part at all is produ^ ion work.
He points cut that many collectives, such as those in Vurg~have oxen which
could be used to tranpport rice and other produce from field to procurement eea-
ters, but share and elsewhere this work ie.done by women, with a lose in rice
of 10-15 percent.
De:~iehi cure other shortcomings, such as violations of the statute on
collectives by same collectives, as +rell as non-support of collective aseem-
blie~, which are their highest organs, and of Resolution 251 of the Council
Of Minist9ra an the organization of agr,'cultural collectives. Dervishi also
compl9lns of insufficient effort to organize a more cultured family life in
collectives, and to create more cultural sad artistic organization in general.
The source of these shortcomings, especially in new collectives, Dervishi
finds in weaknesses in the activities of party organizations and their secre-
tariats, which thus F.xert a negative influence on welfaz~e in collectives.
MSscellaneous Artie-lea
Under the title "An Event of Great Importance in the Ideological Life
of Our Party and Country," Agin Popa reviews (pages 12-25) V. I. Lenin's book
Meterieliem and Fhtlpiric Criticism, on the occasion of its publications in A1-
banian.
An tinaigned article (pages 62-68) replying to a question by Anest Bexliani
of Vlore, on roaveraion fr~~ capitalistic industry and trade is China,.contraete
the old and new system of Chinese goverment.
?An article (page:: 69-88) on "The Historic Horld Importance of the Socialist
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Chronicles of the Party
The following short articles appear in this regular feature of u e
Fartie?.
The first article (page 89 ), entitled "Against Bsckuard Customs " p
that in the past peasants in Kukes Rteth laid great stress on religious fisaata,
vrdRinas, aa3 funarale, and agent large ;uma entertaining friends and mere Ar._
quai_tan,ea~ d typiraJ..casa,noted is that,oP the Ndue Martini family who gave .a
yeaxly feast, at which 150 head oP cattle, 48 kilograms of raki, dozens of kilo-
grams, oY br.,ad, etc. were consumed.
~+ 1954, the article e'tates, the rreth party committee took steps to stop
th;.e practice, which was a serious burden on the people's economy. The com-
mittee, according to the article, enlisted front organizations which seat cadres
to give talks in'every village on the losses caused by such customs. Finally,
the author recounts, the fallowing re=olutione were passed at a meeting of ryp-
reaentativea from every village:
1. To celebrate religious feasts only with invited friends.
c^. Th celebrate religious feasts with~anly bhreemeAls with bread a day
(referring to R;mazsn, when Moslems feet all day and eat all night).
3. Tb Cease having barbecues and eating meat at the "cheese festival."
4. Not to sand for all relatives in ease of death in the family,
5? Not to respect the aristocratic class.
The author claims that as a result of these measures in l~alle and environs
alone, savin~up to April 1955 amounted to 780 head of cattle and dozens of kilo-
gramb of raki and bzread, with a total value of 2.3 million lake. By the-end of
1955, ha ?tJStex, 6,300 small cattle (sheep and groats), 900 large cattle, sad
hundrecL oP kilograms of raki sad bread have been saved.
?he second article (pages 89_90), "The i~brk oP a Primary Organization is
Forming an Agricultural Collective," tells how the primary orgaili3ations in
teo villages in Izah Meth persuaded recalcitrant Peasants to ,loin new collec-
tives in these villages.
Tire third article (pages 90-91 ), "~eaal Measures Instead of Persuasive
and EkplAnatory Work," atata9 that the Kruse Rreth Party Coaaaittee has inczeased
the number of agricultural collectives from tyro at the sad of 1955 to 12 at
pzament. Zhe article criticizes some committee members xho tried to form col-
lyrming a collecaive,. Such actions-are called contrary to the party
principl.,e of persuasion.
Th. editorial in the ray issue of BruRa a Partiae, on "The Albanian
Workers Party--t1'alnspiration and Organizer of Our Peanle'n vt~+,,,.iaa ~~ ,e..a-
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Over-all production in 1955 stns 1"19 percent greater than in 1950, and
10.5 times greater than in 1938, with an annual increase of 22.8 percent. Dur-
ing the period of the First Fdve-Year Plan, production of the means of produc-
tion grsw 156 percent, with as annual increase of 20.7 percent, while consumer
goods production increased 197 percent, with an annual increase of 2k.3 percent.
The arable area in 1955 xas 13 percent larger than in 190 and 70 per-
cent larger than in 1938; bread grain production in 1955 was 53 percent greater
than in 1950 end 67 percent larger than in 1938; the work done by MPS has in-
creaeei 370 percent and the irrigated area has increased 110 percent aigce 1950.
During the same 5 yraz-a, goods turnover has increased 105 percent; the
national income, 70 percent; r~el xagea, 20 passant; and peasants' income, 35
per~gn+;.
In the educational Yie13, nix higher institutes and numbrous preschool
in2titutione have been founded. The number of Albanian students in A1'~saia sad
abroad has grown from 175,500 in 1950 to 191,000 today. Illiteracy ham been
eraaicat~e3 among Albanien_w under 40 years old.
The author attributes all these successes to the party, aided by the U39R
and the Pecple'a Democracies. The party, he declares, h~:y "no other interest
than the interests oP the people," and its "lofty purpose is the struggle to
obtain a rich life" for Albanians. He says that the party is well aware of
the difficulties in re.iaing the material and cultural level of ~~fe and of erad-,
icat.tng thaj~gtvita of peat exploitation and imperialism, but it will teach the
people haw to overcome these difficulties.
Re points xith pride to recent price reductions, the derationing of cer-
tain goods, and the great development program in the Becond Five-Year Plan.
He says that thn development of the mining industry ie the basis for the devel-
opment of all other branches of the national economy and the main task set by
this Five-Year Plan. The editorial quotes some production ins=eases expected
by 1960.
The .niter demands that bureaucracy in State and party organs be stopped.
He acauaen management of too many 4mitten and telephone orders andtoo many re-
ports and meetings, and insist upon more practical, on-the-spot aid of better
trained party workers.
The axyticle quotes from the s~canded Party Statute on the duty of party
members to protect "the unity and purity of party ranks." It says that class
and party enemies are acing every xeapoa against the party and its Marxist-
Leniniet leadership; hence, there moat be no xeakening in vigilAnce, and ao
.complacency. The party has raged a bitter battle against its enemies sad
those of the people, according to the author] anal through this fight the party
has "carved its Reel-like unity and the monolithic compactness oP its ranks,
vhirh are the chief charae.terietice bf our party's inner life." He roar the- "
gamut of Communist terminology: Leninist leadership, democratic centralism,
aide democratization, iron discipline, initiative in the masses, and the right
of every Communist to discuss problems "freely is the party spirit, and his
duty rigorou?ly to put ia~to effect party resolutions." He brings up those di~-
turbing elements xhich tried to "eov confusion" is the Tirana party ooaference,
and urger more crit3.ci? and self-criticism, especially criticism from belox "to
eliminat+.~ anything xhich ~rx~gkeis inner-party democracy." He calla Por collective
leadership an3 the bonds between the party and the masses to be strengthened
and personal contacts xith the people to be increased. "To obtain a lively par-
ticipation of the masses" in performing the duty of socialist ronetri~etion,"
it is essential to rage a bitter fight against anything xhich obstructs the de-
velopment and activity of its creators. A decisive battle moat be fpught against
b?reaucracy sad any arbitrary acts xhich violate socialist legality and citizens'
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Tn ~~cnalurion, the avth~r a=ka Pot more ideological cork among cadres and
al] _~maalst, +,v enable :hsm to direct laduetryD agriculturea and 311 ~+her .
eccnrmic sectors i.a a:R expert maneer- and to Pulfi]1 the great program which the
Tni.ra 4ongrrse ie to approve.
Role of the Mse3es in Building 9ocieliem
In'hig article (pages 11-19 ), Thanes Leci explains the Marxist-Leninist
th._ory oP the pecpls a~ ~IEatOY9 of hitiory. be attributes the grains in the
national t~onomy to the tPPorta of the Albanian people, directed by the
party, and aided by the U83R and the i~~ople'e I-tmocracles.
Socialist competition, according to Leci, hsa been introduced into j67
cooperatives in industry, alining, construction, trade and handicraft, Col-
le:?t,iviration is spreading, and there are nor more than 600 agricultural col-
lectivee. A large number oP valuable suggestions have been made by xorkera,
thich saved 25,518,000 leks in 1954, but too little encouragement is given'.to
the iai+,Sative oP the xorker. Like the editorial in!the April issu?~ thisart,icle
points. out the derationing o_* certain industrial articles and recent price re-
du~tione thrcugh which the people gained about 1.5 million lbks.
F In tae poll?dcal Yield., he explains the participation of file working msaags
aF ollovs; ~s corking messes have the right of participation is directing
government afPaL--> through their representatives, elected to people's councils;
beginning rich village and ~an3cipel card councils, up to the People's Assembly.
Aa a fur`?hP.r aid:ia solving economic, cultural, sad economic probleau, the peo-
pie's ceuacils than appoint permanent and temporary c~ieaiona.
The active psrticipatien of the maraes in directing government affairs
and building *_o^.ialirm, Irci contends, is demonstrated by the xidespread dir-
cuts~ion of the Second Rive-Year Plan d_~a?t in all factorial and production
centsra. But with all the party successes is strengthening its boada~ rith the
maerts, he ~eyt,there are many i~natancee of bureaucracy sad inattention to the
voles of +;}yq people in the state apparatus.
In the cultural field, he argues, only socialism raicea the a~asaee Prom
ignorance and illiteracy and arms them rith advanced education, culture, and
science. Aa proof oP this, he m_ntiona the great number of artistic and ama-
teur groups in citiee'snd village R, the hundreds of sex schools, and the es-
tablishment of higher institutes oP agronomy, animal. husbandry, engineering,
and pedagogy<
Cation "in the spirit oP devotion to the party, the country,-the6people, the
USSR, ssrd the aocielist camp,"
~yc~; ,.y w.v. ~vu?~uocc iuvG.
Leci attributes such good results in part to the party's ideological
viexpoint on the cult oP personality. In duly 1954 and April 1955, he notes,
the Cent~sl Ca~ittee brought up the problem oP coaabating this cult in xhat-
ever Porm and wherever it appeared, and called it one of the chief future du-
ties. of the party to atren~rtlb:n the 'pole of tue masses and oP Leninist prin-
ciples is the national life. However, the Fight against the personality cult,
says Leci, has nothing to do xith the true role of leaders, xith their author-
ity, or xith the faith and collaboration due them. "Party and state leaders,"
ht a