CITY OF CHIMKENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A000900590002-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 30, 2003
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 31, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
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COUNTRY USSR (Kazakh SSR)
SUBJECT
25X1 C
City of Ohimkent
AIR T FBI AEC
NO. OF PAGES ii
REQUIREMENT NO. RD
e n., threa. distinct sections: the Novyy Gorod, the Staryy Gorod, and
Zelenaya Balka.
REFERENCES
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This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
31 July 1953
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The Novyy Gorod occupied the largest part of the city proper; it extended
three-or four kilometers to the east, of Sovetskaya ulitsa, which was the
main street of the city. Several perpendicular streets crossed S
t
k
ove
s
aya
, ulitsa, extending from Gorkogo ulitsa on the west, to the grain fields in
the eastern outskirts of the city. There were approximately ten streets
which crossed Sovetskaya ulitsa;the,major ones were Melnichnaya, Turkestanskaya,
Krege..ra, Poltoratskogo,and Tolstogo. The streets adjacent to Sovetskaya
ulitsa were stone-surfaced and the sidewalks were of sandstone and brick; the
sewerage system was in working order and the entire area had a very clean
appearance. Picturesque birch and maple trees, vineyards, and frontages with
apricot and apple orchards. gave the general impression of a garden city.
The Novyy Gorod had primitive electric lanterns on wooden pillars, at one
block intervals in the area adjacent to Sovetskaya ulitsa; in the outskirts
they appeared rather infrequently. The buildings on the right side of
Sovetskaya ulitsa were even-numbered, and the odd-numbered buildings were
on the left side. The numbers ran from one to about sixty, beginning at
the corner of Bazaraaya ulitsa to the corner of ulitsa Toistogo, which is
the northernmost perpendicular. The branches of Sovetskaya ulitsa in Novyy
Gorod had similar numbering systems. Most of the numbers began at the western
limit of the street, and reached about one hundred to one-hundred-fifty at
the east1']3.j6ta6 The city lacked a clear and homogeneous marking system.
Some house numbers were posted on pillars, and others were on fences or the
house, entrances, Houses erected after the establishment of the numbering
system had "a", "b", and 'Iv" added to the street number. Private. homes in
the, area were three-or four-room houses, predominantly of fireproof, brick
clay construction.
STATE _X I ARMY x NAVY
(Notes Washington Distribution Indicated By "X", Field Distribution By "#".)
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THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
. Ghirnkent (N42-18, E69-36), capital of Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast, was
livid A t
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I
The Staryy Gorod occupied a considerable part of the city proper; it ex-
tended for about two or three kilometers to the west and southwest of
Gorkogo and Sovetskaya ulitsy. This section gave the general impression
of a dirty Moslem town, lacking the mosques and street patterns of the
Middle,Cast. There were some apricot orchards and vineyards in the back-
yards, as well as some tomato, onion, and pumpkin plots in the frontages
of the Uzbek dwellings. The Staryy Gorod had a very diversified numbering
pattern, which was very confusing and difficult to follow. The area lacked
lighting facilities, and there were no apartment houses or government build-
ings. The majority of the private homes in Staryy Gorod were individually-
owned and-occupied kibitkas. They were not very durable, and were highly
inflammable. During the wet season the houses disintegrated rapidly be-
cause of thawing, and partial decay of the roofing, which was predominantly
a straw-lime combination. The kibitkas ranged from a two-room to a five-
or six-room dwelling; their chief characteristics were their clumsy shape
and the small size of the windows.
c. The Zel$naya Balker occupied several square kilometers between the airbase
and the railroad station. It was a district of dirt and poverty, con-
sisting of one-story slums, abandoned houses, and unpaved streets. The
general impression was one of a very primitive, rural community. The
section was inhabited by petty railroad officials, poor Uzbeks,and criminals.
There, were no lighting facilities, and the street-numbering system was very
confusing and difficult to follow. There were no stores or government build-
ings in the Zel'enaya Balka. Private homes in the area were earth huts and
semi- bi s, but with larger windows.and a less primitive design. There
were a few houses similar to the ones in the Novyy Gorod, but they were
dirty in appearance and were.in a state of disintegration and decomposition.
Principal Stregte in Chimkent
2. The following streets were the principal ones in Chimkent, forming the cultural,
market, and transportation centers of the city:
a. Sovetskaya ulitsa. Most of the government buildings, stores, and offices
were on this street. It was the recreational and cultural center'of the
city, being the location of Chimkent's schools, recreation spots, public
eating places, movies, and theaters. The street bordered on the Park of
Culture. and Pioneer Park. Pedestrian, traffic was heavier on this street
than on the other streets, with the exception of Bazarnaya ulitsa.
b. Bazarnaya ulitsa. The two major markets, or bazaars, were located on this
street, which was the commercial center of Chimkent. It was dotted with
variety stores, eating places, barber shops, shoe-repair stands, beverage
kiosks, photo studios, and tailor shops.
0. Vokzalnaya ulitsa. This street was the city's transportation center.
Railroad and truck-repair shops, a railroad hospital and polyclinic,, as
'well as a temporary dormitory for travelers were located on Vokzalnaya
ulitsa.
Inhabitants of Chimkent
3. The population and ethnic composition of Chimkent varied considerably in the
years 1941 and 1945 and can be broken down as follows:
a. The population of Chimkent increased from 21,018 inhabitants in 1926 to
74,185 in 1939. The average number of inhabitants during the years 1941-
1944 was between 150.,000 and 175,000.S ince 1945 the population has decreased
sharply as a result of the re-evacuation of persons from the Ukrainian SSR
and the Moscow and Leningrad areas, as well as the repatriation of Polish
citizens.
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b.
Estimated ethnic composition during the 1941-1944 period:l
Russian and Ukrainian permanent residents
15%
Russians (evacuated)
15%
Russian Jews
25%
Polish Jews
10%
Uzbeks
25%
Kazakh:
Bukhara Jews
Others (Poles, Armenians, Koreans, Tartars)
2%
c. Estimated ethnic composition in 1945 (after re-evacuation):
Uzbeks
43%
Russian and Ukrainian permanent
residents
33%
Kazakhs
13%
Bukhara Jews
4%
Soviet government personnel, temporarily
stationed in Chimkent
2%
Russian Jews
1%
Chechens2
1%
Others (Armenians, Koreans, Tartars)
3%
Habits and Customs
The habits and customs of the people of Chimkent varied considerably. The
following were the customs of the various minority groups, which included
those inhabitants of Chimkent who were not Russians, Ukrainians, or Russian
Jews:
a. The Uzbeks spoke both Uzbek and Oriental Russian and were illiterate.
Trachoma and brucellosis were common among the Uzbeks, whose general
state of health was poor. Their diet consisted mainly of macaroni,
onions, and mutton, rice, wheat pancakes, sour milk, and a cheap variety
of domestic tea. Most men wore a hat with embroidery, and carried a short
hunting knife. Women wore scarfs with embroidery, and high-heeled, leather
boots. The Uzbeks were unfriendly toward the Russians and Kazakhs; they
were hostile to the idea of intermarriage with Russians or Kazakhs, and
they refused to converse in Russian with other natives who understood their
language.. Uzbeks were reluctant to rent rooms to Jewish evacuees, and were
quite contemptuous of Bukhara Jews. Outside of their regular employment,
Uzbeks spent their time gardening and preserving fruits, as well as market-
ing home-made dairy products. They were fond of house parties, which were
held on such occasions as weddings, funerals, or the return of a son. from
military service. At these parties the men sat on the floor while eating,
and the women, who did not share the meal, served water, tea, and sweets.
The party generally lasted all night, and the sole form of entertainment
was singing native songs, with the music provided by home-made instruments.
b. The Kazakhs spoke both Kazakh and Russian, and their literacy level was
fairly high. They worked in government, party, and municipal institutions.
The typical Kazakh attire consisted of a long, quilted, cotton robe and a
fur cap, which was worn all year round. Their diet consisted mainly of
wheat pancakes with pepper and onions, cheese, and a Caucasian meat dish
called shashlyjS. The Xazakhs were friendly with the Russians,`but dis-
liked the Jews. They were quite contemptuous of the Uzbeks and Bukhara
Jews. The urban Kazakhe tended to assume the customs and habits of the
Russians and were largely not native to Chimkent, but from Alma Ata (N43-12,
E76-57), Kzyl Orda (N44-48, E65-28),and North i azalchstaa. Some of them, how-
ever, maintained permanent homes with the idea of settling in Chimkent for
a lifetime. They began to arrive in the city in the middle Thirties, follow-
ing the promotion of Kazakhstan to the status of an SSR and the incorporation
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of Obi t Oblast (sic) in the republic. The rural or
semi.-noaia.die Kaza3ha who lived in the city with young
members of their families preserved some of their old
customs , despite the opposition of the "civilized"
generation. Since most of the rural or "non-civilized"
Kazakhs belonged to the old-age group, much of their
time was spent in lounging; women busied themselves
with embroidery, and the men with profiteering and black
market activity,
c. The Bukhara Jews resembled the Uzbeks, and-were em-
ployed as barbers, shoemakers, watchmakers, and tailors.
They wore embroidered, religious hats, and were fond of
Jewelry. They observed a kosher diet, and abstained
.from all forms of recreation or entertainment. They
were an extremely poor and dirty group. Bukhara Jews
feared both the Russians and. K:azakhs; they were friendly
toward, but somewhat fearful of, the Uzbeks. Toward
European Jews, they were extremely friendly.
d, The Koreans and Chinese had foreigner's residence
permits but were not permitted to travel without special
permits issued by the Foreign Desk of the Oblast
Militia,
e. Poles and.Polish Jews were subject to the changing reg-
ulations imposed throughout the USSR. at various stages
of Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations.
Wages and Working Conditions
5. The following wages were typical of several working classes
in Chimker t:
a. A skilled worker in the lead refinery earned 1900 rubles
per month, and a physician in one of the polyclinics
charged four rubles per hour. A-high school teacher
earned'only 800 rubles. per month, while a municipal
worker, such as a secretary, earned 1,000 rubles per
month;
b. The individual worker was obliged to obtain official
release from one job before taking a new one.
Prices during the 1942-19+5 period,
a. Prices were fixed by the law of supply and demand dur-
ing the 1942-45 period. There were no restrictions reg.
elating commercial transactions, and barter was common
and unrestricted. Black marketeering was indulged in
by practically the entire pouplation, as the authorities
took no measures to combat the practice.
b. Virtually everything was rationed during the-period-
1942-45.3 'Certain varieties of drugs, books, vodka,
dry fruits, and such household items as ashtrays and
mirrors were available at the municipal stores and
.could be obtained without coupons. Municipal checkers
examined-the quality of food, and imposed fines as well
as confiscated the goods for failure to meet standard
specifications.
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Living quarters
The following is a description of typical living quarters of the various
classes in Chimkento
a. Skilled factory workers, Russian and Ukrainian, lived in two-, three-, or
four-room houses, which had primitive, old furniture. These houses had
neither bathrooms nor modern kitchen facilities. Pictures of relatives
and school diplomas were hung on the walls.
b. Unskilled factory workers, Uzbeks, lived in two- or three-room kibitkas
wtth.no furniture, except large beds designed for the accommodation of
from three to six people. Carpets adorned the "dining-room". Houses
were dirty and infested with mosquitoes and other insects.
c. Foremen, Russian and Ukrainian, lived in houses similar to the ones of the
skilled factory workers, with the possibility of better furniture, such as
a bed with nickel ornamentation, a table, or a soft couch.
d. Teachers, Russian and urban Kazakh, likewise lived in houses similar to
the ones of the skilled workers, with a few book shelves, an armchair,
and a school desk. Generally teachers' homes were cleaner than others.
e. Physicians,usually Russian, lived in five- or six-room houses with old
furniture of the tsarist period, including an old piano. One room was
always designated as a dining-room, and another as a living-room (gostinaya).
There were heavy curtains on the windows, and few insects. There was also
a bathroom of primitive design.
f. A Russian engineer living at the dormitory at the cotton factory had one
room and a small kitchen. The furniture was cheap and consisted of a
couch, table, three chairs, a small desk, and pictures of Party leaders.
8.
4.
Minor government employees, Russian, lived in homes similar to the ones
of skilled factory workers or foremen (a or c).
Minor, government employees, Kazakh, lived in a three- or four-room semi-
kibl'tka,. There were carpets and furniture, such as a bed with nickel
ornamentation, a table, or a soft couch. Pictures of Party leaders adorned
the walls. One room was designated for old folks, rural Kazakhs; this room
had no furniture, was dirty, and infested with mosquitoes and other insects.
Buildin s in the Chimkent Area
The following is a description of several factory buildings not included in
the legend, as source did not indicate their locations on the map of Chimkent:
a. .'A lead refinery (svintsovyy zavod) was located several kilometers west-
southwest of the city proper, and had a separate railroad station; it was
considered as an independent urban development. The lead was mined from
zinc and lead deposits of Achisay and Baydzhansay, located in Suzakskiy
Rayon, Yuzhno-lazakhstanskaya Oblast. Access to the lead refinery was not
restricted, but the plant premises were closely guarded by militia patrols.
Tanks and armored cars were manufactured in the plant during World War II.
b. Grain assembling, processing, and distribution units. Several elevators
and flour mills were located in Staryy Gorod.
c. A candy manufacturing shop was located in Chimkent; it served local markets.
d. A junk assembling and processing shop was another local industry, which pro-
duced odd household items of inferior quality.
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Schools and Hospitals
9, The following is a brief description of the schools and hospitals in Chimkent,
which are not included in the legend,
a
10.
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Chimkent had several vocational and trade schools, including a School of
Accountancy for Veterans, a Trade School for the Blind, a Chauffeurs'
School,and the factory trade schools.
The city had three hospitals. The Municipal Hospital was located, in Kregera
ulitsa, and the Railroad (Zheleznodorozhnyy) Hospital was located at the
lead refinery. There was a Municipal Polyclinic on Sovetskaya ulitsa opposite
the post office, and a Railroad Polyclinic on Vokzalnaya ulitsa. Chimkent
also had dispensaries for treating tuberculosis, brucellosis, malaria, and
venereal diseases.
Farmers the Chimkent Area
The farmers may be classified into the following groups:
wheat, spices, and vegetables, such as tomatoes, onions, and pumpkins.
Kazakhs, who came from remote kolkhozy and mountain villages, supplied the
markets with mutton, mutton fat, coarse wheat'and barley cereals, and cheese.
a. Uzbeks, who-came from neighboring kolkhozy, supplied fresh and dry fruits,
c. Russians and Ukrainians, who came from neighboring kolkhozy, supplied beef,
pork, dairy products, vegetables, and grain.
11. The produce of the various forms in the surrounding area was brought into one
of the three major markets in Chimkent These markets or bazaars were managed
by the City Soviet, and small dues were collected from the kolkhozy maintain-
ing perm.ardent. stands,
12. The power supply in Chimkent was furnished by a steam plant based on Lenger
lignite, with a capacity below 100,000 kw. The electric current was
insufficient and was switched off frequently. The use of electrical heaters,
stoves, burners, and irons was illegal. Meters were set up in every household;
since the current was only available for two to five hours per day, with fre-
quent "dark" days, the meters served no practical purpose as restrictive devices.
13. There was one broadcasting station in Chimkent which served the primitive,
local, receiving sets. There were very few receiving sets capable of bringing
in foreign broadcasts clearly. In 1944 receiving sets capable of bringing in
foreign broadcasts,,which had been seized some time previously, were returned
to their owners, and no restrictions were imposed. Poreign broadcasts were
received, though not too clearly, from Tehran, Karachi, and Munich. Chimkent
also has a daily newspaper in the Russian language,called Pravda Yuzhnoeo IL L E GIB
Kazakh^ stana.
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w7-
t emend to the Z U of Chimken t
1. Apartment house on Sovetskaya Street; a three-story, red brick building.
2. Teacher' Institute (IIchitelskiy Institute) on Sovetskaya Street; the
Tecknological Institute (38) and the Industrial Technical School (39) were
located in this same three-story building. This institute was a two-year
teachers' college, with very low educational standards; it occupied one
wing of the building.
3. City Soviet) on Sovetskaya Street between Kregera and Turkestanskaya ulitsy.
4. MVD and MG.B headquarters, a three-story, red-brick, fireproof building on
the northeast corner of Sovetskaya and Poltoratskogo ulitsy. It had a
prison used for political criminals; there was one guarded entrance and a
prison'garden extending about one-quarter of the block along Sovetskaya
ulitsy. The garden was protected by a ten-or twelve-foot-high wall with
barbed wire on top.
5. Oblast Executive Committee, a three-story building on Sovetskaya Street
between Kregera and Turkestanskaya streets.
6. Post office, athree-story building.
7. Ten Year School i/n Lenin, a three-story building.
8.,, Agricultural Technical School, a two-story building.
9. Pioneer House, a two-story building
10. Oblast Militia, a one-story building on the northeast corner of Sovetskaya
and Kregera ulitsy; it was a white brick, fireproof building with one
guarded entrance on Kregera Street.
11. State Bank, a one-story red, fireproof building with slate roofing.
12. Medical Technical School, a one-story red, fireproof building with slate
roofing.
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13. Dormitories of the cotton factory, two-story, white brick buildings; they
made a dirty appearance.
14. Monument, dedicated to the Bolshevik Fighters; it was located at the junction
of Sovetskaya and Bazarnaya ulitsy, and was surrounded by a small square.
15. Park of Culture and Rest, occupied about one or one-and-a-half square kilo-
meters between Sovetskaya ulitsa and its west parallel. It was the recreation
center of the city, containing an open movie house, an open dance hall, a
summer theater, and numerous benches The park was open from April to Nov- 25X1X
ember; admission tickets were lj' rubies for adults, and 75 kopeks for
children. Patrol squads were very active, with frequent document checks at
the gates,, and occasional spot checks at the entrances of the summer theater
and movie house.
16. Pioneer Park, which occupied about one or one-and-a-half square kilometers
between Sovetskaya ulitsa and its east parallel. It was the recreation
center for children, containing a small summer theater for amateur perform-
ances. Patrol squads were occasionally active here.
17. Bath House.
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18. Peoples' Court, at the southwest corner of Sovetskaya and Bazarnaya ulitsy;
the Civil Registry Office (ZAGS) was also located in this building.
19. City Section of Popular Education on Kregaa ulitsa adjacent to the oblast
militia building (10).
20. Theater. The Kazakh Theater had a permanent troupe of actors, and offered
daily performances during the summer season. The seating capacity was
about 800. Among the visiting troupes during the 1942-45 period were the
Kazakh Opera of Alma Alta, the Mossovet Theater of Moscow, the Kiev Operetta,
and the Jewish Theater of Birobidzhan.
21. Prison of the oblast militia was on Kregera ulitsa, one block east of
Sovetskaya ulitsa. It was surrounded by a wall with barbed wire on top. and
had one entrance from a small alley parallel to Sovetskaya ulitsa. The
prison had a small garden, a bath, and an infirmary.
22. Prison for transients (Peresylnaya tyurma) was on an elevation at the
corner of Bazarnaya ulitsa and the highway leading to the lead factory.
23. Depot, railroad repair shops,
24. Firehouse, a one-story, red, fireproof building with slate roofing.
25. The railroad passenger station, located in the center of Vokzalnaya ulitsa
between Zelenaya Balka and the city itself. It was a one-story building
with two waiting rooms, a restaurant, and an aaituunkt. Chimkent was a
station on the Turk-Sib line, located about 80 kilometers.' east-northeast
of Arys (N42-.26,.E68.48), which was the western terminus of the Turk-Sib
and a junction on the Moscow-Krasnovodsk railroad. Chimkent was also about
120 kilometers northeast of Tashkent (N41-20, E69-18). It was connected
with the European USSR and Central Asia via Arys, and with Siberia and the
Par East via Semipalatinsk (N50-28, E80--13); Barnaul (N53-20, E83-48), and
Novosibirsk (N55-02, E82.53). The Turk-Sib was a single-track line, but
had adequate siding facilities for heavy traffic. There were two passenger
trains daily running toward Arys (Alma Ata to Tashkent, and Alma Ata to
Moscow); there were also two trains daily running toward Alma Ata (N43-12,
E76-52) (Tashkent to Alma Ata, and Moscow to Alma Ata). Local trains ran
five or six times a day on a narrow-gauge line connecting with Langer
(N42-07,369-52). At one time there had been a bus line running betwnpn
the railroad station and the corner of Sovetskaya ulitsa and ulitsa,Tolstogo; and
the service was discontinued because of the lack of vehicles in operating
condition.
26. Chemical-Pharmaceutical factory which produced santonin, santonic compounds,
morphine, and other chemicals and drugs. It had the distinction of being
the sole plant in the world producing genuine santonin; wild santonic
medical plant varieties were picked in the nearby steppe.
27. Cottonseed oil processing plant, which produced lubricants for industrial
and military uses, and edible oil for local markets.
28. Meat packing and canning plant, which processed beef and mutton. Production
was shipped to markets in the European USSR. The canning division was largely
designed for military use.
29. Packing plant, which served local markets.
30. Clothing factory, which produced military, railroad, factory trade school,
and other uniforms.
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31. Mirror manufacturing plant, which serviced Central Asia .markets.
32. Lime kiln and brick manufacturing plant, which served local markets.
.33. Household equipment manufacturing plant, which served local markets.
34. Restaurant (Amerikanka) on Bazarnaya ulitsa; frequented by Russians and
Ukrainians.
35. Kolkhoz House on Bazarnaya ulitsa, frequented by the Uzbeks.
36. Kolkhoz House near ulitsa Tolatego, frequented by the Kazakhs.
37. Botel,on Sovetskaya Street. There were no single rooms; rates varied
from five to ten rubles per day for a bed in the dormitory.
38. Technological Institute of the Silicate Industry i/a Molotov. It was a
new branch,of.the Kharkov Institute, and had two facilities or subdivisions:
(a) technological and (b) mining. The institute lacked laborato facil-
ities in the early stage of its existence.. Teachers' Institute (2) and the
Industrial Technical Institute (39) were located in this same three-story
building.
39. Industrial .Technical School, a three-story building. Teachers' Institute
and the Technological Institute (38) were located in the same building.
40. Movie on Sovetskaya Street.
41. Movie on Bazarnaya Street
42. City Store.
43. Building where visitors in the city were assigned living space.
44. Zelinyy Bazaar.
45. Barakho].ka Bazaar.
46. Ohernyskevskiy Bazaar.
47. "Large Mountain".
48. City Lake
49. Melon fields.
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Ma, of Chimkont
'Si 1fl VAy)15131AO5
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Ito evidence can be produced to support this estimate.
2. ] lComments The Chechens were settled in the Sayram rayon, and have
gradually infiltrated into Chimkent. It is expected that the Chechen
population will continue to increase,
2 5X1A 3. Comments, The a arent contradiction between this statement and
the prece ng paragraph
25X1 A 4, Comments presumably referring to the NKV1) and NKGS,
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