RESEARCH ON UNDERWATER WEAPONS IN LENINGRAD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A001800650005-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 6, 2009
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: August 15, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Leningrad Oblast)
SUBJECT Research on Underwater
Weapons in Leningrad
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
REPORT 25X1
DATE DISTR. 15 August 1953
NO. OF PAGES 1
REQUIREMENT NO. RD
REFERENCES 25X1
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
STATE 7L ARMY 1C NAVY
AIR X FBI
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Th E 11101 1- ':),r' GET- E ' kSc ':bHL ON UDIDLR`w, .`PER
,I;.:YUNS L". I N?NGR :,D
I, SCOPE
It will bu sues that c:lth .u h the first scher:,c to ouplo 7 Germans in
IENINGR'D was crra.ndiosc _ tl.u, the actual work done is ncrt so ir.2oortant and
little ,)ro[,ross vvas
BDRLni LJ 6
..1readr in 1946 a Rb:,ssir,n ..dnira.1 I0RC.0..1,.1V was develol ing a scheme for the
exoloi'tation of (Gcrrx.rr scientists. he had Ge wirns workin;, for bin in i:I.RI HORST
and LC1t'UR. Thoso in KI.RI.:HORST wvc ,. divided into fur sections as follows:
Grou.P. I. ?urines :and r..i.nesweunin ; - 11:,,r.-,der I Oa:,L,
Group 11 i'orjcdo 'i ntrol Bead - L.;ad,.r GIJ )E
Group J;1:;: Tor; edo v,otor - leader v ,m Lc IS
Grow, LV, Function not known - leader 1,? G1 EWER,
Indupcndcnt - luul3C?.L.
In 7R0`21R woo onlr on. Groun under L i ^iSC_:E.
These divi~io;ns one th.: st fs vrorkin? in theoi ;.?Lrc arrarwsod b;r B RCH:'.,OV
and rouc,hly the soot diwisiuns IIi was
arrested by the R.Assj_o.ns who were under the im)ression that he wars an ato;_,
scientist. He vr.s coui itt(.d to S..CIiSIsjVH.USE'N concentration carp and to relieve
his'rwiscr;r v.luntesrud f or I. ork in Russia.
:_t this tine there -was :.lscj a Gera= w)risoncr of war who had had cx-:crioncc
in short wave work. He h::.d to Lo back to ?.o... camp .after ,roducinp r., nurwbcr
of resorts.
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It was B.eRCHNOV's o.;lan that the following ;;;roues should operate:
(i)
-
Leader
(ii)
Su-oerson.ics -
GLOEDE
(iii)
Goneral acoustics -
1L EBCIkl
(iv)
Control and Driving Gear - L,V~TSCHri
(v)
Pistols
lvi;aT IN
(vi)
Ce.lculc.tors
Sll~lI O! L
(vii)
Ci,cir:tsts
Leader DL.UF?_ii \T
BORCI1,NCV wes a san of initiative and was also a rood nnsrchologist and
organiser, It ?~,r,s now the: t h, worked out the -plans for the develoDr:rent pro-
F,rar.nc in L01,C):NOSSOJV. B, ;, s the ri.pht o n to establish such an institute but
he , ;as re--called in Febr z?xy 1:47 and was replaced b Captain first class S13RBCL
LOLMNOSSOV 1 11-7
In fri~?.? 1947 the Institute still controlled b~/ was rioved to i,'ENSIifiE(V
Castle in LOIBU.-,,OSai)V (for.:ierl:y ORL N LU._), The castle had been rehabilitated
for this ?urpose, 0o:,-,tain SERBiGV was still in cei.;oaand and after Arairal
BORC1-L.NuV appx.ared inc::.gable, 1:11 Ruscir_?.n personnel ch,,,nhos at this tiiu were
fo:C the r, orse?
The kLR SH~RS`.C and ECicI R Gero.oans w re now divided into two do:Dartsents,
and the d'.vis.on of the Institute appeared as follows:
A. Russ ion- Administration Section z~ :rend , no Ger,a:no
work in it and it is referred to always as the
"Secr,,t' Section. It certain";, sages to have been resnons-
ible for security and administration.
The i:_'+ITSCII':i Group. - With this Group worked the Russian
Engineer CF SSOV, the name of the Russian Chief is not
known.
Consisted of two Groups under the direction of 1?:.ajor GUSYC'V,
. kecr, an but not vary capable:. KOLL's Group was apnin
4 orkinp; on nines and the second Group, GLOEDE's again on
:.c ous t is Torpedo heads (t0i'1J:C.IVDOG R TE) ,
:t this tine the Russians werc dependent on the Gozaaa.ns for technic--^l
p;>_:i.dance and until the 1st .o_a'.y 1948 controls were net vtri' strict.
The work froi.u 1;47 to 1911-8 under O.T.B. consisted of drawing up ro-?norts
and caking we .surina an_oax:.tus. The Germans were riot exjloitod properly and
the cncral ir:pression was that the cxran,u.-ient was only te!.:aorar . I. bunker
was planned for combustion tests but O.T.B. did not push t pis project and as fax
as is known not even laboratory fuel tests wore made.
Wives and depend: nts wore;, unti.i. 1948., allowed to take jobs, some of thou
part tir:;e, .'.Ise as the work of various pioups souetieos overlapped, the best
uen were soi:oetiacs called upon to assist in Groups other than their own. Luring
the course of this work with its sub-specialisation, seen' often came to be
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associated with one or,rticul7r snhere and this is shown in brackets where
applicable.
Ger+a~n desi ncrs vrorkin-.,?~he ~:coutj cdo had the ~in~ression ..hit
es ir.~4 es o' raa eri:, and ureui..niaent required for the project in
neasuros would be r.iost effective. also when talking ca:iongst themselves the
Germans rorn_.rkud that althou;;h LI.WITSCHL's Group continued its work on INGCLIN
enc,ines, no further co,-,. fission of e. comp,-rabic kind were Given to the other
two groups and it w..s c?ncluded that the Russian electrical industry was probably
not equal to the task of orovidin,. suitable components, since it had been
noticed that eloctricaL cqui cent on the civilian market was of poor quality
and badly constructed. They also decided auon;?st thousolvus that the Russians
would refer to concentrate en ter-aavea h ving a him speed rather than those
cou oned v;ith ac us~ic dev cus_, us they beliuvo that the Russian nrinci ale is
to have. a l r e n:1 ;r of > canons of a sin-)le design rather than fewer wcaoons
a yore' adv aced but nc cessaxil lure, cerr la.eated n ,tt,tre.,
13MONCSSOV 191?7 ,cu nt ineiod (Le I:TSCI K , Group)ader - Iy "' STSCIfl
'Combust ion Tests - i UIJ `VETSCI- CK
. ERiETH - D,,siLner and probably the nest import lifi was built.. No raal
work could be done. ow)'-n;. to '"ho 1-.ck of There was a i.lcrkod'lsck
of interest owing; to the ?ruia:cur th,:.the w i vine; uao the Institute.
4.EET: and KsEt;1:E worked e Lr .cll on ITT T ' rates and . p.ar't f roue a few
e,:. cuiations they did nothio,r 1st. Thirst t ,:.-D also ~-Irociuccd ca. on tile
r?. suits of e3:peririents on LLT ^-,?,r.ratus :?.nd the strike ,roba.bilit-% of iU'
tcr;iedoc s :i in spite of the fact t'1 t al t'il( others kne' nothing.about
GLUEDE was ?eiainly occu,'led toFethcr with iL-jJuli siu:NDT selth drawing up
reports on Ge,riaan ecluirucnt available.
GLUEDE Nlc,s also occupied in colicctin,' and redrpoxatus captured by the Russians, to ether with s atnie Gcrruan rc orts. _.:1.1
re orts had to be acecx:roaniud b_ c. dc-;zii.ed critic.s._i su,;restinE[acthods of
counter action and, further, rv_ 's and ,rc=.ns of :>vercoming this counter action.,
The suggestions o ade were c of inc d. to reu; h outlines without exact data. ils?
but even those su,,-~?,tions we. ,?aruntly never,foliou;ed up.
L i:iodel of the IFRCI n:-a:atus was censtruetc.d on the bass of an actual
la CI head c-oturad ba~, the :ssians, 'nlaf ir,4; ^nd control ecui>>i:icnc w^.s
added to thta Tad culc~ Ce ut .flop fro, ,:;)SCO v;si' ed the Institute to sue
the nodal in oaer'.tion. U nd 'acre ,.van cvi.r' . ,':ire of about 12 aatres
le:n -th. I:ERCI :and Z.UNIt.OI;NIG .p~:'ratus ,.r.s avai chle in the Institute for
examination and w-,s actuall dis;x,ntied b\r ..(,,:abcrs of the GaQEDE Grow.).
i,li.RTIR was y`ven the t?..sk of drnwin; U-, rc -)parts on vas netie torpedo -pistols
(3u apparatus) and of providin,a a]. the d~tr.ils he could of the .acoustic pistols
which were in course of devolo~ment bur Professor IIRTZ of S=E,IENS during the
war.
ZMONOSSOV 1947 continued .-!.; _i: Group)
Loader Light cu.Vicnt enu,ineor
2.
ti.=;ECi I3.c>C%
- h sicist
3.
.7OHN -
En ,ineer
4.
GIt!_F -
1i'urer:~:_ n electrician
5.
:?RCidN.iTZ
- dosi?per
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6. B1, uhr.hbbl,' - Desi;;ncr `cotmaononts;;?
7. GP-i_ -UL 1-11 R - Baec:i.sion :ochanic ciectrie2.1 installation assocnbl:')
8. 1 R i27G, He 1 ;?a. r DreuL.h.t swoman
i. rtKi :PN,. r 1frie u; - Dr au, l_tev:u, L;.n
lo. JrS!A., E.I.i n etit - Ty!ist
The first task _,11oi;tcd to the '"C]?3" Grau~n eaE the devrloiment of an
acoustic iaine swcu.~...n stu;:, fr_c _unc about c c..es; 'c he Russians called
this "BARABLN" '?:'hc iiesi.gn was beuun in SEST xt's9.'S,1.. trofessor UEBCiE was
asked k-,, hOi.I. to ccsr:, out oea t:an cr icu!::,ti 'Lis; he refused and ii01,L then
asked GR1LE1E. Then. 1hEBCbE d6cided to do the . ork iti:.aself and the design wee
o4 apluted bzr PkOiili..^TZ. It found, however, the G sliht error had occurred
.n i~LT1 1Ch 's calculation and ,is u ,set reduced the uni,,- eo>isode of )uniehment
rucordud. ihEBC?,E w.s fined. 1,nc-t.1ird of uis salc,r for tiu:4o sonths. GRREIE
ructified the.. iai .stekc.
The arnar ..tus consisted of a streamlined boci cuntaini_nj, c::r,otor ':pith
gearing to allow t;.tu n:;caabranes to o,erete with a counter-action. This aa??arptus
was to be desi+-,nod for frer_ucncics um, to 100 c---c-Los and the calculations wore
required to establish the here:.ssiblc a,;olituae of !,G ss(,abr'nneevcifad bavitation
lifter the discover; and co ?recti_?.)n of the, error the idea y: -s abandoned,
Comao'ncnts of a. slu,kin;:, table 'acre recc _ved _ t tire Institute f ron BERL-IN,
and iGvopc Et0H carried out calculi lions with this uquiuuent which was assembled'
at the Institute and was used for ealibr t ing the sound receivers and for other
'toasurind purposes.
bill the ,,cork described above was carried out at tla ex,-_ess a,sire of the
Russians.
0M NOSSOV 24.7 coed (thJNI. Group)
When the Gorman spec i r.lists were tr: nsferrcd fro t SES C RETSic to Y.Ii'ONOSSOV
the l'UNJ: Ger+na.ns stared bel,i.nd. Ther-: Lived in 3`23(.Z Tai and worked at two
different Instituters in I NJIGR'D.
9. L C M O N O S S O V 8 , 1, 3. 400
In Juno 19!,.8 the Institute carte under the control of !-,. T. T. lf.00 and was
considered a Brunch (Filin1c) of Iv.1.T. 40G HO, in :EN_`NGIt'.ll. Until some brae
in 1951 the B anch was under the direction of a Russian by the nine of GRUDN!TZtJ
whose aoooearance is described as that of a troow and -.:hose knowledge was aa )ar-
ently not very extensive. The name of his successor is uniu.noon. Visits ::ere
raid by various Russians from IEN1NGRiD includinG itiV!N, the physicist. These
visitors did not seen to have been very coup, tort eon and. tic; ?erent object
of their visits was the allocation of orders.
the mein Institute was con-
clucred ?, fifth-rate affair lend alwa-:a seers to have been in financial difficul-
ties. In December 1952 the electricit, was cut off in 11 MON0SSOV owing to non-
pay.7ent of account. Orders _al_:ocd b-- the Institute wore not a.ccem %anied by a
?rOoer specification and the stipul:4t ions sage wur so'.,iet _raes ridiculous.
In 1951 control of 400 was taken over freei the unknown successor
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of CRUD"'I'T a j by :; I EOV. itiAX31u0V was b ? rc ,utc heating and sanitar;;r
engineer.., His ?keowlud4o of the cork done in L;T,,:N: aSvV was p acticalty nil
and he was never known to un~;uire about the o .roes of the tasks given to the
0 rmans. it as the Gui a::n in-)ression that a? 3XJJJoV Like all the other Russians
::.ad been sent there- out of to i6 a,:ay,.
When N. .l. took over in June 19148 a part of the ;irenises were allotted to
,x school for naval ratin?s. Curricular., unknown.
and less control. The ~rc.ris,. s wure uarded b,~ Russian voacn arcaed with rifles:
ashen one of then was :.skod to i lre izc piece at'
a supposed intruder she ha.d no
rounds, nor would'she have knor:n whit to do with tis.; if she had. 'NhEn I:;AXJIICV
discovered that the Had of Dut, .i,t:aont 3 (G OLP3A:OLL) had boon misleading him
with roe;ard to the irokruss of the tasks in hand, he a~a)ointcd a successor,
This successor turned out to ke a psycopath but even he was only removed when
the confusion became altaost insurraountablr, ai.n, in the .rounds of the Castle
was a riuscur,, this museun in the former Chinese ;,,.coda of the iMISCHIKO':%S was
open to the public and thus thu whole grounds of the Castle were too.
10.
11C) 'ONOSSOV :L9I,8 _-,1 53 continued (J WITSCHIsl. Groan `.
The. -)ersonnel of tiui:s ;
undertaken ruup re rain the sane. The followin ; tasks rovers
:
(a) J concrete. bun ,er for fuel testing. In chart=e I YSi;1WETSCIMh
(b) i.rbornto:r;y I\o further information available.. chetaical lrbo:rator?'s
this was o-yer ted only by the FRussians, Names unknown. .'.lthous-h the
laboratory was nl_ unud and aossi iy built b-- Gernans, they were not
allowed in on co::~,)lution.. L;_WITSCHiu'. hinself dealt with the Russians
in this matter.
(c)
IS known o containers or of cranspux facilities- T~xnvnsirins
from the laboratory 150 yards away- were hop d
can rd in ex een muntlis 1951 - l9~2').
bout half a dozen were
~d) Workshop, It had yvcldinr? aroaratus and one lathe l:xcr than usual?
Neither ivi5'SLIWETSCIuC:t nor L YLTSCIIKr was really capable of developing a
h,.,rdrogen peroxido enNi.ne. _it was doubtful whether, :,nronc in this Grouse could
be trusted to think out ark thnew, nor 'as the Russian direction considered
to be:, any more cancblo.
YS. T. ONOSSOV 1
%aong the sevurc:l Russ .an donartmc,ntal nana3.gers for Departtacnt 3 was
PR]i;.SHTKOV ,a, young energetic technical man who rovas,, horolever, soon transferred
tc ,he Ministry. nothcr i ic,naigor :was : 0SK0IENIK0 a :inn of no doe-0 knowledge,
but having a sunerficia.' a^ a' vaith'many subjects. . He was generally
os.lled the 'Bluffer', he was also. a lecturer in a IEN:iNGBJD
Institute, speciality Duties. There was another Russian working with them, name
unknown.
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.1953 conti'nucd (GWEDE Group)
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When in June 1952 it eras first anuo,.nced that sceo of the Ger:,ian
speaialists would be raturning home there was an intake of four young engineers,
soiac of whoa had not yet en::nletu the:.r tra:ini.nE,. They see:.cd to be of a
higher stondard of intelli:.-.nea ,: .nu they were believed to be replacecents for
the Geroans. Just before the tuna left, about five mechanics and some fe;,:iale
r.;ssistants v;era \;orking with the Gi 0i DE Group.
The GLCEDE Grour, sou ,;iven the task of building; the i'.ieasuring. Station and
equipping it for actual sound pressure icasurrencnt 1,,bsoluto Scha.lldruckcessungen).
Professor a,JSBCO1E had been .ivcn the job of considering this during November
191+7 and subsequent work done by.the Group revolves round this subject.
It was f tuna extro,;ioly u.iff icult to :make these absolute measurements
although eoepcrative rieasurcnent was cosy. GiU1:Ei was ~%slced to develo,p.a
crystal detector and some were developed which used touimialine quartz and
Rochelle salt, these wore-not suoeeasful.lfter this, interest went as there were
no aoru funds avaiiabie to carry on the i.nveztwgation. Soon alto the failure
Profos ~iLV once frau 03COW and showed an interest in the crystal recei-
ver. iu had built such receiver hi,-,self Inc! ox rienccd the same
difficulties, nocioly that the i.:mulse ;'iven off by the C.R, tube was distorted
by the crystal receiver, much ,.s if the iu.ipulse had been sent through an electric
filter of the wrong dimensions.
There was an instru..,ent store for the Group under the oharg-.o of a Russian
woman ANDREIEVA, she was technically incompetent but would not let Ger_oans help
her in stc,ring, accon,ntin, or checking-; instruacnts. Towards the end the store
was greatly unlarged but the Ger:.ians a;e c not allowed t.- find out what was avail-
able for them. Instrurx nt r pairs ,::ere usu:,lly carried out by GRJ.H UELLER.
BOSE constructed an analyser of the usual fona, but not very satisfactory.
The do sign was drawn up by GLOEDE. This .n-alyser was actually ca-mlctod
although after a very lop. del a-,-, the analysis rani..(., r: ,s 10 - 100 kilocycles.
MARTIN assisted by did 11M and KLLi.u r constructed a sound .)ressure rave
uuasurinn device. T-:.is had thre(, scales, 5 cycles to a f.-,,T hundred cycles,
then to ~ kiloc,},clus, thence to 10 kiloc?cles.
GLO DE undo an acoustic sr_)cctro,:ietur with 16 channels, 10 to 100 kilocyclos.
Selection was done by a magnetic switch but this l,-.t, r was to be altered to an
electronic selector s -stco, GLeUA: had. no c.a-cricnce in this field but based
his work on German and ::nerican ,uuiic.ations,
This Group h~,d little to do during the ?period
MAECKBiCH constructed a=. Helmholtz coil for ,:.:.gnetic aeasurorient in connec-
tion with the receiver gaa.rts of a r.i:ag,netic wine.
KOLL also constructed an analyser and. spectrometer for sound and frecuoney
measurciionts, 5 cg Iles upwards. The calculatiors for this were drawn up by
HE IN ZERLG.
PROP,`iNITZ constructed a. pen recorder for an oscillogra;h.
;aLOIii;T
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SCIL,"TTIFIC ORDER OF BATTLE
(a) ESTABLISM?M. NTS
O .T .B .
The 0 ,T .B . was in charge of the Institute at LO1,i0NOSOV (formerly
ORATIENBATTI) from 1947-48. Broadly the aims of O.T.B. were the reconstruc-
tion of underwater weapons. In particular one group of Germans was concerned
with mines and raine-sweepinl: (ILOLL Group). One group was concerned with the
INGOLIN Torpedo _,Iotor ~(LI. IITSCrIIAA Group), the third and last group, Acoustis
Control (GLOrDE Group).
1 , N .I .I. 400
N.I.I. 400 is an Experimental Institute controlled by the ministry of
Shipbuilding: The Branch (Filiale) in LOi_ONOSOV is controlled by a H.Q. In
LENINGRAD.
The German personnel were divided up. as before and were pursuing the
same tasks.
(b) PERSONALITIES (Section I)
Russiata (Naval Officers) in O.T.B.:
(i
) Admiral BORCHATIOV
(ii) Captain First-Class SERBIN
(iv) i:iajor GUSYOV - In charge of GLOuJE/KOLL Groups.
(iii) Engineer TERASSOV - '/orked during 1947 with LA,+'ITSCHKA Group.
2. RUSSLAI'IS ASSOCI_.TED .'ITH N.I.I. 400
(i)
(ii) AXIEOV - Head of the Institute after GRUDNITS
v-aho came in between GRUDNITSKI and :;AXLAOV). iXi L :OV was by
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L
(iv
MDSKOLENKO
Cv) Professor ANDREYEV.
(vi IID=W Russ ge of the Instruments Store,
3. G)T R IT IT Pmt; SONALITILS
(a) Ll~.:'ITSC;HT~f.: LrrouP
(i) Kurt L?'._ITSCHicf; the loader of his Croup, he was, the only
rnati who had direot: dealings ',iith the Russiansi
(ii) iMILI TEISCHMY, - in charge of engine tests. =;aSLI':,.'ETSCHECK
(iii) ABRSMETH.- designer - probably the most important man in the.
:Group..
(iv) yorw.LOE1!IS - job t;pt knovm.
(v) S1~1:iL -? job not known.
(vi) I YiP - designer.
(vii) Ursula DUERING - draughtswomana
(viii) Anita SM.21L - draughtswoman.
(ix) ?WOERSTIDT - no particular job.
(x) SCHOLZ - fuel tests.
(b) IE-PdJE&Ns FRO1d LEUN (GLO= Grou'~
(:i) GLOIE - Leader. His. speciality is komnandoger9te.
(ii) KrE;,IIO; - f mathematician.
(iii) Pi
:41. Ing. Gerhard GRfr'I P' - a . 'hy'sicist.. He worked on
crystal receivers.
(iv)
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age
(v)
BO1SE - a light current engineer. ?-!as employed on the
development of amplifiers.
(vii) i:I1utTIN - a light current engineer formerly with SIEi;tENS;
Hiring the war with the his speciality is torpedo
pistols.
Ta] - ph sicist.
(viii) Professor Lrnst LUEBCI
(ix)
(c) DOLL Group
(i)
(ii) LIECIffi1CH - Physicist.
(iii) Kurt JOIN? - engineer.
(iv) GRAF - foreman electrician.
(v) PRO_T_TITZ - designer - considered very good.,
(vi) GRt?Ii.UEI?L - precision meth-nic - specialised in assembly
of electrical installations.
(vii) Holga DUFRINC - draughtswoman.
(viii) Elfrieda --,'U A rT - draughtswoman.
(ix) Elizabeth J.:SCH[0 - typist.
GM 1,11S FROG.: - LI:UPTG
(i) Dr. IifUF:PTT - Leader.
(ii) Dr. VIZHOI SZSi):' - a specialist in plastics and resins.
(iii) Dr.GIS11I.:R
(iv) Dr. IDKHOLDT
(v) Dr. PEINZTL
(vi) Dr. POHL
(vii) Dipl. Ing. OTTO - Chief designer in LEUNl?. of te_? the war.
(viii) D1pl. In SCHOLZ - he later was attached to the L,,,-:ITSCI'KA
Group (see above).
(ix) LORENZ - foreman.
(x) FRITSE - foreman.
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TESTB (U STATIL`:' WIT;. TAP;11: V01, i CLl?i'd:'OAL CALIBRATION
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Mains sup;,lyin; unit
Generator 10/100 kc/s,
Pulse generator; variable -pulse duration 0.2 as. to 10 as.
Keying fro .uancy adiuotab:lc. The ratio betwoea pulse spacings; and
pulse duration may b~; chanted within the lii,its of I and 20.
high tension state with tunable oscilletor;r circuit, giving about
2 kV output. The cr.istal transmitter capacity lay within this range.
(o) Potential divider suiljing, the test voltac:r, for
(f) Oscillo;ra;2h re. uired for the a(,ttin;,, of the ;;ulso form and the control
of output.
2. Rece wing L~pt
(a) In)ut auelifier, two-stage, Aint)li eceriud of .is, The racastzri.n; list ,ncc (that is between
transm .tter and receiver) being 150 a_;. and the -pulse duration 1 ms., the direct
pulse =massed the receiver just before the first echo xhich then cane up against a
reblock:cd arrplif Lr.
The suitability of the t-..nk for hknsureucnto as t,- stud bar r. a,nnn +n_c+,,;~+; .n
at aboe.t 50, 80 and 100 kc/s yeas determined fres the first three zero points of the
directional curve, The results were satisfactory. The three values did not vary
mQr=Ie' than G, 5 per --cent at 50 kc/s.
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Cr rst-1 Receivers for the frecucncy range 10 - 100 kc/s
The technical requirements wore:
Lower measuring limit I bar.
The receivers to be omnidircotione.l (ungeriohtet) in the horizontal plane.
The apparatus was to be used on board for measurements in open water. it first
the depth mentioned 10 in. , i, tar 30 is. The amplifier to po` in the water was
designed accordingly.
The volume effect of tourmaline and the theoretically as yet unexxnlained volume
effect of quartz were usmd for the design of uncased receivers. Norther, a Rochelle
salt receiver in a metal casing was constructed. Tests with the receivers produced
incomprehensible directional effects combined with severe distortion of the pulse
form, even with the quartz receiver, although this receiver showed rotation symnm'try
horizontally. Further variants, for which, apart fran quartz and. tourmaline, ADP
It was found that the test station was iq a hopeless state. A.11 apparatus had
to be overhauled, after several fern .'le 'engineers" from the NII 400 in LNNINGR`D hart
measured with it. Sorno items mere missing, and the workshop had to ,make them anew
in a hurry it was quite unaccustomed to. At last construction of the reciprocal
auxiliary transducer was commenced, the design of which had boon x/e:dy for a long
time. 1.11 the same, new LDP-crystals had to be procured; as those which had been
available wore apt to be found. bout November the inatorial for the erlinder-
shaped barium-ti anate rcceivur w?; .s also procured.
No definite technical data could be obtained from the manu ac ur(..rs. The samples
were delivered in proceesod state in the size prescribed in the design. They
were cylinders 5, 8 and 10 min. in diameter and 10 - 15 mm. in length. ivieasurements
of the cc.-efficient of penetration according to golcrisation with 12 - 15 kV/em.
iroducod values which eorresv:)onded to a sufficient extent to those indicated in
literature on the subject. It transpired, however, that many samples had fine.
cracks invisible to the naked eye, which betrayed themselves by dischor#cs during
polarisation.
Tests with the satisfactory eaamples (dig. 5 and 8 mm.) in the tank showed that
mechanically they worked satisf-.ctoril.. The directional effects mere within the
limits stated in the literature. These findings caused the departmental manager;
r:OSKOIENKQ, and the ~aboratoxy uanager, ORIDV, to go absolutely wild with delight.
The mutter must thcr fore have been very urgent. ipporently, the NII 400 in
LEN_NG-RLD, would no longer be put offs with excuses and wanted at list to have the
pppcratus, which had b-~cn reported as comoleted ;.rears before. The director of the
branch, i ::Xlii0V, also appeared fi?ecqucntly in the labot;ator, and showed an interest,
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Paq
Sound Pressur.e 'lessuring Equipment for Low Frequencies
The technical requirements for the apparatus were:
Frequency range: 5 oyoles a 10000 cycles
Amplitude range: I bar - 3.105 bar.
Sealing for 200m depth of water.
Receiver horizontally omnidirectional (ungerichtet)
Entire apparatus without drift (Frejuenzgang) in the measuring range,
in order that the indicating apparatus may be calibrated direct in bar.
After the first model had further or 5 sets of
apparatus were ordered. For
some apparatuses official calibration certificates were already to hand
from a L NIN RtD Institute.
Each.apparatus consists of 3 crystal receivers of different sizes,
3 preliminary amplifiers and a measuring amplifier.
The receivers are equipped with a set of 6 LDP crystals (di-phosphate
of ammonia) in parallel. The metal casing is drum-shaped. The crystal
unit lies between 2 firm membranes, Mch are separated by rubber packing
from the cylinder casing and are held in place by screw caps. The
receivers. thus represent acoustically 2 membranes in quadratures. For
those parts of the equipment which arc under water, the receivers and
preliminary amplifiers, bronze capable of withstanding seawater vas
specified. The first receivcrs and pre-amplifiers ,,,ere also made of
this material. Late' on, it could no ,onger be procured, and therefore
brass and duralumin more used. Some amplifier housings of brass were
.not watertight and were tinned inside and out. Of the following data,
only the size of crystals for receiver I is exact. The other figures
are approximate.
Receiver I:
5c/s- 1500c/s
6 :SDP crystals 10 x 50 x 60 r~ui.
Radiation surface,60 x 60, electrode surface 50 x 60
Membrane thickness 5 mm.
Diameter of the metal casing 90 mm-
Receiver-II: 1500 c/s - 5000 c/s
Diameter 70 mm.
Receiver III: 5000 c/s - 10000 c/s
Diameter 50 on.
The receivcrs were originally joined to the pre-amplifier by means of
metal tubes. This, however, gave rise to imposed frequencies. The
tubes and the amplifier housing more highly resonant, and the tubes
were therefore replaced by rubber cables. The length of these cables
depends on the frequency range concerned. 1 body whose size is
comparable with the wavelength considerably disturbs the field of
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sound, unless it is at least one wavelength away from the receiver.
Therefore, the ce.ble length for Receiver II is about 70 cm and for
Receiver III about 100 cm. Receiver I has a very short cable.
With 1 .5 kc/s the pre-amplif ier may already be regarded as small
compared with the ,iavelemgth.
The pre-amplifiers are cylindrical in shape and are available in two
designs, which, differ in height. The diameter is about 15 cm, height
25 cm and 15 cm,
The shorter d~sirtn is the later one.
space by a simplified construction.. The pre-amplifier-is connected to
the measuring amplifier by a multi-strand rubber cable. The length of
the cable is 200m.
The arRZLjt de range is divided into 2 ranges of equal size, i.e.
1 -"x,/3.10 bar and1% 3.105 bar - 3.105 bar. A relay can be operated
by the main (measuring) amplifier via the cable in the pre-amplif ierj
v this relay switches a condenser in parallel ai.th the crystal. This
reduces the sensitivity by the factor'',/ 3.10. The indicating apparatus
belonging to the measuring amplifier, a moving coil instrument, also
has 3 sensitivity ranges.
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