1. LAYOUT, PERSONNEL, AND ACTIVITIES AT NII 11 IN GORKIY 2. LOCATION OF NEARBY LANDMARKS AND TV TRANSMITTING STATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A005000390001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

INFORMATION REPORT
This Dooum.o. eantalne intam.Ws afeelagIII tae
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to or featot by an unauthorlet person Is WaflhHM
by law. The nproduatoa of this foes Is peahlblad.
NO FORK
COUNTRY USSR (Gorkiy Oblast)
SUBJECT 1. Layout, Personnel, and Activities DATE DISTR. 2 Mq 1955
at NII 11 in Gorkiy
2. Location of Nearby Landmarks and NO. OP PAGES 16
TV Transmitting Station
RD
O
.
REQUIREMENT N
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY ERE REVERSE)
1. The Frunze Plant at Gorkiy was subordinate directly to the Ministry for
Communications Equipment Industry under Minister Alekseyev and had same of-
fices at this Sinistry. During a visit to Moscow in May 1947, Graduate
Engineer Ernst Ziganke met a member of the Frunze Plant management in one
of these offices.
2. The Frunze Plant was established in about 1937 when it branched off as an
indepedent plant from the Lenin Plant (for layout sketch of two plants, see
page 16). As a former Siemens enterprise founded under the Tsar, the Frunze
Plant was still sometimes referred to as the Siemens Plant by the local pop-
ulation. In 1941, the most important and valuable installations of the Frunze
Plant were evacuated to a factory in Novosibirsk which was still engaged in
quantity production of radio equipment after the war. Valuable machinery lost
during the evacuation was not replaced. While the buildings of the Frunze
Plant suffered only broken windows, minor parts of the Lenin Plant were de-
stroyed during the war. A small group of German engineers who worked in the
Lenin Plant but were taken care of by the Frunze Plant, represented the only
connection between the two plants.
3. On 31 October 1946, about 90 Germans or 28 or 29 families from the Berlin OSW
arrived at Gorkiy and were billeted in Kstovo Sanatorium (see sketch page 14).
Except for a small group attached to the Lenin Plant, the German engineers
worked in six laboratories of the Frunze Plant which were subordinate to the
design department under Chief Engineer Rassadin or the design office under
STATE X ARMY I X NAVY X IAIR #X FBI AEC
(Ne%, Wa.bledtee Distribution Indicated By "X"; Field Distribution Ry "*".)
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Engineer Kagan (for organization and personnel, see page 7 ). Before the
end of 1949, when they were gradually separated from Soviet personnel and
a new German work group was set up, the German engineers worked together
with the Soviets on development projects and production problems. Although
the reorganization became official on 1 January 1950, the new German work
group designated:NII 11 was not initiated before summer 1950. The German
engineers continued working in their former laboratories even after the re-
organization. Contact between the Germans and Soviet civilians, such as dur-
ing Russian lessons, was no longer allowed.
4. The major project worked on by the Germans before and after the reorganization
was the development of a range finder initiated at Laboratory 2 in December
1946. This range finder was to be designed with a maximum of 50 i dividu4l
airborne sets to determine their range position in relation to a stationary
ground set. The desired measuring was to incorporate two ranges, one of up
to 7.5 kilometers and the other one of up to 30 kilometers. The Soviets re-
quested that the figures obtained be indicated on a standard gauge rather
than on a Braun tube. Although the German engineers pointed out the diffi-
culties connected with this deviation from the system familiar to them and
emphasized that standard gauges could not be used for this type of device,
the Soviets insisted upon their request and showed a sketch, allegedly of
Australian origin, representing a similar unit equipped with gauge.
5. The range finder operated on the 30-cm wave. Its airborne units were equip-
ped with a 6J6-type transmitter tube producing impulses with a duration of
one microsecond at a frequency of 500 cycles,to be reflected by the ground
station as rectangular impulses of one microsecond impulse duration produced
by several mercury vapor tubes. Overlap regulation of the impulses was ef-
fected by blocking the receiver one microsecond after the response (reaction)
to an impulse for another microsecond period. The ground unit was equipped
with a computer giving the number of airborne stations in operation at a time.
The ground station identified itself by emitting twin impulses at selective
intervals of 2.4 or 6 microseconds. The airborne unit indicated the distance
to the ground unit in ranges up to 7.5 kilometers and up to 30 kilometers.
In order to simplify flying on a circle around the ground station, it was
planned to install an additional instrument indicating deviations from any
l~in
chosen distance, which would make it possible for many aircraft to
circles around the ground station at various altitudes and ranges.
the airborne unit at Laboratory 2 and stated that it was a
cubic device measuring about 30 by 30 by 30 cm.
6. In late 1948, the ground unit was installed for testing purposes in a tempo-
rary building located at the border of a small airfield south of the Frunze
Plant. A plant-owned aircraft and a pilot to test the airborne set were avail-
able at the plant when the German engineers arrived in late 1946. After com-
pletion of the testing programs, which revealed that only minor modifications
were required, an experimental series of ten units was constructed by Soviet
technical candidates in a northern part of.the Frunze Plant. The series was
completed in summer and early fall 1950. Mass production was scheduled to
start at another plant in the USSR. Since no priority was attached to this
project before the end of 1949 when the activities were accelerated, a com-
paratively long period was required to complete this project. The designing
work was also hampered by red tape in the higher offices of the ministry.
No supply difficulties were noticed, however.
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 7. The development of various equipment for testing the range finder had started
in 1948; the first testing device was constructed between early 1950 and fall
1950. In fall 1950 Laboratory 4, was ordered to design
and construct an impulse transmitter within two weeks. The set was to produce
twin impulses of one-microsecond duration at intervals of 2.4 and 6 microsec-
onds. Graduate Engineer Ziganke was ordered to construct an impulse generator
adjustable for individual (single) pulses of durations between one and fifty
microseconds. Another laboratory was requested to develop a unit t repro-
duce impulses originally produced by the fifty airborne sets. The last-
mentioned project was too complicated, however, and could not be finished.
Shortly before the range finder was completed, the Soviets demanded that morse
code be utilized. This request could not be fulfilled because of. the lack of Urn.
8. The antenna was composed of a rod incorporating a coaxial cable wittha ri-
zontal disk with another vertical rod eight to ten cm long on top.
]a truckload of transparent plastic cylindrical casings, a
meters long and 25 cm in diameter, which had a hemispherical top and believed
that these casings might have fitted this specific antenna.
9. Prof. Isidor Bershteyn frequently' visited the plant and showed great interest
in the project. A Soviet technical candidate who had worked for him before
1950 stated that Bershteyn worked on the same set but used a different system.
10. In 1947, Engineer Pokrov (fnu) showed an American impulse altimeter.
a set obtained rom a dismantled aircraft at
+ha Siampnq F1 had had to analyze it for the Reichsluftfahrttinisterium.
The Soviets
later requested the reproduction of the set, The raun u which was instal-
led was produced in the USSR. Blueprints, unit descriptions, and operational
manuals were prepared by the Germans and submitted to the secret laboratory in
early 1950.
11. Other activities within the field of measuring devices included the develop-
ment of various tube voltmeters, output meters, voltage dividers, and slotted
lines.
a. A VKS-7-type tube voltmeter to measure voltages from five to ten volts at
a frequency range of 20 cycles to 50 megacycles was developed and produced
at the plant. The set included a voltage divider for 15,000 volts maximum
as auxiliary equipment. The tube voltmeter was standard equipment for
sale to factories and on the market. Up to 100 units per day were produced
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b. In late 1946, the development of a VU-type impulse voltmeter began. The
set was equipped with one diode each for positive and negative impulses
at frequencies ranging from 100 cycles to 10 kilocycles and impulse dur-
ations from 1/10 to 100 microseconds and voltages between 10 and 50 kv.
Although it did not provide an exact measurement of impulse durations of 1/10
microsecond, the unit was accepted by the Soviets because the figures
obtained were identical with the figures indicated by an electric volt-
meter. In 1947, the capacity voltage dividers showed disruptions of the
porcelain insulators which1in 1950 could have been eliminated by a German
engineer.
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An overtone measuring device was developed by Soviet engineers to measure non-
linear harmonic distortion coefficients. Since the set did not meet require-
ments, a substitute was brought from the US and it was planned to put this set
into production. Measuring instruments developed by Soviet engineers without
German assistance also included the ohmmeter of Engineer Arfanov (fnu),
c. The Soviets ordered the development of a standard tube voltmeter for 20
to 700 megacycles AC and for DC. The units constructed on this order in-
cluded one tube voltmeter for DC, and AC from 20 to 100 megacycles and one
set for 1 to 700 megacycles. The tube voltmeter was equipped with an SA-
102-type diode and was designed without voltage divider for voltages up
to 100 volts, with the smallest measuring range being about one volt.
an American-manufactured'.SA-102 diode and the former
German-produced odes of this type had a resonance frequency of about ten
cm.
d. The Lotos-type slotted line of the Telefunken firm, about one meter long,
was converted from 70 ohms to Soviet standard requiring a characteristic im-
pedance of 75 ohms for wave lengths above 30 cm and of 50 ohms at wave lengths
below 30 cm. Until early 1953, the East German radio industry was still us-
ing the 70 ohms standards. Kuryachev stated that a direct connection of the
inner conductor with the anode of the measuring diode would not be efficient
and suggested that it be capacitively coupled to make possible that a tabu-
lar conductor could also be used for measuring. Kurya-
chev's statement that it was anticipated to work witn tadular conductors. By
the end of 1950, the designing work on the slotted line was not yet completed.
e. Problems arising during the development and production of oscillographs were
discussed with German engineers. The types developed were similar to the mod-
els published in US and Canadian magazines. Until 1950, American measuring
devices, especially oscillographs, were continuously received at the institute.
f.. By late 1950, the improvement of the Soviet-developed heterodyne warblers,
which easily burhbd through, had failed. The production of heterodyne warblers
for frequencies up to 20 kilocycles and voltages up to about 50 volts had start-
ed in about-mid-1947 in a workshop in the northern part of the plant. These
products were available on the market and a large number of them were used in
the plant.
Soviet-designed thermistor (sic) output measuring de-
vice.,designed for a measuring range of 100 milliwatts to ten milliwattsawhich
could be extended to one watt by means of a potentiometer (voltage divider).
The set was calibrated for the 30-cm to one-meter wave band and had been
planned for wave lengths up to 2.3 meters, The units delivered were lead
sealed and had to be exchanged at the plant in case of failures. The balanc-
ing of the bridge was effected by high frequency power of 100 kc. or one meg-
acycle, rather than by direct current. Bauer and Beier of Laboratory 1 tried
to replace the thermistors by layer resistances.
i. Hasselbeck developed field strength measuring sets. After the set was com-
pleted, a field strength meter which had been ordered from the US caused dis-
appointment at the institute because it was much smaller than the instrument
constructed there. Further activities at the institute included the develop-
ment of measuring sets for spark gaps and the production of various single
parts most of which were developed in the ceramic laboratory and were being
produced at the plant.
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12. The three or four rooms of the secret laboratory under Skibarko were off
limits to all German personnel. This laboratory was constantly guarded
by an armed female sentry. Graduate Engineer Volkmar concluded from a
technical question asked by this laboratory that an airborne firing device
was developed there. Other rumors indicate that a proximity fuse was in-
volved.
13. The development projects to be handled by the German engineers were first
briefly discussed between the Soviet management and the individual German
experts before the detailed work order was prepared by the chief engineer.
The development of the range finder was based on detailed descriptions with
sketches published in a technical magazine from Australia or New Zealand.
The Soviet key personnel felt that, since the problem had already been solved
in that magazine, no risk was involved in having the German group begin the
required development and construction activities. For requests from some
other institute, work orders were precisely formulated. Occasionally, the
German engineers asked for Soviet approval of a research project based on
their own current activities.
14.. The daily activities of the German engineers were supervised by the Soviet
laboratory chief, who checked the work books containing each note, calcula-
tion, draft, etc. The pages of these books were consecutively numbered and
it was forbidden to tear pages out. Although it was not allowed to use un-
bound sheets, the German engineers used to buy them in town and frequently
used them. The supervising Soviet engineer occasionally entered some ques-
tions and directive notes in the work books which had to be followed or an-
swered. Since diffent books were being used while the work books were being
checked, notes were distributed over various books, which made it difficult to
follow the directions. Drafting paper was issued in numbered sheets which had
to be turned in with the script books and sketches the moment a project was
finished and the final study had been dictated in the German language. A cap-
tured German teletype set which made it possible to give orders simultaneously
from a central station to various receiver stations,was never used.
15. The production of an instrument developed at NII 11 consisted of a first ex-
perimental series of two to ten units constructed by the design department and
a second experimental series of 5 to 50 units, depending on the type of instru-
ment, constructed by the production department. The second experimental series
was constructed by Soviets only, who used the German designs. Occasionally,
units produced in the first and second experimental series were sent'to a cust-
omer, e.g., the range-finder series was submitted to the Ministry for Communi-
cations Equijnent Industry from which it was forwarded to the Ministry for
Aviation Industry for further examination. the latter 's ex-
amination in requests received from that tlnistryl e. 1VW_
16. After 1947, the supply of the most important tubes for transmitters and re-
ceivers was generally adequate. The tubes came from the Fryazino tube plant
and Berlin OSW. Large stocks of American tubes were apparently still avail-
able for use in the range finder. By late 1947 or early 1948,the original
American tubes with English inscriptions had all been used. The same type of
tubes were produced by the Moscow tube plant and Berlin OSW and were received
and used only in Laboratory 4 -- no priority had been given to the radar set
being developed there. The tubes still had English Inscriptions and American-
type designations. After late 1948 or early 1949, the tubes had Russian in-
scriptions. All types of tubes received from Berlin OSW were inadequate in
exact specifications, quality of material, and endurance.
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17. Equipment received from plants in East Germany' included a wattmeter for light
bulbs from the OSW,which could not be used because of repeated errors; good-'
quality output meters for'centimeter instruments from the Erfurt Telefunken; 25X1
slotted lines of a badly shielded type and of fair quality from the Radeberg
Sachsenwerk,which did not fully meet requirements; and first-class frequency
generators and impulse voltmeters.
18. In 191+9, about 25 candidates,,including about eight women,arrived at the Frunze
Plant from Gorkiy State University. About 20 of these candidates were assigned
to various German and Soviet laboratories of NII 11 for practical training on
calculations,while the remainder of the candidates were assigned to the work-
shops. It was planned that,in fall 1950, these candidates be transferred to the
Novosibirsk Plant. However, in fall 1950, it was decided that the candidates
could remain in Gorkiy. Their practical training was completed with a fairly
difficult examination at that time.in the field of instrument design and de-
velopment.
19. At the plant, the number of practical trainees was high. About 33 percent
of them were women. The trainees had previously worked in entirely different
fields. Among the trainees was a very intelligent 23-year-old biology student
who was assigned work in the high-frequency field. She stated that there was
no longer any demand for biological experts, these young 25X1
trainees were qualified for development and design work on.Ly n a very limited
technical field as they lacked a general education and knowledge of related
technical fields. This often caused misunderstandings and hampered their devel-
opment.
20. The Frunze Plant was guarded by sentries with submaohm guns who patrolled the
plant area at regular intervals. Some were women. Extra guards were posted
at either entrance to the institute building (see point 7 on layout sketch,
page 16),at the plant management building (see point 11, same sketch), and,
even when no equipment was there, at the temporary building housing the testing
equipment for the radar (see point 10, same sketch). Sentries were also posted
at each stair landing of the institute building and in front of each office of
leading Soviet personnel. No dog kennel was observed.
21. All Germans were issued gate passes giving the bearer's name, photograph, and
laboratory or office of employment. These gate passes were handed to the Ger-
mans in one of Personnel Director Zuyev'a offices in the guardhouse. Gate
passes and all work records had to be turned in when the bearer left the plant.
Additional certificates listing the building were required for the German engin-
eers to enter other buildings in their work. No written or printed work records
were to remain in the laboratories in their absence.
22. The southern side of the plant area bordering the airfield, the western side
along the road, and the northern side between the heating plant and the bunker
were enclosed by a barbed wire fence, about two meters high. It was unknown
whether this fence also extended along the eastern border of the plant area.
A fire department was available. Air raid precautionary measures were not
observed.
23. In November 1946, a transmitter station was in operation in the vicinity of
the streetcar park at the kremlin in Gorkiy. In 1948 or 19119, the scaffold
for a transmitter was erected on top of the new post office building. An ultra
short-wave antenna, about two meters high, could clearly be determined on the
building from 1 May Square. Soviets stated that this equipment belonged to
a television transmitter station (see location sketch on page 15).
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24. The airfield located south of the plant was seldom used. Aircraft stationed there
included the aircraft owned by the Frunze Plant and used for experiments' with radar
equipment and three twin-engine monoplanes which were seldom flown. According to the
Soviets, the latter were used as ambulance planes for the population in remote
areas. The aircraft were parked in two small hangars.
Table of Organization and Personnel at Frunze Plant
1. The following is the organizational setup and list of personnel of the Frunze
plant between late 1946 and mid-1949,when the design department started to be
split up into one group tivities and the other group for super-
vising the production. hanger in the personnel assignments
might have taken place between mid-1946 a late 1949.
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Legend to Layout Sketch of Frunze and Lenin Plants (page 16)
1 NII 11, 12-14 by 70 by 20 meters, a brick building with flat tarred roof.
(For detailsasee sketch of offices on page 13.)
2 Guardhouse and check point for German and Soviet pedestrians.
3 Temporary construction office, a former guardhouse.
4 Garages.
5 Approximate location of heating plant.
6. Forgery, a brick building.
7 Frame tool shops (2).
8 Half-buried concrete tank with aircraft fuel.
9 New building, still not completed, front part 40 meters long, wings 50
meters long and 15 meters wide. Construction took place from 1949, when
the second floor.was completed1to spring 1950.
10 Temporary building housing the ground set of the range finder.
11 New three-story brick building with flat roof. The two wings, 40 meters
long, were completed in late fall 1947. The curved middle part, 25 meters
long, was started in 1948 and completed in 1950. Part(a)of the ground floor
housed Engineer Kagan's office. Plant director Qnsev's office was on the
second floor.
12 Approximate location of various workshops.
Lenin Plant (Exact location and dimensions of the buildings were not known.)
13 Workshops with design office, an old building.
14 Brick building, probably main plant building.
15 Partly destroyed workshop.
16 Mess hall, etc.
17 Unidentified plant buildings, brick structures.
18 Unidentified plant building, a brick structure.
Other Landmarks
19 Hospital, a prominent new building.
20 Administrative office of a Gorkiy rayon; also houses gtate prosecuter's office.
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21 House of Rest and Culture, a promi.rient.bnilding.
22 Northern border of airfield.
23 Gorkiy-Myza.
24 Terminal of a streetcar line.
Legend for Sketch of Nil 11 Offices (by room number)
Ground Floor
001 Wooden annex,with exhaust fan of carpenters shop.
002 Carpenters shop,with model store.
003 Ceramic laboratory.
004
005 Branch offices of the experimental workshop.
006
007
008
009
010
011 Bookkeeping department.
012 First-aid room.
013 Pay office.
014 Chief Party functionary Petrov's office.
015 Offices of Malyshev.
016 "
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
log
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Drafting room.
Draftmen's offices of the design department.
Standardizing office, registration office for sketches, etc.
Kuryachev's office, mostly occupied by his deputy Kagan.
Probabaly an office.
High-voltage room.
Chief Pokrovskiy's office, Laboratory 2.
Chief Loshchilov's office, Laboratory 4.
Part of Laboratory 2.
Part of Laboratory 4.
Measuring and calculating room.
Chief Zuyev's office, Department 1.
Storage room for measuring equipment.
Chief Afranov's office, Laboratory 3.
Probably part of Laboratory 3.
Chief Lebedev's office, Laboratory 6.
Chief Selimanovskiy's office, Laboratory 1.
Personnel registration office; lists persons on duty.
Conference rooms.
Antechamber of Director Gorshlooiib office.
Gorshkov's office.
Secret laboratories.
" "
 Third Floor
201 Archive for sketches, etc.
202 Archive for instrument descriptions, etc.
203 Photographer's shop for pass photos, etc.
204 Chemical laboratories.
205 "
206 Libraries and archives for drafts.
208 Vacuum laboratory.
The basement housed a small fitting shop and a room with electric machines.
Air raid precautionary equipment, such as gas locks, was not observed. The in-
stitute was heated by the heating plant of the Frunze Plant.
 205 202 20
124 2
207 206
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n
u
.4
101
002 P01)
U
125 121 119
12021 2011
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101
LD
1 - Estovo Sanatorium, billets of German experts.
2 - Unimown object.
3 - Now route of asphalt road, repaired in 1948.
4 - Extensive storage installations with railroad connection, three loading raps,
and cranes. A translator stated that large quantities of grain had been des-
troyed here by fire.
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LEGFN
1 - Transmitter on the roof of the poet
office building.
2 - Dismantled buildings.
Scale - is 1,000
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LAYOUT SKETCH OF FROfM AND LOU PLANTS