9TH GENERAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 258
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 16, 2004
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 10, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Publication A.I.M. n?9/a
Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale
Association de Meteorologie
Reunion de Bruxelles
1951
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PROGRAMME
RESUME DES COMMUNICATIONS
et
RAPPORTS NATIONAUX
Bruxelles
Juin 1951
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Publication A.I.M. n?9/a
Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale
Association de Meteorologie
Reunion de Bruxelles
1951
PROGRAMME
RESUME DES COMMUNICATIONS
et
RAPPORTS NATIONAUX
Bruxelles
Juin 1951
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UNION GEODESIQUE ET GEOPHYSIQUE INTERNATIONALE
ASSOCIATION DE METEOROLOGIE
Pr?dent: Prof. J. BJERKNES
Vice-presidents: Prof. K.R. RAMANATHAN
Dr. F.W. REICHELDERFER
Secretaire: Prof. J. VAN MIEGHEM
Membres: Dr. W. MORIKOFER
Sir Charles NORMAND
Prof. V. VAISALA
SECRETARIAT: Institut, Royal Meteorologique de Belgique
3, avenue Circulaire - UCCLE
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PROGRAMME
Lun. 20/VI: 14.30 Comite executif de l'U.G.G.I. (Universite de Bruxelles)
17.00 Consende l'U.G.G.I. II
20.00 Comite financier de l'U.G.G.I.
Mar.
21:
10.30
Seance inaugurale et ler? Session Pleniere de l'U.G.G.I. (Palais des
Beaux-Arts)
12.30
Lunch au Palais des Beaux-Arts, offert Par le Comite National Beige.
15.00
Lecture des Rapports Nationaux et du Memorandum du Comite meteorologique
permanent du "Pacific Science Association".
17.30
Reception a l'H6tel de Ville de Bruxelles.
Mer.
22:
10.00
Adresse presidentielle suivie dune seance de travail.
15.15
Election de la Commission chargee de presenter les candidatures suBureau,
au Comite executif de l'Association et aux Commissions mixtes interne-
tionales.- Examen des recommendations dela Commissimamixte de ]'Ionosphe-
re: a) Projet d'organisation d'une Troisleme Armee Polaire en 1957-1958.
b) 1-.emorandum surune nomenclaturedel'Atmosphere Superieure.
Examen dune rcommandation de la. Commission mixte des stations de re-
cherches d'altitude se rapportant a l'organisation de "Journees mondia-
les de recherches aux nautes altitudes".
Jeu.
23:
08.30
Symposium curia. Physique des Nuages, sous la presidence de M. le Pr.T.Bergerml
14.30
Rapport du Bureau.- Election du Bureau, du Comite executif, du Comite
financier de l'Association et des delegues aux Commissions mixtes inter-
nationales.
17.00
Visite de l'Institut Royal Meteorologique a Uccle
Ven.
24:
09.00
Symposium sur la Physique de la Haute Atmosphere et de l'Ionosphere (en
et
collaboration avec l'Association de Magnetisme et d'Electricite terres-
14.00
tres), sous la presidence de M. le Prof. J. Kaplan.
Sam.
25:
09.00
Excursion a Anvers: visite du port et reception a l'H6tel de Ville.
Dim.
26:
Journee libre.
Lun.
27:
08.30
Rapport du Comite financier et vote.
09.00
Symposium sur la Circulation Generale des Oceans et de l'Atmosphere (en
collaboration avec l'Association d'Oceanographie physique) sous la presi-
dence de MM. les Prof. C.G. Rossby at H.U. Sverdrup.
Mar.
28:
09.00
Symposium sur le Rayonnement, sous la presidence de M. le Dr. A. .Ingstrom.
14.00
Lecture et discussion du rapport de la Commission du Rayonnement.
16.00
Reception par S.M. la Reine Elisabeth des membres du Comite executif et
du Conseil de l'U.G.G.I., et de leurs epouses.
Mer.
29:
08.30
Symposium sur les Problames de Micrometeorologie, sous la presidence de
M. le Prof. 0.0. Sutton.
14.30
Le Probleme des Microseismes (seance commune avec l'Association d'Ocea-
nographie physique, organise par l'Association de Seismologle).
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Jeu. 30: 09.00 Symposiumsurl,Ozone atmospherique,souslapresidence de M. le Prof.
G.M.B. Dobson.
14.30 Suite du Symposium.
Lecture et discussion du Rapport de la Commission de l'Ozone.
Ven. 31: 09.30 Le Probleme de ',Evaporation A la surface du Globe (Seance commune or-
anise par 1 'Association d Kydrologie ) .
14.00 Seance de travail (eVentuellement vote de resolutions ou de recommendations ) .
10.30 Dfner 211 Palate des Beaux -Arts, of fert per le Comite National 3elge.
Sam. 1/IX: 10.30 Seance de 016ture et derniere Assemblee pleniere (Palais des Beaux-Arts).
Dim.,
Fxcurs ions.
Les seances de l'A.I.M. se tiendront dans an auditoire de l'Universit4 de
Bruxelles,..
On trouvera des details complementaires sur les symposia A la fin du fascicule.
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Memorandum for the &teorological Association
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
from the
Standing Committee on Meteorology, Pacific Science Association
On the occasion of the Ninth General Assembly of the IUGG at Brussels the Stan'
ding Committee on Meteorology, Pacific Science Association, wishes to take this
opportunity of conveying its best wishes for the success of the scientific mee-
tings in Brussels.
An important function of most international scientific assemblies is to report
progress of research being carried on in various quarters of the globe and to
coordinate future plans and efforts in the best interests of scientific progress
through cooperation. With this view in mind it will be the further purpose of
this memorandum to_PreSent a few pertinent facts about the Pacific Science Asso-
ciation, its objectives and, more specifically, a progress report or the Meteo-
rology Section on radiation studies In the Pacific Area.,
The Pacific Science Association was established in 1920. Its membership is comp.
prised of all nation with territorial responsibilities or with strong scientific
interests in the greater Pacific Area. The Association has no political sponsor,.
ship nor affiliations, and participation is on a voluntary basis, without finan-
cial obligation on the part of any participating member country. The objectives
of this Association are to initiate and promote cooperation in the study of sci-
entific problems relating to the Pacific, and to strengthen the hands of peace
among Pacific peoples by promoting a feeling of brotherhood among scientists of
Pacific countries.
The Pacific Science Council, which is the administrative body of the Association
is represented by a full time Secretariat with offices at the Bishop Museum, Ho-
nolulu, Hawaii, This Secretatiat acts as a clearing house and disseminatingagen-
cy for.scientific information on the Pacific and for coordination of the activi-
ties of the Association with other scientific bodies.
The various scientific interests of the Association are represented by a nuMber
of Standing Committees of which there are 17 at present. It is the function of
these Standing Committees to study the more important problems of common inte-
rest and to report upon their work at Congresses of the Association. Once each
two to five years a science congress is assembled to consider the present sta-
tus and to reconsider the course of scientific research in the Pacific. Seven
congresses have been held to date. The eighth will assemble in the Philippine
Islands in 1953.
The Standing Committee on Meteorology is concerned with the establishment of ap-
propriate networks of observing stations for collection and free interchange of
meteorological data over the Pacific. It iq interested in studies of radiation
and heat balance, of energy exchanges between wind and sea, and the manner in
which each of these relate to general circulation: of the atmosphere.
The Standing Committee for Meteorology is composed of nine members as follows
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A. F. Spilhaus, Chairman United States
R. H. Simpson, Secretary Hawaii (U.S.)
C.H.B. Priestly Australia
M. A. F. Barnett New Zealand
Andrew Thomson Canada
Casimiro del Rosario Philippines
H. Hatakeyama Japan
T. S. Moorman.... ..... Supreme Command Allied
H. P. Berlage......, IndoneSia
Inasmuch as the IUGG has expressed an interest in radiation studies in the Pa-
cific area, reports have been prepared by various standing committee members on
progress of radiation projects in the Pacific. A resume of the reports follows :
1, Australia is currently engaged in the most extensive radiation experiments
reported to the Committee. These include continuous measurements of
a) intensity of solar radiation using a Linke-Fensner Panzeraktinometer;
b) solarimetric measurements of sky radiation;
c) photo cell measurements of solar radLation, including distributions in 8
spectral ranges between 0.35 and 0.75 microns;
d) autographic solarimeter and actinometer measurements of intensity of both
global radiation and of outgoing reflation.
In connection with these experiments, all under the direction of Dr. Fritz
Albrecht, the following new instruments have been developed;
a) an Australian absolute pyrhellometer;
b) a photo cell sky camera for measuring reflecting power of clouds in diffe-
rent spectral ranges;
c)a teleactinometer for recordingcmtgoingratAtian toward smallareas of the sky.
Plans for expansion of the work now being done at Melbourne University in-
cludes establishment of an Australian network of radiation stations equipped
with autographic equipment for measuring global and solar radiation.
Separate measurements are also planned by the CSIR at Melbourne in connection
with studies of energy exchange between atmosphere and ground.
2. In New Zealand there is little active wcrk being done in the field of radia-
tion. However, plans are being developed for measuring ozone content of the
atmosphere in the near future, using a Dobson photoelectric spectrometer..
Also, plans call for later establishment of a network of total radiat'ion pyr-
heliometer stations.
3. In Indonesia total radiation has been recorded at Bandung since August 1948.
Plans for the future call for installation of a network of stations equipped
with pyrheliometers, with thermopiles and solarimeters.
4. At Honolulu, Wake and Canton Islands the U. S. Weather Bureau has insualled
Eppley pyrheliometers with Brown recorders, and plans are to obtain conti-
nuous records for an indefinite period.
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5. Canada has recently developed a new actinograph of the Robitzsch type and
plans ultimately to place this instrument at a number of Pacific coast sta-
tions. Its records agree with the standard Eppley instrument to within five
per cent.
Theoretical investigations are being pursued by Dr. W. L. Godson in the field
of long wave radiation aimed at developing a means of computing from radio-
sonde data radiative fluxes at any level in the atmosphere.
It is hoped this brief summary will serve to ecquaAnt the Ninth Assembly dele-
gates with such investigations of radiation in the Pacific as comes under the
cognizance of the Pacific science Association. In closing, it should be noted
that the more recent work of the Japanese and that being carried on in certain
universities on the west coast of-the United Stats is not available at this writing.
It is the desire of the Standing Committee on Meteorology to work as closely as
possible with the IUGG to encourage and develop scientific programs in the Paci-
fic area which will best serve the mutual objectives of our two organizations.
R. H. Simpson, Secretary
for
A. F. Spilhaus, Chairman
Standing Committee on Meteorology
Pacific Science Association
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INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
JOINT COMMISSION ON THE IONOSPHERE
Proposal for an International Polar Year in 1957-8.
RESOLUTION
That, for the reasons attached, the 3rd International Polar Year be nominated
for 1957-68 and .that, in view of the length of time necessary for adequate or
of the complex Physical eauipment now Potentially available, an In-
ternational Roller Commission be appointed in 1951 to supervise planning.
This resolution is transmitted by the Joint Commission on the IOnosphere for
the approval of the Unions affected and sponsoring this Commission, and for ac-
tin by I.C.S.U.
Some very fine studies of the earth's atmosphere were made during the First
and Second International Polar Years in 1882-83 and 1'032-36 respectively. For
example, during the first year FRITZ made a remarkable study of the geogrenhice,1
distribution of auroral but little hes been done to extend this work on the ne-
cessary world scale in more recent times.
Since the 3econd International Polar Year in 1,D32-33 there have been many col-
tical developments tn the study of the earth's atmosphere from both the techni-
cal and theoretical standpoints. In 1032-there were no panoramic or multifre-
quency Ionospheric records. The separation between the E and the F regions had
been recognised but -Aot that between T1id 3ubstantially no data were aval
lable on which a world wile study of the ionosnnere could be based. High altttn-
de rockets were notavailable, nor radiosondes capable Of ascending to a heir(nt
of 20 kilometres. The interest in atmospheric e7,11oretion has now progressed to ?
the point where the cooperation tact would be afforded by a third international
polar year could go- far towards solving outstanling problems of ionospheric -
structure, of movements in the high atmosphere, of 'magnetic and ionospheric
storms and of aurorae. Because the last
spot minimum, it would be beneficial if
spot nurimum. This woUld be achieved if
tween the second and third polar years,
first and the second. It is in tams waj
color year took nlace at a time of sun-
the newt rne were associated with a sun-
an interval of 25 years were placed be-
one half -of the interval between the
that the year 11.57-58 comes to be r,?.con-
mended for adoption as the third international polar year.
It should perhaps be explained that the expression "polar year" in the docu-
ment imalies not only a Yeartnwhich special observations would be made in Polar
regions, but also one tnwilich observationl in all latitudes would cooperate to
the maximum extent no as to give as complete a picture as possible of world-wide
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atmospheric phenomena. It is'alao assumed that the antartic,Would receive its
full share of attention.
Objectives of the Third International Polar Year
The principal objectives or the third international polar year would be to
provide information for understanding :
(i) the physics of magnetic and ionospheric storms and other disturbances
peculiar to polar regions(such as magnetic bays and giant pulsations).
(ii) the physics of aurorae.
(iii) the structure and circulation of the atmosphere in the polar regions,
where absorption and radiation of the energy by the atmosphere play im-
portant roles.
Additional objectives will no doubt be designated by the I.A.U., the I.G,G.U.,
particulary by its Associations of Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology.
There is a particular need for a complete morphology of the disturbances as-
sociated with Particular storms from the ionospheric, magnetic and auroral
standpoints. Really complete information about one particular disturbance from
all standpoints would lead to more progress than quite a large amount of more
or less random data from which only statistical conclusions could be drawn.
Types of Observations to be Made during
the Third International Polar Year
A Preliminary survey suggests that the types of observations to be made shall
include the following :
(i) RADIO
Ionospheric sounding by fast multifrequency or panoramic methods. Accurate
height measurements (to,say.0.1 km) by special apparatus. Numerical measure-
ments of radio wave absorPtkon, reflection and scattering. Tracking of moving
irregularities in E5 and F2 regions. All aspects of storm_and other anomalous
phenomena, auroral echoes, frequency spectrum of auroral noice
(ii) MAGNETIC
Measurement of magnetic field at great height by rockets. Estimation of width,
intensity distribution and height of current systems. Development and decay of
the current systems of storms over short periods of time. Observations of pul-
sations and bays by equipment with sufficiently short time constants.
(iii) AURORAE
Cine and still photography of forms and movements. Total radiation and absolu-
te intensity of lines. Height variation in intensity of selected lines-uting
modern filters for isolation ofthe lines. Doppler shifts in selected lines.
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Morphology of auroral disturbances both on the average and for particular storms
from a large number Of stations providing highly objective data.
(iv) ROCKETS
Measurement of upper air winds using artificial meteor trails. Measurement of
magnetic fields at high altitudes in the auroral zone during storms. Measure-
ments of ion/electron ratios, particularly on the dark side of the earth. De-
tection of "windows" in the high atmosphere at optical frequencies.
(v) OZONE
Effect of magnetic and meteorological storms on the spatial and height distri-
bution of ozone. Observation by the Dobson method and direct observations by
radiosondes.
(vi) COSMIC RAYS
Effect of solar flares and magnetic storms on the. intensity of cosmic rays.
Variation with height and with latitude near and within the auroral zone.
Recording of increases associated with solar flares especially associated with
Polar high altitudes stations.
(vii) TROPOSPHERE
Observations of the zonal semi-diurnal pressure oscillation and any other fea-
tures proposed by the Association of Meteorology of U.G.G.I.
(viii) ASTRONOMICAL
A highly organised programme of solar observations will be needed to provide
all possible information on associated solar phenomena during the intensive
Polar Year observations.
Recommendations
Great advances in our understanding of the physics of the earth's atmosphere
are to be elPected by combining spacial observations in the north and south
polar regions with observations of a similar ftattre'.carried out at lower lati-
tudes. It is therefore recommended that :
(i) The year 1957-58 be designatad an International Polar.Year.
(ii). ,A Commission be set up by I.C.S.U.-similar to that established for pre-
vious polar years to encourage, through the various tinions and their National
Committees, the establishment of a proper network of observing stations.
(iii) In view of the complexities of the apparatus needed. to exploit the po-
tentialities of modern technique, the above Commission be .established in 1951,
so as to give at least five full years of preparationand trial.
(iv) A Permanent secretariat should be formed to operate during the most ac-
tive period of the Commission's work, from about two years prior to the polar
year until about three years after the polar year.
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Proposal for an Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature
RESOLUTION
The Commission gives provisional Support to the suggestions on "Upper Atmosphe-
ric Nomenclature" contained in the memorandum prepared by Professor 3. Chapman
and refers the document for general consideration to I.G.G.U.
Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature (by Sydney Chapman)
ABSTRACT
It is proposed that stratosphere shall signify solely the nearly isothermal
region above the troposphere; that the layer between the stratosphere and the
deep temperature minimum between 60 and 100 km. be called the mesosphere; that
the layer of rising temperature above this minimum be called the thermosphere.
On the basis of composition, it is proposed to divide the atmosphere into the
homosphere (of substantially uniform culposition from the ground upwards) and
the heterosphere (of different composition). On the basis of electron density,
a correlative to ionosphere is Proposed, the neutrosphere. Using pause to si-
gnify upper boundary, the stratopause, mesopause, homopause and neutropause -
are difined. Peak is suggested as the name for a level of maximum, e.g., meso-
peak, ozone peak, E or F peak. Incline and decline are names suggested for the
Parts of a Peaked layer below and above the peak, e.g., mesodecline, E or F
incline or decline. A "dip" in a peaked layer is called a syncline.
(1) There seems scope for a few additional terms connected with the upper at-
mosphere.
(2) Various bases of characterization of different atmospheric regions and le-
vels are in use, e.g., the presence of ozone layer (or ozonosphere) and ionof-
sphere (due to Watson Watt); similary for the exosphere, These terms are mode-
led on the names given by Teisserenc de Bort, troposphere and stratosphere,
based on the thermal Stratification first revealed by his sounding devices
(kites, balloons).
(3) As used by de Bort, stratosphere signified the nearly isothermal region
above the troposphere; in contrast to H. Flohn and R. Penndorf, I would prefer
to restrict the term to this original meaning, despite its occasional use in
recent years for any level above the troposphere.
(4) Extending this thermal classification, I propose the name mesosphere for
the layer between the top of the stratosphere and the major minimum of tempe-
rature existing between 60 and 100 km. (the exact level is still uncertain) :
and the name thermosphere for the layer of upward increasing temperature above
that level.
(5) Like Flohn and Penndorf, I would advocate Extended use (though in a manner
different from theirs) of the term pause to signify upper boundary, as intro-
duced by Sir Napier Shaw in the term tropopause.
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(6) Taking stratosphere to denote the nearly isothermal region above the tropo-
spheres its upper boundary, where the temperature first begins to increase up-
wards more rapidly than is common in the lower stratosphere, would be the stra-
topause, and the mesosphere would extend from this level to the mesopause, at
the level of the deep temperature minimum already mentioned.
(7) It is uncertain whether this usage can advantageously be applied to the
ozone or to the E and F ionospheric layers, because of the indefiniteness of
their upper boundaries.
(8) For these layers and the mesosphere, the defining characteristic (ozone
density, electron density, temperature) first increases upwards and then de-
creases. I suggest that in each case the level of maximum be called the peak,
e.g., the E and F peaks, and the mesopeak (this word, though hybrid, seems mo-
re acceptable than the fully Greek word mesoacme). It is a matter of specula-
tion whether or not the thermosphere has a thermoteak.
The ozone layer can be considered under VNO aspects, both important, namely,
absolute concentration or density, and relative concentration (the ratio ozo-
ne to air, by volume);, these have different levels of maximum, which I suggest
should be called the absolute ozone peak and the relative ozone peak respecti-
vely.
(9) The parts of such flpeakedo layers which lie below and above the peak, whe-
re the defining characteristic is respectively increasing and decreasing up-
wards, may conveniently be called the incline and decline, e.g., mesoincline,
mesodecline, ozone or E or F incline or decline; and the usage may also be
tended to thermoincline, although we do not know whether or where there is a
thermopeak.
(18) If at some times and places layer has two peaks. (major and minor), the
region between them, containing a minor minimum, may be called a syncline. So-
me rocket flights have suggested the presence of an ozone syncline, and some
rocket data on upper air temperatures have indicated a mesocline, though in
both cases there is some doubt as to their reality.
(11) It may be useful also to classify atmospheric levels on the basis of
composition. The main causes tending to non-uniformity of composition are dif-
fusion (countered by turbulence) and photodissociation (countered by recombi-
nation). As long as they modify the composition only very slightly (e.g., in
regard to rare constituents like ozone), the scale height of the atmosphere is
simply proportional to the absolute temperature (if the variation of gravity
with height is neglected). The temperature-scale-height relation becomes more
cemplicated where the composing changes materially with height. The name homo-
sphere is suggested about 100km) where the composition first begins to change
materially; this level Would be called the homopause. The name heterosphere is
proposed for the overlying region of different composition. The name homosphe-
re may not need frequent mention, but for some years discussion is likely to
remain active as to the level of the homopause, and as to the nature of hete-
rospheric air (at higher levels), which means a very different gas from that'
at ground level.
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(12) Similar a term correlative to ionosphere is proposed, to provide a comple-
te characterization of the atmosphere on the basis of electronic presence or
absence: the name neutrosphere is proposed for the regiOn below the ionosphere,
where the concentration of electrons is insignificant (apart from thunderstorms
or meteor trails), at least from the standpoint of the radio physicist; and
where the air particles are almost all neutral, far more completely so than in
the ionosphere. The transition level between the neutrosphere and the ionosphe-
re is the neutropause, a word more likely than neutrosphere to be often needed,
e.g.,"the neutropause is lowered during a solar flare".
(13) The various layers or "sphere" are of course not arclUsive nor are they
co-terminous: the Ozone layer includes the troposphere, stratosphere and at
least part of the mesosphere; the D layer probably overlaps the mesodicline,
the ionosphere probably includes the whole Of the thermosphere and heterosphere
(which probably have different lower borders, the mesopause perhaps being below
the homopause); in addition, the ionosphere probably overlaps the mesosphere
and homosphere.
(14) "Upper atmosphere" is a useful term, but its meaning depends on the context,
and it is probably not convenient to limit its meaning too definitely; the wea-
ther forecaster may use it to mean the stratosphere and perhaps part of the
troposphere, whereas to the radio physicist it may signify a region above the
stratosphere as here defined.
(15) Precision may be gained while retaining brevity, in referring to different
atmospheric levels, by using upper, middle or lower in conjunction with the
specialized names of the layers or sub-layers; e.g., one may say that, only the
middle Part of the mesosphere has a temperature above 0? C., or that the E de-
cline may be in the lower heterosphere.
(18) It seems premature to name definite heights in the case of several
layers and levels (peaks and pauses).. As in the case of the tropopaUse,
tual heights may vary with latitude, season, and from day to day.
(17) The three Figures illustrate the nomenclature here proposed for the regions
and levels classified according to temperature (T), composition and electron
density (ne). The graphs of T and ne represent distributions such as are now
generally supposed to exist, but are very tentative; the scales of height h are
not same in the three diagrams, and all three scales (h,T,ne) may be non-uniform.
(181 In conclusion I should like to support C.T. Elvey's proposal of the name
airglow (suggested by O. Struve) to signify the light emitted by the atmosphere,
other than the aurora (and lightning). Ordinarily airglow will signify the (hon-
auroral) light of the night sky, but for further distinction one may call this
the night airglow, in contrast to the twilight (sunset or dawn) airglow, and to
the day airglow, which should now be observable from balloons and rockets that
rise above the level at wich the down-scattered light is very faint.
(19) I should like to acknowledge the privilege of discussions on this matter
with D.A. Bates and M. Nicolet; and I have their authority for mentioning that
they are in general sympathy with the proposals here made, though they are not
responsible for them
of the
the ac-
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Height h FIG. ( a )
Levels
Thermosphere
Thermo incline
Mes ?pause ?
Mesopeak
Stratopause
Tropopause ? ? ? ?
Mesodecline
Mesosphere
Meso incline
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Height h
Levels
F2 peak
Fl
pause
Fl peak
E pause --
?????
Temperature T
?
? FIG. ( c )
?
?
\F2 decline
4.0
?
Fl decline
Fl incline
%.-- E decline
?
E peak ? ? ? ? ? ? ? E layer
FIG. ( b )
He terosphere
_ _ Homopause
Homosphere
F2 layer
Fl 'layer
D paus
Neutropause ?
E incline
?ffr------------
D
layer
Ionosphere
Neutrosphere
ne electron density
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NOTES
(1) H. Flohn and R, Penndorf, "The stratification of the atmosphere", Bull.
Amer, Met. Soc., 31, 71-77, 126-130, 1950,
(2) In reference (1) this is called the "upper tropopause", although the name "up-
per troposphere" isnot given towhat is here (para.9) called the mesodecline, and
although "stratosphere" is used for the layer extending up to this level Instead of
mesodecline the name "upper mixing layer" is used, based on considerations ofcompo-
sition, although the layer is defined on a thermal basis, and although Present evi-
dence indicated that mixing is effective throughout the whole region from the
ground to a level above the mesopeak (para.6); see ICF, Chackett, F.A.Paned and E.J.
Wilson, "The chemical composition of the stratosphere at 70 km. height,Nature,164,
12..5? 1949, (It may be remarked that the samples referred to in this publication prU.-
bably represent air typical of a level somewhat below 601tm. rather than 70 km.)
(3) In reference (1) the mesopeak is called the "ozonopause", but it is doubt-
flu i whether the rather indefinite upper boundery of the ozone layer should be
Identified with the level of maximum temperature in the mesosphere,
(4) C?T. Elvey, "Note On the spectrum of the airglow in the red region",
Astrophys. J., 111, 432-433, 1950,
JOINT COMMISSION ON HIGH ALTITUDE RESEARCH STATIONS
Proposal for "World Days" in Upper Atmosphere Research
RESOLUTION
With increasing activity in upper atmosphere research, in many field, complete
co-ordination orefforts becomes more and more difficult. Certain phases of the
studies are on a routine continuous basis; others represent special activities
designed to cover a limited period of time, Rocket observations are, perhaps,
the most significant studies of the latter group.
In order to obtain as high a concentration as possible of upper-air data, it is
recommended that a set of special days be designated as "world days" or "inter-
national days", These should consist of approximately two days per month, one
near new and the other near full moon, In addition, certain special world days
may be designeted, to coincide with such natural phenomena as total solar
eclipses or major meteor showers.
If some experiment of a non-routine character is envisaged, relative to condi-
tions in the upper atmosphere or associated Phenomena, it is recommended that
the experiment be performed on a world day if there is no specific reason for
choosing another time. This programme will lead automatically to the securing
Of concentrated atmospheric data at special times and will effect co-ordination
with a minimum of trouble of the experimenters, Associated studies may include
such fields as: Rocket firings, Plane and balloon flights, Night-sky brightness,
Auroral measures, Solar activity, Ionospheric studies, Radio absorption, Solar
radio noise, Upper-air meteorology, Cosmic-ray experiments, Super-refraction of
sound by upper air, Magnetic disturbances, Ozone measurements, etc.,,.
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-Recommendation of the Joint Commission on the Ionospheric
on World days in Upper atmosphere Research
The Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere having learnt of the foregoing proposal,
wishes to express its whole-hearted approval of the plan and recommends its ge-
neral adoption.
Only a few of the fields mentioned in the proposal are represented by a single
Commission. This resolution should be referred to IU00, URSI, IAU, IUPAP and
other Unions interested for general' consideration and ratification. It is fur-
ther suggested that formal implementation and detailed drafting of the plan be
referred to I.O.O.U.
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RESUMES DES COMMUNICATIONS
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PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
THE MAINTENANCE OF THE 'ZONAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
by J, BJERKNES, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
RESUMES DES COMMUNICATIONS
The Annual Precipitation at Dublin, Ireland
by F.E. DIXON
Although precipitation has been measured in Ireland from about 1738, the ear?
lier records are incomplete and unsatisfactory. It is possible, however, to
produce homogeneous series of data for Dublin from 1792 to 1830 and 1836 to the
present day. The data used and the derived homogeneous record are presented in
tables I to V.
The third part OT the paper presents some analysis of the figures, in particu?
lar assessing the association of variations with the solar cycle, and a discus?
sion of the wettest and driest Periods. Although periodogram analysis suggests
some "real" periods, their amplitUdes are too small to be useful in forecasting.
The Isopydnic Level and the Coupling of
Tropopause and Surface Waves
by M. DOPORTO
BY computing the correlation coefficient between the pressure at the isopycnic
level and the difference of pressures at the surface and the isopycnic level,
staggering one of the series relative to the other, the period and difference
of phase of simple Periodicities can be determined. There is evidence that
both period and phase of any such periodicities are not constant.
Ozone measurements during sudden ionospheric disturbances,
by SIGMUND FRITZ
In order to investigate the effect of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on
total atmospheric ozone, Ozone observations have been made ducing sudden iono?
spheric disturbances (S.I.D.). If one can assume that the ratIo of the extra?
terrestrial intensity of sunlight at 3110A to that at 3300A (the wavelengths
observed by the measuring instrument), remains unchanged during days with
S.I.D.; it is found that ozone changes associated with S.I.D.'s are small or
absent, in agreement with qualitative theoretical expectation.
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Recent Researches on Snow and Sea-Ice Distribution
in the Eastern Canadian Arctic by F.K. Hare
decent changes in our picture of sea-ice distribution in Hudson Bay and Hudson
Strait: climatological significance of the newly explored pack-ice cover of
Hudson Bay. Present-day snowfall distribution and its relationship to the ori-'
gin of the Wisconsin Laurentide glacier. Comments on the conflicting hypotheses
of Flint and antevs
The Average Reflection, Absorption and Transmission
of Solar Radiation Through Clouds
By S. Fritz, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.
The available measurements shOw that the albedo of individual clouds is so va-
riable that it is practically impossible from these measurements to determine
an average value for the albedo of clouds. However, by using Danjon's measured
visual albedo fOr the whole earth, the average albedo of clouds can be estima-
ted to between .47 and .60 with the preferred value near .50. With this average
albedo of clouds as a basis, the available measurements of absorption and
transmission of solar energy by clouds are examined in order to determine the
limits between which the average values for these quantities can lie.
The air temperature at the French ice-cape station in Greenland
and the temperature in the free air, by H.J. Jordt
The expedition of Alfred Wegener to ice-cape of Greenland have recorded a rise
in temperature in the winter 1930/31, and professor Kurt Wegener tries to ex-
plain the rise in temperature as due to subsidence.+ ' Based on observations from
expedition of Paul-Emile Victor monthly mean temperature have been ylotted in
curves for station level (July 1949-January 1951) and for 600,500,400 and 300mb
Pressure level (November 1949-March 1951); also the monthly mean temperature for
700mb Pressure level (November 1949-January 1951) are plotted in curves for
Scoresbysund and Thule, and monthly mean charts for 700mb pressure level have
been worked out. These curves and charts seems to indicate that the subsidence
has less importance than expected, While the advection has a greater influence
on the rise in temperature in winter,
A-) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Grbnlands Expedition Alfred Wege-
ners 1929 und 1930-31, Band VII, 1,
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Diminutive cold domes in upper air pressure levels, the weather
and the number of radio-sounding stations by Leo Lysgaard
It seems that moving cold domes in the upper air can become so small that they
are difficult to detect on the 500mb chart if the distance between the radio-
sonde stations is too great. The weather maps for October 23 and 24 1950 show
a situation where a southeast moving diminutive cold dome is causing unstable
weather conditions over southern Sweden and eastern Denmark, probably.
Quantitative Analysis of Two Proposed Mechanisms for Vertical
Ozone Transport in the Lower Stratosphere
By Richard J. Reed and Anthony L. Julius - Massachusetts Institttef'Tedhnology
An equation suitable for the study of changes in ozone density in the region
of the stratosphere below approximately 25 km is derived and applied to the
Problem of the observed increase in the ozone content of the layer between 10
and 20 km during the winter.. Under the assumption that first meridional circu-
lation and then turbulent mass exchange is alone responsible for the observed
changes, the required vertical Velocities and austausch coefficients are com-
puted for various elevations and latitudes:
It is concluded that the meridional circulation scheme provides a satisfactory
explanation of the ozone rise only if the circuit ectends over both hemisphe-
res. On the other hand, turbulent mixing is a sufficient explanation if stra-
tospheric austausch coefficients attain values 'asJhigh.,.as 1 to eo gm cm sec-1
during the winter.
Diurnal Variations of Precipitation Frequency in Canada
by M.K. Thomas (Canada)
The hourly occurence of precipitation has been studied at six locations in Ca-
nada during a uniform period for January and July. In addition, a complete
twelve months study was made at Toronto and Resolute.
At Vancouver and Edmonton the periods of minimum precipitation frequency occur
during the daytime in both January and July. At Winnipeg and Halifax there is
small diurnal variation in July, but in January Halifax shows a late evening
maximum and Winnipeg is irregular.
At Resolute the warm season diurnal distribution appears irregular, but in the
cold season there may be a daytime minimum.
At Toronto in winter there is a morning maximum while In midsummer the maximum
Occurs in late afternoon. Little diurnal variation is shown in spring and fall.
Investigation of diurnal frequency of July thunderstorms shows maxima in late
afternoon at Toront0^and late evening at Winnipeg and Edmonton.
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South Steering of Pressure Fluctuations A. D. 1850 - 1950
D. Justin Schove
The climatic fluctuations of the past century can be interpreted in relation to
belts of positive or negative pressure anomalies. These belts have moved south
from the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer.
About 1875 (i.e. 1861/90) pressure was low in N.W. Europe, where it was verywet.
About 1880 an area cf high pressure between Iceland and North Norway moved south,
and the climate became colder, more continental and easterly. Dry anticyclonic
conditions culminated about 1890 from the Faeroes to Sweden, about 1895 over
much of North and Central Europe and about 1905 in Italy, and not until at least
1915 in the Azores. Meanwhile westerly oceanic conditions became much more pro-
nounced in Europe until 1925.
GRAPHS AND MAPS
Main Reference: "The climatic fluctuation since AD. 1850 In Europe and the
Atlantic" Q,J.R. Met. Soc. 56, April 1950, 147-165
also in Centenary proceedings of the R. Net Soc., 1950, 217-218
The Little Ice Age A. D. 1550- 1850 D. Justin Schove
The Little Ice Age extends from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Exami-
nation of the documentary evidence in Europe shows colder winters after 1540,
colder springs after 1550 and colder summers after 1590. By 1600 the glacial
advance was well-Marked, but 1651/80 marks the climax of the first phase or the
Little be Age. The Upper Air temperature appears also to have been below the -
modern normal, as thunder and hall were very frequent in the period 1641f70.
After a warm interval, the second and shortest phase began dramatically about
1740. But by the 17701s summers were hot and the melting of the glaciers in
Alaska and Europe divides this phase from the next. The third phase extends
from 1801 to 1880 in North Europe and 1900 in the south.
GRAPHS
Main References: "European Temperatures A.D. 1500-1800"
Q.J.R. Met. Soc. 7, 1949, 75, pp. 175-181
"Hail in History, A.D. 1650-1680" Weather, 1951,75, pp, 17-21
Past Rainfall & Future Temperatures D. Justin Schove
The effect of a wet soil on subsequent temperature Is very slight. The varia-
tions of the geological water-table do affect temperatures slightly, especially
in Spring and Autumn. The maximum temperatures in a week of very hot weather in
Spring or the minimum temperature of a week of very cold weather in Autums are
less extreme after a series of wet years.
The secular variations of these effects in Europe since A.D. 1800 show that an
appreciable lag in the seasons occurred between 1800 and 1925. This lag was
partly due to the increase of rainfall.
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Main Reference: D.J. Schove
"Two Centuries of Spring & Autumn Weather in Relation to the
Water-Table" Weather 6, 1951, 67-71 and errata P.
Tree-Rings 8c Northern Summers D. Justin Schove
Tree-rings near the Arctic Circle show close dependence upon Summer Temperature.
North Scandinavian results can be tested back to 1760 and provide a scale that
extends the Temperature curve back to at least 1500. Thirty-year means show some
relation with the summer temperature curve in Central Rurope, as inferred from
Wine-harvest and other data. A comparison with the three phases of the Little
Ice Age can be made.
North American series supplied by Hustich, Giddings, etc. indicate that similar
standardized series may lead to a similar temperature curve
Graphs or. Decadal Statistics
Main Reference: "Tree Rings & Summer Temperatures, A.D. 1501-1930"
Scott. Geog. Mag. 66, N? 1 (1950) pp. 37-42
The Measurement of Evaporation in Canada by Marie Sanderson (Canada)
The report of evaporation in Canada outlines research conducted by the Ontario
Research Foundation in the field of evapotranspiration or water loss from vege-
tated surfaces, based on the climatic classification recently published by C.W.
Thornthwaite, director of the Johns Hopkins Laboratory of Climatology. The clas-
sification defined the important element of potential evapotranspiration or wa-
ter need, and developed a formula for computing it fransimpleteteorologiCal data.
Potential evapotranspiration has been measured experimentally at two "tidily-di-
vergent localities in Canada: for three years at Latitude 44?N. in Southern On-
tario, and for two years at Latitude 65?N. in the Northwest Territories. The
apparatus used, the Thornthwaite-designed evapotranspirometer, provided an ac-
curate and effective method of measuring water need. Experimental results indi-
cated that the values of water need computed by the formula for geographic lo-
cations in nothern and southern Canada are of the-right order of magnitude.
Solar Radiation in Various Wavelength Ranges
E.H. Gowan, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Total Solar radiation is being measured at four stations,'Aklavik, Edmonton,
Winnipeg and Ottawa, ranging in latitude between 68 and 45 degrees. The poten-
tials developed by disc pyrheliometers are d-awn by a recorder potentiometer.
About two years results are available and show a range from 1 to 800 langley per day.
Ultra-violet solar radiation is being measured at Edmonton in three ranges.
The "long" (3500A) is measured by a 935 photocell with 1 cm, filter of red-pur-
ple corex. The "medium" (3300A) is measured by a WL-773 photocell. The "short"
(3050A) is measured by a WL-767 photocell.
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Several methods of integrating the charge for a whole day are being tried. The-
se include curve drawing ballistic potentiometer, electrometer and good conden-
ser, gas diode discharge with pulse counter, and electrolysis (where a current
of about 30 microamos is available).
The results of the various methods are being compared in terms of finsen hours,
based on the erythema curve, and also in terms of their own biological effects
on the well-being of plants and animals.
Aerological Analysis of a Mature Typhoon
By H. Arakawa Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo.
Aerological observations made in a mature typhoon on Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, 1949,
by the Central Meteorological Observatory, Tokyo, are analysed and time cross
sections are constructed showing the distribution of temperature, potential tem-
perature, pressure and circulation acceleration. The vertical structure of the
typhoon Is discussed and the results compared with those previously given by
Palmen and by Simpson. The analysis of the tropopause and the stratospheric
field of temperature of the said typhoon are also given. The tropopause is fairly
high (about 16-17 km) in the storm area, and is locally reduced in the core of
the typhoon. Relatively warm stratospheric air lies over the core; and colder
air is situated over the storm region and the stratospheric temperatures deci-
dedly increase all the way to its outskirts from the storm region of tIn typhoon.
On the Solid Condensation Nucleus which is not Soluble in Water
Sekiji Ogiwar? (.'11?Onhysical Institute, Tonoku University, Sendai).
Solid nuclei whirr ,,re non-hygroscopic and insoluble in water have been treated
In condensation processes as eaual as water drops of the same size, and it has
been considered that such a nucleus cannot act as condensation nucleus in the
atmosphere. However, when such a nucleus is wetted well by water, the adhesive
force of water to the nucleus Is larger tnan the cohesive force, of water, hence
the maximum water vapour pressure on the nucleus will be lower than that on the
water drop of the same size. By thermodynamical considerations the author Ob-
tained a new formula expressing the satured water vapour pressure an the-nucleus
covered with the water film. Then, using the above formula a relation between
the adhesive force of water and the relative humidity required to condensation
on the nucleus was obtained.
On Ice Crystals in the Air
by Kyoji Ita (Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo)
The author observed microphotographycally the ice crystals in the air at Hailer
(North Manchuria). Their crystal forms are classified as follows.
1. Hexagonal twin prism. 3. Hexagonal plate.
2. Hexagonal prism (needle like). 4. The others.
The growth of the ice crystals in the air is skeleton type.
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The mean value of the mass of a Particle of the ice crystals in the air is
0.14 x 10-6 gr.
The axial ratio of hexagonal twin prism type is 1.60.
On Skeleton- Shaped Depth Hoar
by Kyoji 1t6 (Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo)
The .author observed many particles of depth hoar. The fundamental form of the
depth hoar is hexagonal skeleton twin prism. We observe occasionally the hexa-
gonal skeletal single crystal, that is like cup crystal.
On the Annual and Meridional Variation of the Atmospheric Ozone
Y. Myake and K. Saruhashi (Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo).
The mass distribution of atmospheric ozone on the earth was calculated assuming
that distributions of ozone on the northern and southern hemispheres are appro-
ximately the same only with a half year difference of phase. Results showed that
the total mass of ozone is always constant. On the other hand, calculated amount
of ozone by Our previoustheory decreases rapidly with increasing aaa_z. There-
fore, meridional distribution of photochemically formed ozone and that observed
are quite different, but the total mass is equal to the latter and it becomes
also constant on the whole earth. We considered that initial distributions are
decided photochemically and actual distributions are formed secondly by pole -
ward transports of ozone in. the stratosphere The speed and direction of the
transport and their seasonal variations were estimated by which the annual and
'meridional variation of ozone could be explained reasonably.
An Approach to the Problem of EVaporation from a,Limited Area
by D.R. Davies University of Sheffield
A mathematical model of atmospheric turbulence, which allows for the transfer
of smoke and vapour in both the vertical and lateral directions, is formulated
briefly in terms of coefficients of diffusivity. An empirical method of deri-
ving a lntern1 diffusivity power law is discussed; for vertical transfer the -
power law used successfully in two dimensional work is adopted. By solving the
ensuing diffusion equatin subject to conditions appropriate on a saturated
evaporating area, such as a free liquid surface, the effect of limited width of
area on rate of evaporation and on vapour distribution over the area may be
evaluated. The theoretical results which have been obtained are discussed brief-
ly in this paper; they are compared, in particular cases, with experimental results.
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Experiences de Modification des Nuages dans les Pyrenees
par Henri Dessens Directeur de l'Observatoire du Puy de Dome, Clermont-Ferrand
Une etude prdliminaire de la mdtdorologie d'dtd de la rdgion pyrdndenne a dtd
effectude en 1949 et 1950 par H. Dessens et E.N. Fournier d'Albe. L'origine
(noeuds hydrographiques), les niveaux (150C 512000 m.) et la marche (SW A NE en
altitude) des nuages orageux ont 6t4 ddterminds par pnotogrammdtrie.
Les expdriences de 1951 sont de deux types:
1? Des ins4m1nat1ons locales par noyaux hygroscopiques secs; ces particules
sont apportdes et dispersdes dans is nuage au moyen de fuses lances de postes
rdpartis, entre 2000 et 3000 in. ?d'altitude, le long de la moitid occidentale de
la chains.
2? Dans d'autres circonstances, le courant has d'ENE des plaines subpyr4n4-
ennes, les vents de valldes ascendants et is courant supdrieur d'WSW sont mis h
profit pour insdminer prdventivement toute la region en noyaux ldgers d'iodure
d'argent au moyen de brilleurs au sol.
Analyse de quelques rdsultats.
A Periodic Heat Transfer Analysis for an Atmosphere in which the EZUty
Diffusivity Varies Sinusoidally with Time and Linearly with Height
by H.F. Poppendiek (University of California, Los Angeles)
This paper concerns itself with a mathematical study of periodic convectiveheat
transfer in the lower layers of the atmosphere. A temperature solution is deve-
loped for an ideal atmospheric system in which the boundary temperature varies
sinusoidally with time and the eddy diffusivity (or eddy conductivity) varies
linearly with height and sinusoidally with time.
The Temperature of the Ozonosphere if the Main Absorption
is from 4000 Degree Sun by E.H. Gowan
The fundamental assumption used in previous papers (1928, 1930, 1947) is retai-
ned, viz, that to a first approximation a radiation eaull'brium in the layers of
the atmosphere from 10 to 55 kilometers is attained shout mid-day.
New calculations have been completed using a normal amount and distribution of
ozone, but using an effective solar curve for 4000?K at X3500 and shorter. These
have been done for both winter and summer conditions at Latitude 50? and 65?.
The results in each case give temperatures from 320 to 350 degrees K for the highest
layer in which ozone has been measured, viz. 50 to 55 km. Thfte are wide variations of
dT/dh below this.
Atmospheric Ozone Measurement at Edmonton, Canada by E.H. Gowan
A. Some progress has been made in modification of the old photographic type of
Ozone Spectrophotometer to use multiplier photocells. A direct current reading
system has been used for direct sunlight with clear sky. Complete calibration
Is not yet available, but the observations can be taken in about 3 minutes with
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practice. Further improvements are planned.
B. A new type Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer #18, has been in limited use at
Edmonton since October 1950. Some observations are available using full sunlight
through a window, and a few with the instrument taken outside in the usual way.
Further calibrationand observationare being carried out during the summer of 1951.
The Vertical Distribution of Ozone to 70 KM
R. Tousey, K. Watanabe, J.D. Purcell and F.S. Johnson
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington 25, D.C.
The vertical distribution of ozone in the earth's atmosphere was determined from
ultraviolet spectra of sunlight photographed on three rocket flights above New
Mexico, U.S.A. The spectra extended from 3400A to a lower limit between 2100 and
2800A, depending on altitude and exposure conditions. The ozone was determined
by comparing by means of photographic photometry each spectrum in its entirety
with the average spectrum above all detectable ozone. The most complete data
were obtained on June 14, 1949 when two spectrographs in one rocket were flown
at sunset with a solar elevation of one degree. The ozone over the slant path
was measured to an altitude of 70 km, and the vertical distribution was calcula-
ted from these data. The maximum concentration was 0.11 mm/km at 26 km. Above
the maximum the concentration decreased approximately exponentially with alti-
tude and reached 2x 10-5 mm/km at 70 km. The data agree with a theoretical
calculation in whichthe reaction 0 0 1 M--.02 11 was taken into account.
The Intensity of Sunlight from 2000 to 3400A
R. TouseY, F.S. Johnson, J.D. Purcell and K. Watanabe
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington 25, D.C.
The solar intensity distribution to 2000A was determined from spectra photogra-
phed from rockets at altitudes above the ozone layer. The spectrograph and film
were calibrated and standardized with a carbon arc crater source and the results
1
depend on data on the carbon arc published by Mac Pherson. The flight of June
14, 1949 gave the best data. The intensity at 3300A was 9 watts-meter-2(100A)l
in agreement with the data of Pettit2 and Stair3. Relative spectral curves mea-
sured by Reiner4, by Hess5, and by ()Utz and Schtinmanne, if fitted to the Smith-
sonian curve at 4700A, fall well below Pettit's curve in the ultraviolet and
in none of our flights was a departure of this magnitude observed. The spectrum
between 3000 and 2000A is very irregular. The average intensity at 3000A was
appropriate to a 5500?K blackbody sun and from 2600 to 2200A was 5000?K. It is
unlikely, however, that the solar continuum was observed because of intense
Fraunhofer absorption. Below 2200A the data were less accurate but show that the
intensity was below s 5000?K blackbody at 2000A.
References: 1 B.G. Mac Pherson, J. Opt. Soc. An, 30, 189 (1940) ; 2 E. Pettit,
Astrophys, Jour. 91, 159, (1941) ; 3 R. Stair, Jour. of Research of the Nat.
Bur. of Standards 42, 145, (1949), 43, 209 (1950) ; 4 H. Reiner, Gerlands Beits.
Geophys. 550 234 (1939) ; 5 P. Hess, Inaug.-Diss. Frankfurt a.m. (1938) ;
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6 7
F.W.P. Gotz and E. Schonmann, Hely. Phys. Acta 21, 151, (1948) ; C.G. Abbot,
F.E. Fowle and L.B. Aldrich, Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. Vol. 74, N? 7, 1923.
Ice Nuclei for Rain Formation by Dr. A.W. Brewer (Oxford)
The Present state of Imowledge regarding the supply of ice nuclei for precipi-
tation processes will be discussed.
be Sondage Horizontal et le Diagramme Synoptinue Spacio-Temporel
par Dr. Jansh, Palma de Mallorca.
On fait ressortir le gros avantage que comporte l'usage dun diagramme avec une
coordonnde de temps en plus des coordonndes ordinaires de l'espace. Mais comme
le diagramme oui en rdsulte est a quatre dimensions, nous dcartons la coordonnde
yerticale de l'espace et nous la rempla9ons par cello du temps. Les configura-
tions isobariques au sol (cyclones, anticyclones, etc.), deviennent, alors, des
figures tridimensionnelles: leurs coupes horizontales redonnent les cartes sy-
noptiques ordinaires; leurs coupes yerticales lindaires reprdsentent l'dyolution
du temps atmosphdrioue sur place, et leurs coupes rectilignes obliques l'explo-
ration h. longue portde par aylon. On peut amdllorer la prdvislon en faisantusa-
ge de coupes yerticales, (c'est-h-dire passant Par l'axe des temps) sur lesquel-
les les perturbations sont reprdsentdes oar des courbes facilement prolongeables.
Quelques Applications du Nombre de ['hal dans quelques
Formules de Dynaminue Atmospherique
par Dr. Jansa, ?alma de Mallcrca.
Bien que la vitesse de l'al- r'ane touq les ph4norOnes mdtdorologlques demeure
trks loin de la vitesse du son, il y a avantage A introduire le nombre de Mach
dans quelques formules de Dynamique atmosphdrique, telles que l'dquation de Ber-
nouilli et d'autres. En outre le nombre de Mach ddtermine des rayons critiques
dans les schdmas thdoriques des champs cindmatiques lindaires bidimensionels
(source, tourbillon -et champ de ddformation). Enfin, on attire l'attention sur
les effets mdtdorologiques des ondes he choc artificielles, et sur leurs appli-
cations possibles au contr5le du temps.
La Dynaminue Apparente de la Maeorologie Synoptique
par Dr. Jansa, Palma de Mallorca.
La reprdsentation cartographique introduit des ddformations dans l'allure du
mouvement, he telle sorte que le point-image ne suit pas les lois he la Dynami-
cue. On pout rdtablir la validitd he ces lois en introduisant des forces ficti-
ves conyenables, reprdsentatives he la ddviation par rapport aux lois de l'iner?
tie. Dans ce travail on passe en revile successiyement la ddformation apportde
par la reprdsentation conforme (transformation plane), par la projection stdr4o-
graph1que et cello de Mercator (transformations conformes de la sphbre sur un
plan), et du systeme conique scant (reprdsentation non conforme). On calcule
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la dilatation dilatation et l'angle de tournure pour chaque point, et, dans le cas de la
Projection conique, le tenseur de deformation. On calcule aussi, un terme sup-
plementaire? qui apparatt dans toutes les formules, et que nous appelOns tome
d,inertie, fonction des parametres geometriques de la transformation.
La M4thode d'Amortissement Applique a la M4t4orologie
par Dr. Jansa, Palma de Mallorca .
Nous proposons d'appeler valour amortie d'un element meteorologique la moyenne
ponderee de toutes les valeurs de cet element multiplides par un coefficient de
la forme e , dont t est leur date. La Mdteorologie amortie (fictive) qui en
resulte pout 6tre soumise aux methodes de la Meteorologie synoptique, et obit
peu pres aux me'me lois que cello-ci, quo ique bien plus lente dans leur deve-
loppement. Elle devient la Meteorologie veritable pour 3=0 . Elle a des appli-
cations immediates aussi bien k la prevision a longue echeance, en faisant usa-
ge des elements amortis propres, qugh courte echdance, au moyen des differences
entre les valeurs amorties et les effectives, ce qui permet d'isoler la pertur-
bation. On propose aussi une troisieme application, come methode de recherche
synoptique.
La Afinidad en Procesos Termodinamecos de Interes Meteorologico
par Dr. M. Azpiroz, San Sebastikn.
Par la generalisation du concept de phase dans un systeme thermodynamique, on
calcule la valour de l'affinite quand on evapore de l'eau dans le coin d'une at-
mosphere humide a une temperature differente de cello du liquide. En consequen-
ce, il en resulte la condition generale d'equilibre par rapport a l'evaporation.
On obtient les equations differentielles d'evolution dans des systemes fermes
formes d'air, d'eau et de vapour, definissant b. la fois des nouvelles tempera-
tures dquivalentes et oquivalentes potentielles se passant dans les procbssus
reels irreversibles. Le precede est indique pour integrer ces equations et cal-
culer les temperatures definies. Finalement, on applique les resultats obtenus
pour ameliorer l'interpretation claSsique-du fonctionnement du thermometre
mouille, calculer le rayon des gouttes dans les brouillards d'evaporation et la
chaleur latente d'evaporation irreversible.
A Pressurized Shaft for the Study of Artificial Clouds and
Precipitation Mechanics
by Ross Gunn, Director, Physical Research,U.S.Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
With the object of bringing clouds into the laboratory for study and quantita-
tive evaluation, a shaft 200x 2.5 x 2.5 meters has been prepared that permits
the cooling of its air by sudden expension. Clouds more than 200 meters deep may
be produced under controllable conditions and their behavior determined. The
problems of cloud production, control and stability in the laboratory will be discussed.
Basic new methods for measuring the evaporation and growth of droplets falling
freely down the shaft willbe described and actual records shown. (Illustrated).
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Gleichzeitige Messungen des Ozongehaltes bodennaher Luft an
mehreren Stationen mit einem einfachen, absoluten Verfahren
von A. Ehmert
Unter BenUtzung der hohen Elektroaffinitgt von freiem Jod wurde em n Gert ent-
wickelt, welches einen Ausschlag proportional der Konzentration des freien Jods
in der eingesetzten Losung liefert. Damit kUnnen sehr kleine Jod- und Natrium-
thiosulfatmengen in verhaltnismgssig grossen LOsungsmengen (Genauigkeit: 1/10
bis 1/1007 Jod in 10 ccm) rasch gemessen werden. Dabei werden ohne Normallosun-
gen absolute Werte erhalten. Man kann damit den Ozongehalt von wenigen Litern
Luft ranch und genau messen. Neben der Vorflihrung e!_nes solchen Gergtes werden
einige Ergebnisse der seit lgngerer Zeit an mehreren Stationen laufend mit sol-
chen Gergten durchgeffihrten Messungen gezeigt.
The Chronology of Meteorological Phenomena by D. Justin Schove
Many anomalous seasons such as the cold winter of 1947, the drought of 1921, the
cold summer of 1816 are more or leas international. Peculiar conditions associ-
ated with a volcanic eruption in 1783 or a (?) comet in 43 B.C. are likewise
world-wide. Polar Aurorae are sometimes seen simultaneously in America and Eu-
rope or Europe and Asia. A chronology of such phenomena is being compile from
the meteorological annals of different parts of the world such as are being pu-
blished by Bois, Britton, Mastrocinque, Rethly, Vanderlinden, Vujevic, etc.
Translations into English have been made wherever possible. Further information
Is required especially from the Near and Far East. Correlation with features of
peculiar tree-rings or varved sediments will then be possible.
See: " The Spectrum of Time m etc,
Journ. Brit. Astr. Assn., London, 58,178-190and 202-204,1948,June and August
61, 22-
61, 126-128
1950, December
1951, April
"Chronology of Natural Phenomena in East and West" ; Transactions of the Sixth
International Congress of the History of Science (at Amsterdam 1950), 1951/2.
The Preliminary Reduction of Early Barometric and Wind Data
by D. Justin Schove
At present h-7.ogeneous pressure series have been constructed back to A.D. 1820
or earlier only for Greenwich, Edinburgh and several Norwegian stations. The
errors in the early records were so many that even the Dutch observations have
not been reduced to modern standards. However, these errors (i.e. index-errors,
temperature corrections) were often constant for several years. Each time the
instrument was moved or changed, this "constant error" changed also. The dates
and magnitudes of such changes can be determined by comparison with the mean of
several surrounding records and by a judicious use of wind records. Wind fre-
quency tables can be converted approximately into S- and W- vectorcomponents by a
simple formula : 10 3 = [10 S + 7(SE+SW)] - [10 N + 7(NW+NE)]
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Maps can be constructed showing wind and pressure deviations of a middle year
e.g. 1752 from a three-year mean e.g. 1751-53. Impossible values are eliminated
and replaced by interpolations. The date and magnitude of changes in the "cOns-
tent errors', are determined. Corrected values are now being used for deviations
from decade means (e.g. 1751-60). A series of pressure maps fsbbing'construuted'
for the period A.D. 1720-1950. Early barometric and wind records are needed from
all parts of the world.
MAPS
A new Radiosonde
A. Hauer, J.L. Leistra, R.J. Ritsma, H.V. Suchtelen, M. van Tol,H.J.A. Vesseur.
By the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute at De Silt and "N.V. Philips
Gloeilampenfabriekenu at Eindhoven in close cooperation, a radiosonde was deve-
loped.- The new sonde contains almost no mechanically moving parts; this was
reached by transmitting, the indications of pressure, temperature and humidity
simultanously, this makes switching in the sonde superfluous.
The thermometer is a small N.T.C.-resistance (aceramic resistance with negative
temperature coefficient). It is placed outside the sonde without any screening.
For the barometer a hypsometer filled with methylchloride is used. The boiling
point is measured by a N.T.C.-resistance; exact dimensioning of the insulation
of the boilingglass makes that at all possible ascent-velocities and lapse ra-
tes, the liquid remains boiling, without too strong vapourising.
The hygrometer is a strip of goldbeaterskin which tunes a condensator (trimmer
type). Each measuring element is part of the network of a separate RC-oscilla-
tor, in the construction of which special care has been taken for a small depen-
dency on variations of temperature and tension.
A FM-transmitter with a frequency of 27 kc/sec is modulated by the frequencies
of the tree oscillators which are laying in different regions. After reception
the three signals are separated by filters.
tWber dieiBeziehungen des bodennahen Ozon zu atmosphEri schen Vorgangen
von H. Ungeheuer
Der Deutsche Wetterdienst in der US-Zone hat an seiner BiokUMAtISCheft Forschungs?
stelle Bad T81z seit 1949 laufend in halbstdndigem Abstand Messungen des boden-
nahen Ozon mit dem Gert von Curry-Dirnagl durchfUhren lessen. Diese Relativ-
werte merden neuerdings mit einer nach der Ehmertischen Methode geeichten Skala
aur Absolutwerte umgerechnet.
Es ergab sich, dass die Versorgung der bodennahen Luft mit Ozon ausschliesslich
ant' solche Wettervorggnge zurdckgefdhrt werden kann, welche einen vertikalen
Austausch mit der ozonfUhrenden Schicht oberhalb der Grundschicht herstellen.
Diese sind: a) thermischer Austausch (Konvektion); turbulenter Austausch
(Turbulenz); c) Fdhn (zyklonal und antizyklonal); d) Bergwind.
Die Reduktion des Ozons in Bodennghe geht rasch vor slob. Es erscheint kaummoglich,aus bodennahen.
OzonmessungenaufdieOzonkonzentration oberlaalb der Grundschichtzu schliessen,jedonsinddie
boderinahert Ozonwerte em Indicator far,die sonstnur schwermessbarenkomplexenAustauschvorggnge.
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The Determination of the Radiation Balance of the Earth
by H. ?':orikofer, Davos (Switzerland)
According to the programme which has been drawn by the Radiation Commission and
aPProvedtY the I.M.A. at their meetings in Oslo, 1946, the problem of the expe-
rimental determination of the radiation balance of the earth has been studied
thoroughly Pt the Observatory of Davos by two research fellows, P. Courvoisier
and H. Wierzelewski. First of all the exact physical theory of all radiation and
heat currents which affect the results of a radiation balance meter, has been
developed by means of thermal resistances and equivalent circuits. It yielded (1)
an exact formula for the connection between radiation balance and Instrument
readings, (4;) means to co-moute the dependance of the latter of wind-velocity in
agreement bet ween theory and wind channel experiments, (-3) formulas for the effect
of air temperature changes. From an these investigatil ts results that the hi-
therto described instruments are too simplified to give exact values of the
actual radiation balance. A new model with a well de-fined ventilation of the
receiving surfaces and with further improvements has been developed; it can be
used also as an effective pyranometer.
Development, Thickness Patterns and the
Equivalent Barotropic Atmosphere
by IC. McVittie
Equations of motion, continuity, vorticity and heat-transfer transformed from
coordinates (x,y,z) to coordinates (x,y,p; without use of hydrostatic eqUation
in the vertical. Introduction of approximation based on empirical fact that the
isobaric surfaces are slightly inclined to the vertical. Deduction of the hy-
drostatic relation and simplification of the fundamental equations by means of
this anproximation combined with the use of dimentioless variables. Definitions
of certain types of geostroonic and non-geostrophic motions presumed to occur
in the atmosphere. Different definitions lead to (a) C.-G. Rossby's potential
vorticity equation; (b) the development and thickness-patterns theory of R.C.
Sutcliffe; (c)J.G. Cnarney's treatment of the equivalent barotroplc atmosphere.
Physical interpretation of the underlying definitions in the three cases.
Drift Currents in an Enclosed Ocean Part 11
by Koji Hidaka, Tokyo, Geophysical Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo.
A theory of Wind-driven oceanic circulation in an enclosed ocean is given, ta-
kingtle meridional variation of the Coriolis forces and the lateral mixing into
account. The ocean is supposed to extend from 60?S to 60?N and from 110*q to
160?W, being approximately equal in -size to the Pacific Ocean. The meridional
variation of wind system derived from the practical observations over the ocean
has been furnished by Walter H. N'unTr. The problem has been solved on a rotating
globe.Tbe coefficient of lateral mixing is taken equal to about 3 x 107c.g.s. as
sucasted by Mun'T. Pnd Henry 3tommel. The circulation pattern is given by the
mace transport stream lines and the result is very similar to hunk's. The two
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pattern have been given, one for a zonal and another for an anticyclonic wind
distribution. The mass transport of the Kuroshio is found to be about 80x 1012
g/s for a zonal wind system and about 44x 1012 g/s for an anticyclonic wind
system. The mass transport of the Kuroshio derived from the observations is,
according to H.U. Sverdrup, 65x 1012 g/s and falls between the two limits.
Circulation in a Zonal Ocean induced by a Planetary Wind System
by Koi Hidaka, Geophysical Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo
The movement of water in a zonal ocean bounded by two latitude circles on a ro-
tating globe is treated on the assumption that it is induced by the superincum-
bent planetary wind belts. Of course, such an ocean will not exist on the Earth,
but it will not be impossible for us to find out some parts of the oceans actu-
ally existing on the Earth, in which above condition can be regarded approxima-
tely fulfilled. The current chertrl of One 6cePrp teach us that the part of the
Pacific Ocean around the date mertd1pn hen the characteristics of such a zonal
ocean to some extent. In the present research, relations are obtained between
the wind stresses, mass transport and pressure distribution in such an ocean.
The effect of lateral mixing process was considered and its coefficient was es-
timated to be about 109 c.g.s.
Oberwachung des Wasserhaushaltes des Bodens (lurch den Deutschen
Wetterdienst in der US? Zone von Dr. Fritz Schnelle
Zentralamt des Deutschen Wetterdienstes in der US-Zone - Bad Kiss ingen -
Die Meteorologie kann sicn in Zukunft nicht nur mit der Feststellung der reinen
Niederschlagsmenge begnagen, sie muss auch weiter verfolgen, was aus dem Nieder-
schlag wird, wenn er den Boden erreicht hat. Es muss laufend festgestelltwerden,
wie der .Niederschlag in den Boden eindringt und dort gespeichert wird, wie er
in den Untergrund absickert und wie er zum Tell auch nach oben verdunstet.
Der Deutsche Wetterdienst in der US-Zone hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, den
Verbleib des Regenwassers in Boden laufend zu verfolgen. Er aberwacht den Was-
servorrat des Bodens in einem Nets von mehreren Beobachtungsstationen, die in
verschiedenen Klimagebieten liegen. An diesen Stellen, Bei denen es sich voral-
lem um die Agrarmeteorologischen Forschungsstellen handelt, werden regelmassig
'Bestimmungen der Bodenfeuchtigkeit bis zu im Tiefe in Stufen von 10 zu 10 cm
durchgefahrt. Zweimal in der Woche erfolgt gleichzeitig an allen Beobachtungs-
stellen die Probeentnahme auf unbewachsenem Boden, so dass damit der Wasservor-
rat in allen Bodenschichten laufend Uberwacht wird. Zum Vergleich werden ent-
sprechende Untersuchungen in Boden auch unter verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen
durchgefahrt.
tinter Benutzung ausgestochener Bodenzylinder von bekanntem Rauminhalt werden
such die Volumenprozente errechnet,,Es wird also festgestellt,welche Wassermenge Om
mm) t.atsNchlich ineiner Bodenschicht von .bestimmter Dicke enthalten 1st.
In das Ausmass der Bodenverdunstung gewinnt man einen Einblick durch die Verwen-
dung von Lysimetern. Alle Beobachtungsstationen, die der Uberwachung des Wassm?
haushalts in Boden dienen, sind mit Klelnlys1metern nach Popoff ausgergstet,dle
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an der Agrarmeteorologischen Forschungsstelle Giessen erprobt und verbessert
wurden. Mit diesen Kleinlysimetern, die aus Blechzylindern von 25 cm line be-
steften, werden die tgglichen Anderungen des Wassergehalts der ausgestochenen
Bodenschicht durch die Bestimmung der Gewichtsunterschiede ermittelt. Bei dem
elmen dieser P000ff'schen Gergte let der Blechzylinder unten verschlossen (Lysi-
meter), so dass das durchsickernde Bodenwasser aufgefangem wird. Per andere
Blechzylinder (Evaporimeter) 1st unten nicht verscblossen, sondern der darin
enthaltene Boden let nun durch em n dfinnes Sieb von dem Untergrund getrennt, so
dass das im Zulinder enthaltene Bodenwasser mit dem. Watser in Untergrund unge-
hindert in Verbindung steht und le nach oben verdunstet. Bei dieser Methode 1st
also rile MOglichkeit gegeben, die lurch Verdunstung bewirkte Vergnderung des
Wasservorrats im gewachsenen Boden laufend zu verfolgen. Es kOnnen danit zwar
keine Absolutwerte der tatsgchlichen Verdungstung der betreffenden BOden erhal,
ten werden, ater nach den an den Lysimetern amgebrachten Verbesserungen kommt
man den wirklichen Verhgltnissen schon sehr nahe, Vor ellen gewinnt man dmrch
Vergleich der einzelnen Stationen einen Einblick in den zeitlichen Verlauf der
Bodenverdunstung in verschiedenen Klimagebieten. Ein Vbrzug der Kleinlysimeter
llegt darin, dass sie den Baden in natiltlicher Lagerung enthalten.
Mit einer .Grosslysimeteranlage, die sichan der Agrarmeteorologischen Forschungs-
stelle in Giessen befindet, werden laufend die Sickerwassermengen verschiedener
BOden festgestellt. Piece Messergebnisse gewghren einen Einblick in das ver-
schiedene Verhaaten einzelner Bodsnarten bei der Wasserabgabe an den Untergrund.
An der Verbesserung dieser verschledenen Methode wird laufend gearbeitet,um den
tatsgchlichen Verhgltnissen ire unberiihrten Baden moglichst nahe zu kommen.
fiber diese verschiedenen Probleme des Wasserhaushalts des Bodens - Wasservorrat
in Boden, Verdunstung, Versickerung - liegen bereits mehrlghrige, in einigen
Klimagebieten Mittel- und SOddeutschlands gewonnene-Erbebnisse vor, die der Me-
teorologie, besonders der Agrarmeteorologie, der WasserwirtsChaft sowie der
Land- und Forstwirtschaft cur Beantwortung verschiedener Fragen dienen.
Studies on Trade?Wind Circulation and Equatorial Westerlies
by H. Flohn ( Bad Kissungen )
Climatological investigations of upper winds in regions of undisturbed trades
led to the result, that the
the ground layer is blowing
above 1- 3kms, i.e. above the
Heiaht in kms
Swan Island
mean meridional component
towards the meteorological
trade-wind inversion,
0 1 2 2.
17,4?N NSSS
of wind on surface and, on
equator, but at levels
in an opposite direction.
Marshall-Islands
8-11?N
N N ? S
...NE Trades
"Meteor"
5-20?N
NNSS
Belem
1.5? S
N N S .
Galapagos
0,5?S
SSNN
...Equatorial
Region
"Meteor"
5?N-5?S
WIN
Fernando Noronha
3.8? S
S S S N
"Meteor"
5-20?S
...SE Trades
SS N N .
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Meridional Component of Resultant Wind in the Tropics by H. Finn
This meridional circulation-in a statistical sence - seems to be symmetrical to
the intertropic convergence zone (ITC). The reversal of meridional components at
the 1-3km level has nothing to do with the reversal of zonal components, which
in equatorial regions occurs at nearly 10 kms. The so-called antitrade above the
tropical easterlies can be considered as (quasigeostrophic) part of the extra-
tropical westerlies. The magnitude of the (ageostrophic) meridional circulation
across the isobars, caused by friction, averages 1-2 m/sec, while the zonal
(geostrophic) velocity varies between 5 and 10 m/sec.
If we examine the vertical wind shear from surface layer to 1-2 kms above the
tropical Atlantic, in dependence of latitude, we find a shifting below 50 Lat.
The amount of vertical shifting increases with decreasing latitudes until its
maximum at the equator. From these observations we can derive in the equatorial
zone below 50 Lat the existence of antitrlptic winds near the surface,of Euler
winds in upper levels. Disregarding toe friction layer, the geostrophic relations
can be considered as approximatively valid poleward 100 Lat.
Inside the tropical easterlies ("Urpassat") we observe a relatively shallbw zone
of equatorial westerlies, if the ITC splits into two branches, and if one of the-
se branches is situated far enough - assumably more than 10 degrees of latitude -
from the mathematical equator. When investigating the observations of more than
150 pilot stations in tropical latitudes the following results will be obtained:
1) Equatorial westerlies are observed, both in summer and winter, in a zOne from
the western coast of Africa across the whole Indian Ocean and the Indo-Australian
Archipel up to the western Pacific (30?W-180?E); on the surface we find also
predominant westerly winds along the western coast of equatorial South America
(75-90?W). In the remaining parts of the equatorial zone easterly winds seem to be
predominant, but occasionally westerly winds are occurring, accompanied by
large weather disturbances.
2) The mean vertical extension of westerlies varies from less than 1 km at some
places in West Africa to 6-7 kms in Southern India during summer.
3) The horizontal ettension varies from 12 to 30-35 degrees latitude, the grea-
test part being situated on the actual summer hemisphere.
4) The zone of equatorial westerlies extends, in all seasons, on both sides of
the equator (Meinardus 1893); therefore the explanation by a trade overrunning
the equator and deflected by the Coriolis force must be wrong.
5) The so-called monsoons of tropical latitudes are derived from the seasonal travelling
and/or expending of equatorial westerlies and tropical easterlies. Both "monsoon rains"
and "zenithal rains" of the tropics are caused by disturbances on the travelling branches of ITC.
The interpretation of these facts, together with the observed horizontal de-
crease of temperature towards the ITC, just above the trade-wind inversion, leads
to the conclusion that the equatorial westerlies form a quasigeostrophic air
current, the extension on both side of the equator being unexplained as yet.
A more complete paper with references will appear soon in "Archly fur Meteoro-
logle, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie"; cf. also H. Flohn, Ber. Dt. Wetterdienst
US-Zone 18 (1950), and Erdkunde 4 (1950), 141-162. (H. Flohn - Bad Kissingen- )
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Resultats provisoires dune methode d'analyse
en altitude utilise en France par R. Pone
La methode consiste a porter sur des cartes une figuration des sondages sur des
diagrammes redults ayant pour coordonnees la pression et in temperature pseudo-
adiabatique potentielle du thermometre mouille.
Pratiquee quotidiennement depuis plus de six ans avec de legeres modifications,
elle a donne des resultats interessants,en particulier sur les points suivants:
- Structure des perturbations. Il est apparu que, pour tenir compte des rensei-
gnements fournis par les sondages 11 fallait envisager des structures de per-
turbations plus complexes. On dolt, entre autres, multiplier le nombre des mas-
ses d'air entrant en jeu, faire intervenir des secteurs chauds emboitds, faire
appel plus frequemment aux processus de secluSion etc. Cette complexitd, une
fob s mise en evidence our les sondages peut etre retrouvee et son evolution
suivie our les cartes synoptiques habituelles.
- Circulation et evolution des masses d'air relativement aux centres d'action.
On a constatd que les masses d'air revelees par l'examen synoptique des sonda-
ges se groupent en types,facilement identifiables. Ces types de masses d.air se
situent d'une manibre bien definie par rapport aux centres d'actions; leur cir-
culation et leur evolution autour de coo centres s'explique simplement.
- Relations entre les masses d'air dela troposphere et de la basse stratosphere.
Les essais de trace detailld des cartes de tropopause et de coupes verticales
haute altitude, compares aux cartes portant les sondages semblent montrer que,
au moms dans certains can, la tropopause fait suite directement aux limites de
masses d,air tropospheriques Il semble egalement que certaines masses d'air se
trouvent en partie tropospheriques, en partie stratosphdriques sans que le pas-
sage de l'une a l'autre de ces parties se marque par une discontinuite.
Evolution des gouttes d'eau
par M. Kivellovitch et J. Roulleau
Etablissement d'Etudes et de Recherches Metdorologiques- Paris
Ce travail a pour but d'etablir de facon aussi rigoureuse que possible les equa-
tions de la thermodynamique des gouttes d'eau dans l'atmosphere.
Les conditions d'utilisation des equations de diffusion (materielle et thermique)
a l'etat d'equilibre sont tout d'abord precisees; on montre que l'etablissement
du regime permanent est extrgmement rapide. On fait par ailleurs ressortir que
le coefficient de diffusion moleculaire ne peut gtre employe que si Pon consi-
dere in goutte comme entouree d'une couche limite.
Il est alors possible dtetablirunbilan thermique de la goutte d'eau en tenant compte
de la chaleurlatente d'evaporation et des dchanges par conduction. Ce bilan se traduit
Par une equation differentielle du second brdre reliant le rayon de la goutte a sa
dureed'evolution. L'integration de cette equation (nonlindaire) est effectuee. On
obtient une relation f(s,t) qui coIncide avec cello qu'a donne Houghton pour in
Pius grande partie de la duree de vie de la goutte. Main Houghton assimilait
empiriquement la temperature de la goutte a celle du thermometre mouille: cette
difficultd disparait, la temperature de in goutte pouvant -etre calculee.
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L?introduction de la couche limite conduit d'autre part a modifier le coeffi-
cient num4rique de la formule d'Houghton. Les exp6riences de Dady montrent que
cette modification siaccorde convenablement avec le r4sultat des observations.
The cellulare structure of general circulation by R. Scherhag (Berlin)
After the world aerological network has achieved the desirable degree of density
and atmospheric occurences over the inner artic regions are being controlled by
regular American weather reconnaissance flights, it has been shown that general
circulation in the upper layers of the atmosphere posses a distinct cellular
structure. The pronounced and more or less circularly shaped cold centers ori-
ginate from adiabatic upward movements within artic cyclones. They persist for
periods between several weeks and even several months, proceeding with the
strongest stream within their area. The splitting-off during the winter into
two seperate centers over the Canadian archipelago north of the Hudson-Bay and
over northeastern Siberia north of Werchojansk as shown by the mean 500 nib maps
is explained through the pattern of surface isothermes as governed by the dis-
tribution of sea and land areasr,
Radar Observations of Rain and Mechanism of Rain Formation
by E. G. Bowen (Australia)
The radar echoes obtained from rain may be divided into two broad classes, one
of which shows a band of high echo intensity just below freezing level,the other
a column structure. These echoes have been examined using both ground and airbor-
ne radar and by making aircraft flights through t
gest that the two types of radar echo correspond
rain formation.
The band of high echo intensity occurs when rain
hem. The results obtained sug-
to two distinct mechanisms of
forms by the Bergeron process.
Flight observations confirm that the band is due to the melting of ice particles
as they fall past the 0? isotherm. Foi' this reason it is suggested that it should
in future be called the "melting band". In addition, other radar bands have been
observed to form at heights in the atmosphere where the temperature is in the vi-
cinity of -16? Centigrade. The properties of these bands are such that they are
probably due to the sudden appearance of ice crystals at that level. From a com-
parison with the results of laboratory experiments it is concluded that the ap-
pearance of the bands is due to the spontaneous freezing of relatively large
droplets in the cloud.
The column type echoes appear in convective clouds which might be entirely war-
mer than 9? C. or which might extend some thousands of feet above freezing level.
Flight. observations of conditions within these clouds show that ice and'snow par-
ticles are not involved and the precipitation consists entirely of water drops.
The characteristics of the precipitation are consistent with it having formed by
the coalescence process.
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Climatic Change in Australia, 1880 - 1940 by E. L. Deacon
Section of Meteorological Physics, Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organisation
An appreciable climatic trend in recent years over much of the northern hemi-
sphere has been demonstrated (Ahlmann 1948 has reviewed much of the evidence)
and it appears that the transport of heat into high latitudes by the general
circulation has increased during the last 40 or 50 years. To supplement the ra-
ther meagre evidence of simultaneous changes in the southern hemisphere, an
examination of some Australian data has been made.
The search was started with the guiding idea that a change in the general cir-
culation in this region would probably show up most strongly in the summer sta-
tistics as there is at this season a very strong temperature contrast between
central Australia and the Southern Ocean. A change in advective influences would
be expected to affect inland summer temperatures. For this purpose mean monthly
temperatures, which are averages of the mean monthly maxima and minima, are not
very suitable, as factors such as wind strength, cloud and raifall (wetness of
ground) often affect maximum temperatures inversely to minima. Maximum tempe-
ratures have been taken to be more reliable than minima as the latter are very
variable from point to Point, especially in a region where clear skies and
light winds are frequent.
Moving 10-year averages of mean summer (Dec., Jan., Feb.) maximum temperature
of some typical Australian inland stations are shown in Fig. 1. There are some
differences in character between the graphs but all shawa.marked falling trend
over much of the period with a levelling off or reversal in the last 10 orl5years
This suggested the coparison of mean values for the two thirty-year:periods
1881-1910 and 1911-1940, a choice which also seemed appropriate in the light
of the northern hemisphere trends. Listed below are the inland localities in
central, south and south east Australia which have sufficiently long and com-
plete records, together with the difference in 30-year average mean summer
maximum temperature, between 1881-1910 (called Tl ) and 1911-1940 (T2 )
(TI-T2)? F (E1- %)? F
Alice 3prings (23,98;133.9E)
2.3 -
Hay (34.58;144.9E)
3,1
Walgett (30.08;148.2E)
2.6 -
Goulburn (34.88;149.7E)
05
Bourke (30.18;145.1E)
2.4 -
Albury (36.13;146.9E)
0,8
Narrabri (30.38;149.8E)
3.0 -
Echuca (36.23;144.7E)
1.6
Coonabarabran (31.38;149.3E)
2.9
Cooma (36.28;149.1E)
4.7
Dubbo (32.38;148.6E)
2.3 -
Bendigo (36,88;1443E)
3.6
Bathurst (33.48;149 6E)
2.1 -
Omeo (37,18;147.5E)
2,7
The magnitude and consistency of the change suggests the cause to be
rather than changing observational technique or exposure.
Rainfall data were examined for evidence supporting the apparent temperature trend
and in Fig. 2 the percentage increase of 30-year mean summer rainfall for. 1911-40
Over that for 1881- 1910 is shown for south and south-east Australia
climatic
* Very few records back to 1880 are available for other parts of the continent,
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This shows some remarkable increases in summer rainfall in the second period
with the greatest values on western slopes of high land in S. Australia and Vic-
toria, The whole pattern is suggestive of a northerly shift of the mean position
of the northerly margin of the westerlies between the two periods. This appears
to apply only to the summer position of the westerlies as winter rainfall data
mainly show little change in the 30-year means. Perhaps there is some signifi-
cance in the fact that simultaneous seasons in the Vio hemispheres exhibit the
most marked climatic trends, a result possibly due to the very unequal distri-
bution of land between the hemispheres.
Reference: Ahlmann, H.W. 1949. Geogr. J. 62, 165
SLIDES
A Survey of the Stress between the Ocean and Atmosphere
by C.H.B. Priestley
Based on the formula -r=k p V2 between stress and.surface wind, a survey has
been made of the mean distribution of stress between ocean and atmosphere, sea-
son by season and latitude by latitude from 55?N to 55?S. The work has involved
the analysis of some 4000 wind frequency roses, each rose applying to a 50 la-
titude-longitude region in one of the four months January, April,July,October.
The mean value of the eastward component of stress on the atmosphere was eva-
luated from each rose, and the components then averaged over all longitudes for
a given latitude and season. The constant value of K employed was 0.0013, the
mean of all determinations to date, The formula, despite its limitations, is
adequate to display the main comparative features of the stress distribution
and its variation with latitude, season, and between oceans.
The main results are shown in figurel.
Sub-means have also been extracted for the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans
individually. It is hoped to show these as slides at the Assembly for theit'po6-.
sible interest in physical oceanography,- Variations in p have not been allo-
wed for as their effect is small compared with the total uncertainties.
The total torque T or source of eastward angular momentum to the atmosphere
between latitudes Ti and cp2 is
T = 27IR3 f t, cos2cpdco ;
assuming the ocean torques to be representative, to a first approximation, for
the atmosphere as a whole. The latitude scale in figure 1 is proportional to
2T+ sin 2cp, so that areas intercepted between the curve and the ordinate axes
are proportional to the total torque. The value of these torques for the prin-
cipal zones, separated for definitive purposes by the points of zero mean stress
(or minimal stress between the two tropical zones) is given in the table.
Zone Jan. April July Oct. Annual Mean
TABLE
MEAN TORQUE
ABOUT EARTH'S AXIS
N Temparate -2.6 -1.6 -0.6 -1.2 -1.4
N. Tropical +4.0 +3.5 +1.2 +2.0 +2.5
S. Tropical +3.2 +3.6 +4.1 +3.7 +3.7
S. Temperate -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 -3.2 -3.0
Unit =1026 gm cm2sec-2= 3.15x 1033 C.G.S. units of angular momentum per year.
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It is desirable to infer a first approximation to the distribution with latitu-
de of angular momentum flux in the atmosphere, so providing a counterpart to the
estimates by Simpson and others of the energy flux, To do this an approximate
balance between source and sink, not present in the Table, must be struck. Des-
pite the neglect of the land-sea differences, it is thought that a main source
of error is due to the principle that the effective (statistical) K should be
greater over an ocean where the wird is more variable in space and time than
over one where it is relatively steady and uniform; for not only should the in-
crease of roughness with increasing wind be allowed for, particularly the sudden
increase at about 7 m/sec, but so also should the greater degree of adaptation
of the wave form and surface current to a uniform and steady than to a variable wind,
- Since the magnitude of this effect is not at present known, the semi-empirical
adjustment made has been to increase all stresses in the temperate zone by 40
per cent, yielding exact balance for the year. This would include the proper,
approximately 10 per .cent, adjustment for the variation of mean p with latitude.
The flux distribution for the year, and for January and July, was then found by
accumulating the totals algebraically. For October and April additional allo-
wance was made for the changes in mean angular momentum occurring during those
months, these being obtained from mean surface pressure charts and vertical
cross-sections. The flux distributions are shown in figure 2. The seasonal fi-
gures are in error towards the extremes due to the unbalanced residual source
or sink and neglect of the polar caps, but these uncertainties are not large
enough.to affect the main comparative features of the distributions. Reviewing
the whole computation, the main absolute flux values are thought to be if any-
thing underestimated, but not by more than 50 per cent of the values shown in figure 2.
- It is hoped to give some discussion of the more striking features of the re-
sults here Presented.
SLIDES
The measurement of the vertical transfer of beat, water vapour and
momentum by eddies in the lower atmosphere
by W.C. Swinbank (Section of Meteorological Physics, Commonwealth .Scienti-
ic and Industrial Research Organization, Australia)
The direct method of measuring tne vertical fluxes of properties such as heat
in the lower atmosphere derive' from the recoznition of such transfer as being
brought about by the comnlel, -ovement of eddies in the turbulent air stream.
Provided we can record the detailed structure of the air Passing a point both in
respect of the property under study and of the air movement itselftwn can derive
from such records the rate of vertical transf2r of the particular property at
the point considered.- Thus, if the value of the property is x per unit mass
of air, the synchronous values of the vertical component of air velocity and of
air density being w and p respectively, then (all values being instantaneous)
the instantaneous vertical rate of transfer of the Tuantity is pwx
If now we consider a period of time in which n such observations are made, the
mean vertical flux is 12: pwx which may be written
pwx
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Provided the period chosen is long enough we can in this way derive a represen-
tative value for the flux of any quantity. The practical problem, therefore, is
to design apparatus capable of providing instantaneous values of the quantities
pm and x. The major consideration in such design is the a-
bility of the instrument to respond quickly enough to the variation of the par-
ticular property it is to measure to ensure that no detail necessary to an ac-
curate measurement of the flux is omitted. Now it is probable that the gamut of
eddy sizes extends without break down to molecular movement, and any instrument
must fail to record detail long before this stage is teached. Though molecular
transfer itself is easily shown to be quite insignificant, there appears to be
no method of determining a priori that size below which eddies make no substan-
tial contribution to the flux. The limiting time response for the apparatus
then becomes a matter of trial and error.
With these considerations in mind apparatus has been design to provide conti-
nuous,records of the fine structure of the temperature, vapour pressure, wind
speed, wind inclination and azimuth of the air passing a fixed point. This is
described in detail elsewhere (Journal of Meteorology, in the press), and only
a brief description is necessary here. The wind structure (in reality momentum
structure) as regards speed, inclination and azimuth is measured by a double
0.001 inch diameter platinum hot wire anemometer the temperature structure by
means of 0.001 inch copper-constantan thermocouples, and the vapour pressure
structure by,means of a composite system of 0.001 inch dry- and wet-bulb ther-
mocouples incorporated in an electrical network designed on the psychrometric
equation to yield an output linear in vapour pressure (Swinbank, W.C.: Journal
of Scientific Instruments, Vol.28,N?3, p.86-89,1951). Each of these elements
has, for a suddenly applied change in the property it is designed to measure, a
90 per cent response time of less than one second. The output from each circuit
is measured with a short period critically damped galvanometer, and all five
currents are recorded synchronously on photographic paper carried on a rotating
drum. A specimen record is shown in the attached figure.
The analysis of such records to provide measures of the fluxes of heat, water
vapour and momentum provides some points of interest. These are discilssed in
detail elsewhere (loc cit.), but one in particular merits brief mention here.
The expression pwx represents the total vertical flux of the property x, and
may thus be composed In part of a vertical mass flux (non-horizontality of the mean
flow may be due, for example, to sloping ground: it may easily be shown that
flow quasi-parallel to ground of slope even too smallto'be measured would yet in-
volve avertical mass transfer of properties such as heat sufficient to swamp the
eddy flux); the remainder being due to the eddy flux we wish to measure. The two
components must be separated, and this is achieved by referring the fluctuations
in pw to the mean vertical flux of air mass, which we denote by pw. Thus
pw'Y = [pW + (l)W )1] (x0+ x,) where x xo+ x', xo being some convenient stan-
dard from which to measure the fluctuations x'. Then the eddy flux of x= (pw xl
It is shown (loc.cit.) that this method of analysis (and it should be noted that
separation in this way of the eddy flux from the mass flux is essential) yields
a value of the flux whose accuracy is at least as good as that of the
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measurement of ,Ow, which is estimated to be better than 5 per cent.
In practice the calculation of the flux of any particular property involves the
series multiplication of its record with that of (pw ) ', and this is carried out
by means of a differential analyser specially designed for the purpose.
Measurements of the vertical eddy fluxes of heat, water vapour and momentum ha-
ve already been made with satisfactory results, and an intensive programme of
investigation has been started. Fluxes of the various quantities are being mea-
sured in a variety of synoptic situations. In clear weather they are being sup-
plemented with measurements of all other factors involved in the heat balance
at the earth's surface, namely, direct and diffuse solar radiation, long wave
radiation from the ground and atmosphere, and heat transfer into the ground
The synchronous measurement of all factors concerned in the heat balance serves,
incidentally, as a check on the accuracy of the measurement of the fluxes of
sensible heat and water vapour.- Results already obtained confirm the predic-
tion (Priestley, C.H.B. and Swinbank, W.C. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 189,p.543-561,
1947) that the laws of turbulent transfer for heat and for the other properties
are different, the transfer coefficient for the former being greater in lapse
conditions, and smaller otherwise. The present indications are that momentum
transfer is, in turn, effected differently from that of water vapour.
Up to the present flux measurements have been restricted to one level, but a
duplicate apparatus has now been made to provide synchronous records at two le-
vels. From these useful information will be obtained bearing on the variation
of the various fluxes witn heizht.
3LIflE3
Sur la condensation de la vapeur d'eau danS l'atmosphere
-,)ar L. Dufour (Bruxelles)
L'objet de cette communication est de d4duire rationnellement, des principes de
la thermodynamique, les fOrmules permettant de traiter les diff4rents problemes
que pose 114tude d'une goutte de solution en suspension dans l'atmosphere.
Afin de conserver au travail le plus deWndralltd possible, les hypotheses ne
sont introduites ou'au fur et a mesure des besoins, ce qui permet de ddterminer
le domaine d'applicabilitd des formules utilises dans les applications.
Influence et Divergence par J. Bessemoulin1 (14.6t4Orologfe Nationale de France)
On appelle difluence d'un courant (difl V), de vitesse V=V(x,y,z,t) la varia-
tion relative de la section droite d'un tube de courant, variation mesurde le
long d'une ligne de flux.
Si n est le vecteur unitaire de la vitesse 1, la difluence est 4gale a la di-
vergence du vecteur n. Il existe une relation simple entre div Vet difl V.
Sur une carte synoptique, on peut aisdment mesurer ou au moms valuer la diflu-
ence hori7ontale et en eldcluire La divergence horizontale.
Applications m4t4orologiques.
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Ondes atmospherioues associ4es aux discontinuites du tourbillon
Application aux ondes planetaires et aux ondes de cyclone
Par P. Queney, Universit4 de Paris, France
(Cr. Comptes-rendus Ac. Sc. Paris, 1951)
Pour un jet-stream simple iddal form 4 de 2 courant" -o-aaux tels que le tourbil-
lon vertical absolu alt une valeur uniforme dans chacun d'eux male soit dis-
continu sur l'axe, la th4orie des ondes horizontales conduit a. une formule de
disperaion Tin4aire at a une longueur d'onde stationnaire?X=47-rU1/A (Ui= vi-
tesse he be_sr sur liaxe, A = discontinuit4 he ), d'ot une th4orie des centres
d'action. Si lyun les courants est l4form4 par une petite discontinuit4 supp14-
mentaire he de signs contraire a la premiere et pas trop 4loign4e d'elle, on
a des ondes instables he longueur d'onde voisine he Xo= 4-n-(Ui-U2) / At:, (U2= vi-
tesse sur la seconde discontinuit4), dloa une th4orie simple des ondes he cy-
clone he toute latitude la discontinuit4 suppl4mentaire serait le rdsultat d'un
ralentiSsement local du jet-stream provoqu4 -par des mouvements convectifs he la
troposphare. ou he l'Ozonosphare, donc les cyclones seraient ds a une instabi=
lit4 thermique conjugu4e a une instabilit4 dynamique du jet-stream.
L'acdord avec .1a r4alit4 est satisfaisant pour les cyclones naissants.
Analysis of the development and maintenance of squall lines
J.C. Freeman, J.l. Bailey, H.R. Byers, University of Chicago
Several squall lines are shown to form, move and dissipate in a manner to be ex-
pected from the motion and interaction of fluid layers. The least controversial
definition of a squall line as a synoptically significant line marking one boun-
dary of a region of convective precipitation is used. These squall lines are
studied primarily as one-dimenSional phenomena in a time-space plane and it is
shown that the squall lines and lines of large gradient of height of the stable
layer in this plane are coincident. Two new models of squall lines, related to
Tepper's pressure jump, are proposed.
On temporary leave of absence from the U.S. Weather Bureau.
Application of the statistical theory of turbulence to micrometeorology
F.N. Frenkiel
Applied Physics Laboratory
The Johns Hopkins University - Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A.
Some elements of the statistical theory of turbulence are briefly reviewed and
methods of describing the character of a turbulent field are summarized.
The statistical theory of turbulent diffusion in a fluid flow in which the in-
tensity of turbulence is of the order of magnitude encountered in the atmosphe-
re is discussed. Several relations are given for the application to the measu-
rement of correlation coefficients, intensity of turbulence and probability
distributions of velocities with conventional meteorological anemometers. Va-
rious experimental measurements of atmospheric turbulence are presented and
compared with the theoretical results.
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Reference is made to the connection between the micrometeorological conditions
and such problems as radiowave Propagation, air pollution, vaporization, air-
plane stability, etc. The need for an extensive and regular program of experi-
mental measurements of atmospheric turbulence is emphasized.
Some Aspects of the Problem of Numerical Weather Prediction
by J. Charney (Princeton)
The results of some recent numerical integrations of tile barotropic equations
for actual and for idealized initial states are presented. The baroclinic inte-
gration problem is discussed and some preliminary computations involving a
simplified baroclinic model are described.
Les fluctuations saisonnieres de la rotation du Globe terrestre
et la circulation atmospherioue enerale
par F.M. Van den Dungen, J.F. Cox et J. Van Mieghem (Universitd de Bruxelles)
La comparaison des meilleurs garde-temPs et de"1,horloge Terre" a permis de de-
celer des fluctuations salsonnibres de la rotation de in Terre. Ces fluctua-
tions peuvent e'tre expliqudes par la considdration des dchanges he quantitds de
mouvement entre 1,atmosphere et le Globe terrestre. Ii sen suit que l'on peut
ddduire des fluctuations he la rotation he la Terre des conclusions intdres-
sant la M4t4orologie.
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RAPPORTS NATIONAUX
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RAPPORTS NAT IONAUX
IRELAND
Meteorological Service
In 1937 the DePartement of Industry and Commerce, Dublin, established the Meteo-
rological Service and took over from the British Administration the meteorologi-
cal stations in the country. At present the administration is directed from a
headquaters office in Dublin at which is also situated the Climatological and
Instruments Divisions. The main outstations are the forecasting centres at Du-
blin and Shannon Airports and the Observatory at Cahirciveen(Valentia0bservatory).
The forecasting centers at Shannon and Dublin Airports provide all the forecasts
required at these centers-Shannon Airport being the main terminal for transa-
tlantic air routes: Dublin Airport being the centre for short-distance flights.
General forecasting for the public etc. is catered for at Dublin Airport.
A network of synoptic reporting stations is operated in connection with the fo-
recasting sections and certain merchant vessels are now being equiped for the
making of meteorological observations at sea.
At Valentia Observatory regular observations are made Of terrestrial magnetism.
atmospheric nuclei, upper air pressure, temperature and humidity (by radiosonde).
upper winds (by means of radar) etc. Full hourly routine of synoptic meteorolo-
gical observations is also made. Details of these activities are:
'TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM
Absolute observations of Declination. Horizontal Force and Inclination are made
weekly. Details are given In the Report to the International Association of Ter-
restrial Magnetism and Electricity.
RADIO SONDE OBSERVATIONS
Measurements of pressure, temperature and humidity in the upper atmosphere are
made by means of the Kew pattern Radio Sonde, These Observations were begun in
1943 and have since then been made twice daily. The computation of the data
which is based on the Vlistilg Aerological Diagram and. the result of the ascents
are issued as a TEMP message for general distribution Each ascent is subsequen-
ly completely recomputed. Up to December, 1948, the recomputations were based
on Bjerknes, Aerological Tables (Oeopotential given in geodynamical metres).
Since then special tables similar to Bjerknes' Tables using geopotential metre
as unit have been prepared and used for the recomputation. The data obtained
from these ascents is published monthly in Part V of the Monthly Weather Report
of the Meteorological Service as from January, 1950. It has not yet been possi-
ble to arrange for publication of the earlier data.
RADIO WIND OBSERVATIONS
From 1948 to 1948 upper wind observations were made by means of the American
equipment S.C.R. 858. Observations were made twice daily in conjunction with the
radio sonde observations. Since September, 1948, upper winds have been determi-
ned by radar using the British G.L.ffl type Radar equipment of range.88,000 ft.
k range trebler was incorporated into this equipment at the end of Mach, 1950,
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enabling the measurement of upper winds to be determined up to a range of
96.000 ft.
Up to the present, difficulties in hydrogen supply etc. have limited the radar
wind observations to one ascent daily but it is hoped to overcome these diffi-
culties at an early date.
The radio wind data is computed graphically and tabulated results are published
in Part V of the Monthly Weather Report of the Meteorological Service from Ja-
nuary, 1950.
NUCLEUS COUNTER OBSERVATIONS
In July, 1950, routine observations with a photoelectric Nucleus Counter were
1ntituto,1:- The data obtained has not yet been published,
NIGHT SKY RECORDER
In June, 1949, a night sky recorder received on loan from the British Meteorolo-
gical Office was installed and continues to be maintened at Valentia Observato-
ry as part of a selected network of stations in Great Britain and Ireland. The
records obtained are furnished to the British Meteorological Office.
OZONE OBSERVATIONS
From 1st nOvember, 1940, to 3rd February, 1941, and June, 1941, to February,
1942, observations were made with a Photo-electric spectrophotometer supplied
on loan by Dr. Dobson,
CLIMATOLOGICAL AND SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS
Hourly valuea of the usual surface meteorological elements made at the Observa-
tory are published in Part El of the Monthly Weather Report of the Meteor Service.
CLIMATOLOGICAL DIVISION
For a number otyears after the setting up of the Meteorological Service almost
the entire resources of the Service had to be devoted to meet aeronautical re-
quirements and it was possible to allocate but little staff for climatological
work: the British Meteorological Office continued to publish data for the coun-
try until the end of 1940.
111'1948 it became possible to compile and publish climatological statistics and
as from that year a Monthly Weather Report comprising four parts as follows was
instituted: Part I - General Weather Report?
Part If - Rainfall (Monthly Rainfall Totals fOr.rqTavailabIe Stations).
Part II- Hourly tabulations of the Main Meteorological Elements at
the Principal Stations.
Part Iv- Aeronautical Summary,
As from January, 1950, a fifth part has been added, giving upper air data for
Valentia Observatory.
The data for the years 1941 to 1947 will be published when conditions pernift,
Apart from compiling the data for publication in the various parts of the -
Monthly Weather Reports, this Division supplies data and reports for public
utility undertakings (water supply purposes, electricity generation, drainage
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schemes), planning of industries, design of buildings (wind pressure) air con-
ditioning plant, etc.
HYDULS20'
There is no separate hydrological service in the country. When the Meteorologi-
cal Service took over in 1937 there were some networks of rainfall stations
operated by different bodies, but, in the interests of economy and convenience,
the networks were later unified under the Meteorological Service and the hydro-
logical work operated by a section of the Climatological Division of this Service.
In 1937 there were approximately 178 rainfall stations in the country. The pro-
gramme of extension of this network to meet the 'needs of the country was ini-
tiated and there are now (December, 1950) 760 such stations.
Part II of the monthly Weather Report is devoted to giving the rainfall as mea-
sured at these stations.
Publications
The technical publications of the METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE comprise the t o-seriedt'
(a) Geophysical Publications
(b) Technical Notes
The publications 'issued to date are:
GEOPHYSICAL PUBLICATIONS
Vol. I. Harmonic Analysis and Synthesis Schedules for three to One Hundred
Equidistant Values of Empiric Functions, by Prof. L.W. Pollak, Phil. Dr. (Prague)
M.R.I.A. (1947).
Vol. II, All Term Guide for Harmonic Analysis and Synthesis using to 24; 26,
28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 46,52, 60, 68, 76, 84, and 92 Equidistant Values,
by Prof. L.W. Pollak, Phil. Dr. (Prague) M.R.I.A. (1949).
Vol III.
N? 1. Theory -and,description of a Gradient Wind Computer by M. Doporto.
Doctor en Ciencias Fisicas (1950)(Printed version of mimeographed Technical
Note N? 7).
Vol. LU.
N? 2. Smoke Sources and Visibility Forecasting in Great Britain and Ireland.
by H.H. Lamb, B.A. (1951)(Printed version of mimeographed Technical Note N?3).
Vol DI
N? 3. The Developement of a method of Estimating and Forecasting Winds at
10,000 ft. over the North Atlantic. by H.H. Lamb B.A..(1951) (Printed version
of mimeographed Technical Note N? 4).
TECHNICAL NOTES
N? 1. Doporto, M.
The Computation of Atmospheric Pressure at the 8 km. level of Constant Air
Density (1943).
NI? 2. Doporto, M.
Dynamical Aspects of the Constancy of Air Density at 8 km. (1943)
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N? 5.Bourke, P.M.A.
Ice Accretion on Aircraft.(1944)
N? 6. Doporto, M.
Cell Motion in the Atmosphere (1944)
N' DoT)orto; M:
Construction of Isobaric Charts for the Isopycnic Level
with
A Statistical Analysis of the Comparative Accuracy of Estimates of Winds at
L K.M. using Surface Charts and at 8 K.M. using Isopycnic Charts by W.A. Morgan
N? 9. Granville, M.G. (1948)
Meteorological Conditions favourable for the occurence of poor visibility and
of low cloud at Shannon Airport, (1948)
N? 10. Tierney, S.L.
Note on the occurence of Non?Frontal fog or mist at Dublin Airport during the
period October to February, (1949)
Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies
School of Cosmic Physics
In 1947 a School of Cosmic Physics was set up in the Dublin Institute for Advan?
ced Studies. The Meteorological and Geophysical Section has established a mete?
orological observatory in Dublin City which, in addition to the recordings df
the usual climatological elements, makes records of solar radiation and atmos?
pheric nuclei. The Section has taken over and newly equipped the historic cli?
matological station of Trinity College, Dublin, and is preparing a climatology
of Dublin City. It also operates a mobile meteorological laboratory for micro?
climatological studies.
Theoretical studies in mathematical research cover statistical investigations
and agricultural applications.? Research is carried on into development of
new instruments for meteorological measurements.
Publications
1. METEOROLOGICAL BULLETIN FOR DUBLIN CITY
Monthly, with an annual summary since 1948,
2. GEOPHYSICAL MEMOIRS
N? 1: L.W. Pollak and U,N. Egan, Eight?Place Supplement to Harmonic Analy?
sis and Synthesis SchP'dULes.for three to one hundred equidistant values of
empiric functions; Dublin 1949
Part 1: Register.
Part 2: Index,
N? 3:
Part 1: P. Ryan Nolan and L.W. Pollak, On the Prediction of the Yield
and Sugar Content of Sugar Beet in Ireland; Dublin 1950.
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In Course of Printing or in Prepartion
N? 3.
Part 2: L.W. Pollak, On the prediction of Sugar Beet Yield in Bohemia.
Part 3: L.W. Pollak, Effect of Temperature during the Growing Season on the
Yield and Sugar Content of Sugar Beet in Ireland.
3. GEOPHYSICAL BULLETINS
In Course of Printing or in Preparation
N? 3. L.W. Pollak, Frequency of the Centres of Closed Low Pressure Systems
over the North Atlantic Ocean.
4. L.,? Pollak, Indirect Autocorrelation.Method of searching for Periodicities.
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 52 A 11, 1949.
P.J. Nollan and P.G. Tedde, Condensation Nuclei and Meteorological Elements
in Dublin. Archly tiir Meteorologie, GeophySik und
Bioklimatologie, Vol. II (1950), Heft 4.
L.W. Pollak and P.G. Tedde, On the Frequency of Cyclones over the North '
Atlantic related to the Sunspot Cycle.Ibidem,1951.
NEW-ZEALAND
Meteorology in New Zealand and the Southwest Pacific - 1948-1950
By R.G. Simmers. ( Acting Director ).
The provision of a meteorological service for the general public and for the
specialized needs of agriculture, nydrological, aviation and maritime interests,
whether civil or military, is the responsibility within New Zealand of the New
Zealand Meteorological Service. This is a state institution, organized as a
branch .of Air DePartement. By arrangement with toe United. Kingdom and Australian
Governments the New Zealand Meteorological Service also provides the meteorolo-
gical services at British territories in the South Pacific east of longitude 170?E.
The Head Office of the Service is at Wellington. Branch offices primarily for
aviation forecasting are maintained at Nandi (Fiji) and at Auckland, Paraparau-
mu, Christchurch and Dunedin. One combined radiosonde-radar wind observing sta-
tion is operated in Fiji and two others within New Zealand. One additional ra-
diosonde station and one additional radar wind station are also operated in New
Zealand The synoptic reporting network also includes about 130 surface 'reporting
stations and 20 pilot balloon stations. The basic climatological network compri-
ses about 100 stations within New Zealand and 30 in the 3outhwest Pacific, aug-
mented by about 800 rainfall observing stations in New Zealand and. 130 in the
Southwest Pacific.
The 1948-1950 period has been largely one of considation within the Service af-
ter the rapid expansion of the war years and the severe reduction in personnel
immediately following. Shortages of experienced staff and pre-occupation with
problems of current operations and training have limited research activities,
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but some some PrOgress has been made in extending the picture Of the general circu-
lation in the Southern Hemisphere, Several officers of the Service contributed
papers at the Seventh Pacific Science Congress in 1949
No university courses are available in meteorology in New Zealand, The Meteoro-
logical Service has continued its practice of recruiting its professional staff
from science graduates, principally of the University of New Zealand, and then
providing the specialized meteorological training by instruction courses within
the Service.
AUSTRALIA
National Report on Australian Meteorological Research, 1948-51
GENERAL
The Period under review and the post-war years preceding it (for which no NatiO-
nal Report is available) has been a notable one for Australian meteorological
research. The Commonwealth Meteorological Branch, in addition to its normal
functions and post-war readjustments, has established stations in the Southern
Ocean at Heard and Macquarie Islands, and also embarked on an extensive pro-
gramme of agricultural climatology. It has worked in close collaboration with
the Departement of Meteorology, University of Melbourne, in the establishment
of a small observatory for atmospheric radiation studies. Including the spectr6d
composition of light from sun and sky, and has planned a network of radiation
stations throughout the continent; also in collaboration the possibilities of
seasonal forecasting are being investigated. In the Commorwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization the period has seen the creation crtthenSectiOn'
of Meteorological Physics, whose programme now includes fundamental studies in
problems of surface meteorologyodynamic meteorology and the general circulation.
The Section has set up a field station near Melbourne for research in atmosphe-
ric turbulence and energy exchanges. The Division of Radiophysics,
has launched a programme of research into cloud and rain physics and the possi-
bilities of artificial rain stimulation,
During the period, Australian meteorologists took part in the cruises of the
"Wyatt Earp" 1948,"Commandant Cheroot" 1950, and "Discoveryll" 1950, when mete-
orological conditions and problems of the Antartic and Southern Ocean were studied,
TROPICAL METEOROLOGY
An innovation in this field during the period was the study of tropical hurri-
canes by microseismic methods undertaken by Dr. A O. Jones of the University of
Queenland- A one-to-one correspondence was observed between the existence of
ocean hurricanes in the vicinity and the occurrence of group microseism, with
the exception that the latter were sometimes observed from cold fronts with very
steep gradients. The amplitudes increased rapiay as the hurrfcules approached the station
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A comprehensive account of the meteorology of the Eastern Indian Ocean was pu-
blished by Hogan (1948),
The relationship between streamlines and pressure gradients over Australia and
adjacent tropical areas is being investigated through analyses of 850 mb. con-
tour and 5000 ft, streamline charts.
On the theoretical side a study of cyclone structure by James (1951) included
the development of a parameter for investigating tropical cyclone behaviour
from autographic data at single stations.
ANTARTIC AND SUB-ANTARTIC METEOROLOGY
On the whole, however, emphasis fell away from tropical meteorology and the in-
centive which this had received during the war years, and was replaced by a
growing volume of work on conditions in southern latitudes, made possible by
the manning of sub-Antartic Islands and Antartic voyages. At the time of pre-
paration of this Report, a detailed analysis of the records for 1948 is about
to be issued: meanwhile papers by Langford (1948, 1950), Gibbs (1949) and Got-
ley (1950) have appeared. Observations of the turbulent fluctuations of air
temperature and wind velocity and of the mean vertical gradients were made in
the vinicity of the Antartic Convergence during a cruise of the R,R.S,"Disco-
very II" (Deacon and Taylor, to be published). Studies of Foehn and katabatic
winds in Antartica have been Published "(Loewe*? 1950 a.and It is planned
to establish a base on the Antartic continent. Studies of upper atmospheric
phenomena including ionospheric, ozone, aurural and cosmic ray observations at
all these bases are either planned or already under way.
DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY
Some further work has been done on the control of pressure changes through the
quadratic terms in the equation of motion, and the principle applied to the de-
termination of limits to the size of pressure systems (Priestley, 1948 a.).
Surface pressure changes due to departures from the gradient wind have been
examined (Priestley, 1948 b.), with emphasis on the problem of anticyclogenesis.
The control work rests on the concepts of system-movement and system-develop-
ment which have been given rigorous formulation by James (1948). These concepts
have been applied to the parametric representation of tropical cyclones (James,
1951) and extra-tropical vortices, the characteristics of the latter and the
interaction between two vortices, cyclonic or anticyclonic, being studied by
energy methods (James, 1950),,
The development and movement of depressions aloft not associated with surface
depressions are being investigated synoptically. Other synoptic-dynamic work
includes upper wind studies with emphasis onithe jet stream and diurnal varia+
tions, and the connection between rainfall and humidity aloft?
GENERAL CIRCULATION AND TEMPERATURE', etc., DISRIBUTIONS
Mean aerological cross-sections for winter and summer of the Southern hemisphe-
re, approximately along a meridional plane, have been constructed by Loewe and
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Radok (1950), with a description of some anomalies between geostrophic and ob-
served winds and of the double tropopause structure. A comprehensive survey of
the free atmosphere conditions above Australia, based on about 6000 radiosonde
flights is practically completed. Upper wind statistics from monthly constant
pressure contours are accumulating.
Work on the general circulation and global distribution of the physical ele-
ments, through the method of inter-latitude flux determinations described at
the Oslo Assembly, has continued. Emphasis has been Placed on the importanceof
mean meridional circulations (Priestley, 1949) and on the fluxes across the
high pressure belts. Evidence has been advanced for a slight mean drift, equa-
torwards near the surface and polewards at jet stream levels, across these la-
titude belts (Priestley, 1950) leading to a theory linking fluctuations of the
surface zonal indices with those of the jet stream,. The flux due to mean meri-
dional circulation, stronger in winter than in summer, contributes about half
the total annual flux of energy and angular momentum between the principal cir-
culation zones (Priestley, 1951).
A survey has been made of the wind-stress distribution, over the oceans, with
latitude and season, and the corresponding distributions of total angular mo-
mentum flux inferred therefrom.
SURFACE METEOROLOGY
The programme of work on surface meteorology comprises the simultaneous measu-
rement, at a single field site, of the vertical turbulent flux of heat, water
vapour, and momentum, incoming and outgoing radiation, and neat flux into the
ground. Measurements of the vertical temperature, humidity, and wind profile
are taken at tne same time. It is noned to'give an -account of the work, with
some early results, at the Assembly. During the preparatory stages papers have
been Published dealing with specific aspects. These include methods of measu-
ring and recording heat flux into the ground (Deacen,1050 a.), the fine struc-
ture of temperature and vertical wind component (Swinbank, 1960) and of humi-
dity (SwinbanK, 1961 a), leading to the first direct measurement over natural
surfaces of any degree of roughness. A chart for the ready assessment of radi-
ative heat changes from profiles in the surface layers, taking proper account
of tne contribution from carbon dioxide, has been published (Deacon, 1950 b,).
Analyses are being made of the micro-structure of temperature and wind fluctu-
ations near the ground for tneIr evidence on the fundamental nature of atmo-
spheric turbulence.
Profiles of temperature and AumiOity in special areas are being explored in
connection with micro-wave propagation. Experiments on the Protection of or-
chards from frost have achieved some success by tne use of small (10 BHP)
fans with axis vertical, the Performance being further improved by tilting the
fan up to 600 (Angus, 1951).
HUMIDITY STRUCTURE
Four Dobson-Brewer frost point hygrometers are now available in Australia and
flights are being made though subsidence inversions (Griffiths, 1950) and into
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the stratosphere. Simultaneous stratosphere flights at Melbourne and Darwin are
being arranged.
VERTICAL MOTION, CONVECTION, etc.
Gusts and vertical currents in the free atmosphere were investigated with the
aid of pilot balloons (Treloar, 1948) and power and soaring planes(Radok,N48ia).,
A case of spectacular downdraft in a thunderstorm cloud (Radok, 1949) caused
extensive instrumental studies. Standing waves on the leeward side of mountain
ranges were explored by research flights (Radok, 1950), and found to extend to
many times the height of the quite low mountain barrier. The work is continuin&
CLOUD AND RAIN PHYSICS
Measurements are being made of cloud water content and cloud drop spectra, and
also (Cooper, 1951) rain drop spectra and rainwater content by a telemetring
instrument. A theoretical treatment of the drop spectra achieved by condensa-
tion processes (Kraus and Smith, 1949) has been generalised (Squires, to berPu-
blished) with suggestive results as to the distribution of nucleus sizes favou-
ring the formation of large drops. The consequences of coalescence in a uniform
rising current have been fully worked out (Bowen, 1950 a) and used to explain
the bright band and occurence of rain in non-freezing clouds. Airborne and
ground radar, and visual observations of rain from freezing and non-freezing
clouds are described by Bowen (1950 b) and Smith (1950 and 1951). Results of
seeding experiments, including very strong evidence for the successful artifi-
cial stimulation of rain for clouds with tops colder than -7?C, are given by
Squires and Smith (1949), and also by Smith (1949) with special reference to
halos and other optical phenomena observed after the seeding. It is hoped to
describe some aspects of the work more fully to the Assembly.
UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE
Measurement of ionospheric variables and their interpretation is included ititte
research work of the Radio Research Board and of the Department of Physics,Uni-
versity of Queensland. There appear to be several quite different phenomena in
the F2 region which give the apPearance of a horizontal wind in that region: one
such account has been published (Munro, 1950). A paper on the diurnal and sea-
sonal variations of the sporadic E region is shortly to appear.
Cellular waves in the ionosphere and tropOsPhere haVe been discussed by Martyn
(1950). Statistical work is in hand on the correlation between day-to-day beha-
viour of ionospheric and tropospheric variables.
CLIMATOLOGY AND STATISTICAL METEOROLOGY
Climatological research has been greatly expanded with the appointment of spe-
cialist climatologists in each State. The emphasis is On climatic analysis, and
applications to agriculture; work is in hand on measurement of drought (Hounam,
1948), definition and determination of the growing season, effective as opposed
to actual rainfall, flood dangers and the time-frequency distribution of high
rainfall intensities, the estimation of mean sunshine from mean cloud amounft The
spatial homogeneity of wind over an area of a few square miles is also under examination.
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The variability of different elements in the Southern hemisphere has been ap-
proached from various angles (Loewe, 1948 and 1950 c).
been made of Queensland rainfall, revealing an absence
cities other than the annual variation (Radok, 1948 b)
symmetry points has been tested with special reference
Statistical studies have
of significant periodi-
The significance of
to Melbourne pressure
(Radok, 1948 c). Upper wind statistics are under analysis.
The possibilities of seasonal forecasting are under investigation, mainly by
correlation methods. The improvement of multiple over single correlations is
found to be, in general, statistically meaningless. Climatic trends in Austra-
lia are being studied.
INSTRUMENTAL
Apart from instrumental work reported above under specific headings,, develOpment'
of simple radiation instruments, sky brightness recording equipment (of which
it is proposed to establish a network), shielded rain and snow gauges and asto-
rage type rain gauge is in progress.
Angus, 0,2,
Bowen, E.G.
Cooper, B.F.C.
Deacon, E.L.
Deacon, E.L. and
Gibbs, W.J,
Griffiths, R.J.
Gotley,A.V.
Hogan, J.
Hounam, C.E.
James, R.W.
Kraus, B.B. and
Smith, Betty
Langford, J.C.
Loewe, F.
Loewe, F. and
Radok, U.
Martyn, D.F. 1950
Munro, G.H. 1950
1951
1950 a
1950 b
1951
1950 a
1950 b
Taylor,
1949
1950
1950
1948
1948
1948
1950
1951
Bibliography
C.S.I.R?0., Sec. Net. Physics, Report N" 1.
Austr. J. Sol? Res. A., V.3, P. 193.
Jour. Atmos. and Terrestrial Physics (In press).
Austr.
Quart.
Austr.
R. J.
J. App, Sci., V.2, N? 1.
J. Roy, Met. Soc., V.76, p. 479
J. Sci. Res. A., V. 3, p, 274.
To be published
Weather Dev. and Res. Bull., C'w1th?liet ,Br., N?12, p,5
Weather Dev.
Weather Dev.
C,w1th. Met.
Weather Dev.
and Res. Bull., C,w1th.Met,Br.,N?16,p.41.
and Res.Bull., C,w1th.Met.Br.,N?16,p.32.
Br., Bulletin N?40.
and Res.Bull., C,w1th.Met.Br.,N?10,p.5.
Austr. J. Sci. Res. A., V.1, P. 412.
Quart. J. Roy Met. Soc., V. 76, p. 255.
Jour. of Net., V. 8.
1949 Austr, J. Sci. Res, A., V. 2, p,
376.
1948 and Res.Bull., C"w1th.Met.Br.,le1l,p.47.
1950 and Res.Bull., C,w1th.Met.Br.,N?16,p.5.
1948 C'w1th.Met.Br., Bulletin le 39.
1950 a Weather, V.5, p. 153.
1950 b Geofisica pura e applicata, V. 16, fasc. 3-4.
1950 c Ann. der Net., 5/6.
Weather Bev.
Weather Dev.
1950 Jour. of Net., V. 7, p. 58.
Proc. Roy.
Proc. Roy.
Soc. A, V. 201,
P. 216.
Soc. A, V. 202, p, 208.
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Priestley, C.R.B. 1948 a Quart. J. Roy. Met, Soc., V. 74, p. 87.
1948 b Austr. J. Sci. Res. A., V. 1, p. 41.
1949 Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., V. 75, p. 28.
1950 Austr. J. Sci. Res. A., V. 3, p. 1.
1951 Quart. J. Roy. Net. Soc., V. 77.
Radok, U. 1948 a C.S.I.R. Division of Aeronautics, Report SM110.
1948 b C'w1th. Net. hr.., Bulletin N?39.
1948 c Quart. J. Roy. Net. Soc., V. 74, P. 196.
1949 Austr. J. Sci. Res. A, V. 2, p. 550.
1950 Weather Dev. and Res. Bull., Ciwlth.met.Br.,N?15 p.28
Smith, E.J. 1949 Austr. J. Sci. Res. A, V. 2, P. 78.
1950 Austr. J. Sci. Res. A, V. 3, p. 214.
1951 Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., V. 77, P. 33.
Squires, P. To be published.
Squires, P. and 1949 Austr. J. Sci. Res. A, V. 2, p. 232.
Smith, E.J.
Swinbank, W.C. 1950 Austr. J. Inst. Tech., V.8, p. 21.
1951 a Jour. 8ci.-Instl,(1n press)
1951 b Jour. of Met. (in press)
Treloar, H.M. 1948 Weather Dev. and Res. Bull., N?11, p. 37.
PORTUGAL
Le Service Meteorologique National et les Services Meteorologiques
des territoires portugais, 1948-1950
Le Service Meteorologique National, cred en 1946, et destin a remplacer les
Services qui existaient anterieurement dans le territoire metropolitain du Por-
tugal, a poursuivi la mise en place des installations permettant de rdpondre
aux besOins metdorologiques du pays, dans le cadre des Organisations Interns-
tionales. Il a, notamment, installe en 1948-49 un centre metdorologique princi-
pal b. l'aerodrome de Sal (Iles du Cap Vert), un centre meteorologique secondai-
re a Funchal (Manre), et une station de radiosondage annexe a chacun de ces
deux centres.
Le recrutement et la formation professionnelle du personnel technique supdrieur
constitue Par des diplons universitaires, ont fait l'objet de soins particu-
liers. Des cours d'aPPlication, des stages de perfectionnement et des r4unions
periodiques pour la discussion de questions scientifiques et techniques ont ete
instaures pour maintenir ces professionnels au courant des progres de la meteo-
rologie et de sea applications.
Les Services Met4orologiques des territoires portugais d'outre-mer ont dtd r6-
organ1sds en Juin 1950, et le Service Meteorologique National a ete charge de
l'orientation scientifique et de la coordination technique de ces Services,
dont les cadres de personnel et les moyens materiels ont 4t4 augments.
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Meteorological Researches in Japan during 1948-1950.
By H. HATAKEYAMA and S. SYTiNO.
In the former part of this period, research activities in the scientir field
in Japan were in its every branch considerably hindered by the difficult post-
war conditions and the publications of the resutts of researches were also
greatly delayed. Meteorology was no exception. With the lapse of time
however, the conditions have been gradually improved, and in 1950, the re-
search activities of various groups of meteorologists as well as the capacity
of printing of the Meteorological Society of Japan and of other institutes have
almost attained to the former level of the pre-w n? period. The considerable
volume of papers published in this period contain those results of meteorolo-
gical studies carried out during the war-time also. The publications of these
results have been delayed by the shortage of the capacity of printing.
Prior to this period, both the scientific and technical researches in meteo-
rology in Japan had been carried out mainly 13?,? the meteorologists of the
Central Meteorological Observatory (C. M. 0.) and of local observatories be-
longing to it. But in this period the research activities of meteorological
divisions of several universities and of the Meteorological Research Institute
of C. M. a. were considerably expanded.
Noteworthy events in the progress of Meteorology in Japan were the new
issues of "Geophysical Notes" from the Geophysical Institute of Tokyo Uni-
versity in 1948, of "Journal of Meteorological Research" from C. M. 0. in
1949, of " Geoyhysics, the Science Reports of th, TOhoku University, Fifth
Series" from the Geophysical Institute of TOhokti University in 1949 and of
"Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics" from the Meteorolo4ical Research
Institute in 1950. Besides these publications, professional notes are issued by
district central meteorological observatories, but they are not generally
available.
In the present report we shall attempt to present the current tendency
of researches, which characterises meteorological studies in Japan in this
period. Owing to the limited space, we shall not recite the reports on local
weather characteristics, which may arouse no general interest.
The present report is divided into the following 13 paragraphs for the
convenience of descriptions.
I. Dynamics of atmospheric motions and of disturbances.
II. Typhoon and other disturbances,
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III. Thunderstorm and convection phenomena.
IV. Micrometeorology.
V. Radiation and optical phenomena.
VI. Eclipse meteorology.
VII. Physics of precipitation.
VIII. Snow and ice.
IX. Short-range forecasting.
X. Longe. range forecasting.
XI. Climatological studies.
XII. Instruments and observations.
XIII. Meteorological calamities.
List of publications:
B. C. M. 0. J. Bulletin of the Central Meteorological Observatory
in Japanese (Tyuo-Kisyodai IhO)
B. T. A. 0. Bulletin of Tateno Aerological Observatory
Geophys. GeOphysics
G. M. Geophysical Magazine
G. N. Geophysical Notes
J. M. R. Journal of Meteorological Research (Kenkyu Zito)
J. M. S. J. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan
J. J. S.S.I. Journal of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
P. M. G. Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics
The symbol " attached to the titles of papers referred to in the following
pages indicates that they are written in Japanese.
I. Dynamics of atmospheric motions and of disturbances.
The motion in the earth's atmosphere is more or less of vortical nature.
Since 1940 S. Sytino has been studing the motions in the atmosphere from the
vortical point of view and has obtained several results of importance. The
circulation theorem by Bjerknes was the theoretical ground upon which
Syono's theory was based. Among other things, new concepts obtained are
the vorticity effect and the region of negative vorticity around cyclones.
His theory was also developed by his fellow workers. Complete comment of
his theory has not yet been published but partial results may be seen in the
following papers published in this period.
Dynamics of amalgamation of cyclones. C. N. 1 No. 18, (1948).
On the mechanism of generation of cold waves. G. N. 1, No. 23 (1948).
Relation between the absolute vorticity and the absolute angular momentum and its
application. G. N. 2, No. 3, (1949).
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Approximate solutions of non-linear differential equations of stationary wind in the
lower stratum of symmetric cyclones and anti-cvolones and their applications.
G.M. 20, 39, (1949).
Generation of spouts. G. N. 2, No. 8, (1949).
On the vortical rain. G. N. 3, No. 25, (1950).
Forecasting of the wind at higher level (with T. HOshino). G. M. 20, No. 12, (1.949)
On the structure of atmospheric vortices, to be publishei in J. M. April, 1951.
Using the method which SyOno used in his study, K. Gambo solved the pro-
blem of the wind in an elliptic cyclone. A. Kasahara applied the same
method to the problem of filling in the typhoon and of the distribution of
rainfall in the Kitty-typhoon. Kasahara further studied the generation of the
4,et stream using the theorem of conservation of f,bsolute vorticity. Y. Naka-
gawa also applied the method above mentioned to the problem of the shield-
ing layer in an anticyclone.
K. Gambo : On the wind due to elliptic isobars. G. N. 1, No. 9 (1948).
A. Kasahara: On the distribution of the intensity of rainfall and filling up of the
Kitty-typhoon. G. N. 3, No. 30 (1950).
A. Kasahara: On the filling up of typhoon. G. N. 2, No. 13 (1949).
A. Kasahara: On the dynamical mechanism of the high tropospheric jet stream.
G. N. 2, No. 31 (1950).
Y. Nakagawa: On the effect of shielding layer. G. N. 2, No. 14 (1949).
K. Kano and A. Takahashi solved the non-linear equations of motion in the
frictional layer by the perturbation method.
K. Kano: On an approximate solution of the wind near the surface of the earth.
G. M. 20, 31 (1948).
*A. Takahashi: On the wind in circular isobar near the earth surface. J. M. R. 2,
119 (1950).
K. Gambo treated the same problem by using the momentum equation.
K. Gambo : An approximate solution of non-linear differential equations of stationary
wind in an axial symmetric cyclone. G. N. 1, No. 22 (1948).
Y. Ogura and S. Matsumoto put forward theories of the isallobaric wind,
by which they derived the vertical distributions of that wind and the
"Relaxations-Zeit ". M. Ohta and R. Sawada treated similar problems.
Y. Ogura: On the vertical distribution of the isallobaric wind. G. N. 1, No. 8 (1948).
*S. Matsumoto: On the isallobaric wind. J. M. S. J. 26, Special Rep, 74 (1948).
*R. Sawada : On the meaning of replacing the force of friction after Navier-Stokes by
that of Guldberg-Mohn. J. M. S. J. 26, 69, (1948)
*M. Ohta: On the nonstationary horizontal motion of the air near the centre of the
typhoon. Sea and Sky. 28, 23, (1950).
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It has been a current tendency to treat the motion of a parcel of air by
the Lagrangian method. Y. Sasaki Investigated exactly the inertial motion
of a parcel projected on a smooth earth. This problem was first treated ap-
proximately by Whipple in 1917. K. Gambo discussed the motion of an air
parcel by the method of analytical dynamics. M. Magata treated similarly
-the motions in a symmetric cyclone.
Y. Sasaki: On the trajectory of the inertial motion of a parcel of air. G. N. 3, No.
32 (1950).
K. Gambo: On the dynamics of the parcel of air on a rotating earth. G. N. 3, No.
28 (1950).
*M. Magata: Stream lines in typhoon. J. M. R. 1, 31, (1949).
Magata: Dynamics of the eye of storm. P.M. G. 1, 29, (195)).
K. Gambo investigated the general stability of the zonal motion by the
parcel method. Further he developed the theory on the stability of the baro-
clinic zonal flow.
K. Gambo: On the general stability of atmospheric disturbances. G. N. 2, No. 12,
(1949).
K. Gambo: The criteria for stability of the westerlies. G. N. 2, No. 29, (1950).
The problem of the large-scale verticale motion was developed by N.
Arizumi and Y. Masuda. They made nomograms for computating of verti-
cal velocity and applied the method to discuss actual examples:
*N. Arizurni : On the relation between the vertical velocity and intensity of precipita-
tion and precipitation nomogram. J. M. R. 1, 177, (1949).
N. Arizumi : A diagramatic msthod of computing vertical motion in the atmosphere
and its applications. G. M. 22. 131, ? (1950).
Y. Masuda : On the method of computing vertical motions in the atmosphere. P.
M. G. 1, 1, 9, 20, (1950).
Other pepers on miscellaneous problems on the subject are:
*K. Takahashi: A New term in the equation of atmospheric motion. J. M. S. 289
206, (1948).
H. Arakawa : The vorticity equations in the spherical and cylindrical coordinates.
G. M. 16. 1, (1948).
H. Arakawa : Transformation of the equations. of motion in dynamical meteorology
to orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. P.M. G. 1, 45, (1950).
S. Suzuki: The air current over the island. G. M. 20, 73, (1949).
*T. Sato: The structure of stationary discontinuous surface. J. M. S. J. 28, 242, 373,
429, (1950).
*T. Izawa : On the upper disturbances in the westerlies whose mean circulation have
longitudinal wind grandient. J. M. S. J. 28, 323, (1950).
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*K. Takahashi: A note on the wave length in the westerlies. J. M. S. J. 28, 418.
(1950).
Y. Ishitnaru : The mechanism of the earth's atmosphere. G.M. 21, 269, 303, (1950).
Y. Masuda : On the resonance of pressure waves and temperature waves. J. M. S. J.
28, 139, (1950).
H. Arakawa and H. Matsuoka : The transformation of the fundamental equations of
dynamical meteorology. G.M. 15, 33, (1948).
S. SyOno : On cd-gram. G. N. 2, No. 9, (1949).
II. Typhoon and other disturbances.
-Typhoon:
In Japan, typhoon is one of the most important phenomena in meteoro-
logy. Prior to this period, the problems had been attacked by many Japa-
nese meteorologists. In this period. Japan was attacked by several severe
typhoons.
List of typhoons which caused damages in Japan.
1948 1949 1950
Ione, September Della, June Doris, May
Hester, July Elsie, June
Judith, August Flossie. July
Kitty, August Grace, July
Patritia, October Jane, September
Allen, November Kezia, Seraember
The features of the typhoon were investigated in detail and reported by
special reports from C. M. O. and district central meteorological observatories.
Because the pure dynamical articles are contained in paragraph 1, we
shall here in this paragraph recite only articles other than these.
K. Takahasi gave a summary on the features of typhoon in Japan.
Typhoon in Japan. G.M. 17, 1, (1948).
D. Nishimura investigated the structure of the inner region of a typhoon
semi-empiricallY.
On the structure of typhoons. G.M. 21, 107, (1950).
K. Uwai investigated the mechanism of heavy rainfall and front in
Kwanto, Tyfibu and Tthoku districts and discussed the life history of a
typhoon theoretically.
Analysis of the typhoon " Kathleen " I. G.M. 21, 147, (1950).
*Analysis of Kathleen typhoon II. J. M. R. 2, 152, (1950).
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H. Arakawa discus,ed the development of a typhoon' and the orographic
rain caused by a typhoon from a kinematical point of view.
*Cyclolysis versus frontogenesis. J. M. S. J. 26, 234, (1998).
*Path of cyclones and orographic rainfall. J. M. S. J. 23, 234, (1950).
The forecasting of the tracks of typhoons is an important problem from
the practical point of view. This problem was attacked by several authors
with statistical and synoptic methods.
I. Kano: Forecasting of the direction of the tracks of typhoon. J.M.R. 1,67, (1949).
*H. Wada: Prediction of typhoon-tracks by isentropic analysis. J. M. R. 1, 59, (1949)
*E. Suzuki: Statistical studies on the tracks of typhoons. J.M.R. 1, 183, 189, 248,
255, (1949).
*H. Matsuoka : A study on the movement of typhoon. J. M.R. 2, Suppl. Rep. 51, (1950)
*K. Okubo and N. Nakamura: Cold stratosphere accompanying a typhoon. J. M. S. J.
28, 107, (1950).
In the article above mentioned, K. Okubo and N. Nakamura suggested
that the temperature and the height of the tropopause changed abnormally
in front of the typhoons. The temiperature attained to ?70?C for the case
of the Faye-typhoon on 14 June, 1948. Similar phenom-lon was observed for
the Della-typhoon on 20 June, 1949. Basing on these facts, they derived
some rules for forecasting of the tracks of typhoons.
Other phenomena caused by a typhoon were investigated in the following
papers:
*S. Fujiwara and N. Yamada: Study of typhoon-rain. J. M S J. 26, 179, (1948).
*K. Noguchi: On the heavy rain caused by typhoon in T5hoku district. J. M.R. 2,
Suppl. Rep. 29, (1950).
*K. Fukuda On the relation between' the path of typhoon and the heavy-rainfall in
Tohoku district. J. M.R. 2, Suppl. Rep. 1, (1950).
*M. Kabasawa : On the relation between typhoon and swell. J.M.R. 1, 198, (1949),
I. Kimura: Relations between typhoon, swell and miCroseism. J.M.R. 1,343, (1949).
S. Aoki recited some examples of miniature typhoonts.
*On the miniature typhoon. J.M. R. 1, 434, (1949).
Other disturbances:
S. Tajim.a investigated statistically the mean position of the substropical
anti-cyclone and suggested that it oscillates rneridionally with 9 and 2 year
periods.
On the meridional oscillation of an anticyclone of horse-latitudes in Japan and its
effect on the weather. G.M. 22, 109, (1950).
Other papers on the anticyclones are:
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*S. Tajima : On the structure of subtropical anticyclone in East Asia and in the North
Pacific Ocean. J.M.R. 2, 169, (1950).
*K. Morita: On the Pacific anticyclone. J.M.R. 1, 83, (1949).
*S. Miyamoto: On the mosaic structure of the lower atmosphere by the cellular anti-
cyclones. J.M.S.J. 21', 14, (1999).
Papers on cyclones are:
*K. Kuzirai: Consideration on the development and filling of cyclones. J. M R. 1, 80,
094?.
*K. Kimura: On the deformation of anticyclone and cyclone due to mountain range.
J.M.R. 1, 110, (1949).
A. Kurashima and Y. Arai investigated the structure of cold air.
*On the structure of cold air. J.M.R. 1. 2229, (1949), 2, 209, (1950),
H. Sekiya investigated statistically the generation of windspouts in Japan.
*On the occurrence of waterspout in the neighbourhood of Japan. J.M.S.J. 2T, 88,
(1949).
R. Kitaoka investigated the diurnal variation of the free atmosphere by
aerological observations.
*On the diurnal variation of the upper atmosphere. 13. T.A.O. 4, 11, 91, (1949).
*On the variation of inversion layer and the tropopause observed on 9 May, 1948.
B. T . A. O. 4, 138, (1949).
III Thunderstorm and convection phenomena.
In 1940, the joint committee for thunderstorm named "Ninth Special
Comittee for Prevention of Thunderstorm Disaster" was organized under the
sponsorship of the Association for the Advancement of Science of Japan, in
which late Prof. S. Fujiwara, Ex-director of the C. M. 0., participated as the
chairman. The committee had three subcommittees. The purpose of the
first subcommittee was to obtain a meteorological description of thunderstorms.
That of the second subcommittee was to investigate the damage on electiric
machines. That of the third subcommittee was to investigate the effect of
atmospherics on the radio communication. In every summer from 1940 to
1947, observations were made in Gun-ma prefecture. The whole results
obtained were published in 1950 as a monograph "Studies on Thunderstorm"
in Japanese.
The result obtained by the thermodynamical analysis was published by S.
Sakuraba.
*On the mechanism of variation of vertical stability in summer and thunderstorm
forecasting. B.C. M. 0.J. 31, 1, (1948).
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On the mechanism of the heat thunderstorm and same properties of cumulonimbus
in Japan (abstract). G.M. 20, 81, (1949).
S. SyOno put forward a unified theory of parcel method and slice method
on the vertical stability.
On the unification of "slice method" and " parcel method". G.N. 1, No. 18, (1948).
M. Kaneko and H. H. Yagi investigated the forecasting of thunderstorm.
*M Kaneko: Forecasting of the direction of thunderstorm tracks. J.M.R. 1, 24,
(1948).
*H. Yagi On the problem of thunderstorm forecasting. J.M.R. 2, Sapp. Rep. 150,
(1950).
T. Fujita analysed an example of thunderstorm on 24 August, 1947, in
detail.
Micro-analytical study of thundernose. G.M. 22, 71, (1950).
*Y. Matsuoka and Ogino: Thunderstorm observation with selfrecording balloon
sonde. B. T. A. O. 4, 49, (1949).
IV. Micrometeorology.
Atmospheric turbulence:
G. Yamamoto and M. Shiotani obtained the vertical distribution of various
statistical quantities related to turbulence, i. e., spatial and timely correlation
coefficients and others, by the observations at various places with hot-wire
anemometers. Further they made preliminary observations, of the vertical
component of turbulence with two hot-wires combined perpendicularly with
each other.
*G. Yamamoto and M. Shiotani: Turbulence in the Free Atmosphere. J.M.S.J. 26,
149, (1948).
*M. Shiotani and G. Yamamoto: Atmospheric turbulence in the lowest atmosphere.
J.M.S.J. 27, 73, 219, (1949), 28, 181, (1950).
*M. Shiotani: On the fluctuation of the vertical component of wind velocity in the
air layer near the ground. J.M.S.J. 27, 293, (1949).
They showed empirically that the values of various statistical quantities
varied with the increase of statistical time-interval.
Later this relation was derived theoretically by Y. Ogura.
Y. Ogura: On the atmospheric turbulence (1). G. N. 3, No. 26, (1950).
M. Yamazaki observed the turbulence with pibal.
*Turbulence observation with pibal. B.T.A.O. 4, 25, (1949).
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M. Shiotani observed the microvariation of air temperature with a resis-
tance thermometer.
M. Shiotani: Turbulence in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. J.M.S.J. 28, 167,
(1950).
E. Inoue derived the spectral distribution of the variations of wind
velocity, atmospheric pressure and air temperature under the assumption,
similar to that in the Weizsacker's theory of isotropic turbulence, that the
turbulent field consists of "elementary turbuIons" which have characteristic
velocities and scales corresponding to their ranks. Further he showed that
the theoretical results on the atmospheric turbulence might be applied mutatis
mutandis to the turbulence in the ocean.
Some Remarks on the structure of wind. G.N. 1, No. 21, (1948).
*On the structure of wind near the ground. J.M.S.J. 28, 219, 339, 367, (1950).
On the pressure flactuations in a thrbulent fluid. G.N. 3, No. 33, (1950).
Onthe temperature fluctuation in a heated turbulent fluid. G.N. 3, No. 34, (1950).
Prandtl Number in a turbulent fluid. G.N. 3, No. 35, (1950).
Interrelation between turbulent fluids in ocean and atmosphere. G.N. 3, No. 36, (1950).
He obtained the Lagrangian correlation coefficient from the spectral dis-
tribution by using the Fourier's transformation formula and discussed the
diffusion in the atmosphere.
On the turbulent diffusion in the atmosphere. J.M.S.J. 28, 441, 1950.
M. Ogawara applied the theory of time-series to the atmospheric turbulence
and showed that the turbulence may be explained with vortex-models with
vertical axes.
On the form of turbulent vortex near the earth's surface. G. M. 21, 226, (1950).
As to the criterion of the generation of turbulence, S. SyOno treated the
problem with the slice method and compared with the Taylor's result on the-
stability of superposed strata of fluid. K. Kano treated the same problem
with the energy equation of turbulence.
S. Sy-Ono: A note on Richardson's criterion. G.N. 2, No. 10, 1949.
*K. Kano: On the Richardson's criterion concerning the increase of decrease of turbu-
lent energy in the free atmosphere. J.M.S.J. 27, 311, (1949).
K. Takeda showed experimentally that the logarithmic law on the distribu-
tion of surface wind held for the distribution in the stable atmosphere, if the
roughness parameter was assumed to change with the stability.
*On the atmospheric turbulence. J.M.S.J. 27, 333, 367, (1949).
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Diffusion phenomena:
T. Sakagami solved the diffusion equation for the cases where the diffu-
sion coefficient is constant and a linear function of the height and showed that
the latter case fit better than the former to the observational results.
*On the difference of diffusion phenomena when the diffusion coefficient is a constant
and it is proportional to the height. J. M. S.J. 26, Special Rep. 81, (1948)..
I. Ichie applied the theory of random walk to the diffusion from a point
source.
On the statistical theory of turbulent diffusion (1) Mem. Kobe Mar. Obs. 8, 9, (195)).
M. Miyazaki generalized the Gebelein's statistical theory and obtained the
formula for the wind distribution near the surface.
Vertical wind distribution in the boundary layer close to the ground. Mem. Kobe
Mar. 9, 35, (1950).
T. Kavvahara discussed some problems in the lowest layer by the equa-
tions of turbulent energy and of vorticity.
*Some problems in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Bull. Fac. Agriculture, Mie
Univ. No. 1, 45, (1950).
Y. Ogura discussed the heat transfer in the lowest layer from the stand-
point of diurnal variation in air temperature and the turbulent boundary
layer which developed on the coast and put forward a physical basis on the
quantitative prediction of the air temperature.
On the relation between the wind velocity and the diurnal variation of the temperature.
G.N. 2, No. 11, (1949).
On the heat transfer in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. G. N. 3, No. 27, (1950).
S. Akai solved a similar problem.
*An example of heat conduction by microturbulence. J.M.R. 1, 375, (1949).
S. Ogiwara treated the problem of the turbulent heat transfer, and gug-
gested that the assumption that the air transfered with heat gave better
result.
Effect of turbulent mixing on the adiabatic change of the atmosphere. Geophys. 1,
19, (1949).
The vertical transfer of heat and the change of air temperature by turbulence.
Geophys. 2, 44, (1930).
The flying sand on the coast and phenomena related to it were investi-
gated by the laboratory of Kawada in the Science and Technical Institute of
Tokyo University. The reports are generally unavailable.
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Evaporation:
S. Ogiwara and M. Tsuji treated theoretically the evaporation from a
water surface covered with laminar boundary layer.
*S. Ogiwara: On the evaporation of water from a vessel of finite dimensions in the
case of laminar boundary layer. J.M.S.J. 26, 232, (1948).
*M. Tsuji: On the rate of evaporation from the plarte surface of water in the case
of laminar boundary layer. J.M.S.J. 26, Special Rep. 71. (1948).
G. Yamamoto and A. Miura investigated experimentally the evaporation
y natural convection.
Evaporation by natural convection. Geophys. 2, 48, (1950).
G. Yamamoto and S. Vol investigated the evaporation from finite vessels.
G. Yamamoto: Some experiments on evaporation from finite surfaces. j.M.S.J. 27,
318, (1949).
S. Ooi: An experimental research of evaporation from a circular dish. P.M. G. 1,
81, (1950).
T. Ueno and 1'. Kawahara investigated the evaporation from paddy field
-114 salty field respectively.
*T, Ueno: The amount of evaporation from a paddy field. J.M.R. 1, 37, (1949).
*T, 1Cawahara: Research on evaporation. J. S. A.M.J. 2, 7, 37, (1949).
Other papers on the subject are:
H. Arakawa: On the minor oscillation on the top of Fuji. G.M. 15, 40, (1948).
R. Saw ada :Temperature difference between mountain top and free air. G.M. 21, 190,
(1950).
I. Huzimura: On the relation between rainfall and altitude on Mt. Fuji and in the
neighbourhood of it. G.M. 20, 113, (1949).
*S. Hirose and T. Kogure. On the disturbance of ah current near U-shaped building.
J. M. S. J. 26, 172, (1948).
H. Hatakeyama: On the heat-loss through bed-clothe. J.M.S.J. 28, 172, (1948).
H. Hatakeyama: On the humidity in wooden boxes. J.M.S.J. 20, 175, (1048).
*Y. Daigo : The micro-climatic study on the crop-fencing culture. J.M.R. 2, 199,
(1950).
V. Radiation and Optical Phenomena.
T. Sato published an article:
Studies on the scattering of the sun's light by the earth atmosphere. Geophys. 2, 1,
(1950).
He calculated the intensity of the Rayleigh scattering to the secondary
order by assuming that the atmosphere is spherically layered and its density
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decreases expontially with the height from the earth surface as in the actual
atmosphere. He obtained a satisfactory result on the distribution of skylight
and direct ray for various solar altitudes. But since he considered only the
scattering by air molecules, his result on the skylight near the sun does not
fit to the observed values. Further in the following article, he calculated the
intensity of the solar radiation on the horizontal plane, spherical surface and
vertical planes with arbitrary azimuth.
Researches on the mathematical insolation due to direct sun during any period.
Geophys. 2, 86, (1950).
Y. Miyake and K. Saruhashi published an article on the photochemical
theory of the generation of ozone.
A photochemical theory on the ozone layer in the atmosphere. G.M. 21, 99, (1950).
They revised the Mecke's theory and calculated the vertical distribution
of ozone and of absorbed quantity of ultra-violet part of the solar ray by
ozone and oxygen. Further Y. Miyake constructed a portable ultra-violet
actinometer.
.A new chemical method for measuring the ultra-violet ray. G.M. 20, 95, (1949).
Using this actinometer, Y. Miyake and K. Saruhashi observed the vertical
distribution of the intensity of ultra-violet ray in the atmosphere.
On the vertical variation of intensity of the ultra-violet solar radiation. G.M. 20, 1,
(1948).
Further they showed that the height a the fog layer can be estimated by
the observation of the ultra-violet ray in the fog.
The estimation of the height of fog by observing the ultra-violet solar radiation.
G.M. 21, 12, (1930).
K. Maeda discussed the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere
bY calculating the Urnkehr-effect in the zenith-scattered sun light discovered
by Gotz.
On the Umkehr-effect in zenith scattered sunlight. G.M. 21, 343, (1950).
The serial researches of G. Yamamoto on the absorption of infra-red ray
by water vapor is remarkable. G. Yamamoto and G. Onishi calculated
theoretically the absorption coefficient in the infra-red region by water vapour
using the absorption lines in the infra-red region determined by Randall,
Denison, Ginsburg, Weber and Nielsen. Using the result, G. Yamamoto
calculated the nocturnal radiation and obtained a satisfactory result which
agree well with the observed results. He obtained the conclusion that his
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Meteorological Researches in Japan during 1943-1950
absorption coefficients were more reasonable than that of Elsasser to the
medium absorption band (8p-2.5p), which plays an important role for the
nocturnal radiation.
G. Yamamoto and G. Onishi: Absorption coefficient of water vapour in the far infra-
red region. Geophys. 1, 5, (1949).
Absorption coefficient of water vapour in the near infra-red region. Geophy. 1, 71,
(1949).
G. Yamamoto: On nocturnal radiation. Geophys. 2, 27, (1950).
T. Sato and H. Masaki observed the nocturnal radiation with thermopile
of Gorzynski's type.
*T. Sato: Studies of nocturnal radiation by selfrecordmg method. J.M.S.J. 28. 215,
(1948).
*H. Masaki: On the measurement of atmospheric radiation by using infra-red filters.
J.M.S.J. 28. 38, 41, (1950).
Y. Kawabata and N. Punta investigated the geographical distribution of
monthly total insolation in Japan by using results obtained at various obser-
vatories. This article gives important climatological data.
Distribution of total horizontal insolation in Japan and its neighbourhood. G.M. 22,
143, (1950).
Y. Kawabata and K. Yoshii measured the transmissivity of the heat
radiation through various kinds of smoke and suggested that the smoke in
the atmosphere may be the cause of the so-called Robinson's residual radia-
tion. The authors hoped to make more precise investigations.
Transmission of heat radiation through smoke and dust. G.M. 20. 7, (1948).
R. Saito discussed the attenuation of Insolation in the deposited snow and
diffuse reflection at its surface theoretically. The results obtained are not
compared with experiment. Because experimental results are scanty, but the
theory may be applied to the scattered reflection at the surface of ensembles
of nearly transparent globular masses.
*Decrease of radiation intensity in the diffusely reflecting medium. J.M.S.J. 29, 208,
(1948).
*Diffuse reflection due to multiple reflection with the scattering medium. 27,
1, (1947).
*Surface reflection of a mat surface. 3. M. 93. 27, 140, 169, (1949).
Y. Kawabata and his collaborators investigated the relation between
visibility and some elements of meteorological optics, and that of polarization
and visibility.
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H. HATAKEYAMA and S. SY5N0
*Y. Kawabata and G. Ishikawa : Visibility and some elements in meteorological optics.
J.M.S.J. 26. 43, (1948).
*Y. Kawabata and K. Kotani : Polarization and visibility. J.M.S.J. 27, 33, 214, (1948).
Studies on the coefficient of turbidity. Geophys. 1, 15, (1930).
H. Arakawa investigated the distribution of visibility in the North West
Pacific statistically and gave visibility charts for each season.
On the visibility in the NW-pacific. P.M.G. 1, 58, (1950).
VI. Eclipse Meteorology.
For the purpose of investigation of the eclipse on May 9, 1948, the Eclipse
Committee was organized in National Research Council of Japan which con-
sisted of many members from various branches of natural sciences. Meteo-
rological observations were carried out at Wakkanai and Rebun Island,
Hokkaido and at various weather stations by members of Tateno Aerological
Observatory, Meteorological Institute and geophysical institutes of universities.
The provisional reports of the observational results were published in the
following pamphlet issued by the Eclipse Committee, National Research
Council of Japan in 1948.
The provisional reports of the observation of the annular eclipse on May 9, 1948.
Final reports of works obtained by members of C. M. 0. were published
in the following special issue of Geophsical Magazine.
Report of solar eclipse observation May 9, 1948. G.M. 19, 59, (1949).
Among other things, the most interesting result obtained by the Tateno-
group was as follows: In the lower layer (below 200 m), the temperature
fall was remarkable on the surface (4.4?C) and could be detected up to about
700m level. The air pressure seemed to become a minimum about at the
maximum obscuration and this feature became more distinct with height.
Convergent flow at 703m level and divergent flow above 1000 in level were
detected. In the middle atmosphere (200 m-tropoause), no such pressure and
temperature changes were found. In the stratosphere, the range of tempera-
ture change increased rapidly above 15 km and became a maximum at 18-19
km beyond which they decreased. It is noteworthy that the temperature
change during the eclipse was larger than 10?C in the stratosphere.
Other papers on the subject are;
G. Yamamoto, Yamamoto and B. Sato: The total solar radiation during the
annular' eclipse on May 9, 1948. Geophys. 1, 1, (1949).
Y. Miyake and K. Saruhashi: The variation of the ultra-violet solar radiation during
the eclipse. G.M. 22, 29, (1949).
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*Y. Takahasi: On the rainfall accompanying the solar eclipse. B.C.M.O.J. 30, 29,
(1949).
*Y. Takahasi: On the change of strata-cumulus due to the solar eclipse. B.C.M.O.J.
30, 42, (1949).
VII. Physics of precipitation and cloud.
S. Ogiwara made serial researches on the fog and cloud particles. The
problems investigated were the distribution of diameter of fog particles, the
relation between the visibility and the amount of fog, the speed of evapora-
tion of fog particles.
*Evaporation of fog particles and the relation between the visibility and fog particles.
J. M. S. J. 26, 184, (1948).
Studies on the evaporation of small drops. Geophys. 1, 30, (1949) (with T. Nakanishi
and M. Shiobara).
On the temperature of the air and growth of cloud particles in convective clouds.
Geophys. 1, 21, (1949).
l'On the formation of fog due to advection. J.M.S.J. 27, 224, (1949) (with T. Naka-
nishi and M. Shiobara).
On the formation of rain drops in clouds which are composed of water. Geophys.
1, 283, (1949).
*On the solid condensation nucleus which is not soluble in water. J.M.S.J. 28, 397,
(1950).
The rate of evaporation from small water drops was Investigated by
several authors:
Y. Ogura: On the evaporation of water drops. G. N. 1, No. 20, (1948),
*G. Yamamoto and A. Miura: On the rate of evaporation of small water drops.
J. M. S. J. 21, 257, (1949).
M. Tsuji: On the rate of evaporation and condensation of falling drops. G.M. 22,
11, (1950).
J. Kobayashi: On the evaporation of a moving small liquid particles. J.M.S.J. 28,
398. (1950).
Y. Takahasi investigated the mechanism of the generation of sea fog on
the south eastern sea of Hokkaido in detail and proposed a new explanation.
*On the mechanism of generation of sea fog in the warm southery air current over
the cold Oyashio current. B.C.M.O.J. 30, 1, (1949).
He also treated graphically the formation of clouds ox r the frontal surface.
*On the graphical method of cloud formation over frontal surface, taking into consid-
eration mixing of warm and cold airs. J.M.S.J. 28, 59, (1948).
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Other paper on the subject are:
*H. Matsui: Chemical studies of condensation and sublimation nuclei. J.M.S. J. ?it
169, (1948).
*K. Terada : On the coefficient of resistance of a sphere and its falling velocity.
J.M.S.J. 26. Special Rep. 70, (1948).
*H. Masui : On the effect of rate, of condensation upon the saturated adiabatic process.
J. M. S. J. 26, Special Rep. 7, (1948).
*I. Fujimura : On the temperature in clouds. J.M.R. 1, 387, (1949).
I. Imai: On the velocity of falling rain drops. G.M. 21, 244, (1950).
*K. Kamiyarna : On the thickness of clouds. J.M.R. 1, Suppl. Rep. 77, (1950).
*Observation of fog particles at Nitta. J.M.R. 1, Supp. Rep. 76, (1950).
*H. Watanabe': Investigation of clouds by aerological observation. B.J.A. O. 4, 85,
(1949).
VIII. Snow and Ice.
The study on snow and ice is one of the most important topics to be
mentioned regarding meteorology in Japan. The life in more than half of
Japan badly suffer from snow. In this period results of several elaborate
works were published.
U. Nakaya published the final report of his experimental researches on
snow in a book form "Studies on Snow" frotn Iwanami-Company in 1949.
The Japanese Society of Snow and Ice published a book "Seppyo Ju-nen"
(review of recent progress in snow and ice research), which contained various
results obtained in Japan during these ten years.
Results of serial observations of rime and icing at the mountain weather
stations on Mt. Fuji, Mt. Ibuki and Mt. Iwate from Oct. 1938 to May 1941
were published.
*Reports on the investigation of nebelfrost (2nd report). J.M.R. 2, 259, (1950).
R. S41,/to published an elaborate work on the physics of fallen snow. The
main problems investigated are the life-history of snow particles, mechanical
properties of snow mass and characteristics of snow layer.
Physics of fallen snow. G.M. 19, 1, (1949).
L Imai investigated the mechanism of icing and the structure of rime and
glaze in detail.
*On the incipient .stages of snow crystals. J.M.S J. 2, 78, (1949).
*On the similarity law on the model experiment of drift snow. 3.3.S. S. 1. 11, 16, (1949).
*On the capture of fog particles by a cylinder. tJ.M.S.J. 28, 149, (1959).
*Physical research on icing. B.C.M.O. J. 31, 1, (1950).
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J. Yoshida and D. Kuroiwa proposed a number " Formzahl" for represent-
ing the shapes of granules of fallen snow.
*On the number which represents the shapes of granules of fallen snow. J.J.S.S.I.
11, 1, (1949).
M. Kuroda published a classification of deposited snow investigated by the
Deposited Snow Classification Committee.
*Report of Fallen Snow Classification Committee. J.J.S.S.I. 11, 6, (1949).
The development of frozen layer in water is solved theoretically by Y.
Ogura with Pekeris' method, which has been one of the difficult problems in
mathematical physics. The result obtained was satisfactory compared with
observations.
Problem of ice formation. G.N. 1, No. 23, (1948).
Another paper on the subject is
*T. Ishida, E. Tatara and M. Katsumata: Report of investigation of avalanche of Mt.
Fuji on May, 1949. J.M.R. 2, 29, (1950).
K. Ito investigated the shape, scale, mass and property of ice pellet.
*On the shape of ice pellet. B.T.A.O. 4. 65, (1949).
*Scale, number, mass and property of ice pellet. B.T.A.O. 4, 113, (1949).
IX. Short-range forecasting and aerological analysis.
S. Syono proposed a new method for numerical prediction of some
geophysical phenomena especially of upper westerlies.
On numerical prediction (I). J.M.S.J. 28, 77, (1950.
Forecasting of precipitation and synoptic conditons of precipitation were
investigated by many authors.
*T. Ochi: Study on precipitation forecasting. J.M.R. 1, (1949).
*S. Oki, T. Kawamoto and R. Yamagichi: On the precipitation caused by winter
monsoon. J.M.R. 1, Suppl. Rep. 89, (1950.
*S. Miyazawa: Studies on the monsoon snow storm by aerological analysis. J.M.R.
1, 287, (1949.)
*M. Hanazawa: On the structure and activity of the Siberian Pc Air mass in winter
season in the Far East Asia. J.M.S.J. 2, 44, (1949).
*T. Hoshino : On the structure of West high, East low type of pressure pattern.
J.M.R. 1, 1, 271, (1949).
K. Uwai: On the movement of rainfall groups (I). J.M.R. 2, 217, (1950).
H. Ueki: On the prediction of late frost. J.M.R. 2, 250, (1950).
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X. Long-range forecasting.
Though extended and long-range forecasting are at present most difficult
and undeveloped fields in meteorology, the extended forecasting gives promise
of development owing to the recent progress in the study of the general
circulation. On the other hand, the development of long range forecasting is
very slow. The reason is, in the writers' opinion, that the physical description
of the process concerning the problem is yet obscure. The methods adopt-
ed in Japan are mostly based on the periodicity or correlations. Recently,
the problems on the year to year climatic change have been attracted atten-
tion among Japanese meteorological circle.
Extended forecasting:
Y. Nakada proposed a method for the extended forecasting. The basic
Idea of his method is that the pressure changes are composed of two groups
of oscillations, the orie of short periods and the other of longer periods. By
taking appropriate means of consecutive values, two groups may be separated.
Long-range forecasting by periodicity extrapolation method (preliminary report).
G.M. 22, 99, (1948).
K. Uwai proposed a method of long-range forecasting by classifying the
type of the mean pressure patterns.
*A method of prediction of five days amount of snowfall. J.M S. J. 26, 119, (1943).
Papers on the subject are:
*H. Matsukura : An analysis of heavy rainfall by zonal index. J.M.R. 2. 54, (1950).
*Y. Yamashita: Influence of easterly through in Japan. J.M.R. 2, 294, (1950).
Seasonal foreshadowing:
K. Takahashi suggested the possibility of the foreshadowing by periodgram
analysis.
*On the possibility of seasonal forecast based on periodgram analysis. J. M. S. J. 27,
370, (1949).
Investigations on the subject are:
*D. Yazawa : Study of the symmetry characters found on the pressure curves and
application of its results to long-range forecasting. J. M. S. J. 26, 227, (1950).
I. Fujimura : On the relation of temperature decrease and the height from maen
sea level. J.M.R. 1, 397, (1949).
S. Saito: Statistical studies of pressure and temperature change in the troposphere.
J.M.R. 1, 287, (1948), J.M.S.j. 28, 206, (1950).
S. Tojo : On the thermal structure of troposphere over Japan in 1947. G. M. 21, 116,
(1950).
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J. Misawa : Statistical studies of pressure and temperature changes in the free atmo-
sphere. J.M.R. 1, 281, (1949), 2, 226, (1960).
XL Climatological studies
T. Sekiguchi discussed the problem of representation of the climate and
investigated the distribution in Japan of potential evapotranspiration defined
by Thornthwaite.
On the water balance problem as a method of representation of climate. G. M. 20,
87, (1949).
Climatological water balance problem in Japan. G.M. 21, 177, (1950).
Introduction of local climatology. G.M. 22. 29, (1950).
T. Yamamoto made serial researches on the secular change in the climate
of Japan.
*On the problem of heat transfer in the neighbourhood of Japan. J.M.S.J. 28, 211,
(1950).
On the secular change of the climate of Japan. G.M. 21, 249, (1950), 22, 35, (1950).
H. Arakawa and J. Tawara investigated statistically the frequency of air
masses which appear in Japan.
*Air mass calendar. J.M.S.J. 28, 201, (1948).
T. Hoshino investigated the distribution of winter precipitation in Japan.
*Amount of precipitation at various places in Japan caused by NW-monsoon. J.M.R.
1, 10, (1949).
With the increase of upper air observations, climatological studies of the
upper air were made by several authors.
R. Sawada published elaborate aerological studies on the atmosphere over
the Far East.
*On the structure of lower atmosphere: B.C.M.O.J. 28, 1, (1948).
Other papers on the subjects are:
*S. Nakamura and N. Arizumi : Distribution of characteristic curves on the Rossby
diagram and statistics of lapse rate in Japan. J.M.R. 1, 311, (1949).
*K. Uwai: Weather Analysis of South Eastern Pacific in Winter. J.M.S.J. 26, Pe
cial Rep. 12, (1948).
*N. Arizumi: On the statistics of the height of the -40?C level. B.T.A.O. 4, 83,
(1949).
*T. Nagai and Y. Matsuoka : On the tropopause at Tateno. B. T.A.O. 4, 129, (1949).
*N. Arizumi and S. Matsubashi: lsentropic analysis in Japan. J.M.R. 1, 318, (1949).
*T. Noro: On the relation between the amount of winter precipitation and the harvest.
J.M.R. 1, 52, (1949).
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*S. Takahashi: The symmetrical variation of winter and summer air temperature.
J.M.S.J. 26. 236, (1943).
T. Noro : Seasonal foreshadowing of winter in Japan. J.M.R. 2, 80, (1950).
*K. Hiyama and T. Tsuruoka : Relation between the total mass of air over northern
hemisphere in spring and the air temperature in summer. J.M.R. 1, 102, (1949).
*K. Sugiyama and K. Yamada: The trend of margins of Pacific, Okhotsk and conti-
nental anticyclones. J.M.R. 1, 219, (1949).
*K. Fukada : Studies of seasonal forecasting. B.C.M.O. 84, 111, (1950).
*S. Kitazawa : On the mechanism of cool summer and warm winter. J.M.R. 2, 95,
(1950).
Yearly foreshadowing:
Judging from the past experience on the relation between the sunspot
activity and the famine, S. Fujiwara suggested that great famine may take
place in coming 15 years.
*AJlxjety about great famine in Japan accompanied by the great sunspot activity.
J.M.S.J. 27, 350, (1949).
T. Hasegawa treated the relation between the sunspot activity and the
seasonal mean pressure.
*Sunspot and pressure variations. J.M.R. 1, 52, (1949).
Other papers on the subject are:
*K. Uai On the prediction of the maximam snowfall amount (preliminary). J.M.S.J.
26, 5, (1950).
*S. Kitazawa : The relation between the displacement of north pole and abnormally
low air temperature. J.M.R. 2, 93, (1950).
K. Fukuda : On the periodical appearance of abnormally low air temperature in
Tohoku district and some particular path of typhoon. G.M. 21, 125, (1950).
*T. Takei: Abnormality of upper air temperature in summer. J.M.R. 1, 302, (1949).
1. Nagase : Aerological consideration of the summer drought in 1947. B.T.A.O. 4,
88, (1949).
*K. Sakata : A new classification of season. J.M.R. 2, 182, (1950).
Besides above articles, technical reports on the long-range forecasting
"Journal of Long-range Research Association" and "Studies on Seasonal
Forecasting" are issued from the Sendai district meteorological observatory
and the Laboratory of Long-Range Forecasting in C. M. 0.
XII. Instruments and observation.
For the purpose of remote observations of wind, the audiofrequency
modulated robots were developed by K. Yakame, F. Kamamoto and S.
Kimura.
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*K. Yakams: On a new distant wind-meter. J.M.S.J. 27, 47, (1949).
H. Kamamoto and S. Kimura: Wind-direction and speed robot. P. M.G. 1, 77, (1950).
Both apparatuses are based on the same principle. The wind direction is
measured by the change in frequency of modulated waves and the wind
speed is measured by counting the number of signals sent every 100m range
of wind course. The frequencies of cat:ier waves and modulated waves are
as follows:
Yakame's type
Kamamoto's type
Freq. of C. W.
70 MC
416 MC
Freq. of M. W.
55--65 C
55-70 C
The studies on wind vane and anemometer by M. Sanuki is one of the
elaborathe works in this period..
Studies on biplane wind vanes, ventilator tubes and cup anemometer (1). P. M.G. 1,
81, (1950).
His report consists of two parts. in part 1, mathematical treatment of the
problems is presented for the two-dimensional case by the method of conformal
transformation. In Part II, which is yet unpublished, experimental results
based upon the mathematical principles will be described for various actual
Instruments.
K. Yakame and S. Tsuneoka designed an electric anemometer.
*A new design of an electric anemometer. J.M.R. 1, 6, (1949).
Prior to this period, aerological observations in Japan had been made with
the radiosonde of variable frequency type. But this type had many weak
points. K. Isono and his collaborators designed a so-called code type radio-
sonde. The characteristics of this sonde are as follows:
Frequency 400 MC.
meteorological element range number of signals range of error
temperature 40?C-- -89?C 120 1?C
pressure 780 mmHg-0 mmHg 80 200-300m in height
humidity 100 %---20 .% 35 2~3%
Since 1950 this type has been adopted by C. M. 0. as the standard radiosonde.
*K. Isono and Y. Huziwara : An improved radiosonde. G.M. 21, 127, (1950).
G. Yamamoto and his collaborators designed an apparatus for measuring
a small atmospheric pressure.
*G. Yamamoto, M. Shiotani and M. Tuzawa : An apparatus measuring a small atmo-
spheric pressure. J.M.S.J. 26, 190, (1948).
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M. Ohta designed a nucleus-counter of Aitken type suitable for routine
observations and observed the distribution of condensation nuclei in the
atmosphere.
*On the vertical distribution of condensation nuclei. J.M.S.J. 28, 200, (1950).
*On a simple nucleus-counter. J.M.S.J. 28, 157, (1950).
Investigation on condensation nuclei. G.M. 21, 208, (1950).
J. Kuwana and S. Syono designed an electric height computor based on
the principle of Wheatstone bridge for aerological observaitons.
*Design of an electric height computor for radiosonde observation. J.M. S.J. 26, Special
Rep. 45, (1948).
Other reports published concerning meteorological instruments are as
follows:
*K. isoro : Hot-wire radiosonde (1). J.M.S.J. 28, Special Rep. 17, (1948).
Bimetal thermometer for radiosonde. J.M. S.J. 28, Special Rep. 19, (1948).
On the bimetal condensor for radiosonde. J.M.S.J. 26, Special Rep. 19,
(1948).
*K. Yuasa: On a new design of radiobarograph for radiosonde (1). J.M.S.J. 21,
Special Rep. 47, (1948).
*D. Sagara and K. Tsukamoto: Test of an automatic weather station. J.M.R. 3, 1,
(1950).
*R. Kitaoka, S. Arai, S. Ishihama and Y. Okoshi : On the joint aerological observation
on July, 1947. B.T.A.O. 4, 56 (1949).
*H. Tsubota : Relation between the inclination of a streamer and wind velocity.
J.M.S.J. 28, 352, (1950).
*G. Yamamoto and A. Yamamoto: Effect of wind velocity on the psychrometer con-
stant. j.M.S.J. 26, Special Rep. 54, (1948).
On the relation between the time-lag and the wind velocity. J.M.R. 1, 2,
(1948).
I. Inoguchi Nomogram for the calculation of wind velocity in a wind tunnel. J.M.
S.J. 26, 21, (1948).
*K. Kamiya and K. Shiraki : The observation of dust in Tokyo. J.M.S. J. 28, Special
Rep. 23, (1948).
*S. Ooi : A trial of production of a synchronising apparatus for automatic recorder.
J.M.S.J. 26, Special Rep. 10, (1948).
*T Kijima : On the wind velocity through the Assmann's aspirating thermometer.
J. M.R. 1, 47, (1949).
*S. Kamitoshi, K. Hashimoto, N. Tsude and Y. Uno : On the hot-wire Aanemometer
for the strong wind. J.M.R. 1, 144, (1949).
*S. Sakagishi and R. Koike Range-finder and its application. J.M.R. 1, 326, (1949).
*S. Sakai and F. Maeda: On the ground effect on the rawin-observation. J.M.R. 1,
332, (1949).
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*S. Miura: Height computor and nomogram for computation of height. J.M.R. 1,
341, (1949).
41 Kimura: On the topographic effect on the pibal observation. J. M. R. 1, 406, (1949).
*K. Katniyama A contribution to the vertical visibility observation. J.M.R. 1, Special
Rep. 126, (1949).
On the correction term of visibility observed by Wigand's visibility-meter.
J.M.R. 1, Special Rep. 128, (1949).
*T. Miura: On the correction of read values of self-recording anemometer. J. M. R.
1, Special Rep. 137, (1949).
*T. Terada, M. Tsuji and M. Kulaaki : Design of inductance type hygrometer. J.M.R.
2, 36, (1950).
*S. Kasahara : Nomogram for computation of density and its application. J.M.R. 1,
Special Rep. 82, (1950).
*K. Yanagiya : On the method of observation of earth temperature in cold but poor
snow district. J.M.R. 2, 74, (1950).
*M. Abe: Practical use of the whole-sky kinematograph. J.M.S.J. 28, (1950).
XIII. Meteorological Calamities.
Besides typhoons, various kinds of meteorological calamities often attack
and cause considerable damages in Japan. Warning for these calamities have
been issued from C. M. 0. Recently the investigations of meteorological
calamities have been attracting the interest and attention among Japanese
meteorologists.
In 1949, C. M. 0. compiled chronological table of meteorological calamities
in Japan.
Papers on the subject are:
On Conflagration:
*T. Hoshino : Studies on the criterion of fire-warning. J.M.R. 1, 127, 132, 134, 136.
(1949).
*S. Daidoji and S. Murooka: Weather charts in case of big fires. J.M.R. 2, 119,
(1950).
On Flood:
*S. Daidoji : On the forecasting Of flora. J.M.R. 1, 381, (1949).
*Y. Daigo and E. Maruyarna : The remarks on the observation of precipitation for
flood forecasting. J.M.R. 2, 191, (1950).
On Crop Damage:
*H. Sekiya: The briny wind damage ahd Mechanism. J.M.R. 2, 169, (1950).
I. Kiinura : Ott the dainttge of rice-plant by foehn. J.M.R. 1, 152, 157, (1949), 2,
129, (1950).
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GRE CE
Activit e Meteorologioue en Grece de 1939 1951
Par le Prof E. G. Mariolopoulos
En Grece les Services et Institute Tui s'occupentde Meteorologic: scot les suivants:
I?
Service
National Meteorologioue (Minist6re de la Defence
20
Institut
Neteorologique de
l'Observatoire National d'Athenes.
60
Institut
heteorologioue de
l'Universite d'Atnenes.
4?
Institut
Meteorologique de
l'Universite de Thessaloniki.
Le Service National Meteorologique sloccupe de la heteorologie Synoptique et
d'Aerologie, de la Climatologie et de la Meteorologie Agricole, tandls que les
trois autres Institute s'occupent de la Climatologie et des Recherches sur in
Meteorologic. Dynamique.
Malheureusement ',occupation du pays par les forces de l'Axe a suspendu pendant
des annees-l'oeuvre des etablissements meteorologiques de la Grece, et c'estseu-
lement apras la liberation qu'ils ont repris leur activite, qui peut kredecri-
. te sommairement comp il suit:
Meteorologie Synoptique et Aerologie.
Aprh la liberation du pays, cette branche de la Science, dont s'occupe seul le
Service National Metdorologique, a ete reconstituee sur des bases nouvelles avec
du materiel nouveau. Actuellement cette Section comprend_un bureau du temps, un
centre de reception des messages, et une Section de radiosondage a Hellenikon
(Aeroport civil d'Athenes) effectuant deux radiosondages par lour.
II Climatologie
La Section Climatologique du Service Meteorologique National a reinstalle et re-
eaulpe avec du materiel nouveau les. Postes Meteorologiques qui, pendant ',occu-
pation du pays, ont ete detruits. Une collaboration etroite existe entre le Ser-
vice Meteorologique et les Ministares de ',Agriculture et des Travaux Publics
afin quill puisse repondre A leurs demandes.
L'Institut Metdorologique de l'Observatoire National d'Athenes a continue les
observations meteorologiques a l'Observatoire et aux Postes y annexes qui se
trouvent dans la ville d'Athenes et en Attique. Le but principal de cet Institut
pendant et apres l'occupation etait la preparation dune etude extensive sur la
Climatologie d'Athenes, entreprise par le Directeur de ',Institut (Prof. MArio-
lopoulos) et basee sur les donnees de la periode 1861 - 1940.
En outre, l'etude du climat du pays en general, a fait l'objet de plusieurs me-
moires publies par le Directeur de l'Institut et sea collaborateurs. Une seconde
edition de l'oeuvre du Prof. Mariolopoulos 'Le Climat de la Grace", qui a servi
comme base a l'oeuvre homonyme du Prof. A. Philippson, est en preparation.
Les Institute Meteorologiques des Universites d'Athanes et de Thessaloniki, is
-premier sous la direction du Prof. Mariolopoulos et le second du Prof. S. Syria-
zopoulos, ont reprisces dernieres annees leur activite sur la Climatologie.
A ',Institut de l'Universite d'Athenes une carte pluviometrique de la Grece,ba-
see our la periode des .observatiens de 1901-1940, suivie d'une etude detainee
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sur les oluies de la Grace, est sous presse. De mke. une serie d'autres 4tudes
climatioues a ete publiees et d'autres sont en preparation Par le directeur et
le personnel de l'Institut.
A l'Universite de Thessaloniki, l'etude du climat de cette ville et de is Grace
du Nord, commencee en 1928 par le Prof. Mariclopoulos lore de son stage a cette
Universite, se poursuit avec succes oar le nouVeau ProTetsenr-de cette Universite
M.B. Kyriazopoulos.
El Meteorologie Agricole
L'occupation a suspendu toute activite de cette Section du Service National Me-
teorologioue. On compte prochainement recommencer a fournir les renseignements
meteorologioues destines a l'Agriculture.
IV Recherches sur la Meteorologie
Dans cette branche s'occupent surtout l'Institut Feteorologioue de l'Observatoi-
re et les deux Instituts Universitaires. Malheureusement, id i encore, l'occupa-
tion a suspendu tout travail. L'Observatoire National d'Athanes vient d'etablir
une Station de Rayonnement, afin de fournir les donneesessentielles cur le climatsolaire.
Par ailleurs, a l'Institut de l'Universit4 de Thessaloniki, le Prof. Kyria7,o-
poulos a continue ses recherches sur le phenomene de la ros4e.
SUISSE
F4riode 1948? 1951
LISTE DES INSTITUTS SUISSES TOCCUPANT DE METEOROLOGIE ET DE. SCIENCES CONNEKES
(3C311.) Station Centrale Suisse de h4tdorologle. Zurich - Directeur: Jean Lua'eon
Instituts dependants
(PAP) Poste aerologioue de Payerne - Chef du Poste: P. Ackermann
(OTL) Osservatorio Ticinese Locarno-Monti- Chef dela Station: Ch,Thams
Aer000rt Zurich-Kloten - Chef du poste Meteorologloue: G. Gensler
Aeraport Geneve-Cointrin - Chef du Poste meteoro'ogique: Ph. Tripet
Instituts independants
(PMOD) Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos - Chef: W, Morikofer
(LKOA) Lichtklimatisches Observatorium Arosa - Chef: F. Goetz
(AMAB) Astronomisch-Meteorologische Anstalt der UniversitKt Basel
Chef de la section meteorologique: M. Bider
(SMV) Service meteorologique cantonal vaudois : P. Mercanton
Instituts des sciences connexes
(ENA) Institut federal pour l'etude de la neige et des avalanches
Davos-Weissfluhjoch - Chef: M. de Quervain
(SFL) Station federaled'essais viticoles et arboricoles.Lausanne-Directeur. R. Galley
(EVW) EidgenOssische Versuchsanstalt fUr Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau, WA-dehwiu
Directeur: F. Kobel
(EPF) Ecole Polytechnique Federale - Zurich.
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'Llactivite scIentifioue des sus-dites institutions interesse les cnabitres sui-
vents: manuels, sours, precis, traites et articles de vulgarisation, instrumPnts
meteorologioues, procedes graphiques, monographes, etc., b 1'usaa de is meteo-
rologic nratinue, aerologie, radio-meteorologte at electricite n.t.mospnerieue,
composition at structure Is l'atmosphere et phenom6nes optioues, mecaninue et
thermodynamieue le l'atmosphere en general, Perturbations, masses ''Jir et f-,:ats,
etudes synoptioues, situations meteorologiques Particull6res,
a is. synoptique et A is climatologie, biometlorologie at biocilmatologie, Y-
Orologie agricole et nhenologie, radiation et temperature IS l'air, vnt,nuages,
brouillard, vaneur d'eau, precipitations, orages, etude Is la nele, giaciolm2,1m,
meteorologie -et climatologie aeronautique.
Il a ete nubile 233 notices et livres entre les assemblees d'Oslo et Bruxelles.
Les titres de ces tra.sux sont inseres dans la bibliographie des "Annalen der
Schweizerischen Meteorologi.schen Zentralanstalt" 1948, 1949, 1950, Par ailleurs,
un bulletin bibliographique contenant des analyses des travaux publies en Suisse
ou concernant la meteorologic suisse, a 4'64 institue en 1948.. Ce bulletin est
offert sur demands, gratuitement, par la Station Centrals Suisse de YeteorolOgle;
On peu t 'so reporterP".c ?Our- compI4te31.. oi6m1:6 n Tces ant -ra.rolort ',;11tSsa.
Lo 3tation .e.ntrale Alisse de Neteorologie, dont le siege est a Zuricr, a reu
un nouveau b6.timent en 1949 et un parc instrumental,ot Is nouvelles rechPrcnes expe-
rimentales sont entreprises, particulibrement en meteorologie agricole
in 1050 eut lieu, S la Station Aerologique Is Payerne, une reunion imoortantegroupant
les experts d'une dizaine de pays, pour la comparaisonmondiale des radiosondes. Les
resultats de cette experience unique en son genre dans les annales Is la.meteorologie,
ont Cod polycopies en deux volumes Is 450 pages, didtribues a tous les offices me-
t4orologiques du monde, ainsi qu'aux specialistes interesses.
LI activite de 1' Obse rva to ire physico-meteorologique de Davos se rapporte aux trois do-
me Ines differents: recherche du rayonnement, clime tologie medicale et aropliquee,met onathologie.
a) RECHERCHE DU RAYONNEMENT
Les t-svau- de l'observatoire ant suivi partiellement le programme que la Com-
mission du '),eyonnement de l'A.I.M. s'est pose dans sa s?ce d'Oslo. Plusieurs
travau7 traitent des noints Is vue theoriques de la pyrheliometrie et notamment
de la nyrheliometrie absolue; des dispositifs de construction ant contribue4ga-
lement a 12 nyrhellometrie absolue, mais on n'a pas Pu vouer beaucound'activite
a la construction (Pun nouveau pyrheliomtre standard. Selon les desirsexprimes
a Oslo par l'A.I.M. et Par sa Commission du Rayonnement, MM, P. Courvoisieret H.
Wier?,elewski se sont occupes du problme Is la mesure du bilan Is rayonnement
de la terre; on a developpe la theorie d'un bilan-metre, on a fait des mesures
systematiques sur is probleme de la transmission de chaleur sur des surfaces
ventilees et on a fini par construire un tout nouveau modle ventile d'un bi-
lanmetre de rayonnement. Le premier instrument de ce type se trouve depuis le
commencement de 1950 a l'Antarctique, dans les mains d'une expedition norvego-
suedo-britannique, une autre eerie est en construction. De nouveaux filtres Is
verre de Schott ant ete etudies levant l'actinombtre, ce qui represente egale-
ment un desir de la Commission du Rayonnement de l'A.I.M.
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La thdorie et la construction du Pyranomatre sph4rigue de Bellani ont dtd ddve-
loppdes dans l'intention d'amdliorer l'exactitude de cet instrument int4grateur.
Le probleme de la ddterminatton des composantes du trouble atmosphdrigue a etd
6tudid et employ a des sdries actinomdtrigues (W. SchuePP).
b) Climatologie medicale et appligude
La th4orie, la construction et l'emploi en climatologie du frigorimetre pour la
mesure du degr6 de rdfrigdration ont dtd tralt6s dans plusienrs travaux (Ch.
Henneberger, H. Wierzejewski). Des publications ont trait4 de la climatologie
locale, la climatologie de stations do cure (W.Morikofer)etla climatologie de l'dtable.
c) M4t4oropathologie
La sensibilit4 pour la temps gui joue un role important dans le climat de la
Suisse a fait l'objet de recherches tendues. Des points de vne thdoriques et
physigiles, canine les oscillations de pression et leur enregistrement avec des
variographes, les oscillations dlectrigues de haute frequence et le probleme de
l'irruption des oh6nomenes extdrieurs h. l'interieur des maisons ont 4t4 dtudids
fond (P. Courvoisier, W. SchuepP) et la ph4nomdnologie de la sensibilit4 pour le
temps et sp4cialement pour le foehn alpestre a dt6 discutde (W. MOrikofer).
LISTE DES PERSONNES AYANT PUBLIE DES TRAVAUX EN METEOROLOGIE
OU SCIENCES CONNEXES ENTRE LES ASSEMBLEES D'OSLO
Ackermann P.
Ambilhl, E.
Ambrosetti,
Baatard, F.
Bader, H.
Bangs, S.
Bener, P.
Bider, M.
Billwiller, R.
Bohnenblust, M.
Bois, Ch.
Bossolasco, M.
Bout, M.
Brunner-Hagger, W.
Bucher, E.
Cannegieter, H. G.
Cena, G.
Courvoisier, P.
Currey, N. S.
Darbre, P.
Drotschmann, H.
Diftsch, H,
Dyrenfurth, G. 0,
Eichenberger, IA;
Erztnger,
FiCr..H von.
Fleisch, A
Flohn,H-
Florin, a
Frey, K.
Fritzsche, E.
Galley, R.
Gensler, G. A.
Gockel, P.
Gatz, F. W. P.
Groissmayr, B.
Guyot, E,
Hafelin, J.
Henneberger, Ch.
Hess, A.
Hillischer, H.
Hottinger, H.
HUrlimann, H.
John, J. F.
Jost, W.
Jucker, W.
3T DE BRUXELLES
Kasser, P,
Kaufmann.. P.
A.
Kiittner, J,
Kuhn, W,
Lammert, A.
Lasch, H. R.
Lautensach, H.
Leemann, W.
Lion, A
LUdi, W.
Lugeon, J.
Mercanton, P. L.
Ming, J.
Moller, F,
Morikofer, W.
Muralt, A, von
Nagel, J. L.
Oechslin, L.
Perl, 3.
Quervain, N. de.
Hegel, C.
Renaud, A
Roch, A.
Rod, E.
SN.nger, R.
Schneider, R.
Schilepp, M.
Schliepp, W.
Staub, H.
Streiff, R.
Studer, W.
Sfisstrunk, A.
Swoboda, G.
Tetrode, P.
Thams, J. C.
Uttinger, H.
Verzar, F,
Waldmeier, M.
Walthard, K. M.
Weber, O.
Wierzejewski, H
Zenone, E.
Zingg, Th
Zoller, H.
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BELGIQUE
L'Activit4 Meteorologique en Belgioue de 1948 a 1951
Tine grande part est laissde a l'initiative individuelle dans le domaine de la
recherche mdtdorologique en Belgique. Chacun dtudiant seul, ou en collaboration,
des r,roblemeslibrement choisis, l'activitd est orientde dans de nombreuses di-
rections etilSt?aSsez'diffiblle,de'donnerune idde gdndrale d'ensemble des travaux
effectuds.- Afin de ddgager les tendances qud se cont fait Jour, en Belgi-
que, au cours des trols dernieres anndes, nous avons group d les travaux en un
certain nombre de cat4gories choisies parmi les grandes subdivisions habituel-
lement cons1d4rdes en mdtdorologie.
1) CLIMATOLOGIE GENERALE
De Backer, S. Vest intdressd aux problemes de microclimatologie en rapport
avec les phdnomenes biologiques et, en particulier, aux mdthodes modernes de
mesure dans ce domaine (I.R.M., Misc,, n?32, 1948; Scientia, 43, 1949?pp.51-54;
Colloque int, dcologie, Paris, 1950).
Sneyers, R. a attird l'attention sur un principe gdndral qui contient une md-
thode de rdsolution de toute une classe de problemes de climatologie (Bu111.8oc.
Neuchateloise Sc. Nat., 71, 1948, Pp. 123-130; C. et T., 65, 1949, pp. 196-195).
Poncelet, L, a montrd quo la pseudoaugmentation rdguliere des prdcipitations
Bruxelles-Uccle dtait due aux changements des conditions de mesure (Ille Congres
nat. sciences, Bruxelles 1950)
ques notables se sont produits
et Vandenplas, A., que des changements climati-
a cette station au cours de la pdriode de 1833
a
1947
2)
(I.R.M., Misc,, n?
CLIMATOLOGIE LOCALE
35,
1948),
a)
BELGIQUE: Baes, L. et Joukoff A. ont publid un"Rapport sur la vitesse du
vent en Belgique considdrde au point de vue du calcul des constructions" (Bru-
xelles, 1949). Godart, 0, s'est occupd de certains aspects du climat belge
(R.V.A., Bull. mens., juin-aofit, Pp; I-XXV1E1, 1950) et Quoil1n, M., du brouil-
lardet du vent acertains adrodromes (Id., janv., pp, 1-9, fdvr., pp. 1-26,1950).
b) CONGO BELGE: Vandenplas, A. a poursuivi 1,4tude systdmatique du climat de
notre colonie et publid les donndes relatives a l'humiditd, 1,4vaporation, l'in-
solatIon at 1r1 ndbulositd (Bull. agr. Congo belge, 39 1948, pp. 305-325;
Mdm., n?33, 1949). Il cost dgalement intdressd de l'influence de la tempdrature
et de l'humidit4 de lair sur les possibilitds d'adaptation de la race blanche
au Congo belge (Inst. roy. col. belge, mdm., t.19, face. 1, 1950).
Dec travaux sur la climatologie du sol ont 4t4 prdsentes a la Confdrence afri-
caine des sols (Goma, 1948) par Bernard, E,. Goedert,R4 Portiere,R, Ringoet,A,
Thomas,R et Vandenplas,A (Bull. agr, Congo belge, 40, mars et juin 1950).
Citons 4galement des dtudes climatiques spdciales par Bernard, E. sur les don-
rides dcoclimatologiques a Yangambi (Inst. roy. col. belge, Bull. Sdances, 19,
1948, pp. 165-209), par Fraselle, E. sur le probleme des cycles en climatologie
congolaise 21, 1950, pp. 245-247), par Thomas, R. sur le classement des
formations congolaises a vdgdtation arborescente (Bull. agr. Congo belge, 41,
1950, Pp. 373-.397) par Regnier, E. sur le rdgime pluviom4trique dans la provin-
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ce de Costermansville (Id., 39, 1948, pp. 875-887) et par VandenDlas, A. sur la s
r4partitIon verticale des pr4cipitations dans les r6gions montagneuses le Vest
du Congo Beige (Id., 39, 1948/ po.77-100). Cette derniere auestion a 4t4 4gale-
meat examin4e Dar Bultot, F. (I.N.E.A.C., Bur. Cl1m., COM7. n?1, 1950) qui a
aussi 4tabli une carte des r4gions climatioues de notre l'aDres les
criteres de K6ppen (Id., comm. n?2, 1050).
3) CLIMATOLOGIE MEDICALE
Konings, L. et J. , Pastiels,R. et Poncelet,L. ont present4, a la Premiere Assem-
bide Internationale d'41ectronique mddicale (Bruxelles, 1948) des communications
se rapportant respectivement a l'ionisation atmosphdrlaue, au climat solaire ul-
tra-violet et aux rapports entre la climatologIe et la m4decine.
4) CLIMATOLOGIE AGRICOLE
De Backer,S. a fait un expos4 g4n4ral sur les applications de la m4t4orologie A
l'agriculture (Journ. Soc. Agr. Belgique, M.S., t.3, 1947, pp. 6-32).
One de ces applications, l'influence du temps sur la culture des betteraves, a
6t4 sp4cialement 4tudi4e au cours des trois dernieres annees. L'aspect agrono-
mique de la question a 6t4 examin4 par Decoux,L. (Publ. :nst. beige am4lioration
Se la betterave, 18, 1950, pp. 229-254) et Ernould,L. (Id , 18, 1950,pp.150-177),
l'aspect m4tdorologique par Vandenplas,A (I.R.S., Misc., n?41, 1950).
Lardinois,E, a pub114 les observations ph4nologiques faites h Uccle (C.et T.
66, 1950, pp. 45-47; 67, 1951, DP. 23-26).
5) THERMODYNAMIQUE ATMOSPHERIQUE
Van Mieghem,J. et Dufour,L. oat fait un expos4 rationnel d'ensemble de la ther-
modynamique de l'atmosphere. Get expos4 comprend une partie th4orliTue, dans la-
auelle 11 a 6t6 tenu compte des travaux r6cents sur la thermodynamiaue des sys-
temes ouverts et PolYthermes, et une partie r4servee aux applications oU les
auteurs se sont efforc4s de montrer toute la souplesse de la thdorie. (I.R.S.,
Mem. n? 30, 1948).
Defrise,P. s'est int4ress4 aux diagrammes adrologlaues en songeant aux exigen-
ces essentiellesdeleur emploi dans le travail journaller (I.R.M.,Misc.,n?33,1948).
6) RAYONNEMENT
Nicolet,M. a montr4 cue l'effet du rayonnement est pratiquement imm4diat sur le
sol nu, si Men que la.temp4rature au niveau du sol nu peut gtre identifi6e a
celle a 1 cm sous le sol (I.R.S., Misc., n?38, 1949).
Il a 4galement d4fini le rayonnement re9u au niveau du sol par tree beau temps
en Belgique en partant des formules classiqUes du rayonnement total (I.R.S.,
Mdm., n?32, 1949). En collaboration avec BOssy,L.,,11 a d4termin4, A l'aide de
cette d4finition, l'ensoleillement en cal./min./cm sur divorces surfaces ori-
entees (Id., n?38, 1950) et, en collaboration avec Dogniaux,R., 11 est parvenu,
en tenant compte des dur4es d'Insolation fourn1es par un ft4liographe, A 6tablir
de nouvelles formules fournissant les donnees du clImat solaire, lesquelles
tiennent compte des conditions atmosph6riques (Id., n?40, 1950).
7) DYNAMIQUE ATMOSPHERIQUE
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Van Mieghem,J, a 4tendu, au cas du mouvement permanent, horizontal et isobare
Se l'air, la, mdthode dynamique qui a conduit au seuil de l'instabilitd du cou-
rant gdostrophique (I.R.M., Mem., n?28, 1948). Il a applioud le critere d'ins-
tabilit4 trouvd a la dynamique du "jet stream" (Arch. Net. Geoph. und Biokl.,
A,1, 1948, no. 143-148) at montrd que les dtats dynamiques simples de l'atmo-
sphere obdissent a un principe d'extremum, qui est un minimum dams le cas de la
stabilitd et un maximum dans le cas de l'instabi1it4 (Id., A,1,1948,pp.347-357).
Van Miegnem,J. a dgalement dtudid les bilans dnergdtiques at de la quantitd de
mouvement et montrd que le flux de Jeffreys de it quantit4 de mouvement est as7
socid a un flux de mine sens de l'energie cindtique (Journ. scient. mdt.,1,1949,
PP. 53-67). Il a ddduit, des dquations de la dynamique et de la thermodynamique,
prdalablement raises sous la forme de bilans, qua le flux de chaleur du a la tur-
bulence suivant it verticale est compatible avec le second principe de in ther-
modynamiqUe (I.R.M., Mdm?n?34, 1949). Il a aussi obtenu, A partir de ces dqua-
tions mines sous is forme de bilans, les expressions du flux et du faux de pro-
duction des bilans du moment cindtique absolu et de l'4nergie mdcanique et donn4
quelques applications de ces expressions (An. Geoph.,6,1950,pp.227-237). Citons
encore, sur cette question, l'dtude de Vanderberghe,A. sur l'advection de la
Ouantit4 de mouvement de lair a travers les lignes de courant etle'sisobares du-
ne surface deniveauduchamdela pesanteur(Iae Congras nat. sciences, Bruxelles, 1950).
Van MAeghem a aussi critiqud l'interprdtatiOn que l'on fait habituollement du
thdoreme de is. circulation de Bjerknes at mis en dvidence les facteurs qui con-
tribuent a la formation dune circulation transverSale (Tellus,2,1950,pp.52-55)..
Ce thdoreme a 4t4 g4n4ralis4 par De Decker,P. en se basant sur les proPridtds
des invariants intdgrauxde E,Cartan Congres nat. sciences, Bruxelles, 1950).
Les 4quat1ons de la dynamique atmosphdrique ont fait l'objet de plusieurs tra-
vaux. De Decker,P. a montrd la n4cessit4 de tenir compte, a 1,4chelle synopti-
oue, de la courbure des surfaces de niveau du champ de it pesanteur (Arch. Net.
Geoph. und Biokl, A,2,1950,pp,223-238). Van Mieghem,J. a dtudid le mouvement
isobare a l'aide des 4quations exprim4es en variables horizontalesx,y et de la
press ion p au lieu de la verticale z (Id, 2,1950,pp.65-72) at, en collaboration
avec Vandenplas,A.,a dcrit les dquatlons Ondrales de la dynamique atmosphdrique
sous forme eul4rienne et rotationnelle dans un systeme de coordonndes curvilignes
mobiles qui se ddforme dans le temps, dquations quill ont aPPliquhs a la dyna-
mique Tu tourbillon circulaire (I.R.S., 54m., n? 41, 1950).
Lahaye,E, s'est int4ress4 aux 4quations du mouvement des flujdes parfaits et
visqueux en s'attachant aux restrictions imposdes par les conditions auxlimites
sur la surface avec laquelle le fluide est en contact. Il en a ddduit, pour le
cas dun mouvement permanent, que le tourbillon est proportionnel a la vitesse
(I.R.M., Mdm , n? 38, 1950).
Van den Dungen,F, Cox,J. at Van Mieghem,J. ont montr4 que l'dtude de la varia-
tion Moyenne annuelle de la rdoartition de pression a it surface du globe et celle
des 4changes de quantitd de mouvement entre l'atmosphere et le globe permettent
d'expliquer une partie importante des fluctuations saisonnieres de la rotation
du globe (Ac. roy, Belgique. Bull. Cl. Sciences, Te sdr., t. XXXV, Pp.642-655,
t. XXXVI, 1950, DP. 388-402),
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Signalons encore que Bultot,F. a etabli la formule de Margules pour l'inclinal-
son d'une surface de discontinulte par un nouveau procede Congres nat.
sciences, Bruxelles, 1950) et Van Mieghem,J.,les equations approchees de la dy-
namique des ondulations de grcnde loW;uqur l'onde du courant geostrophique zonal
desquelles 11 a dedult que les nyflotnse7 simplificatrices habituellement admi-
ses cant generalement inacceptables (i.a.m., Mem., n? 39, 1950). Ce dernier a
egalement etabli le tenseur de Reynolds et le critere de la turbulence laterale
en supposant que celle-ci est un mouvement d'agitation a deux dimensions dans
les surfaces isentroPiques (Kon. Vi. Acad., Med. Kl. Wet., XII, n? 14, 1950).
8) CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIQUE GENERALE ET PREVISION DU TEMPS
De Backer,S. a donne des resultats 1'observa7;ions faites dans plusieurs regions
de l'Afrique (I.R.H., Misc., n? 62, 1948);
Defrise,P. a etudie le granhique donnant revolution de lignes caracteristiques de
de l'atmosphere pendant un certain temps (IIIe Congres nat.sciences,Bruxelles,1950);
Dufour,L.a fait une etude critique des differen-:es methodes qui ant eta:" proposees
pour resoudre le problame de la Prevision a longue ecneance (I.R.M., Misc., n?39,1950);
Poncelet,L. a montre que les variations de is vitesse ascentionnelle calculee
lors du depouillement des radio-sondes ne neuvent que difficilement s'expliquer
par des causes adrodynamiques et doivent "etre attribuees a des erreurs dans les
donnees de la pression (IIIe Congres nat. sciences, Bruxelles, 1950);
Van Mieghem,J. s'est interesse a certains aspects de la circulation atmospheri-
que generale (I.R.M.,misc.,n? 34, 1948; C. et T., 66, 1950, pp, 12-22 ; Kon. Vi.
Acad., Med. El. Wet., 11, n? 3, 1949).
9) DIVERS
L'organisation de la meteorologie au Congo beige a fait l'ob3et de deux publi-
cations; lune due A Bernard,E. et Van der E,st,N. (Bull. Agr. Congo beige, 39,
1948, pp. 77-100), l'autre a De Backer,S. (Inst. roy, col. beige. Bull. Sean-
ces, 19, 1948, pp. 239-246).
Quelques questions se rapPortant A la meteorologie aeronautic:me ant ete exami-
nees par Godart,O.,Van den Dungen,F. et Van Mieghem,J. Le Premier s'est ?coupe
du vol optimum isobarique et de l'altimetrie et la separation verticale des avions
en vol dans la zone de contrele Bull- mens., mars 1950, pp. 3-11;avr. 1950, pp.1-12,
le second, des travaux des foniqteprs le la tneorie du vol
de navigation, n? 2, 1949), et Is troisieme iu vol optimum
bulence de l'atmosonere (Id., n? 1, 1949; r? 6, 19-50).
Signalons egalement nue l'Institut roya1 74teorologiqUe I publie, en 1950, un
Vocabulaire meteorologinue francals-neerlInlais et neerlandals-framcals.
optimum ( Centre beige
et des zona le
tur-
10) HISTOIRE DE LA MFTOROLOSIY
Dufour,L. a nubile une "Csnuisse dune hlstoire de la meteorologie en Belgique"
(I.R.M.,Hisc.,n?40, 1950) qui est une etude critique et comparative de Phistoire
de la meteorologie en Belgique des origines a la fin de la guerre de 1939-1945.
Il a egalement montre que les besoins d'ordre pratique ant dtd l'occasion, mais
non la cause, des progras de cette science durant ces derniares annees (Arch.
Int. hist. sciences, 1, 1948, pp. 286-290).
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Signalons dgalement les dtudes spdciales
national des sciences (Bruxelles, 1960):
mat de la Belgique, par Dufour.L.; sur la
cueillies h Bruxelles au 19e si?e, par
rologie au Congo beige par Vandenplas,A.
que beige au Congo (1890) par Letroye,A.
11) NECROLOGIE
suivantes, prdsentdes au tie Congrbs
Sur lee premieres descriptions du c:11
vtleur des donndes mdtdorologiques re?
Sneyers,R.; sur l'histoire de la mdtdo-
et sur la premiere mission scientifi?
Le 28 janvier 1950 est mort h Uccle Emile Vanderlinden, ancien membre titulaire
du Comitd national de gdoddsie et de gdophysique.
Docteur en sciences naturelles de l'Universit4 libre de BrUxelles, 11 entra h
l'Observatoire en 1891 et fut affect d an Service mdtdorologique. Ii sloccupa
d'abord de synoptique et see premiers travaul, perm' lesquels 11 convient de ot?
ter son "Etude sur]AlLmarche des cirrus dansies cyclones et lee ahticyclones"(An?
nualre mdt. Obs. 1003, pp. 155-210; 1904, pp. 242-288), se rapportent k cette
partie de in mdtdorologie.
A partir de 1906, 11 se consacra uniquement h in climatologie. See travaux dans
ce domains sont nombreux et traitent sUrtoUt de la phdnologie vdgdtale. Parmi
ces travaux, les plus connus sent: "Etude sur les foUdroiements d'arbres eons?
tats en Belgique" (Annales mdt. Obs.,t.XX, 1909) et "Etude sur les phdnombnes
pdriodlques de la vdgdtation dans leurs raPpOrts aVec les variations climati?
ques" (Recueils Inst. Bot. L. Errera, t.VII, 1010, pp. 247-324). En ce qui con?
cerne la climatologie de notre pays, Vanderlinden avait prdpard un travail d'en?
semble dont tine seule partie, celle relatiVe h la pluie, a iti publide (I.R.M.,
Mem., n? 2, 1927). Ce mitiorologiste est igalftint l'auteur d'une "Chron1que
des dvenements mdtdorologiques en Belgique jusqU'en 1834" (Acad. roy. Belgique
Mimoires in-4?, Cl. Sciences, 2e sir., t.V, 1924).
Mai 1961,
L. Dufour.
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PROGRAMME DE LA JOURNEE DU JEUDI 25 AOUT
Association Internationale de M4t4oro1ogie
Symposium sur la Physique des Nuages
President: Prof. T. Bergeron
T. BERGERON, (Uppsala): Short general survey.
Quantitative syncptic Studies of precipitation.
S. OGIWARA,(Japan):On the said condensation nucleous which is not soluble in water.
K. ITO, (Japan): On the Ice Crystals in the air.
On skeleton shaped depth Hoar.
H. DESSENS, (Observatoire du Puy?de?D6me): Experiences de modification de nua?
ges dans les Pyrenees.
F. H. LUDLAM, (imperial College, London): The natural and artificial production
of showers.
B. J. MASON, (Imperial College, London):
A. W. BREWER, (Oxford): Ice nuclei of rain formation.
Ross GUNN, (U.S. Weather Bureau): A pressurized shaft for the study of artifi?
cial clouds and precipitation Mechanics.
M. KIVEL/OVITCH et J. ROULLEAU, (Paris): Evolution des gouttes d'eau.
E.G.BOWEN,(Australia):Radar observations of rain and mechanisms of rain formation.
L.DUFOUFt,(Bruxeles):Surla condensation de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphere.
M.AZPIROZ,(San Sebastian): La afinidad &i procesos termodinamicos de interes me?
teorologic?.
A. VIAUT, (Paris): Projection eventuelle de photographies de nuages en couleur.
Visite de l'Institut Royal M6teoro1ogique de Belgique
Jeudi 2 mit A. 17h.
Presentation d'une nouvelle radiosonde et lancer exparimental, par:
A. HAUER, J.L. LEISTRA, R.J. RITSMA, H.v. SUCHTELEN, M.van TOL, et
H.J.A. VESSEUR.
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PROGRAMME DE LA JOURNEE DU VENDREDI 24 AOUT
Association Internationale de Magnetisme et d' Electricit4 Terrestres
Association Internationale de Met4oro1ogie
Symposium sur la Physique de la Haute Atmosphere et de l'Io3aosphere
President: Prof. J. Kaplan
AVANT-MIDI (10h)
1. F.L. Whipple, (Harvard College Observatory): Results of Rocket and Meteor
Reseach. (50min.).
2. M. Nicolet, (Inst. Royal Meteorologique de Belgique): Interaction between
Solar Radiation and the Earth's Atmosphere. (50 min.).
APRES - MIDI (1411)
1. L. Vegard, (Oslo): Experimental Results of Auroral Research (30 min.)
2. S. Chapman, (Oxford): The Aurora (30 min.)
3. D.R. Bates, (University College, London): Basic Reactions in the Upper Atmo-
sphere (50 min.)
4. H.G. Booker, (Cornell University): Motions in the High Atmosphere and Iono-
sphere (30 min.) (*)
5. K. Weekes, (Cambridge): Notions in the High Atmosphere and ionosphere-(30m.)(*)
Association Internationale de Met4oro1ogie
SEANCES: L'AVANT - MIDI ET L'APRES - MIDI DU 24
Climatologie
F.E. Dixon, (Eire): The annual precipitation at Dublin.
F.K. Hare, (Canada): Recent researches on snow and sea-ice d%stribution in the
Eastern Canadian Artie.
H.J. Jordt, (Danemark): The air temperature at the French ice-cape station in
Greenland and the free air.
M.A. Thomas, (Canada): Diurnal variations or precipitation frequency in Canada.
D.Justin Schove,(Grande-Bretagne): South Steering of pressure fluctuations A.D.
1850-1950 -The little ice age A.D.1550-1850 -Past Rainfall and
future temperatures -Tree-rings and Northern Summers -The
chronology of meteorological phenomena -The preliminary reduc-
tion of early barometric and wind data.
E.L. Deacon, (Australia): Climatic change in Australia, 1880-1940.
7477?sous reserve.
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Communications diverses
Jansh (Palma de Mallorca): Le sondage horizontal at le diagramme synoptique
spacio-temporel -Quelques Applications du nombre de Mach dans oueloues
formules he dynamique atmosphdrique -La dynamique apparente he la m4t4-
orologie synoptique -La mdthodeVamortissetent appliqude ala m4t4oro1og?la.
PROGRAMME DE LA JOURNEE DU LUNDI 27 AOUT
Association Internationale d'Oceanog,raphie Physique
Association Internationale de Meteorologie
Symposium surla Circulation Generale des Oceans et de l'Atmosphere
Prdsidents: Prof. C.G. ROSSBY, Prof. H.U. SVERDRUP
M.DOPORTO, (Eire): The Isopycnic Level and the Coupling of Tropopause and Sur-
face Waves.
L.LYSGAARD, (Copenhagen): Diminutive cold domes in upper air pressure levels
the weather and the number of radiosounding stations.
M.A.ESTOQUE, (Philippines): Studies on Atmospheric Wave Motions.
J.CHARNEY, (Princeton): The numerical forecast problem.
C.H.B. RPIESTLEY, (Australia): A survey of the stress between the Ocean and Atmosphere.
G.C. McVITTIE, (London): Development, Thickness Patterns and the Equivalent
Barotropic Atmosphere.
H.P. BERLAGg. lIndonesia): Solar avtivity and air Pressure fluctuations over
the South Pacific Ocean.
P. QUENEY, (Paris): Ondes atmosphdriques assocides aux discontinuitds du tour-
billon; application aux ondes plandtairas et aux ondes de cyclones.
R. SCHERHAG, (Berlin): The cellular structure of the General Circulation.
H. FLOHN, (Bad Kissingen) :Studies on Trade-Wind Circulation and Equatoral Westerlies.
KOJI HIDAKA, (Tokyo): Drift Currents in an Enclosed Ocean Fart Di.
Circulation in a Zonal Ocean induced by a Planetary Wind System.
H. ARAKAWA, (Tokyo): Aerological Analysis of a Mature Typhoon.
R. PONE, (Paris): Rdsultats provisoires d'une mdthode d'analyse en altitude
utilise en France.
J. BESSEMOULIN. (Paris): Difluence et divergence.
J.C. FREEMAN, J.F. BAILEY, H.R. BYERS, (Chicago): Analysis of the development
and maintenance of squall lines.
M. WEENINK: A Computation of surface current velocities in the central part
of the Pacific from Wind data.
BRITISH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY: Interaction between ocean and atmosphere.
F.H. VAN DEN DUNGEN, J.F. COX et J. VAN MIEGHEM (Bruxelles): Les fluctuations
saisonnihres he la rotation du Globe et la circula-
tion atmosphdrique endrale.
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PROGRAMME DE LA JOURNEE DU MARDI 28 AOUT
Association Internationale de Meteorologic
Symposium sur le Rayonnement
President: Dr. A. Ingstrft
Secretaire: Dr. W. 116rikofer
S. FRITZ, (U.S. Weather Bureau): The Average Reflection, Absorption and
mission of Solar Energy by Clouds.
Off. Poona): Studies on the Infra-red Radiation
mosphere at Poona, India.
F.W.P. GoTZ and F. VOLE, (Arose): The blue Sun of September 1950.
G.D. ROBINSON, (Kew Observatory): The role' of radiation in the transfer of heat
from ground to air,
R,H. ELDRIDGE, (Kew Observatory): A laboratory comparison of substandard
/ngstrft and Silver Disc Pyrheliometers.
E.H. GOWAN, (University of Alberts, (Canada): Solar Radiation in Various Wave-
length Ranges.
R.TOUSEY, F.S. JOHNSON, J,D. PURCELLandK, WATANABE, (U.S. Naval Research Laborat.):
The Intensity of sunlight from 2000 to 3400 1.
W. M8RIKOFER,(Davos):The Deteininationof the Radiation Balance or the Earth.
L A. RAMDAS, (Met.
from
Transr
the At-
PROGRAMME DE LA JOURNEE 'DU MERCREDI 29 AOUT
Association Internationale de Meteorologie
Symposium sur la Micrometeorologie
President: Prof. 0.0. Sutton
P.A. SHEPPARD, (Imperial College, London): .......
D.R. DAVIES, (University of Sheffield): An approach to the Problem of Evapora-
tion from a limited area.
N.C. SWINBANK, (Australia): The measurement of the vertical transfer of heat,
water vapour and momentum by eddies in the lower atmosphere.
B.F. POPPENDIEK, (Oak Ridge, Tenn.): A periodic heat transfer analysis for an
atmosphere in which the Eddy Diffusivity
varies sinusoidally with time and linearly
with height,
F. SCHNELLE, (Bad Kissingen): Ueberwachung des Wasserhaushaltes des Bodens durch
den Deutschen Wetterdienst in der US-Zone.
F.N. FRENKIEL, (Johns Homkins University): Application of the statistical Theory
of Turbulence to Micrometeorology.
O. BJORGUM, (Bergen): On the application of Kolmogoroff's Theory of local iso-
tropy to the lower atmosphere
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Association Internationale de Mete4oro1ogie
Symposium sur 1 OZONE Atmospherinue, du 30 aoilt au 1 septembre
Organise avec le concours financier de l'UNESCO
'resident: Prof. G.M B Dobson
;,nretaire: Sir Charles Normanl
PROQPANhE DE LA JOURNEE DU JEUDI '-2:; 0 AOUT
( 01) : ( Et((-D ()see. dr 5 ml nu tes )
(' Theory of ten onotochemical tormation of Ozone, by Prof. S. Chapman.
Vcrtipal Distribution of Ozone, by Prof. F.W.P. 1F,tv
ynooric Study of Ozone and leteorologinal :qndltian,. hr -Orcn-r1 -
un in the Lower Troposphere, by Prof. . Pegenfr.
on, in Hign Latitudes, by Tr. E. TInsberg.
00003-MIDI (14-50): (Exposes de lu minutes).
US. Weather Bureau): Some Ozone measurenfpts during sudden 'ono-
si)heric disturbances
Heed and AL Julius, (Mass. Inst. of Techn.): A quantitative Analysis of
r,u0 Proposed mechanisms fcr Vertical Ozone Transport
'a the Lower Stratosphere.
0. 'Iyake and K Saruhasti, (Meteorological Research Institute, Tokyo): On the
'onuel and Meridional Variation of the Atmospheric ozon-,
,-(tonabe.J.T') -11-cEd and 1.3. Johnson. (lava' Research Ltnrr tory,
The Tqnticn1 Distribution of Ozone to 70 'cr,
/ rf Alberta, 'rladn): The temperature of the ' 7rnosptere If
etn 41-=f-ntirrti- from 4000 Degree Sun
ateerir (v,nc 1-eastrerant at Ironton, Parada
71t-ch, (Masa? Inst. of Tennn.): the photochemical theory of the Atmosohe-
-lo (mnrn z a Tool for investigating
turbulence 50C 0IroTation In One lower stratosnhere
fbger,,,uer, (Deutscner wetterr(lenst, Bad TF,17): Ueber die Beziehungen lag
podannahen uvon 7'1 ',t-'109Dr4r1hPrl VOro'grIgPil.
V ,hmer-, (Weiqsenau): Gleichzeitige Vessungen des Czongehaltes bodennater
left an mehreren Stationenmit einem einfachen,absoluten Verfahren.
'ao zoLd, (14---senau): Ueber die Inglichkeit her Benutzung von Mcndfinster-
, --n zur krfassung der vertikalen Ozonvertellung in versohie-
,,reo .9reiten.
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azon in der Troposphhre von Prof. E. Regener.
Die alte Jodkaliummethode let so verbessert worden, dass mit ihr der Ozongehalt
der Luft in kurzen Zeitintervallen mit einer Genauigkeit bestimmt werden kann,
die far die Erfassung des tgglichen Ganges des Ozongehaltes ausreicht. Die da-
mit in Bodennghe und in Flugzeug vorgenommenen Messungen bestgtigen den grossen
Einfluss der Turbulenz und der ozonzerstgrenden Faktoren auf die tgglichen
Schwankungen des niederen Ozons. Am Erdboden 1st die ozonzerst6rende Wirkung
der dart lesser vorhandenen oxydablen Substanzen so stark, dass in stagnierender
Luft der Ozongehalt schnell auf Null absinkt. Bel Windstille verschwindet daher
der Ozongehalt am Boden bald nach Sonnenuntergang, es eel denn, dass infolge
lokaler absinkender Luftstrfte in bergigem Gelgnde ozonreichere Luft aus der
Hohe herabgefahrt wird, in exponierter-HChenlage wird der durch die tggliche
Thermik hervorgerufene Einfluss klein und die Schwankungen sind im wesentlichen.
durch die Advektion von Luft verschiedenen Ozongehaltes bedingt. Dies bestEtigt
sich auch bei Flugzeugaufstiegen his 9 km HOheo Hier kOnnen sich Luftmassen mit
hoherem Ozongehalt unter und such zwischen ozonarme Luftschichten schie-
.ben, In grOsserer HOhe? in welcher der desozonisierende Einfluss des Erdbodens
verschwindet, kann eine grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der mbglichen Ozonverteilungen
auftreten. In der Troposphgre kann such der Fall angetroffen werden, dass in
einem HOhenintervall Ober mehrere Kilometer das Verhgltnis Ozon/Luft konstant
ist..Hieraus muss auf eine starke vertikale Durchmischung in diesem HUhenin-
tervall geschlossen werden. Per Ozongehalt 1st dann em n durch die sonstigen
meteorOlogischen Vorgange nicht berthrtes Kennzeichen des Luftkdrpers. Der Ein-
flues der desozonisierenden Wirkung lgngerwelligen Lichtes muss noch untersucht
werden
Ozone in High Latitudes by E. Tftsberg,
The results of Dr, Dobsons extensive ozone measurements during the years 1925
to 1927 made it very desirable to extend the measurements to the highest Possi-
ble latitudes. Even in the summer season of 1929 observations (sunlight) were
made at Spitzgergen (78? NL.) by Dr. GOtz, and at the same place the British
Polar-Year Expedition 3 years later obtained some polar-night values(starflght).
Then in the summer of 1934 Dr, Dobson and Dr, Meetham'made observations at
Troms0 (70? NL.,) in order to determine the vertical distribution of ozone. The
following winter season observations (starlight) were undertaken at Abisko,
North Sweden (68? N,L.) by Barbier, Chalonge and Vassy. Just ?the same winter we
started the ozone observations at Troms0 With some moonlight observations, and
followed up the next summer with slnlight observations by means of an "old"
Dobson spectrograph, kindly lent out,
Already the sporadic measurements summarized above pointed towards the charac-
teristic figure in the annual variation of atmospheric ozone, with high spring-
values decreasing through summer and autumn to minimum values at the end of the year.
Only with very few exeptions all routine observations at Troms0 have been made
by means of sunlight, direct sun or sky-light, and the instruments used were of
the Dobson pattern, the spectrograph from 1935.to 1939, later on the spectro-
photometer, which last summer was fitted out with photomultiplier, and thus be-
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came much more sensitive. Our efforts to obtain reliable starlight values have
not been successful. It is difficult to avoid blacking on the plates (spectre)
as a whole, and any auroral display will soon disturb the observation.
As general results from 1935 to 1949 (1)we give below a table of monthly mean
values in unit 0.001 cm., and their range of variation. The numbers In brackets
are considered highly uncertain of two main reasons, too weak light for safe
observations and great unaccuracy in evaluation of the values.
Month. J. F. M. A. M. J. J. A. S. 0. N D.
Monthly means (208) 288 304 304 286 255 229 219 210 204 178 (167)
1935 - 1949
Maximum values (282) 330 362 327 303 275 253 240 220 215 217 (218)
Year 1940 42 42 40 42 41 40 40 42 41 39 1941
Minimum values (132) 245 270 263 249 237 216 201 196 182 151 (124)
Year 1944 49 39 37 37 37 37 39 35 46 46 1043
The values in brackets for Jan. and Dec. are, as mentioned above, very doubtful,
and I consider both of them to be somewhat too low.- As to the magnitude of
individual values I do not think that we at 70? N.L. should calculate with lower
values than say 0.100 cm. and not higher than 0,400 cm., an assumption which
can be satisfactory tried after the great augmentation in sensitivity now. avai-
lable in the instrument. It should be mentioned that the sudden increase in
ozone content at Troms0 always has occured In the second half of January, usu-
ally in connection with passages of deep cyclones.
To get an idea of the variation in the ozone content from year to year we give
a table of (annual) means of the ten monthly means Feb.- Nov. Unit 0.001 cm,
Year: 1940 1941. 1942 1946 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948
Means Feb.- Nov. 263 ,.:SEJ 286 240 244 240 238 245 242
How far the January and. December values would have influenced the means is dif-
ficult to say, but probably the lowest- would have decreased more than the. highest.
To get at least a year-series of ozone observations from Spitzbergen (78' N.L )
we have last September started measurements there with a Dobson spectrophotome-
ter as capital instrument. Some preliminary results are available from observa-
tions on direct sun and direct moon. It is not likely that additional values
from sky-light and perhaps starlight observations will change the monthly means
very much, For comparison we give the corresponding preliminary Troms0 values
too. Unit 0.001 -cm.
Month,
lisp.
1950
Oct. Nov Dec, Jan Feb. Mar, Apr.
1951
Spitzbergen 78? N.L, 190 200 220 230 260 320 350 330
Troms0 70? N.L. 210 200 200 220 220 320 360 320
The values Spitzbergen -Troms0 are but slightly different frOMWM.th ta$,onth The
December-values were abnormally high at Troms0.
(1) Geofyslske Publikasloner, Oslo, Vol XIII N? 12.
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INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS
Ozone Commission of the International Meteorological Association
A Symposium on Ozone Distribution in the High Atmosphere will be held at Brus-
sels from Thursday, 30th August to Saturday, Act September 1951. The meetings
on 50th August will form part of the proceedings of the International Meteoro-
logical Association (see enclosed programme for that date). The subsequent mee-
tings of the Symposium are intended for fuller and more intimate discussion of
ozone problems by scientists, who are or have been engaged in work on ozone.
The following agenda is proposed for the discussions on the 31st August and 1st
September: (1) Measurements and their Reduction:-
Absorption Coefficients Log Io/II)
Zenith Sky Readings Temperature Effects
Zenith Cloud Readings Haze Effects
(ii) Fuller discussion of Vertical Distribution.
(iii) ValUe of Ozone Observations near Tropopause
(iv) Observations at Night,
(v) Instruments and their maintenance.
(vi) Programme of Observations on Ozone for next three years.
(vii) Exchange of Observations,
Members wishing to raise other subjects are invited, to send in their suggestions
to Prof. GMB _ DOBSON by mid-July.
U..N.E.SC O. have recently promised a supplementary grant towards the Symposium,
which, in special cases, will be used to defray a part of the cost of travel
expenses. Unfortunately, in view of the short notice, the distribution of the
grant is not likely to be decided until the Commission meets in Brussels.
25 May 1951
The President of the Ozone Commission, The Secretary of the Ozone Commission,
Prof. 0.M B. Dobson Sir Charles Normand
Watch Hill, The Ridings, 56 Holywell, Oxford (England).
Shotover - Oxford (England).
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
? MGR:AY:24E DE LA JOURNEE DU VENDRED1 31 AOUT
Association Internationale d'Hydrologie
Association Internationale de Metorologie
Le prohleme de l'Evalooration a la surface du Globe
Brie Marie Sanderson (Canada): The measurement of Evaporation in Canada.
F- Mbiler (Mains):,,..?.
J,N, Lyshede (Denmark): Evaporation and transpirationln North-Seeland,Denmark
W Langbein (U,S, Geological Survey): Research on evaporation from lakes and
reservoirs,
F Bergsten (Stockholm): Contribution to Study of evaporation in Sweden,
Ostromecki (Poland): Evaporation from the surface of meadows on loam,
F. Grundl (British East Africa): Some notes on -evaporation from water and Land
surfaces,
U L Penmsn,tGreat Britain): The water balance of Catchment Areas
AVERTISSEMENT
Impression des Procesf- Verbaux des S4ances de travail
ED vertu sea statuts2 les proces-verbaux des s6ances de travail dolvent compor-
ter ie r4sum4 des communications et des discussions auKquelles ceiles-ci don-
nent _Lieu - Afin d'4viter tout malentendu, ie Bureau de l'AssoclatIon prie
les participants de 'hien voutoir remetre au .Sect4taire,.apres chaque sdance,
to texte (le ieurs communications et tie leurs intervenions dans les discussions
NOTICE
Printing of the working sessions transactions
9y virtue of the statutes, the transactions of the lecture sessions must Invol-
,ie the summaries of the contributions and or the disat,ssions to which they have
given rise,- In order to avoid all misunderstandirgs, the Bureau of the
Association begs the participants to be so kind as to delevering to the Secre-
tarY9 after each meeting, the text of their contributns or Interventions In
uhe discussions
Pruxelles, le 6 juin 195i
LeSeeretaire,
J Van Mieghem
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-55-
ADDENDA
"Programme"
Page 1 Programme du mercredi 22 aoHt; apres l'adresse prdsidentielle:
Projet de crdation dun Institut Mdtdorologique International
Exposd introductif par M. le Prof. C.G. Rossby.
Rapports Nationaux"
Page 45 Dr. A. lngstrom: Rapport National Suddois.
Page 47 Programme du vendredi 24 ao6t; Communications diverses:
Said-Ali Ankara (Universitgt Ankara): Ueber die Moglichkeit der
Wettervorhersage auf Grund der Leitfghigkeitsmessung der Luft.
Page 48 Programme du lundi 27 aoHt;
Symposium sur la Circulation Gdndrale des Ocdans et de l'Atmosphere.
Prof. 1.1,U. Sverdrup (Oslo): Hommage A V. Bjerknes.
Prof. C.G. Rossby (Stockholm): A comparison between the General Cir-
culations of the Ocean and the Atmosphere.
Dr. Th. Hesselberg (Oslo): On the Role of the Water Vapour in the
General Circulation.
Le 25 juin 1951.
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-58-
TABLE DES MATIERES
le Partie: "Programme"
Page
Programme
1
Memorandum of the Pacific Science Association
3
International Polar Year 1957-1958
7
Upper Atmospheric Nomenclature
10
World Days In Upper Atmosphere Research
14
2e Partie: "Resumes des Counnunications' i?
3e Partie: "Rapports Nationaux"
Rapports
Programme detaill4
Avertissement
Addenda . .
3 a 45
46 a 54
54
55
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A 4/1/4/eX
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25X1
004200010002-4
Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale
25X1
IXeme Assemblee Generale
Bruxelles
20 aat - I septembre 1951
LISTE DES DELEGUES
ET DES INVITES
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STJPPL77;171`
ALLEMAGNE - QUEST PORTUGAL
Mr. FERRARO
Prof. Dr. A KOPFF
Prof. Dr. Kurt SCHWIDEVSKY
Directeur E;0, NESSTER
Prof. Dr. R. SCHERTRAG
Dr. H FLOHN
Dr. H UNGEHEUER
Prof. Dr. R. MUGGE
EGYPTE
111 Sajyed Abdel MONEM
ESPAGNE
Sr. D. C. Saenez GRACIA
Sr. D. NICANOR MENENDEZ GRACIA
Sr. D. R. MONTEQUI
FRANCE
Mr. DUBIEF
Mr. le Vice-Admiral NARES
Mr. MEZIN
Mr. BERKALOFF
Mr. TIXERONT
GRANDE-BRETAGNE
Mr. DOUGLAS
Mr. CORMACK
TRUAEL
Dr. Prof. L. EiHBEL
Dr. N. SHALEM
Dr. J. FAMILIAR
ITA LIE
Mr. Imbo GUISEPPE
Yr. RONCALI
MAROC
Mr. THUILLE
PAYS-BAS
Dr. H. BOSCHMA:
SUEDE
Mr. OMHOLT Nils
SUISSE
Mr. Ed. GUYOT
U.S.A.
Mr. Major HENDRIKSX
Dr. W.W. KELLOG
Prof. S.A. KORFF
Mr. G. von NEUMANN
Dr. A. SPILHAUS
Mr. C.J. WOODROW
111. LODEWIJK
Mme BURROWS
Mme BAKER
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UNION GEODESIQUE ET GEOPHYSIQUE INTERNATIONALE
Prdsident: Professor F.A. Vening Meinesz,
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute,
De Bilt, Holland.
Vice-Prdsidentq: Professor S. Chapman,
43 Nigh Street,
Oxford, England,
Dr, L. H. Adams,
Carnegie Institution of Washington,
1530 P Street, N. W,
Washington 5, D.C.,
Secrdtaire Odndral: Dr, J.. IL Stagg,
34 King's Road,
Richnond, Surrey, England.
Association Internationale de Geodesie
president: Mr. W.D,, Lambert,
Box 687,
Canaan, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Vice-Prdsidents: Professor C,F. Baeschlin (Switzer/and).
Dr. A. Letroye (Belgiun).
Professor P. Tardi,
19 Rue Auber,
Paris 9e, Prance.
Secrdtaire:
Association Internationale de Seismologie
Prdsident: Dr. R. Stoneley,
16 Millington Road,
Cambridge, England,
Vice-Prdsidents: Mr, F. Yeumann (U.S.A.)
Dr. C Char/ier (Belgium),
Secrdtaire: Professor J Rothd,
38 Boulevard d'Anvers,
Strasbourg, France,
Association Internationale de Meteorologie
President: Dr. J. Bjerknes,
DePartment of Meteorology,
University of California,
Los Angeles 24, California, U.S.A.
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A0042000100024
Vice-Presidents: Professor IC.R. Ramanathan (India),
Dr. F.W. Reichelderfer (U.S.A.).
gecretaire: Dr. J. Van Mieghem,
Institut Royal Mdtdorologique de Belgique,
3 Avenue Circulaire,
Uccle 3, Belgium
Association Internationale de Magnetisme
et d'Electricite Terrestres
Pr?dent: Professor S. Chapman,
43 High Street,
Oxford, England,
Vice-Presidents: Professor J. Coulomb (France),
Professor B F.J. Schonland (South Africa),
Secretaire: Dr. J.W, Joyce,
6641 32nd Street, NW,,
Washington 15, DX., U.S.A.
Association Internationale d ?Oceanographie
Pr?dent: Professor H,U. Sverdrup,
Director, Norsk Polarinstitutt,
Norges Svalbard og Ishavs-UndersOkelser Observatoriegt I,
Oslo, Norway.
Vice-Presidents: Professor J. Proudman (Great Britain).
Dr. C. 0,D. Iselin (USA).
Secretaire: Professor if. Mosby,
Det Geophysiske Institutt,
Bergen, Norway.
Association Internationale de Vnlcanologie
Pr?dent: Professor B.G. Escher,
Rijksmuseum van Gdologie en Mindralogie,
Dorpsstraat 15, Oegstgeest,
Leiden, Holland
Vice-Presidents: Professor H. Williams (U.S.A.).
Professor L. Glangeaud (France).
Dr. MacGregor (Great Britain).
Professor Niels Nielsen (Denmark).
Professor F. Signore,
via fasso-Nc
Secretaire:
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
Association Internationale d'Hydrologie
Prdsident: Mr. Merrill Bernard, t
U.S. Weather Bureau,
t
24 h
and M Streets, N. W.,
Washington 25, D.C., U.S.A.
V1ce-Pr4s1dents: Professor F. Frolow (France).
Professor G. de Marchi (Italy).
Secr4taire: Professor L.J. Tison,
Rue des Ronces, 61,
Gentbrugge, Belgium.
Comite Mixte de la Physique Interne du Globe
Pr4sident: Professor B. Gutenberg,
Seismological Laboratory,
220 North San Rafael Avenue,
Pasadena, California.
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ALLEMAGNE - EST
Del egue
Prof. Dr. F. Muhling (H,G)
AL LEMAGNE - QUEST
Delegues
Bartels, Mr. Julius Horn, Oberreg. Rat. ..............(H)
(0) Jung, Prof. K.
Jung, Prof. F.R.
Kneissl, Prof. Dr. M.
Kopff, Prof. Dr. A. ..............(G)
Cloos, Prof. H. ............ (0) Menzel, Dr. W.
Correns, Prof. C. Moller, Prof. F.
Dieminger, Dr. W. Raethjen, Prof. P.
Errulat, Prof. F. Regener, Prof. E.
Friedrich, Dr. W. Rinsum, Reg.-Baudir. Dr. Ing. van
Gigas, Dr. E. Schroder, Prof. Dr.
cleldque. principal
Tams, Prof. E.
Berroth, Prof. A.
Bocknecke, Dr. G.
Burmeister, Dr. F.
Cloos, Dr.
Heinz, Mr 9 Menzel
Heisenberg, Prof. W.
Hiller, Mr. W. .
Weickmann, Prof. L.
Wolf, Dr. Ing. H. ..........(G)
Invitees
Mme Dieminger Mme Horn
Mme Kneissl
0? Dwyer, Ing. D.G. Riggi
Bower, Mr. Dr. E.G.
Priestley, Mr. C.H.B.
ARGENT INE
Delegues
Ozaran, Cor, Ing, Mil. D,A_R.
d4legue principal
AUSTRAL IE
Delegues
Rayner, Mr. ,LM,
cloldgu4 principal
Ross, Prof. A.D.
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AUTRICHE
Delegues
Barvir, Dr. A.
Defant, Prof. Dr. A. NI. principal
Ledersteger, Dr. K.
Baird, Mr. P.D.
Beals, Dr. C.S
Currie, Dr. B.W
Davies, Mr. F.T
Loschner, Ing. Dr. F.
Mader, Hofrat Prof. Dr. K.
Chef de la d4legation
CANADA
Delegnes
........ ..... .....(H) Cowan, Dr. E.H. ....... ...... .....(M)
(S) Legget, Mr. R.F. .................(H)
(E) Fannie, Mr. J.L. ....... ..........(G)
(E) Ross, Mr. J.E.R. ...... .....(G)
Ford, Dr. W.L. ....... .......... ..(0)
Garland, Dr. G.D. ................(G)
Invitees
Mhe Beals
Mme Currie
Mme Gowan
Wilson, Dr. J.T,
Deldgud principal
Mme Fannie
Mme Ross
DANEMARK
Delegues
Andersen, 'Dr. E. ................(G)
Bretting, Prof. A.E. ,...........(H)
Ebert, Mr. F. (H)
Egedal, Mr. J. ........ ........ (M)
Lehmann, Mr.
Nielsen, Prof.
Nirlund, Prof.
Ddlegue principal
Petersen, Directeur H, ...........(M,E)
Thomsen, Mr. H.
ND flO0?00????00?000 (G)
Directeur N.B. ((3)
Invites
Fristrup, Mr. B.
Iaursen, Mr. V. ..,...............(M)
Lysgaard, Mr. L. .................(H)
Lyshede, Mr. J,M. ................(H)
Mine Andersen
Mme Egedal
Mme Lysgaard
Mme N6rlund
Sestoft, Pr, IJ
Simonsen, Dr, 0, ......?.........(G)
Smed, Mr. J.
Mme Petersen
Mine Sect oft
Mme Thomsen
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EGYPTE
Bey, Mr. M.R. Madwar
dj/dgue principal
Faris, Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim
Mme Kamel
Delegues
Hassanein, Dr. S.A.M.
Kamel, Dr Mustafa
Samaha, Mr. Abdel Hamid
Invitee
ESPAGNE
- -
Delegues
Balen Garcia, Sr. D.F (0) Gil Montaner, Sr, D,P,
Bonelli Rubio, Sr. D.J M (S,V) Rodriguez Navarro, Sr. D.J. ......(G,E)
Cadarso Gonzalez, Sr. DL (G) Romana, R.P.A. S.J. ...(E,M,H)
Campos ?Guereta y Martinez, Sr. D F. Sans Huelin, Sr. D.G. ............(G)
cleldgue principal
Torroja Menendez, Sr.'D.J.M.
Cifuentes y Rodriguez, Sr. D.M. de (0)
Oriol Cardus
Mme Cadarso
Mine Campos Guereta y Martinez
Mme de Bonelli
Invites
Mine Montaner
Mme Rodriguez Navarro
Mine Sans Huelin
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Adams, Dr. L.H. .......
Aldrich, Mr, L.B.
Austin, Mr. T.Ss ..........
Baker, Mr. Donald M.
Balsley, Mr:. James Jr.
Barnett, Mr. Kenneth M.
Beij, Mr. K. Hilding
Birch, Dr. Francis
Bramhall, Dr. E.H.
Bucher, Prof. Walter H.
Burrows, Dr. Charles R.
Byerly, Dr. Perry
Byers, Dr. Horace R.
Charney, Dr. Jule
Clarke, Dr. George L. ............(
Dietz, Dr. Robert S.
ETATS UNIS D'AMERIQUE
Delegues
.......,(G) Kaplan, Dr. Joseph
Lambert, Mr. Walter D.
...(H) Landsberg, Dr. Helmut E.
Langbein, Mr. Walter B. ...... ...(G)
G) Leifson, Mr. Gunnar ...............(H)
Lek, Dr. L.
Lowdei-milk, Dr. Walter C.
Lyman, Mr. John (H)
Mason, Prof. Brian H. (G)
Neumann, Mr. Frank (C)
Newell, Dr. Homer E. Jr.
Pettit, Miss Helen B.
Phleger, Dr. Fred B. Jr.
Rex, Lt. Comdr. Daniel F.
Roach, Dr. Franklin E.
Rumbaugh, Dr. Lynn H.
Ruska, Mr. Walter E.A.
Sayre, Dr. A. Nelson
Schairer, Dr. J. Frank
Schonstedt, Mr. E.O.
Schumacher, Dr, J. Paul
Singer, Dr. S.F.
Schliehter, Dr. Louis B. (G)
Smith, Mr. Waldo E.
Snyder, Mr. Franklin F.
Sollenberger, Mr. Paul
Stoker, Prof. J.J.
Tatel, Dr. Howard E.
Tousey, Dr. Richard
Veihmeyer, Dr. F.J.
Vogt, Miss Mary Cameron
Whipple, Dr. Fred L.
Whitten, Mr. Chas, A. .... ...?7".(0)
Worden, Mr. SP.
.(M)
Disney, Mr. L.P.. oone,sope0.0?000(
Dix, Dr. C. Hewitt
0)
G)
(G)
Duerksen, Mr. J.A. ...............(G)
Ewing, Dr. Maurice ...............(G)
Field, Dr. Richard Mo
Frenkiel, Dr. Francois
Fritz, Mr. Sigmund
Gibson, Comdr. William M. ........(G)
Gunn, Dr. Ross
Gutenberg, Dr. Beno .......... .... (S)
Hafstad, Mrs Katharine Clarke
Harding, Prof. George Ms
Herz, Dr. Norman ....,............,(G)
Hough, Mr. Floyd W.
Hulburt, Dr SO.
,
Jacobs; Dr. Woodrow C.
Johnston, Mr. H. Freeborn
Joyce, Dr. J.W.
N.
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Invites
Bjerknes, Dr. J.A.B. ....... ..... ,(M)
Bundgaard, Lt. Col. Robert C.
Fultz, Mr. Dave ...... ..... (M)
Gibson, Dr. Ralph E.
Gordon, Dr, William E.
Iselin, Dr. C. O'D .(0)
Mme Adams
Mme Austin
Mme Barnett
Mme Bjerknes
Mlle Bjerknes
Mme Clarke
Mme Disney
Mine Dix
Mine Ewing
Mine Gibson
Mine Gutenberg
Mme Herz
Mme 1.:ulburt
Mme Johnston
Mme Kellog
Mme Korff
Jehle, Prof Herbert
Ladd, Col. J.G.
Liebermann, Dr, Leonard L,
Srenrfler,,Mr. Kenneth. C. .....
Woollard, Dr. George P. ......
Mme Lowdermilk
Mine Lyman
Mme Ph3e.$1.er
Mme Rex
Mme Roach
Mine Ruska
Mme Sayre
Mlle Sayre
Mme Schumacher
Mine Slichter
Mlle Slichter
Mme Tousey
Mlle Tousey
Nine Veihmeyer
Mine von Neumann
Mr. Bjerknes Jr,
FINLANDE
Delegues
Heiskanen, Prof. Dr, VA
Hirvonen, Prof. Dr. R.A.
(G)
,.(G)
Palren, Prof. Dr. E,
Pesonen, Prof. Dr. U. ..
(4)
....(G)
Jurva, Prof. Dr. R. ..,...?
..(0)
Renqvist, Prof. Dr. H. ..
......(H)
Kergnen, Prof. Dr, J.
ddlegud principa/
..(M)
Siren, Dr. A, ?
Sucksdorff, Dr E.
(H)
..(E)
Kukkamgki, Dr, T.J,
(G)
VgisNlg, Prof. Dr. V.
...,...(M)
Niskanen, Dr, F. .
(G)
Wahl, Prof. Dr. 1,4V
Angervo, Dr- J.M.
Lisitzin, Dr. E,
Mine Heiskanen
Mme Hirvonen
Invites
-
Koroleff, Mr. N.H.
Suchsdorff, Mr. Chr,
Mine KukkamEki
Mlle Lisitzin Dr.
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FRANCE
Delegues
Allard, M. Pierre .... .....(G)
Aubert, M. Jean ..................(H)
Baranov, M. Vladimir ........o.,(G,E)
Barbier, M. D.
Barrabe, M. D. ....o..............(V)
Bazerque, M. Jean ,...............(G)
Bernard, M. Pierre .............(S,E,O)
Bernard, M. Rend ...
Bricard, M. J. .....
...(E)
...... (M,E)
Brunel, M. Andre
Bruzon, M. E. ....................(M)
Bureau, M. Robert ...........?..,.(M,E)
Cagniard, M. L. ...........,..(G,S,M,E)
Cahierre, Mu Lob (G)
Coron, Mlle Suzanne ..., .........(G)
Coulomb, Mo Jean ...........(G,S,M,E,V)
Danjon, M. Andre .................(G,M)
Dauvillier, M. A. ...,...............(E)
Decaux, M. Bernard
Delhomme, M. Francois ......,?....(0)
Dessens, Mo Henri ...........0..(S,M,E)
Duclaux, Mine Frangoise ......,?(G,S,E)
Dupuy, M. Michel
Fage, M. Louis ...................(0)
Francis ?Boeuf, M. Claude .........(0)
Frolow, M. Vladimir .........
Genty, le Commandant R.
,.,.(M,H)
,.(E)
Geze, M. Dernard .................(V)
Glangeaud, M. L. .................(V)
Goguel, Mo J.
Gougenheim, M. Andre ...........((3,E,O)
Grenet, M. G. ................(S,M,E,V)
Hee, Mine A.
Henin, M. St. ....................(H)
Hurault, le General L. ...........(G)
Jacquinet, M. Pierre .......?.....((3,E)
Jeremine, Mme El. .?....... ...(V)
Kunetz, M. G.
Labrouste, Mme H.
Laclavere, M. G.
Lagrula, M. J. ..,.
........(S,M,E)
......(G)
....(G)
Laurent, M. Jean
Lef:ay, le R.P. P. ...,.........(G,M,E)
Prdsident de la Dglggation
Le Strat, M. Andre .,. ...(H)
Levallois, M. J.J. .......(G)
Martin, M. Jean .,. ...o(G,M)
Migaux, M, L. ,(G,S,E)
Noetzlin, M? J.
Orcel, M. J,
Pasteur, M. Edmond
Perard, M. Albert
Perlat, M. Andre ?
? . (H)
? (M)
Peterschmitt, M. She ?.,?.....(S)
Poivilliers, M, G ..,...(G)
Queney, M. P,
..??.....?(M)
Rothe, M. J, .?.?..?.?,.....,(S)
Rouch, le Commandant Jules ......(0)
Roulleau, M. Jean ....,.....,....(M)
Barton du Jonchay, M. Y. ..(M)
Schoeller, M. .......
Serra, M. Louis ..o. ..(H)
Stoyko, M, Nicolas ...,
Tardi, M. P. .........o, .?.,....(G,O)
Membre du Conseil de
Thellier, M. Emile .....,?......(E,V)
Thellier, Mme Odette ......(E)
Vassy, M. E.
Vassy, Mme Arlette ........(M,E)
Viaut, M. .
Vibert, M, cno,.conoo ?(H)
Vignal, M. ..?,
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Approved For
Ambrosi, Mme J, ...........
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Invites
(H)
.. .. ..(G)
Lugiez
Beaufils, Mlle
(S)
Paoli ..
........... .......(H)
Bessemoulin ......
...... .....(M)
Pone
(M)
Braudeau ............
... . .....(H)
Remenieras
(H)
Cecchini .. ...
Roche .,...
................(H)
Godefroy .....
..............(E)
Serene
..............(0)
Julien
.(0)
Tchelzoff .........
.,.....(0)
Le Floch
......(0)
Mine Allard Mine Jacquinet
Mine Aubert Mlle Jacquinet C.
Mine Baranov Mlle Jacquinet M.
We Barbier Mine Laclav6re
Mthe Bazerque Mlle Laclavbre
Mine Bernard P. Mine Laurent
Mine Bernard R. Mme Le Floch
Nine Brunel We Migaux
Nine Bureau we Pasteur
Mine Cahibre Mine P4rard
Mine Cecchini Nine Poivilliers
Nine Coulomb Mine Queney
Mine Dessens Mme Serra
Mine Dupuy Mine Schoeller
Mme Godefroid Mine Viaut
Mine Gougenheim Mme Vignal
Nine Grenet
GRAND DUCHE DE LUXEMBOURG
Invite: GLoden, A.
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19: CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
GRANDE BRETAGNE
Absalon, H.W.L. (E)
Allard, W- .................o (H)
Baxter, E.F. (S)
Bomford, Brigadier G. .0 (G)
Bowden,
Brown, General R Ll. ..... (G)
Director Ce2,12ra/ of Ordnance Survey
Browne, B.0 (G)
(H)
(S,G)
A.W. ....... ........ (M)
Buchan, Dr. F.
Bullard, Dr. E.0
Brewer,
Delegues
Bullerwell, W. (0)
Carruthers, Dr J.N. (0)
Chapman, Professor S, ........, (E)
Charnock, H.
Clark, Miss J.M.
Cooper, Dr. L.H.N. ..............(0)
Cooper, Dr. R.I.B. ..............(0)
Corkan, M.R.H. ..................(0)
Day, Rear Admiral A, ............(G,0)
Hydrographer to the Navy
Deacon, Dr. G.E.R. ....?.....,...(0)
Director, National Institute of Ocean.
Dixey, Dr. F. ..........,... .....(H)
Dobson, Professor G.M.B. ..?.....(M)
Doodson, Dr. A. T. ..........o.?(0)
Ferraro, V.C.A. ................(E)
Glennie, Brigadier E.A....o....(0)
Goldsbrough, Professor G.R. .....(0)
Goody, Dr. R.M.
Graaff-Hunter, Dr. J. de ........(G)
Hawkes, Professor L. ............(V)
Hill, Dr. M.N.
Hollingworth, Professor S.E. ,...(H)
Hotine, Brigadier
.Director of Colonial Surveys
Hughes, J.S. ....................(S)
Humphries, Lt, Col, G.J. ........(0)
Jarman, CoA. ....................(E)
Jeffreys, Prof. H,
Johnson, Sir Nelson
Director of the Meteorolog. Office
Jones, Sir Harold Spencer .......(G,E)
Astrononer Royal
Lamb, H.H. ......,......,.........(M)
Lapworth, C. ..... ........ ..... .(H)
Lees, Dr. GoM. ...........?.,.....(S,G)
Ludlam, F.H. ............,....0,..(M)
Lumby, Lt. Commander J.R. ........(0)
MacClean, W.N.
MacGregor, Dr. A.G. ..............(V)
MacVittie, Professor G.C. ..... (M)
Manley, Professor G. .............(H)
Mason, B.J. .............. ........(M)
Normand, Sir Charles (M)
Ovey, C.D (0)
Mortimer, Dr. C.H. (0)
Pasquill, F. ...... ......... , (M)
Penman, Dr, H,L. .........., (H)
Phemister, Dr. J. ...........? (G)
Price, Ao.r.o.?, es000000nola000p000000(E)
Rankine, Prof. A.O. goopono"odn000a(S)
Redfearn, J.C.B. .................(0)
Richards, B.D. ...................(H)
Richey, Dr. J.E, .................(V)
Robinson, Dr. G,D, ..............(M)
Rowntree, N.A.F. ..,,.............(H)
Runcorn, Dr. S.K, ................(E)
Sewell, Dr. R.B.S.
Sheppard, Assistant Professor P.A.(H,M)
Shewell, Colonel H.A.L. ..........(0)
Shotton, Professor F.W.
Stagg, Dr. J.M. o.,......o........(E)
Stamers -Smith, H. .....o..........(0)
Sutcliffe, Dr. R.C. .....,........(M)
Sutton, Professor 0.G. .........,.(M)
Stoneley, Dr. R. ....,............(S)
Taylor, Sir Geoffrey .,......,....(0)
Ward, W.H. ............,..........(H)
White, Dr. C.M. ..............o...(H)
Willmore, Dr, P.L. ...............(S)
Wilkes, M.V. ...............o.....(M,E)
Willis, Brigadier J.C.T. .........(0)
Director of Military Survey
Wiseman, Dr. J D.H, ..............(0)
Wilson, Dr. C.D.V. 0.0............(G)
Wordie, J.M, ........,...,........(H)
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Invites
Bates, Dr. H.R. ...
Chilton, D.
Gilchrist, B
Davies, DR,
.(M,E) Schove, F/Lt D. Justin . ......(M)
,..(M,G,O,E) Scott, M.I. ..... (G)
.(M) Starbruck, L ..... (M)
Stride, A.H. ...(0)
Edgell, Sir J, Thompson, K.H. ...(0)
Garstang, R.H. .,.(S) Walton, G.F ..... ?.(M)
Green, Dr. F.H.W ?(M,H2O) Westwater, Instructor Comm, F.L. (M)
Grundy, F ,(H) Wormell, Dr. T. W. ..............(M5)
Hide, R (G) Thcmpson, A.Beeby
Hughes, H. ....... ........ ?. (G) Kay, R.H.
Kennard, J, . Richard, J.J.
Longuet-Higgins, M.S. (G) Towns, V.W.H.
Lowes, F-J. (E) Fahim, M.F.M.
MacFarlane, P.B. , (G) Hazzaa, I.
Moore, A.F. ..... .(G) Orr, Dr,
Palmer, H.P.
Mme Brown
Moe Browne
Mine Bullard
Mme Bullerwell
Mme Carruthers
Mine de Graaff-Hunter
Mlle de Graaff -Hunter
Mme Dilloway
Mine Doodson
Mme Hollingworth
Mine Hotine
Mlle Hot me
Mme Hughes
Mme Jarman
Mine Jeffreys
Mme Ludlam & fils
Mine MacGregor
Mme Mason
Mme Palmer
Mme Penman
Mme P'aemister
Able Price
Mme Richey
Mine Sheppard
Mme Shotton
Lady Spencer Jones
Mme Stagg
Mme Stoneley
Mme Sutton
Mme Towns
Mme Wiseman
Mme Wordie
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*Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
GRECE
Delegues
Spiliotopoulos, Ge,n4ra1 G, Mariolopoulos, Prof. Dr. E. ...,??,?(M)
Ddldgud principal Stassinopoulos, Cap, A. ............(H)
Invite: Nine Mar iolopoulos
Gulatee, M. Bl.
Hart, Dr. C.A.
Nanda, Dr. J.N......... ...... ...(E)
Invitee: Mlle Gulatee
INDES
Delegues
Ramdas, Dr. LA
Wadia, Dr. D.N.
INDO CHINE
Delegue Laclavere, Col, G. (G)
INDONESIE
Delegues
Berlage, Dr, H.P ..(M,G) Reesinck, Dr, J.J.M.
IRLANDE
Delegues
Doporto, Dr. M. ?? ?.(M) Rev. Fat, Ingram Sr,L
ddlegud principal
Invitee: Nine Doporto
ISRAEL
Delegues
.,.............(M)
Goldschmidt, IL M. Neuman, M. J.
delegue principal Pekeris, Dr,
GOussinsky, M. B. Stern, Dr. W.
Invitee: Mme Pekeris
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ITALIE
Delegues
Aliverti, Giuseppina ...(M,O) Medi, Enrico .(E,S,M)
Bilancini, Raoul .(M) Morelli, Carlo .. ...(G,S)
Boaga, Giovanni (G,S) Piccoli ........ ...(H)
Bossolasco, Mario Rosini, Ezio ....................(N)
Caloi, Pietro .(S) Roveda, Renato . . ... ...(M)
Cassini Gino .. ,.(G) Rubino, Mario .. ..(G,H)
cladgiud principal Signore, Francesco ....
Cecchini, Gino .... ......... ...(G) Silva, Giovanni ...(G)
De Marchi,Giulio (H) Solaini, Luig5 ........(G,S,E)
Dore, Paolo .......... (G,S) Tenani, Mario ..., ..........(M,O,E)
Frosini, Pietro (H) Tondni,
Gherardelli, Luigi (H) Vercelli, Francesco ...........(0,E,S)
Ghetti, Augusto ......... ..-(H) Viglieri, Alfredo .....?.?.,(G,M,E,0)
Imbo, Guiseppe Visentini, Marco ..(H)
Marussi, Antonio .. ... . (G)
Mine Case mm
Mlle Cecchini
Mine De Marchi
Mine Marussi
Mine Rubino
Invitees
Mine Dr Signore
Mme Silva
Mine Solaini
Mme Tonini
Mine Viglieri
JAPON
Delegues
Hasegawa, ,(E) Muto, Dr. K
Hatakeyama, Dr. H. ...........,..(M,E) Tsuboi, Dr, Ch_ ........
Hidaka, Dr. K, derldgud princiPal
Isuya, Dr. Hiromichi
MAROC
Nlegues
Ambroggi, Ing, M.
Bolelli, Mr.
Debrach, Mr. J.
ddleguo principal
Gullet, Mr, G.
Margat, Ing, J
Merle, Mr,
Moussu, Ing,
Robaux, Ing.
Roederer, Ing
Invitee
Mine Debrach
(H)
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NORVEGE
Delegues
Eike, Prof. Dr. T. .....
Eliassen, Dr. A.
Evjen, M. S
0,.....(0)
Jelstrup, M. G.
Jelstrup, M. H.S. ,,noeu.o?eooesuo0(0)
Elaeboe, MQ H. sonua000geoonoocaosW(H)
Kvifte, M. G. ....?.......?....?..(M,E)
Fjeldstad, Prof dr. J.E.
Mosby, Prof, DR. H. .......
.......(0)
Fjirtoft, M. R. ...........
.,....(M)
Schive, Lt. Col, J. ....
.........(G)
Gleditsch, Directeur Er.
.......(0)
Solberg, Prof. Dr. H.
............(M)
Godske, Prof. Dr. C.L
(M)
ddidgud princiPa/
Grinaker, Major P.A. ........
....(0)
Ugnen, M. J.R
(H)
0r3rt6yr, M. E.
(M)
Spinnangr, Directeur F. .....
Harang, Dr. L.
(M,E)
Sverdrup, Prof. Dr, HAL J00000000(0)
Hesselberg, Directeur Dr. Th. ...(M) Trovaag,
H6iland, Dr. E., .......00.......,(M) Vegard, Prof. Dr. L. .............(M,E)
Jakhelln, M. An
Invit4s
Bentung, Mae Hu .................(0)
Bgrgum, M. O. oo?eam000000neona(M)
Bjdrgum, Mine
Braekken, Ing. H.
Braekken, Mine K.
Evjen, Mthe
Gleditsch, Mine N.
Grinaker, Mlle E.A.
Hesselberg, Mae F.
Holtedahl, M. H.
Holtedahl, Nine
Jelstrup, Mine R.
Kjaer, Directeur R. .....
Sladden, M. EoPh
........(G)
Ejaer, Mine
Ejaer, Mlle U.
Kvifte,Mhe R.
Mosby, Mine
Omholt, M. An ........... .......(M,E)
Schieldrup Paulsen, M. H. .0.0...(M)
Spinnangr, Mine J.
Sverdrup, Mme G.
Trovaag, Mme
Ve.gard, Mthe I.
Wasserfall, M. K.F. ...,.........(M,E)
Wasserfall, Mine
NOUVELLE ZELANDE
Delegue
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
Baars,Dro Bo
Beltman,
Berlage,
Sleeker,
Prof, J.H.
Prof o Dr. H,
Prof Dr. W.
Brongersma ? Sanders, Mme
Bruins, G.J., Clay, Prof Prof, Dr. J.
Deij, Dr, L.JoL,
Dorrestein, Dr. R,
Edelman, Ir. T.
Elzerman, Ir. JJ
Escher, Prof. Dr, B.G,
Groen, Dr. P. ...?.
Koning, Dr, L.P,G.
Kruidhof, Prof, A,
Krul, Prof, W.F.J?
Neuman van Padang, Dr. N.
Postma, H. .,..
Ritsema, A.R.
Reesinck, Prof. U.N.
Roelofs, Prof, Ro
iiosrers,
van Dijk, M.
Mine
Mine
Mme
Mme
Mme
Mine
Bleeker,
Clay
Deij
Dorrestein
Hauer Aart
Roelofs
PAYS BAS
Del4gu4,5;
Santing, Jr. G. ...
(H) Schermerhorn, Prof. Dr,
Sch.erpbier, Ir, D.
Schijf, Jr.
Schclte, Dr, J G,
Schenfeld, Ir, J,C,
Thijsse, Prof, Ir. Th.
del4q10. brinc?al
Umgr,o-e, Prof. Dr J.H.F.
van Bemmelen, Dr, R. W.
van der Beijl, W. .......,
van der Weele, Jr A.J.
van Riel, P,M.
van Weelden, Jr. A.
, (0)
Veldkarr, Dr. J ,,o,,,,o ,
Venin Q" Meinesz, Prof, Dr, Jr. F.A,
delOne en chef
..?(0) Verstelle, JoTh ,(G)
Volker, Jr A, - (0)
von Frijtag,Drabbe, C,A,J ..(G)
..(G) Woudenberg, Dr. JoP,Mo 0,(M)
?(G) Waalewijn, A.
,.(M) Weenink, Dr. M
Mine Scholte
Mine Thijse
Mme van Bemmelen.
van der B1j1
Veldkamo
Mime Woudengerg
Mire
? (0)
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'Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
PEROU
Sr. Velando Jo, secrdtaire de /a Legation
Dr, Hizon
PHILIPPINES
PORTUGAL
Delegues
Gongalves, Ing, C. Ribeiro A.A. Carvalho, Dr,
Lemos, Prof. Dr. Victor Hugo de (0) Silva E. Conceiggo, Com, Prof, 0,(0)
Martins, Ing. J. Manuel (0) Silveira, Dr. M. de Matos
Mendes, Dr. F.J. ........, (M,S) Sitoes Mendes, Dr. A. ...(M)
Paes,Clemente, Ing. Dir, Gen. A, (0)
ddlegud principal
Invitees
Mine Lemon Mme Simoes Mendes
Mme Martins
SIAN
Lt 04n. Phya Salvitannides
ddldgud principal
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SUEDE
Delegues
Ahlmann, Prof, H,
..(H)
Jansa, Ing, V.
....:(H)
Alfyen, Prof. H. ,......
...(E)
Jerlov, Dr. N G. ....,..
Ambolt, Dr. N.
..(E)
Johansson, Dr V.
(G)
Angstr6m, Dir. A.
.(M)
Koczy, Dr. F.F%
(0)
ddlegue principal
Miler, Prof. H. .......
(S,M)
Asplumd, Prof. L. ?
-(G)
Kullenberg, Dr. B.
(0)
Bath, Dr, M. .......,..,..
.,(S)
Lundquist, Ing. S.
(E)
Bergeron, Prof, T.
.(M)
Malmfors, Dr- K.G.
(E)
Berggren, B. Sc, R,
.(M)
Malmqvist, DR, D.
:(E)
Bergsten, Dr. F.
Melin, Dr. Ragnar
(H)
Bergstramd,Dr. E........,.... (0)
Meier, Dr. 0. ....,
, (H)
Bjerhammar, Dr. A.
?AG)
Norinder, Prof, H.
Brunberg, Ing, E.A.
............(H)
Nyberg, Dr. A .........
(M)
Gunnar, J.N.
Pettersson, Prof. H.
(0)
Gustafsson, Prof, Y,
.(H)
Petersson, lug. S.
(H)
Hedstrom, Ing. H.
.(E)
Rossby, Prof. C.G,
Hellgren, Ing. G. ?.
.(E)
Rune, Prof. A G.
.(G)
Hellstrom, Prof. B?...,.......(H)
Wallen, Dr. C.Ch,
(M)
Herlofson, M. Sc. M.
...,.......(E)
Werner, Ing, S,
....,(E)
Hjulstr6m, Prof. F, ...........:IH,V)
Mme AngstrOm
Mme Bergeron
Mme Bjerhammar
Mme Gunnar
Mme Gustfsson
Wideland, Dr. B,
Invitees
Mme Johansson.
Mme Melin
Mlle Melin
Mme Norinder
Mme Rossby
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
SUISSE
Bachmann, M. W,K,
Baeschlin, Prof. Dr. CF?
.ddlagud principa/
Birches*, PL, H.
Gassmann, Prof. F.
Gatz, Dr. P.
Haefeli, Dr. R.
Hoeck, Dr. E.
Kobold, Prof. F.
Lugeon, Prof. Dr. J
Mme Bachmann
Mme G8tz
Mme Kobold
Mme Lugeon
Ankara, Prof, Dr. Said?Ali
Aran, Ing. M.
Ates, Ing. T.
M. Duarte
Bosanac, Ing, Dusan
ddlegue principa/
Boskovic, G4n.
M. le Directeur du Conseil de
l'Acad4mie de Yougoslavie
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Delegues
Mercanton, Prof, Dr,
Morikofer, Dr. W
Nanni, M. P.
Oulianoff, Dr N.
auervain, Dr. M. de
Raemy, M. de
Renaud, Dr. A.
Rittmann, Prof. Dr A.
Volet, M. Ch.
Wanner, Dr. E.
Invitees
Mme M8rikofer
Mme de Guervain
Mme Valet
TURQUIE
Delegues
Dura, Col,, I,
deldgud principa/
Lahn, Dr. Ervin
Pinan, Mlle Dr. Nuvije
VENEZUELA
YOUGOSLAVIE
Delegues
Keravica, M. Milan
Marcic, M. Kane
Mihailovich, Prof,
Nikolie, Dr, Djordje
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Baetsle, Prof.
Bertrand, Dr. J.
Blockmans, Ing. J.
Bonnet, Ing. L.
Campus, Prof. L.
Capart, Dr. A.
Charlier, Dr. Ch.
Cox, Prof. J.
ddlegud principa/
de Magn4e, Prof. I.
Devroey, Prof. E.
Dufour, Dr. L.
Fourmarier, Prof. P.
Gilliard, Prof. A.
Herbillo,, G4n. V.
Hoge, Dr, E.
Jones, Ing, Lo
Koenigsfeld, Dr. L.
Lahaye, Prof. E.
Bourgeois, Dr, P.
de Hemptinne, Prof. Marc
Delmer, Ing. A.
Desguin, Dr,
Frerichs, M. Ch,
Goche, Prof. 0.
Grosjean, Dr. A.
Heinrichs, N. G.
BELGIQUE
Delegues
letroye, Prof., A.
i,00dts, Ing, J.
Marchant, Ing. B.
Massart, Cdt A.
Moreau, Dr, F.
Nicolet, Dr, M,
Pauwen, Prof. L.
Poncelet, DT. L.
Seligmann, G4h. H.
Spronck, Prof. R.
Tanieff, DR. H.
Tison, Prof, L.
van den Dungen, Prof. F.
Vandenplas, Dr. A.
Vanderstraeten, Dr.
Van Mieghem, Prof. Jo
Verbaandert, Dr. J.
Verhoogen, Prof. J.
Wiser, Prof. P.
Iffvit4s
Herrinck, M P.
Legrand, Dr, R.
Somville, Dr. 0.
Stevens, Ing. Ch,
Swings, Prof, P.
Van den Abeele, M.
Van Oils, M J
Van Straelen, Dr,
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
Mine Bertrand
Mme Blockmans
Mine Bonnet
Mme Campus
,yMe Capart
Mme Charlier
Mthe Cox
Mme'de Magn4e
Mme Devroey
Mine Dufour
Mlle Frbre
Mme Gilliard
Mme Heinrichs
Mme Herbillon
Mhe Hoge
Mine Jones
Mme Koenigsfeld
Mme Lahaye
Mthe Lamoen
Mine Let roye
Invitees
Mme Loodts
Mme Massart
Mme Moreau
Mme Nicolet
Mine Pauwen
Mme Ponce let
Mine Spronck
Mlle Spronck
Mine Swings
Nine Tison
Mlle Tison
Mlle van Biema
Mine van den Dungen
Mme Vandenplas
Nine Van Gils
Mme Van Mieghem
Mine Verbaandert
Mme Verhoogen
Mine Wiser
Auditenrs
MM, Bechet, M. MM. Gustin,
Bernard, E,A, Lambert, Ho
Bossy, L. Lebegge, G.
Bourlet, G. Ledoux, P.
Bragard, L. Levgque
Bultot, F. Lombard,
Chevalier
Malet
Darimont
Martin, H.
De Backer, S. Melchior, P.
De Decker, P. Mortelrans
Defrise, P. Pastiels, R,
De Knoop, A. Pien, A.
Delmelle Piraux, Ph.
Descamps, A. Quoilin, M.
Devon Slootmaekers, Po
Devuyst, A. Sneyers, R.
Dogniaux, R. Vander Rijt,
Doumont, G, Van Isacker, J.
Godart, O. Veranneman, N.
Grandjean, J. Verdin
Grosjean, P. Verlaine
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
25X1
MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS
from August 20th to September 1st, 1951,
25X1 in Brussels
As an introductory event to the meeting, an exhibit of
geodetic and geophysical instruments was opened on August 20th.
Among the specialized instruments exhibited, the follow-
ing deserve particular mention:
1. The Worden gravimeter of the Houston Technical Labo-
ratories/
(Special feature of this instrument is that it
requires no thermostats so that no storage batteries
to supply thermal current need be used with it on
field surveys. It requires a temperature change of
20? Centigrade before the base state will show an
average change by .1 mgal.
It also gives very minute readings of the basic
value.
Measurements made with this type of instrument during
practical problems have yielded good results,
especially in terms of comparing distant principal
gravity stations with one another, and helped con-
siderably in linking up the world gravity network).
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Approved For Release 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
2. The magnetic instruments made by the firm of
Ruska, of Houston, Texas.
(Notably the small field balance for measuring
magnetic vertical intensity merits attention
because of its handy and light design. Of equal
advantage in design is the recording device with
the variometers of the three geomagnetic compo-
nents.)
The magnetic field balances made by Hilger & Watts,
of London, although their design offers no major
features by comparison with similar apparatus
made by other firms.
4. The combined recording station of the Askania-
Werke, AG, of Berlin-Friedenau.
(Three variometers, for magnetic declination,
horizontal intensity and vertical intensity are
are mounted in a case together with a recording
device. All that is necessary is to operate a
few levers and dials to adjust the instrument to
zero and make it ready for use. This apparatus
is especially suited for recording geomagnetic
variations where temporary recording stations
are to be set up, because the operator does not
have to go through the basic adjustment procedure.
The meeting opened with ceremony in the Palais des Beaux-
Arts on August 21st, with her Majesty Queen Elizabeth present
for the occasion.
The functional sessions of the associations began in the
afternoon. The following is a report of the sessions of the
Association for Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity.
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The transactions divide into
1. Reports of national representatives on their activi-
ties in the specialized fields
2. Reports of committees charged with furthering specific
sub-areas of activity,
3. Motions and recommendations,
4. Presentations of papers on special problems
1. National reports were presented by
Argentina
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Germany
Great Britain
India
Italy
Ireland
Japan
New Zeeland
Switzerland
South Africa
United States
2. Reports were submitted by the
Committee on Aurora
Committee on Magnetic Secular Variation Stations
Committee on Magnetic Charts
Committee on Methods of Observatory Publications
Committee on Promotion of International Comparisons
of Magnetic Standards
Committee on Observational Technique
Committee on Characterization of Magnetic Disturbances
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Committee on Centralization and Standardization
of Records
Committee to Promote Observations of Daily Varia-
tions in the Horizontal Force between and near
the Geographic and Magnetic Equators and near
Aeromagnetic Surveys
Committee on Liquidation of the International Polar
Year 1932/1933
The following motions and recommendations were made:
Change of name of the association
Creation of an association of physics of the earthb
interior
Formation of a section on "high atmosphere"
Improvement in the system of publishing the trans-
actions of the association, and their distri-
bution
Activity of the association between meetings
Establishment of a third International Polar Year
in 1957/1958
Introduction of specific denotations and nomenclature
for the upper atmosphere
4. The following papers and talks will be reported on:
Address of S. Chapman, the president
F. G. Lowes and S. K. Runcorn: A physical analysis
of the geomagnetic secular change
R. D. Hutchison: Investigation of magnetic secular
change in Canada
S. K. Pramanik: Secular variation of magnetic field
in Colaba and Alibag
E. Lahaye and E. Hoge: Secular variation in Belgium
M. H. Johnson: A relation between diffusion and
electrical currents
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W. Diemlnger: Echo soundings of the ionosphere under
conditions of slanted incidence
M. Ota: Geomagnetic activity, dharaterized by KTindices
S. Fred Singer, E. Maple and W. A. Bowen: Evidence of
ionospheric currentsnfrom rocket experiments
near the geomagnetic equator
S. K. Runcorn, A. C. Benson, A. F. Moore and D. H.
Griffiths: Investigations concerning change
of magnetic field with depth
A. Lundbak: Airborne measurement of magnetic vertical
intensity
G. Shaw: Aeromagnetic surveys
O. Schneider: Traces of a remanent lunar effect in
connection with geomagnetic KTindices
H. F. Johnston: New annual magnetic mean values at
world-wide geomagnetic observatories
J. W. Graham and H. E. Tatel: Residual magnetic
moment in clays and sedimentary rocks
N. Kumagai, N. Kawai and T. Nagata: Recent progress
in paleomagnetism
E. Hoge: Distribution of terrestrial magnetism in
Eastern Belgium
Japanese Geographic Institute: Magnetic surveys in
Japan
K. Kato and S. Utashiro: Investigation of magnetic
disturbances by means of the induction magneto-
graph
A. Lundbak: Magnetic declination computed from
vertical intensity
S. L. Malurkar and A. S. Chaubal: Quick-run magnetic
recordings in Alibag during the solar elipse
over the North Pacific on September 12, 1950
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and during magnetic disturbances in January,
1949, May, 1949 and December, 1950.
T. Nagata, N. Fukushima and M. Sugitura: Electrodynamic
behaviour of the ionosphere
K. Maeda: On the electric) conductivity of the upper
atmosphere
H. Hughes: Electric conductivity of the earth's
mantle
R. Bock: Submission of the atlas/ of European
magnetic declinations
During the convention, a reception was held for the members
at the Brussels city hall. Visits were made to the Meteorological
Institute and to the Seismographic Station of the Observatory at
Ucc16.
On August 25th, all members attending the convention joined
an excursion to Antwerp. On arrival in Antwerp, the members
split up into six groups. Visits were made to the Museum of
Fine Arts, the Plantin Museum, the Rubens house, the Zoological
Gardens and to the Laboratory for Hydrological Studies. One
group had the opportunity to make a thorough invection of the
two survey ships of the British Navy which just happened to be
in port.
Following a tour of the principal sights of the city, an
extansive harbor trip was arranged, affording an impressive view
of installations and of the traffic4in the port. The party
passed through the Schelde tunnel tAce on the way back to
Brussels.
On August 26th, four separate excursions were made - to
the hydrological laboratories of the University of Lioge, into
Lige province, to Ghent and Bruges, and one to Mons to visit
a coal mine.
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On August 30th, the Association f.Jr Terrestrial Magnetism
and Electricity visited the Geophysioal Center near Dourbes.
This installation is still building, but gives promise of being
a splendidly equipped and model plant, modern in every respect.
The convention ended with a gala dinner.
There is no doubt that all of the persons participating,
upon departure, felt deep appreciation for what the Belgian
Committee of Brussels had done for them.
1. National Reports
Argentina: The three observatories of La Quiaca, Pilar and
Orcadas are continuously in operation. Recordings are custianar_
? -made essecormailivalborrof declination (D), horizontal intensity
(H) and vertical intensity (Z) , and measurements taken of DI
H and I approximately every six days, as usual. Hourly Aux mean
values are collected in tables. With reference to the Dover-Kew
Magnetometer, measurements made with quartz horizontal-intensity
magnometers (QHM) 90, 91 and 92 showed corrections for horizontal
intensity of + 3.2 gamma in Pilar and - 28.5 gamma in La Quiaca.
20 field stations were surveyed in 1948, 34 in 1949 and four
in 1950.
The isogonic chart, drawn up with reference to the epoch
1950.0, is ready for printing. K-indices are being determined
since 1940 and Sorwarded to the central bureau. Micro-pulsations
are being investigated for the first time in this part of the
globe. Recordings taken on New Year Island over a period of 15
years are being processed by punch-card method. When weather is
favorable, sunspots and solar faculae are being regularly
observed from Pilar.
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Australia: The observatories at Watheroo and Toolangi are
regularly in operation. New observatories have been pladed in
operation on Macquarie Island (54.5? S, 159.00 E) and on Heard
Island (53.0? 8, 73.4? E). Their equipment is not yet completed.
Observatories are planned for installation near Port Moresby and
on the Antarctic mainland.
A provisional isogonic chart has been prepared for the epoch
1950.5. Charts of the other components are in preparation.
Two sets of equipment have been procured for aeromagnetic
surveys. Test flights have been made.
Measurements of vertical intensity by means of field balances
have been made over large areas at close intervals.
Pursuant to measurement with QHM 33, 51 and 52, horizontal
intensity is subject to the following correction:
Toolangi: - 21.5 gamma
Watheroo: + 11.2 gamma
Magnetic changes and conditions of the ionosphere have been
the object of special investigations.
Belgium: Manhay Observatory, which was heavily damaged, has
been reconstructed.
Near Dourbes, in the southern part of Namur province, a
geophysical center is being built. The building which will
house magnetic observations and measurements is already finished.
It is constructed of wood; even nails, bolts and nuts are of
hardwood.
The primary instruments, according to the institute's reports,
have been specially constructed. Many parts are made of glass,
to avoid the difficulties with the use of metals when even tiny
amounts of magnetically-susceptible substances are admixed. If
these designs prove practicable, it will open up new guides for
the construction of magnetic instruments, and these will merit
the fullest attention.
Plans have been completed for new surveys.
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In the Belgian Congo, there is the observatory at Elisabeth-
ville. An observatory near Leopoldville is being built. A total
of 500 stations lying between 50 N and 12? S and between 22.5? E
and 300 E have been surveyed.
Canada: The observatories at Agincourt and Meanook, also
the observatories temporarily set up at Baker Lake and Resolute
Bay in the Arctic, have been in constant operation. There has been
progress in the design of magnetometers, based on thedectric
principle. These can be used on the ground as well as in aircraft.
162 stations between latitudes 45? and 83? N and longitudes
2310 and 3080 have been surveyed.
Special mention should be made that three magnetic elements
have been measured over a period of 26 to 48 hours each at sta-
tions near the magnetic north pole, as follows:
Site
Lat.
Long.
D(E)
H(T)
I Date
Pasley Bay
70.7?
264.10
334.3?
0.0105
+ 89.0? Aug.5/6'48
Pell Inlet
75.9
257.8
164.7
0.0028
+ 89.7 Aug.8/9'48
Ommaney Bay
73.3
259.7
46.5
0.0024
+ 89.8 Aug.19/21
'48
(Pasley Bay is 80 kilometers distant from the point which Ross
indicated to be the magnetic north pole in 1831. Pell Inlet is
13 kilometers distant from the point which is determined after
analysing the geomagnetic field for the epoch 1945.0; Ommaney Bay
is near the location of the magnetic pole as determined by recent
Canadian calculations and observations).
Denmark: The observatory in Rude Skov continues to function
without interruption. The constants of a large number of QHM-type
intruments have been determined.
Al]. secular stations have been surveyed. Steps have also
been initiated to add measurements in order to obtain a closer
mesh in the network of field stations, which are very unevenly
distributed (D-stations to be 8 kilometers, B and Z-stations to
be 4 kilametowa-f
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In Greenland, the observatory in Godhavn has been in con-
stant operation, and the one in Thule since 1947.
Germany: It was a source of great satisfaction for the
German participants that Germany had been readmitted to member-
ship in the Union before the convention opened, with no
distinction being made as between West- and East-Germany.
Observatories at Wingst and at FUrstenfeldbruck, in Western
Germany, are operating continuously. Induction magnetometers
to measure horizontal an vertical intensity were installed in
Atric.sf
Wingst, and observations ofitterrbstrial currents -116.,,atmoi.Alitii110
at extremely short distances set up in nistenfeldbruck.
Magnetic elements are being measured at some of the stations
in Western Germany, to determine secular variations.
The Geophysical Institute at Gottingen is chiefly working
on statistical problems, as far as terrestrial magnetism is con-
cerned. The Soil Research Bureau of Hanover hiWarements of
vertical intensity made in some of the regions, as for instance
in the Western part of the Harz mountains.
Work reports from the Potsdam Geophysical Institute are
available only up to April 1950. Subjects covered are: Atlas
of European magnetic declinations; catalog of annual magnetic
mean values of the observatories; geological relations of geo-
magnetic anomalies in Europe; pan-European geomagnetic normal
field; natural terrestrial current and stray currentnrktfflise,
anelome other projects (uniform representation of anomalies of
European magnetic vertical intensity, especially of a section of
central Europe; transmission of unpublished survey data to
European countries) is being carried on in Berlin, except where
this has already been completed.
Great Britain: The Abinger Observatory will have to move
again, due to extension of electrification of the railroads.
Only in 1924, it had to close down observations in Greenwich.
A new site has been selected near Hartland.
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Eskdalemuir and Lerwick are continuing their work unobstruct-
ed. After measurement with QHM 90, 91 and 92, data on hori-
zontal intensity must be corrected as follows in order to
agree with the readings of the Schuster-Smith coil magnetometer:
in Lerwick by + 2.8 gamma
Eskdalemuir - 6.1 "
Abinger + 5.4 "
54 stations which had figured in the previous survey in
1914-15 were resurveyed,
India: Alibag and Kodaikanal Observatories are in opera-
tion, the latter after having been out of service from 1923 to
1949. 15 repeat stations were surveyed.
Observations and measurements of variation ire being made
in the vincinity of the magnetic and geographic equator.
In Colaba, also in Poona, the potential gradient of atmos-
pheric electricity is being recorded. A station for iono-
spheric reselisch is being installed in Kodeikanal.
Ireland: The observatory at Valentia (Cahirciveen),
which was turned over by the British Metevrological Service
to the Irish government, continues operations. Declination,
vertical and horizontal intensity has been determined for
44 of the stations covered by the former surveys in 1891 and
in 1914-15.
Italy.: The only observatory in operation as yet is
in Genua (Castellacio). Several new observatories are however
being projected, which would fill in the serious gaps, (parti-
#44
cularlyAthe lack of a magnetic observatory in southern Italy,
fsi. in Sicily has resulted in reductions being Unreliable).
Work on terrestrial magnetism is being carried on by the
National institute for Geophysics, with its central quarters
in Rome and 43 institutes, sia4 a part of which are' still in
the projection stage, the Institute of Military Geography in
Florence, and the aA
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,Japan: There are seven observatories, of which Kakioka
is operating as successor of Tokio since 1913. Surveys are
carried on by Kakioka Observatory, the Geographic institute,
- hydrographic division, the Institute for Seismographic
Research, and the University of Kyoto.
Investigations have been made on atmospheric electricity,
conditions in the ionosphere, terestrial current and cosmic
radiation.
New Zeeland: Observatories at Amberly and at Apia (Samoa)
are in operation. After measuremeit with QHM 21, 22, 33: 51 and
52, values of horizontal intensity at Amberly require a cor-
rection by - 2.5 gamma.
Plans call for the survey of 20 field stations annually
Ionospheric investigations are carried on in Christohurch.
Switzerland: Geomagnetic anomalies in the Canton of
Ticino were measured.
South Africa: The observatory at Hermanus continues in
operation.
United States: To cover the large volume of work being
oarried on by the major organizations, such as the Department
of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Geological Survey, and the
U. S. Navy Department will require a special report.
No delegates had been sent to represent any of the Eastern-
oriented countries, nor had any one appeared from Eastern
Germany. No authentic report on activity and progress in this
past field of science will be made as far as this part of the
globe is concerned.
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2. Reports of Committees
Committee on Aurora: A report *--;100* on observations
of aurora in the south-east part of Norway in 1948, 1949 and
1950, on observations made with an infra-red telescope, on
frequency of aurora over the British isles, on studies of
polar aurora in red and infra-red, also on observations in
Scotland and New Zeeland.
Committee on Magnetic Secular-variation Stations: There
was no need to add any new items to the recommendations al-
ready made in Oslo in 1948 for the selection of sites for
Secular-variation stations, transmission of data to two
central stations of the Association, measurements on the
ocean and on islands, affording security to the stations,
taking measurement readings at several points of one parti-
cular station, type of reduction, and use of portable
recording devices.
Completion of the British ship "Research", in which the
use of magnetic materials has been avoided as much as possible,
is described as urgent.
Measurements of three components in a non-magnetic con-
tainer towed by a vessel ware discussed. Sentiment in favor
of extensive aeromagnetic surveys was expressed.
Separate communications will be made on the work done
by countries on collection of data on secular variation; the
information in many cases coincides with that shown in the
national reports.
Committee ir Magnetic Charts: isxxismatfactkrachattxikat
The previous recommendations are reiterated as regards
rapid collection of the entire observation data at the Coast
and Geodetic Survey and as regards completion of supporting
chart data (particularly with respect to ocean regions and
those carried on by aeromagnetic surveys). Your reporter was
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Committee on Methods of Observatory Publications: In view
of the fact that the Washington meeting of 1939 and the Oslo
meeting of 1948 had laid down standards covering the type of
data to appear in the yearbooks of observatories, the Committee
felt that it should ask for replies on whether these standards
were agreable. A questionnaire sent out in February of 1951
drew 43 replies, most of them indicating agreement with the
recommendations.
The proposed yearbook of the U.S.Coast and Geodetic Survey,
which is to contain hourly mean values and complete reproductions
of magnetograms, has been described as an ideal pattern.
Committee for the Promotion of International Comparisons
of Magnetic Standards: Comparisons of basic values are made
only with respect to horizontal intensity, since thif alone can
be quickly and conveniently measured with the available suitable
instrument, namely the QHM. The comparative measurements which
have been made are shown in the national reports.
Plans have been made to compare the basic values of hori-
zontal intensity at Rude Skov, Amberly, Apia, Toolangi, Watheroo,
Hermanus, Elisabethville and Manhay.
Committee on Observational Techniques: The following sug-
gestions have been made to supplement the thirteen recommendations
submitted at Oslo in 1948: Thorough study of the action of QHMis;
utilization of recording stations which are easily transportable;
investigation of quartz- and platinum-itirldium filaments,
employment of instantly visible recordings, and aeromagnetic
surveys.
Committee on Characterization of Magnetic Disturbances: The
recommendation is made that in addition to the already established
measurement characters for geomagnetic activity (Ci, K,K151), a
character C be introduced by derivation from K and K for
describing activity for daily intervals, whereas I and Kp cover
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intervals of three hours (K for individual observatories and
K for the tiarth as a whole).
The committee is proposing to initiate investigations
into equatorial ring current (ERC) and solar wave radiation (W).
Committee on Centralization and Standardization of Records:
This committee was formed as a result of suggestions pre-
sented at Oslo in 1948, namely, (a) to review the circumstances
regarding existing observatories and to indicate a selection
of those best adapted to process observatory data; and, (b) to
arrange for the establishment of one or two central stations
which would process the data and disseminate it.
Questionnaires sent out to observatories brought a mixed
pattern of replies but no constructive proposals. Since there
are apparently great obstacles in the way of putting these sug-
gestions into practice, the Committee recommends that it be
discharged from this assignment and that the matter not be
pursued any further.
Committee to Promote Observations of Dail Variations in
the Horizontal Force between and near the Geographic and Magnetic
Equators and near Aeromagnetic Surveys: Observations with QHM's
were run at Togo, in the Gulf of Guinea, in South America, in
India and in the Philippine Islands. Observations will be
started on stations stretching along a chain from the Belgian
Congo to the Sudan, and in the Pacific region there where the
geographic and magnetic equators intersect.
Results are given for Togo, South America and India. (Mean
diurnal amplitudes: 106 to 124 gamma).
Committee on Aeromagnetic Surveys: Reports are submitted
on progress in this new and important field in the various
countries: Australia, (two series of observations, beginning
at first with measurement of total intensity) 0 Canada, (testing
of an instrument for declination, vertical and horizontal inten-
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sity, in anticipation of achieving accuracies within a few
minutes and tenths of gamma); France, (financial difficulties);
Great Britain, (smaller-scale undertakings; larger ones have
not as yet materialized; instruments being supplied to Austra-
lia and New Zeeland); New Zeeland, (total-intensity magnetometer,
airborne operations over considerable areas, good results);
United States, (seven firms; absolute values accurate within
100 gamma, variations within a few gamma; instruments for three
components).
Committee on Liquidation of the International Polar Year
1932/1933: The last items of business within the terms of
reference of the International Polar Year 1932/1933 have been
completed or are in process (publication/ of the data on
Tatuoca and Magallanes, processing of the many quick-run abso-
lute recordings, bibliography of all publications concerning
the polar year, inventory of magnetic instruments). The issuance
of the polar auroratatlas has been materially advanced.
3. Motions and Resolutions:
The proposal was made to change the name of the Association,
since atmospheric electricity and terrestrial electricity pro-
perly belongs into meteorology. Tne Association however con-
siders that the electric phenomena in the upper atmosphere and
in the earth are within its province. Several suggestions, in-
cluding some terminological monstrosities, met with little or
no approval. The item of change in name was therefore put over
to the next meeting.
In reply to a proposal of the French committee to create
an association of physics of the earth's interior, in the event
a reform is necessary, it was decided to take no step which would
not be in full harmony with the other Associations.
A further proposal of the French committee to form a section
or committee for the study of the upper atmosphere was adopted.
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Two committees were appointed, one to deal with the relationship
between solar and terrestrial phenomena, the other with pheno-
mena in the ionosphere.
? The Association approved the suggestion of the British
committee to the effect that the transactions be published as
quickly as possible, with only brief summaries of specialized
topics, whereas the complete texts would be left to the perio-
dical press to be published; also, that publications be
centrally distributed through the national committees.
It was emphasized that the Association functions continu-
ously, which means also in the period between meetings.
The Association declared that it had no authority as
regards analyzing the terms of reference of the associations
for seismology, vulcanology and physical oceanography, nor as
regards the allocation of funds within the Union..
It was decided to establish a third international polar
year during 1957 and 1958. Details of all types of mug:
measurements which would have to be made were discussed.
The Committe for the Study of the Ionosphere proposed
a definite nomenclature for the specific atmospheric layers,
(i.e. stratosphere, neutrosphere - stratopause, mesopause,
homopause, neutropause -; ozonosphere, ionosphere, exosphere,
troposphere).
Anew committee on a thesaurus of annual mean observation
values o?' magnetic elements was appointed.
ON.
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MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION
OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS
from 20 August - 1 September 1951 in Brussels
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3) die magnetischen Feldwaagen dek Firma Hilger & Watts London, wenn
auch die Konstruktion dieser Instrumente keine nennenswerten ?Beson-
derheiten gegenUber den gleichartigen Ausfuhrungen anderer Firmen
aufzuweisen hat.
4)
die kombinierte Registrierstation der Firma Askania-Werke AG Berlin
Friedenau
(Drei Variometer fUr magnetische Deklination, Horizontalinten-
sitt und Vertikalintensitat sind zusammen mit der Registrier-
einrichtung in einem Kasten untergebracht. Lediglich die Bedie-
nung einiger Handgriffe und Drehknopfe ist erforderlich, um
das Gerat zu justieren und betriebsfertig zu machen. Die Appa-
ratur ist besonders fur die Aufzeichnung der erdmagnetischen
Variationen auf vorabergehend einzurichtenden Registrierstati-
.
onen geeignet, weil die grundlegende Justierung dem mit dem
Gerat Arbeitenden abgenommen worden ist.)
Am 21. August wurde im Aais des Beaux-Arts in Anwesenheit Ihrer
Majestat der Konigin Elisabeth die Versammlung feierlich eroffnet.
Am. Nachmittag begannen die Arbeitssitzungen der Assoziationen.
Hier soil fiber die Sitzungen der Assoziation fUr Erdmagnetismus und
Luftelektrizitat berichtet werden.
Die Verhandlungen gliederten sich
1) in Berichte der Vertreter der Staeten aber die Tatigkeit auf dem
Fachgebiet;
2) in Berichte der Kommissionen, deren Aufgabe die Forderung bestimm-
ter Teilgebiete ist,
3) in Stellung von Antragen und Abgabe von Anregungen und
4) An Referaten tber spezielle Probleme.
1) Nationale Berichte wurden erstattet von
Argent mien
Australien
Belgien
Canada.
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z
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MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION
OF GEODhSY AND GEOPHYSICS
from 20 August - 1 buptember 1951 in Brussels
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Die Versammlling wurde am 20. August durch die Erbffnung einer
Ausstellung geodatischer und geophysikalischer Instrumente eingeleitet.
Von den ausgestellten Instrumenten des speziellen Fachgebietes
sind besonders hervorzuheben:
1) das Worden-Gravimeter der Houston Technical Laboratories.
(Dieses Instrument zeichnet sich besonders dadurch aus,
es keines Thermostaten bedErf und daher Akkumulatorenbatte-
rien, die den Heizstrom liefern, bei den Feldmessungen nicht
mitgefUhrt zu werden brauchen. Fret eine Temperaturanderung
von 20? 0 ruft im Durchaihnitt eine ]-nderung des Basisstandes
um 0.1 mGal hervor.
Auch der Gang des Basiswertes wird ale auSerordentlich
klein angegeben.
Praktische Messungen, die mit diesen Instrumententypen
durchgefUhrt wodden sind, haben besonders bei gegenseitigem
Yergleich entfernt liegender. Hauptschwerestationen guts Fr-
gebnisee und wertvolle Beitrage bei dem Zusammenschlu3 des
Weltschwerenetzes geliefert.)
die magnetischen Instrumente der Firma Ruska, Houston (Texas)
(Besonders die kleine Feldwaage zar Messung der magnetischen
Vertikalintensitat verdient Beachtung, weil sie handlich und
jet. Auch die Registriereinrichfung mit den Variometern
der drei erdmagnetischen Komponenten kann als eine gute Kon-
struktion bezeichnet werden.)
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3) die magnetischen Feldwaagen de? Firma Hilger & Watts London, wenn
auch die Konstruktion dieser Instrumente keine nennenswerten Beson-
derheiten gegenUber den gleichartigen Ausfubprungen anderer Firmen
aufzuweisen hat.
4) die kombinierte Registrierstation der Firma Askania-Werke AG Berlin
Friedenau
(Brei Variometer fUr magnetische Deklination, ilorizontalinten-
sitUt und Vertikalintensitat sind zusammen mit der Registrier-
einrichtung in einem Kasten untergebracht. Lediglich die Bedie-
nung einiger Handgriffe und Drehkndpfe ist erforderlich, um
das Gerat zu justieren und betriebsfertig zu machen. Die Appa-
ratur ist besonders fUr die Aufzeichnung der erdmagnetischen
Variationen auf vorUbergehend einzurichtenden Registrierstati-
onen geeignet, weil die grundlegende Justierung dem mit dem
Gert Arbeitenden abgenommen warden ist,)
Am 21. August wurde in Pais des Beaux-Arts Lm Anwesenheit Ihrer
Majestidt der Kdnigin Elisabeth die Versammlung feierlich erbffnet.
Am Nachmittag begannen die Arbeitssitzungen der Assoziationen.
Hier soil Uber die Sitzungen der Assoziation fUr Erdmagnetismus und
Luftelektrizitat berichtet werden.
Die Verhandlungen gliederten sich
1) in Berichte der Vertreter der Staaten Uber die Tatigkeit auf dem
Fachgebiet;
2) in Berichte der Kommissionen, deren Aufgabe die FOrderung bestimm-
ter Teilgebiete ist,
3) in Stellung von Antragen und Abgabe von Anregungen und
4) in Referaten tiler spezielle Probleme.
1) Nationale Berichte vurden erstattet von
Argentinien
Australien
Belgien
Canada
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Danemark
Deutschland
Gra-Britannien
Indien
Italien
Irland
Japan
Neu Seeland
Schweiz .
SUdafrika
U.S.A.
.2) Es berichteten die Kommissionenifiir Polaxlicht
----J
magnetische Sakularstationen
magnetische Karten
Methoddn der Observatoriumsverdffentlichungen
Forderung der internationalen Vergleiche der magnetischen
Standardwerte
Beobachtungstechnik
Charakteristik ?der magnetischen St?rungen
Zentralisation und Standardisierung der Hegistrierungen
? Forderung der Beobachtungen der taglichen Variation der
magnetischen Horizontalintensitat zwischen dem geo-
graphischen und magnetischen .fLquator und in der Nahe
4a,sa444-e-e4e Aeromagnetische Vermessungen
? die Liquidation des Internationalen Polarjahres 1932/1933
3) An Antragen und Anregungen wurden vorgelegt;
Anderung des Namens der Assoziation,
Schaffung einer Assoziation fUr die Geophysik des Erdin-
nern,
Bildung einer Sektion "Hohe Atmosphare"
Yerbesserung der Organisation der Veroffentlichung der
Assoziationsverhandlungen und ihrer Verteilung
Aktivitat der Assoziation auch zwischen den Tagungen
? Einrichtung eines dritten Internationalen Polarjahres in
den Jahren 1957/1958
Einfthrung beEtimmter Begriffe und Bezeichnungen fur das
? aebiet der hohen Atmosphare
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4) tiler folgende Referate wird berichtet:
Adresse des Prasidenten S.Chapman
?
. .Lowes und S.K.Runkorn, Eine physikalische Analysis
der erdmagnetischen-Sakularvariation
. .
R.D.Hutchison, Untersuchung Uber die Sdkularvariation in
Kanada
S.K.Pramanik, Sakularvariation des magnetischen Feldes
in Colaba und Alibag
F.Lahaye und F.Hoge, Die Sdkularvariation in Belgien
M.H.Johnson, Fine Beziehung zwischen Diffusion und elek-
trischen Strdmen
W.Dieminger, Uber Echolotungen der Jonosphare bei schra-
gem Einf all
M.Ota, Erdmagnetische Aktivitat, charakterisiert durch
K-Indices
S.Fred Singer, E.Maple und W.A.Bowen, Nachweis von Jonoft-
sparenstrdmen mit Raketen in der Nahe des magnetic.
schen Aquators
2.K.Runcorn, A.C.Benson, A.F. Moore und D.H.Griffiths,
Untersuchungen Uber die Anderung des magnetischen
Feldes mit aer Tiefe
A.Lundbak, Messungen der magnetischen Vertikalintensitdt
im Flugzeug
G.Shaw, Aetomagnetische Vermessungen
0.Schneider, Spuren eines restlichen Mondeinflusses bei
den erdmagnetischen K-Indices
H.F.Johnston, Neue Jahresmittel der erdmagnetischen Ob-
servatorien
J.W.Graham und H.E.Tatel,'Restliches magnetisches Moment?
bei Tonen und Sedimentgesteinen
N.Kumagai, N.Kawai und T.Nagata, Neuer Fortscb.ritt bei
der Ableitung magnetischer Verhdltnisse frUherer
Zeiten
E.Hoge, Die Verteilung des Erdmagnetismus im ostlichen
Belgien
Japanisches Geographisches Institut, Magnetische Vermes-
sung in Japan
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K.Kato und S.Utashiro, Untersuchungen magnetischer Std-
,-
rungen mit dem Induktionsmagnetograph
A.Lundbak, Berechnung der magnetischen Deklination aus
? der Vertikalintensitdt
S.L.Malurkar und A.S.Chaubal, Magnetische Registrierungen
mit schnellem Lauf in Alibag wahrend der Sonnenfin-
sternis liter dem Nord-Pazifik am 12. September 1950
und wdhrend magnetischer Stdrungen im.Januar 1949,
Mai 1949 und Dezember 1950
T.Nagatal N.Pukushima und M.Sugiura, Elektrodynamisches
Verhalten der Jonospdre
?K.Maeda, liter die elektrische Leitfahigkeit der hohen
Atmosphdre
H.Hughes, Die elektrische Leitfdhigkeit der Erdkruste
R.Bock, Vorlage des Atlasses der magnetischen Deklination
von Europa.
Wahrend der Tagung fand em n Empfang?im Rathaus der Stadt BrUssel
statt. Das Yeteorologische Institut und die Erdbebenstatione des Obser-
vatoriums Uccle wurden besichtigt.
Am 25. August faad eine Exkursion aller Tagungsmitglieder nach
Antwerpen statt..Nach der Ankunft in Antwerpen trennten sich die Teil-
nehmer in sechs Gruppen. Das Museum der schonen Kfinste, das Museum
Plantin, das Rubenshaus, der Zoologische Garten und das Laboratorium
fur hydrologische Untersuchungen wurden besucht. Eine Gruppe hatte
Ge-
legenheit, die gerade im Hafen liegenden beiden Vermessungsschiffe der
<
englichen Kriegsmarine eingehend Ta besichtigen.
Nach einem Rundgang durch die bedeutendaten SehenswUrdigkeiten der
Stadt wurde eine ausgedehnte Hafenrundfahrt veranstaltet, die amen
gun Eindruck der Finrichtungen und des Verkehrs/vermittelte.[imHafen
Auf der RUckfahrt nach BrUssel wurde der Scheldetunnel zweimal durch-
fahren.
? Am"26. August wurdeh vier verschiedene Fxkursionen unternommen,
und zwar zu den Hydrologischen Laboratorien der Universitdt Lattich, in
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die Provinz LUttich, ferner nach Gand und BrUgge und schlialich nach
Mons mit Besichtigung eines Kohlenbergwerks.
Am 30. August besuchte die Assoziation fUr Erdmagnetismus und Luft-
elektrizitat die Geophysikalische Hauptstation bei Dourbes, die noch im
Bau ist, aber eine groBzUgige, mustergUltige und in jeder Beziehung mo-
derne Anlaee zu werden verspricht.
Die Tagui4g wurde durch em n Festessen abgeschlosse,jn.
Alle Teilnehmer werden it GefUhlen des Dankes und der Anerkennung
fur die Leistungen und Darbietungen des Belgischen Komitees BrUssel ver-
lassen haben.
1) Nationale Berichte:
Argentinien: Die drei Observatorien La Quiaca, Pilar und Orcadas
sind ununterbrochen in Betrieb. Deklination (D), Horizontalintensitat(H)
und Vertikalintensitat (Z) werden registriert, D, H und die Inklination
(I) etwa ails scabs Tage wie Ublich gemessen. Die Stunglenmittel werden
in Tabellen zusammengestellt. Bezogen auf das Dover-Kew-Magnetometer
.ergaben Messuneen mit den Quarz-Horizontalintensitatsmagnetometern (QHM)
90, 91 und 92 fUr die Horizontalintensitat eine Korrektion
von + 3.28 in Pilar
und von - 28.5" in La Quiaca
"8
Im Jahre 1948 wurden 20, im Jahre 1949 34 und im Jahre 1950 4 Feld-
stationen vermessen.
Die Isotonenkarte, bezogen auf die Epoche 1950.0 ist druckfertig.
K-Indices werden seit 1940 bestimmt und der Zentralstelle zugeleitet.
Zum ersten Male wurden in diesem Teil der Welt Untersuchungen Uber Mi-
kropulsationen eingeleitet. Mit dem Lochkartenverfc,hren wurden die Re-
gistrierungen auf der Neujahrs-Insel fUr einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren
verarbeitet. In Pilar werden regelmaBig bei gUnstiger Witteru4g die
Sonnenflecken und -fackeln beobacht et.
-P
-
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Australien: Die Observatorien Watheroo und Toolangi sind regelma-
Big in Betrieb. Auf der Macquarie-Insel (54.5?S, 159.0?F) und der Heard-
Insel (53.0?S, 73.4?F) sind neue Observatorien in Betrieb genommen wor-
den. Die Einrichtung wird noch vervollstandigt. Nahe dem Port Moresby
und auf dem antarktischen Kontinent werden Observatorien errichtet wer-
den.
? Eine vorlaufige Isogonenkarte ist far die Epoche 1950.5 entworfen
worden. Karten der Ubrigen Komponenten sind in Vorbereitung.
FUr aeromagnetische Vermessungen sind zwei AusrUstungen beschafft
worden. VersuchsflUge sind unternommen worden.
Die Vertikalintensitat ist mit Feldwaagen in graen Gebieten dicht
vermessen worden.
Die Horizontalintensitat ist nach Messungen mit QHM 33, 51 und 52
mit folgenden Korrektionen zu versehen:
21.5-zr
.Watheroo: +
Spezielle Untersuchungen behandeln die magnetischen Variationen
?und Verhaltnisse der Jonosphare.
Belgien; Das Observatorium Manhay, das stark beschadigt worden war,
ist wiederhergerichtet worden.
Bei Dourbes im aUden der Provinz Namur wird em n Geophysikalisches
Zentralinstitut errichtet. Das Haus fUr magnetische Beobachtungen und
Messungen ist bereits fertig. Es ist aus Holz gebaut; auch die Nagel,
Bolzen und Muttern bestehen aus Hartholz.
Die Hauptinstrumente sind nach den Angaben des Instituts besonders
hergestellt. Um die Schwierigkeiten au vermeiden, die bei der Verwendung
von Metallen auch durch geringe Beimengungen magnetisch wirksamer Stoffe
auftraten, ist fUr viele Teile Glas gewahlt worden. Wenn sich diese
Konstruktionen bewahren, dann werden damit neue Richtlinien fUr den Bau
magnetischer Instrumente gegeben, die beachtet zu werden verdienen.
FUr neue Vermessungen sind die Plane ausgearbeitet worden.
In Belgisch-Kongo arbeitet das Observatorium Elisabethville. Fin
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Observatorium bei Leopoldville ist im Bau. 500 Stationen zwischen 5? N
und 120 S und 22.50 E und 300 E sind vermessen worden.
Canada: Die Observatorien Agincourt und Meanook, sowie die in der
Arktis provisorisch eingerichteten Observatorien Baker Lake und Resolute
Bay waren standig in Betrieb. Bortschritte sind bei der Konstruktion
von Magnetometern erzielt worden, die auf dem elektrischen Prinzip beru-
hen und sowohl auf der Erde ala auch im Flugzeug eingesetzt werden sol-
len.
.162 Stationen zwischen den Breiten 450 N und 83o N und den 'Arleen
231? und 3080 wurden vermessen.
Besonders hervorzuheben ist, daB an Stationen in der Nahe des magne-
tischen Pols der Nordhalbkugel je 26 bis 48 Stunden lang drei magneti-
sche Flemente gemessen wurden,und zwar
in N E D (F) H (Ti) I an
Pasley Bay 70.70
264.1?
334.3?
0.0105
+ 89.00
5/6.8.48
Pell Inlet 75;9
257.8
164.7
0.0028
+ 89.7
8/9.8.48
Ommanney Bay 73.3
259.7
46.5
0.0024
\
+ 89.8
19/21.8.48
(Pasley Bay ist 80 km von dem Punkt entfernt, den Ross im Jahre 1831 ala
den nOrdlichen magnetischen Pol angegeben hatte, Pell Inlet 13 km von
dem Punkt, der sich nach der Analysis des erdmagnetischen Feldes fiir die
Epochs 1945.0 ergibt; Ommanney Bay liegt in der Nahe des magnetischen
Poles, der aus neuen kanadischen Berechnungen und Beobachtungen folgt.)
Danemark: Das Observatorium Rude Skov ist ununterbrochen weiter in
Betrieb. Die Konstanten einer gro3en Zahl von Instrumenten des Tips QHM
wurden bestimmt.
Alle Sakularstationen wurden vermessen; ferner wurde begonnen, das
Netz?der Feldstationen, deren Verteilung recht uneinheitlich ist,*durch
zusatzliche Messungen zu verdichten (Stationen f?r D in 8, Stationen
far H und Z in 4 km gegenseitiger Entfernung.
In Grbnland_ arbeitetelohne Unterbrechung die Observatorien God-
havn und seit 1947 Thule.
Deutschland: Fir die deutschen Teilnehmer waf es eine groBe Genug-
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_tuung, daB Deutschland vor Beginn der Tagung wieder als gleichberechtig-
tes Mitglied in die Union aufgenommen worden war, wobei zwischen West
und Oct nicht unterschieden wurde,
Die im Westen liegenden Observatorien Wingst und Parstenfeldbruck
sind ununterbrochen in Tatigkeit. In Wingst wurden Induktionsmagnetome-
ter flir H und Z und in Farstenfeldbruck Erdstrombeobachtungen in zwei
1iichtungen mit sehr kurzen Entfernungen eingerichtet.
An einigen Stationen des Westens wurden die magnetischen Elemente
gemessen, um die SUkularvariation zu erfassen.
Im Geophysikalischen Institut Gottingen werden auf erdmagnetischem
Gebiet hauptsdchlich statistische Probleme bearbeitet. Das Amt fUr Boden-
forschung in HannoVer lie2 in einigen Gebieten, z.B. im Westharz, rela-
tive Messungen der VertikalintensitAt durchfUhren.
Vom Geophysikalischen Institut Potsdam liegen Arbeitsberichte nur
bis zum April 1950 vor. Es wurden bearbeitet: Atlas der magnetischen
Deklination von Europa, Katalog der Jahresmittel der magnetischen Flemen-
te.der Observatorien, die geologischen Beziehungen erdmagnetischer Ano-
malien in Europa, paneuropaisches erdmagnetisches Normalfeld, naturlicher
Erdstrom und vagabundierende ?Strome. Diese und'andere Arbeiten (einheit-
liche Darstellung der Anomalien,der magnetischen Vertikalintensitht von
Europa, speziell eines Teiles Mitteleuropas, Abgabe von unverbffentlich-
ten Vermessungsergebnisse an europaischefi Staaten) werden, soweit sie
noch nicht abgeschlossen sind, in Berlin fortgefUhrt.
Grabritanien: Das Observatorium Abinger wird wegen der Ausdehnung
des elektrischen Betriebes der Eisenbahnen wieder veriest werden mUssen,
nachdem erst 1924vin Greenwich die Beobachtungen aufgegeben werden mu3-
ten. Bin neuer Platz jet bei Hartland ausgewtihlt worden.
Fskdalemuir und Larwick setzen ihre Arbeiten ungehindert fort. Die
Angaben der Horizontalintensitt mUssen nach Messungen mit QHM 90, 91,
92 um mit den Messungsergebnissen des Schuster-Smith Spulenmagnetometers
in Einklang zu sein,
in um
Lerwick +
Eskdalemuir - 6.1s7
Abinger +
verbessert worden.
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54 Stationen der frUheren Vermessung 1914/15 wurden abermals ver-
messen.
Indien: Die Observatorien Alibag und Kodaikanal (dieses nachdem
es 1923 seinen Betrieb eingestellt hatte, wieder seit 1949) sind in
c w
Betrieb. 15 Wiederholungsstationen wurden vermessen.
In der Nahe des madnetisdhen und geographischen Aquators wurden
Variationsbeobachtungen und Messungen durchgefUhrt.
In Colaba und auBerdem in Poona wird der luftelektrische Potential-
gradient registriert; in Kodeikanal wird eine Station fUr Jonospharen-
forschung eingerichtet.
Irland: Das Observatorium Valentia (Cahirciveen), das der Briti-
scheMeteorologische Dienst der irischen Regierung Ubergeben hat, fUhrt
seinen Betrieb fort. An 44 Stationen der alten Vermessung von 1891 und
1914/15 wurde D, H und I bestimmt.
Italien: Bisher ist nur das Observatorium Genua (Castellacio) in
Betrieb; es ist jedoch geplant, mehrere neue Observatorien einzurichten,
hierdurch werden sehr fUhlbare Iacken ausgefUllt werden;(besonders das
Fehlen ether magnetischen Beobachtungsstation in SUditalien, z.B. auf
hatte Unsicherheiten bei Auktionen zur Folge)
An erdmagnetischen Arbeiten sind beteiligt: Das Nationalinstitut
fUr Geophysik mit seiner Zentrale in Rom und 43 Instituten, von denen
em n Teil erst vorgesehen ist, das Militar-Geographische Institut in
Mailand und Triest. Rer"vis, 6'" 4 -*P41-4-16-nicA4'-"rt '4t
Japan: Es bestehen 7 Observatitien, von denen Kakioka ale Ngchfol-
gestation von Tokio seit 1913 in Betrieb ist. Vermessungen unternehmen
das Observatorium Kakioka, das Geographische Institut, die hydrographi-
sche Abteilung, das Institut fUr Erdbebenforschung und die Universitat
Kyoto.
Untersuchungen fiber Luftelektrizitat, Verhaltnisse der Jonosphdre,
Erdstrom und Hohenstrahlung werden durchgefUhrt.
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Neuseeland: Die Observatorien Amberly und Apia (Samoa) sind in
Betrieb. tach Nessungen mit QHN 21, 22, 33, 51, 52 mUssen die Horizon-
talintensitatswerte in Amberly mit einer Korrektion von - 2.52( verse-
hen werden.
J?lich sollen 20 Beldstationen vermessen werden.
Jonospharenuntersuchungen werden in Christchurch durchgefUhrt.
SchweiG: Im Kanton Tessin wurden die erdmagnetischen Anomalien
vermessen.
Sadafrika: Das Observatorium Hermanus 1st weiter in Betrieb.
U.S.A: Die umfangreicheh Arbeiten, die von den gro3en Organisati-
onen, dem D T NI des 0 J W, dem Coast and Geodetic Survey, dem Geologi-
cal Survey und dem U.S. Navy Department durchgefUhrt werden, Verlangen
einen Sonderbericht.
Von den dstlich inspirierten Staaten war kein Delegierter entsandt
worden. Auch aus dem ostlichen Deutschland war niemand erschienen.
Uber die Ta.tigkeit und die Fortschritte auf den Fachgebieten wurden
fUr diesen Teil der Welt authentische Berichte nicht almegeben.
2) Kommissionsberichte:
Kommission fur Polarlicht: Es wird berichtet Uber die Nordlicht-
beobachtungen im sUddstlichen Norwegen in den Jaren 1948, 1949 und
1950, Uber die Beobachtungen mit einem Infrarot-Teleskop, Uber Nord-
lichthaufigkeit auf den btitischen Inseln, Uber Polarlichtstudien in
40ten und im Infraroten, sowie fiber Beobachtungen in Schottland und
Neuseeland.
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kommission fUr magnetische Sakularstationen: Zu den auf der Ta-
,
gung in Oslo im Jahre 1948 gegehenen Mmpfehlungen tiler Anlage der Sa-
kularstationen, der Abgabe der Ergebnisse an zwei Zentralstellen der
Assoziation, Messungen auf See und au fli Inseln, Sicherung der Laze der
Stationen, Messungen an mehreren Punkten einer Station, Art der
Reduktion und Verwendung tragbarer Registriereinrichtungen brauchten
neue Anregungen nicht hinzugeffigt zu werden.
Die Fertigstellung des englischen Schiffes "Research", bei dem
magnetisch wirksame Teile moglichst vermieden sind, wird ale dringend
bezeichnet.
Messungen dreier Komponenten in einem magnetisch unwirksamen Be-
halter, der von einem Schiff geschleppt wird, wurden erOrtert und aus-
gedehnte aeromagnetische Aufnahmen befUrwortet.
'Uber die Arbeiten der Lander zur Erfassung der Sdkularvariation
werden einzelne Mitteilungen gegeben, die sich vielfach mit den Anga-
ben der nationalen Berichte decken.
Kommission fUr magnetische Karten: Die frUheren Empfehlungen Uber
schnelle Sammlang des gesamten Beobachtungsmaterials bei der Coast and
Geodetic Survey und Uber Vervollstandigung der Kartengrundlagen (beson-
ders in Bereich der Ozeane und durch aeromagnetische Messungen) werden
aufrechterhalten.
Der Berichterstatter wurde in diese Kommission berufen.
Kommission fUr Methoden de r Observatoriumsverbffentlichungen:
Nachdem auf der Tagung in Washington (1939)und in Oslo (1948) fUr die
Gestaltung der JahrbUcher der Observatorien Richtlinien angegeben war-
den waren, wurde es ale Aufgabe der Kommission betrachtet, Uber die
Annahmen der Richtlinien Erkundigungen einzuziehen. Auf em n in Februar
1951 abgesandtes Ruadschreiben gingen 43 Antworten em, die zum groBen
Teil em n Eingehen auf die Anregungen meldeten.
Al s em n idealer Typ eines Habrbuches wird das von U.S.Coast and
Geodetic Survey geplante bezeichnet, das Stundenmittel und vollstandige
Reproduktionen der Magnetogramme enthalten soil.
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Kommission fiir die FOrderung der internationalen Ver_aeiche der
magnetischen Standarawerte: Der Vergleich der Grundwerte beschrankt sich
auf die Horizontalintensitat, da nur fUr ihre sehnelle und bequeme Mes-
sung em n geeignetes Instrument, das QHM, vorhanddn ist, Die durchge-
fUhrten Vergleichsmessungen sind in den nationalen Berichten angegeben.
Es ist eplant, die Basiswerte der Horizontalintensitat in Rude
Skov, Amberly , Apia, Toolangi, Watheroo Hermanus, Elisabethville und
Manhay zu i2Teg1eichen.
V,44414
? 4 -
* ? 0 4 41
4 4 .1
Die 13 Rmpfehlungen, die in
Oslo im Jahre 1948 gegeben wurden, wurden durch folgende Anregungen er-
ganzt: Eingehendes Stadium des Verhaltens der QHM, Verwendung von Re-
gistrierstationen, die leicht transportiert werden kOdnen, Untersuchun-
gen von Quarz- und Platin-Iridiumfdden, Gebrauch sogleich sichtbarer
Registrierungen und aeromagnetische Vermessungen.
Kommission fur Charakteristik der magnetischen Storung,en: Es wird
angeregt, neben den bereits aingefUhrten MaaBangaben dr erdmagneti-
schen Aktivitat (Ci, K, Kp) aus den K und Kp em n Cp abzuleiten, das die
Aktivitat der Tage angibt, wahrend K und K einen Zeitraum von drei
Stunden umfassen (K fur die einzelnen Observatorien K fUr die ganze
Erde).
Die Kommission will Untersuchungen einleiten, die sich mit ddm
aquatorialen Ringstrom und der Wellenstrahlung der Sonne befassen.
Kommission fUr Zentralisation und Standardisierung der Registrie-
ranaen: Die Kommission warde gebildet, weil in Oslo im Jahre 1948 ange-
regt warden war, a7 da em n Uberblick Uber die bestehenden Observatorien
gewonnen und aus ihnen eine Auswahl derjenigen getroffen werden sollte,
die besonders geeignet waren, das Beobachtungsmaterial sehr eingehend
zu bearbeiten, und b) daB eine oder zwei Zentralstellen eingerichtet
werden sollten, die die Ergeb4isse bearbeiten und verteilen.
Randfragen, die an die Observatorien gerichtet wurden, ergaben emn
uneinheitliches Bild, aber keine befruchtendes Vorschlage. Da offensicht.
lich die Anregungen nur sthr schwer verwirklicht werden konnen, empfiehl'
die Kommission, sie zu entlasten und die Angelegenheit nicht weiter au
verfolgen.
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Kommission fUr FOrderung der Beobachtungen der taglichen Variation
der magnetischen Horizontalintensitdt zwischen dem geographpchen und
magnetischet liquator und in der Mahe: Beobachtungen mit QHM wurden ein-
gerichtet in Togo, im Golf von Guinea, in SUdamerika, in Indien und
mai* den Philippinen. Beobachtungen werden eingeleitet an Stationen, die
auf einer Kette liegen, die sich von Belgisch-Kongo bis zum Sudan er-
streckt, und im Pazifik da, wo geographischer und magnetischer Aquator
sich schneiden.
FUr Togo, SUdamerika und Indien werden Ergebnisse mitgeteilt
(Mittlere Tagesamplitude: 106r bis 1241- )
'Commission fur aeromagnetische Vermessungen: Es wird Uber die
Fortschritte auf diesem neuen und wichtigen Gebiet in den einzelnen
Landern berichtet. Australien_ (2 Beobachtungssdtze, zundchst Messung
der Totalintensitdt) Canada_ (Erprobung eines Instrumentes far DI H
und Z; erhof& Genauigkeit wenige Minuten und wenige ia Zehner-t )
Frankreich
Owls mow ???? NNW ????
(finanzielle Schwierigkeiten) Gro.B_Britannien (kleine Un-
ternehmungen; grOBere sind noch nicht zugtande, ge?kommen; Instrumenten-
e tus 44, va-ki
lieferungen nach Australien und Neuseeldhailintensitatsmagneto-
meter, groBere Gebiete Uberflogen, Ergebnisse gut) U.S.A._ (7 Firmen;
bei absoltten Werten Genauigkeit um 100 ?rbei Variatic!nen wenige
Gerate f?r drei Komponenten)
Kommission fUr die Liquidation des Internationalen Polarjahres
19,32/1933: Die letzten Arbeiten, die unter die Aufgaben des Internatio-
nalen Polarjahres 1932/33 fallen (Veroffentlichung der Ergebnisee von
Tatuoca und Magallanes, Bearbeitung der zahlreichen Registrierungen
mit schnellem Papiervorschub, Bibliographic aller dam Polarjahr betref-
fenden Veroffentlichungen, Inventaraufnahme der magnetischen Instrumen-
te) sind abgeschlossen oder im Gange. Die Herausgabe des Polarlichtat-
lasses 1st weitgehend gefOrdert worden.
3) Antrage und Antragungen:
Es wurde angeregt, den Namen der Assoziation zu dndern da Luft-
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elektrizitat, Terrestrial Electricity, Electricite Terrestre im eigent-
lichen ?Sinne zur Meteorologie gehbrt. Die Assoziation betrachtet aber
wiederum die elektrischen.Vorgdnge in der hohen Atmosphdre und in der
Erde als in ihre Aufgabengebiete fallend.nigme Einige Vorschldge, unter
ihnen WortungetUmer, fanden keinen Anklang. Die Behandlung der Namens-
anderung wurde daher auf die nachstea Tagung verschoben.
Auf den Vorschlag des franzbsischen Komitees, in dem Fall, daB
eine Reform notwendig sei, eine Assouiation der Physik des Erdinneren
zu schaff en, wurde festgestellt, daB nichts unternommen werden wird,
was nicht mit den anderen'Assoziationen voll im Einklang stUnde.
Ein weiterer Vorschlag des franzOsischen Komitees, ?Sektionen oder
Kommiesionen far das Studium der hohen Atmosphare zu bilden, wurde ge-
billigt. Zwei Kommissionen, von denen die eine die Beziehungen der Vor-
gange auf der Sonne mit denen auf der Erde pflegt und die andere sich
den Vorgangen in der Jonosphdre widmet, wurden bestdtigt.
Die Assoziation stimmt der Anregung des britischen Komitees zu,
da die Ergebnisse der Verhandlungen so schnell wie mdglich verOffent-
licht werden u4d von speziellen Abhandlungen nur eine kurze Zusammen-
fassung gebracht, der vollstandige Text aber den Zeitsahriften Uberlas-
sen wird, delB ferner die Publikationen zentral durch die nationalen
Komitees verteilt werden.
Es wird betant, daB die Assoziation stdndigsuch in dem Zeitraum
zwischeh den Tagungen tdtig jet.
FUr die Beurteilung ddr Aufgabe der Assoziationen fUr Seismologie,
Vulkanologie und physikalische Ozeanographie sowie fUr die Verteilung
finanzieller Mittel innerhalb der Union erkldrt sich die Assoziation
als nicht fUr zustdndig.
Es wird beschlossen, wahrend der Jahre 1957 und 1958 em n drittes
Internationales Polarjahr einzurichten. Einzelheiten Uber alle anzu-
stellenden Messungen werden erdrtert.
Die Kommission fur das Studium der Jonosphdre schlagt fur bestimm-
te Schichten der Atmosphare bestimmte YeZeiahnungen vor (z.B. Strato-'
sphdre, NeutrOstihare - Stratopause, Mesopause, Homopause, Neutropause -
Ozonosphare, Jonosphare, Exosphare, Troposphdre)
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Um die Sammlung der Jahremittel der magnetischen Elemente der Ob-
servatorien fortzusetzen, wird eine neue Kommission gebildet.
25X1 4) Spezielle Referate
Adresse des Prasidenten S. Chapman:
Nach einer kurzen Ubersicht Uber die Gesollichte und Uber die Ent-
wicklung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit out dem Gebiet des Erdmagne-
tismus werden besonders die Beziehungen zur Meteorologie erbrtert, wo-
bei hervorgehoben wird, daB Luftelektrizitdt soweit sie in den erd-
nahen Schichten der Atmosphare blaxxxls14-xurnini1mm beobachtet wird,
zum Arbeitsbereich der Yeteorologie gehbrt.
Wo sollen sich die Physiker, die sich mit den Problemen der hiich-
sten Atmosphare befassen, anschlieBen? Diese Frage wird eingehend be-
handelt. Einer Teilung der Assoziation wird grundsdtzlich widersprochen.
Die Zusammenarbeit mit URSI (Union Radio Scientifique Internationale)
wird befUrwortet; aber es wUrde begrUBt werden, wenn das Spezialgebiet,
das sich mit den Zustdnden der hohen Atmosphare befaBt, bei der Asso-
ziation verbliebe, da hierdurch die beste Verwendung der nicht sehr
reichlichen Mittel gewahrleistet ware.
Anschlieaend wird em. tberblick Uber die Arbeiten der Assoziation
And ihrer Kommissionen gegeben.
Die Vermessung der Ozeane 1st immer noch mm RUckstand, besonders seit-
dem im Jahre 1929 in Samoa das Vermessungsschiff "Carnegie" durch Feu-
er vernichtet worden ist. Wieder wird em n Appell an das englische Ko-
mitee gerichtet, sich fUr die Fertigstellung des Schiffes "Research"
x)Anmerkung des Berichterstatters: Die Deutsche Bezeichnung: Luftelek-
trizitdt gibt,z.B. gegenUber dem Begriff: Erdelektrizitdt, an sich die
Abgrenzung deutlich wieder. Die Moglichkeit kbnnte erwogen werdentdaB
in der englischen und franzbaischen Sprach e analoge AusdrUcke gebildet
werden.
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einzusetzen. x)
Der Prdsident kann aus seinen umfangreichen Erfahrungen entnehmen,
daB manche ObServatorien, die unter schwierigen Verhdltnissen und mit
geringen Mittein arbeiten, vorzagliche Ergebnisse.liefern, da2 aber
wiederum die Ergebnisse mancher Obseryatorien trotz ganstiger Bedingun-
gen weniger gut sind. Fr schldgt vor, besonders in den hehen Breiten
far die Basiswertbestimmungen Methoden anzuwenden, die nur kurze Zeit
beanspruchen (QHM, elektrische Verfahren), und ihrezeitlichen Zwischen-
raum, der.im allgemeinen eine Woche betrdgt, zu verringern. Eine Ver-
besserung wird ferner durch den Austausch der Mitarbeiter mdglich sein.
Die Bearbeitung der Ergebnisse, ihre Veroffentlichung und Vertei-
lung wird sich bessern, wenn die UN-Organisation wirksym wird und daher
Mittel, die jetzt far militdrische BedUrfnisse aufgewendet werden mas-
sen, fax konstruktive Zwecke verfugbar sind.
Der wissenschaftlichen Untersucbung des groBen Materials, das sich
inzwischen angesammelt hat, Solite mehr Bedeutung beigemessen werden.
Ein Beispiel ist die durch die Assoziation oder UNESCO unterstatzte
Ableitung des Mondeinflusses der magnetischen Variationen.
Auf die gut organisierte Bestimmung der magnetischen Aktivitdt
durch die C und die KlwimixlitimgEwitlismx auf die Herausgabe des Polar-
lichtatlasses und (uf die Bedeutung der jtingst eingeleiteten Beobach-
tungen am Aquator wird hingewiesen.
Den Ursachen des Erdfeldes und ihrer Variationen, sowohl der sd-
kularen ala auch der periodischen und unperiodischen, sind neue Unter-
suchungengewidmet warden.
sich
Die zuktinftige gemwinsame Arbeit wird der Organisation des dritten
Internationalen Polarjahres 1957/58 zuwenden.
Mit dem Wunsch, dal3 sich Each RuBland, das sich trotz der ergan-
genen Einladungen zurUckgehalten hat,- der Union anschlieBen mdge,
schlieSt der Prdsident seine Adresse.
Anmerkung: Fur die. "Research" fehlen noch magnetisch unwirksame AntriebE
maschinen.
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F.J.Lowes und S.K.Runcorn Fine hIsikalische
Analysis der .erdmagnetischen Sdkularvariation:
Im AnschluD an frUhere Untersuchungen, nach denen sich die Sdku-
larvariation des erdmagnetischen Feldes als Wirkung von elektrischen
Stromen im Erdkern ergibt, wird daBgelegt, dal 12 rasiale Dipole in
einer Tiefe von ti 900 km unter der Oberflache des Kerns den groBten
Teil des Feldes der Sdkularvariation erkldren kftnen. Das Feld dieser
Dipole ist Kreisstromen dquiv'alent, die an der Oberfldche des Kerns
Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Ansicht ElsaBers Uberein, daB Strom-
dnderungen im Kern in Tief en, die gro3er als 50 km sind, v011ig abge-
,
schirmt werden.
R.D.Hutchison, Untersuchung uber die Sdkular-
- variation in Kaneda: .
Die magnetische Sdkularvariatione im canadischen Gebiet lUBt sich
&arch Fouriersche Reihen darstellen, von denen die fUr Z eine besonders
einf ache Form annimMt. Bei der Z-Sdkularvariation zeigt sich eine deut-
liche Periode von fUnfzig Jahren.
Die Koeffizienten der Fourierschen Reihen sind einfache Funktio-
nen des Ortes.
S.K.Pramanik, Sdkularvariation les magnetischen
Feldes in Colaba und AlibaG:
Die Sdkularvariation des erdmagnetischem Feldes in Coleba und Ali-
bag wird, fUr die Zeit seit t: 1846 untersucht webei an die Studien Moose
aus dem Jahre 1910 angeknUpft wird.
H nimmt seit 1916 zu, D(E) nimmt seit 1879 ab. Z ist seit 1853
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gestiegen und hat das Maximum im Jahre 1937 erreicht.
E.Lahaye und F.Hoge, Die Sakularvariation in Belgient
Das Program einer neuen magnetischen Vermessung Belgiens mit einer
Stationszahl von 500 bis 600 wird entwickelt. Sie son ss_gleich nach
der Errichtung und Finrichtung der geophysikalischen Zentrale in Dol&es
begonnen werden.
11 gut verteilte Sakularstationen sind schon vermessen worden und
werden regelmaBig aufgestcht werden.
M.H.Johnson, Eine Beziehun zwischen
Diffusion und elektrischen StrOmen:
In einem Stromsystem, da a in einem teilweise ionisieren, gasnr-
migen Medium auftritt, wenn es willkUrlich bewegt wird, jet die Strom-
starke in dynamischem Gleichgewicht mit der Summe der Reibungskrafte,
die bei der Bewegung der Ladungen durch das neutrale Gas erzeugt werden.
Wenn negative Jonen und Flektronen vorhanden sind, hangt der.Diffusions-
elektronenstrom von dem Ver#altnis der negativen Jonen ab, soda2 damit
die anomale Phase der lunaren Gezeitenbewegung der E-Schicht erklart
werden kann.
W.Dieminger,-Uber Echolotungen der Jonosphare
el sc ragem in
Echolotungen der Jonosphare mit schragem Einf all bringen die
Schwierigkeit mit sich, da3 Sender und Empfanger ortlich getrennt sind
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und daher besondere Vorrichtungen fUr die Synchronisierung erforderlich
werden. Die drahtlose Synchronisierung, die Synchronisierung fiber Lei-
tungen und durch ortliche Schwingungserzeuger holier Konstanz, werden
n?r betrachtet.
Die Vorteile, die sich durch derartige Anlagen auch fUr den prak-
tischen Funkverke#r ergeben, werden hervorgehoben.
M.Ota:j Erdmagnetische AktiVitat, charakterisiert
durch K-Indices:
Die tagliche Variation der erdmagnetischen Aktivitat und die Natur
der erdmagnetischen Stdrungen wird an Hand der IC-Indices diskutiert.
Die Natur der St?rungen macht es erforderlich, daB fUr die ver-
schiedenen Observatorien verschiedene K-Indices gewahlt werden, und
zwar water der BerUcksichtigung sowohl der geomagnetischen Brelte ale
auch der geomagnetisdhen Lange, weil die Polarlichtzone nicht durch
einen Kreis abgegrenzt wird.
S.Fred Sini3er, E.Maple und W.A.Bowen) Nachweis von
Jonospharenstrdmen mit Raketen in der Ndhe des magnetischen
Aluators:.
Zwei Raketen, die im Marz 1949 bei -11?N und 271?E also-1? Eeo-
magn. Breite,abgeschlossen wurden lieferten Etegistrierungen der Total-
!
intensitUt. Es ergaben sich einerseits Abnahme de c Magnetfeldes zwischen
20 und 105 km Hdhe und andererseits Diskontinuitdten von 400s- zwischen
93 und 105 km line.
Die Ergebnisse bestatigen nunmehr auch experimentell, die 2pixtmt
Existenz eines Stromsystems in der E-Schicht der Jonosphare, wodurch
die tdgliche Variation in Erdmdhe erklart werden kann, und die unter-
stUtzen die Dynamotheorie Stewarts und Schusters.
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Es mu B angenommen werden, daB der Strom und damit die Leitfahig-
keit der Jonosp3pre oberhalb einer Hbhe von 105 km schnell abnimmt.
S.K.Runcorn A.C.Benson A.F.Moore und D.H.Griffiths
Untersuchungen Uber die Anderung des magneti-
c
schen Feldes mit der Tiefe:
Die Anderung der erdmagnetischen Horizontal- und Vertikalintensi-
tat mit der Tiefe wurde in Kohlenbergwerken bis au Tiefen von 750 m
mit QHM und BMZ gemessen, aadurch sollten die Theorien gepraft werden,
die Uber den Ursprung des erdmagnetischen Feldes aufgestellt sind, nam-
lich ob das Deld durch eine neue fundamentale Eigenschaft aller rotie-
renden festen Korper hervorgerufen wird oder ob es auf elektrische
Strome tief im Erdinnern zurUckzufuhren ist.
Die Ergebnisse sprechen sehr fir die letzte Anschauung.
A.Lundbak, Messungen der ma-netischen
Vertikalintensitat im Flugzeug:
Im Flugzeug wurde bei Kopenhagen Z mit BMZ Uber Land und See ge-
messen. Werden gewisse, aber leicht zu erfUllende Bedingungen beachtet,
kann eine Gehauigkeit von -1- 20T. erreicht werden.
G.Shaw, Aeromagnetische Vermessungen:
In Canada sind groBe. Flachen aeromagnetisch vermessen worden. Das
verwendete Instrument miBt die.Totalintensitat mit ether Genauigkeit
von 2r .
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Der Vergleich bekannter geologischer Verhaltnisse in typischen
Gegenden mit den gewonnenen Frgebnissen zeigt den Wert der Methode.
0.Schneiddr, Spuren eines restlichen Mondwinflusses
bei den erdma netischen K-Indices.
Die K-Indices zeigen im stidlichen Sommer an ruhigen Tagen eine
kleine halbmonatliche Variation, die Amplitude/ der Tagesmittel betr?
in Filar wahrend eines halben Mondumlaufs 0.41 Einheiten der K. Die
Variation wird auf MondeinfluL zurUckgefUhrt.
H.F.Johnston, Neue Jahresmittel der erdmagnetischen
Observatorien.
Fine Zusammenstellang neuer JahresMittel der magnetischen Elements
der Observatorien wird Vorgelegt. x)
J.W.Graham und H.F.Tatel, Restliches magnetisches
Moment bei Tonen und Sedimentg.esteinen.
Unter Anlehnung an eine frii4ere Konstruktion, mit der durch Rota-
tion das remanente Moment von Sedimenten bestimmt wird, wurde em n neues
Instrument entwickelt, bei dem die Empfindlichkeit durch Erhbhung der
Rotation der Probe gesteigert wurde, so daB ouch flach gelagerte Gestei-
ne untersucht werden konnten.
Die Meseungen ergaben, da 2 diese flach gela erten Gesteine , emn
x)
Der Berichterstatter hat vorgeschlagen, da der von ihm bearbeitete
und herausgegebene Katalog der Jahresmittel (Abh. d. Geophys. Inst.
Potsdam Nr.8-11, Berlih 1948, 498 Seiten) als Muster f#r die Zusammen-
lassung der bisher gesammelten Werte gwwahlt wird, und er hat die Lie-
ferung zusatzlicher und verbesserter Werte angeboten.
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restliches magnetisches 'Feld haben, dessen Haupt2ichtung mit derjenigen
de a gegenwdrtigen Erdfeldes Ubereinstimmt. Devon- und Silurproen haben
aber mannigfaltige Magnetisierungsrichtungen, die betrdchtlich von denen
abweichen, die die Silurgesteine der Alleghanies aufweisen. Die Mannig-
faltigkeit soil die Stabilitdt des remenentan Moments beweisen.
An Proben wurde untersucht, welche Magnetisierungsrichtung bevor-
zugt wird; es wurde erwartet, daB die Elementarmagnete eine umso grOBe-
re Dimension hdtten je hbher ihre Magnetisierbarkeit ist. An langsam
rotierenden Proben wUrdd der Grad der Magnetisierbarkeit gemessen. Bei
vielen Proben wurde eine Anisotropie bis zu einigen Prozent ihrer Total-
suszeptibilitdt gefungen.
Bei den interessantesten Proben, die aus ether Silurfalte stammten,
streute die Richtung der magnetischen Vektoren um 251 nachdem sie in
die Lage des noch ungestOrten Sediments gebracht warden waren, obgleich
die gegenwartige remanente Magnetisierung de.Gesteins sehr verschieden
jet. Dieselben Ergebnispe bei der Suszeptibilitat beweisen, da B die
Magnetisierung derjenigen entspricht, die aus der ursprUnglichen Lage
resultiert.
N.Kumagai, N.Kawai und T.Nagata, Neupr Fortschritt
bei der Ableitung_ magnetischer Verhdltnisse frUherer
Zeiten;
Laven und horizontale Sedimentschichten aus verSchiedenen Gegenden
Japans wUrden untersucht.
Die ziemlich starke Magnetisierung der Eruptivgesteine wurd4
durch statische Magnetometer gemessen, wdhrend die schwache Magneti-
sierung der Sedimentgesteine durch Instrumente spezieller.Konstruktion
bestimmt wurde.
Bei 5 bis 20 Proben jedes Lavastromes wurde die Magnetisierungs-
richtung in situ gemessen. AuBerdem wurde eine groBe Anzahl yon Proben
verschiedener Lagen und Tiefen entnommen.
Es wurde festgestelltl.da die Richtung der thermoremanten Magneti-
sierung der Laven den des Magnetfeldes in ihrer Nachbal:schaft entspricht
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Daraus kann gefolgert werden, da 2 die Richtung der remanenten Magneti-
sierung die des'magnetischen Feldes zur Zeit der AbkUhlung angibt.
Die Eruptiva und Sedimentschichten des Tertidr weisen mit einigen
Ausnahmen fur die eine der regenten Erdfeldrichtung elemi entsprechende
Magnetisierungsrichtung auf, wdhrend die bei Osaka gesammelten Proben
eine anomale Magnetisierungsrichtung haben.
Die Magnetisierung der Sedimente nahe bei Tokio (Miozdu bis
stozdu) entspricht fast dem gegenwUrtigtherrschenden Magnetfeld.
Die Ursache entgegengerichteter Magnetisierung, die nur bei Terti-
dr-, aber kaum bei Quartdrgesteinen vorgefunden wurde, konnte nicht
srmittelt werden.
Internationale Zusammenarbeit auf diesem Gebiet wird vorgeschlagen.
E.Hoge, Die Verteiluhg des Erdmagnetismus
im Ostlichen Belgien:
Auf folgende Feststellungen, die aus dem Vergleich geologisc4er
und geophysikalischer. Karten folgen, wird hingewiesen:
1) Pleistoseiste Gebiete fallen mit denen maximaler positiver
magnetischer Stdrungen zusammen,
2) die meisten Hebungszonen neigen zu posititren magnetischen Ano-
malien,
3) positive, magnetische Anomalien sind mit negativen Schwereano-
malien gekoppelt,
4) aie Achsen der Antiklinalen sind durch positive magnetische
Anomalien und die Achsen ,der Synklinalen durch negative magne-
tische Anomalien gekennzeichnet.
Die gegenseitige Beziehung dieser verschiedenen Phdnomenen scheint
sehr eng zu sein. Die Frhohung der Stationszahl auf das Zehnfache im
ostlichen Belgien wird das Problem weiter klaren und SchlUsse ziehen
lassen, die sowohl fUr die Geologie ale fur die Geophysik wichtig sind.
Die berechneten und tatsdchlichsten beobachtete Werte stimmen befriedi-
gend Uberein.
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S.L.Malurkar und A.S.Chaubal, Magnetische Registrie-
run?en mit schnellem Lauf in Aliba: wahrend der Son-
nenfinsternis Uber dem Nord-Pazifik am 12. SeatrlahlE
1950 und.wahrend magnetischer St?rungen im Januar 19492
Mai 1949 und Dezember 1950:
Schnellregistrierungen wahrend der Sonnenfinsternis am 12. Septem-
ber 1950, die von 2h 50.1m bis 4h 27.0m MGZ wahrte, ergaben eine Abnah-
me von H um 63 zwischen 12h 16m und 12h 34m. - Bei gelegentlichen
Schnellregistrierungen (180 mm je Stunde) wurden die magnetischen Sto-
rungen im Januar und Mai 1949 und im Dezember 1950 erfat.
T.Nagata, N.Fukushima und M.Sugtura,Elektro
dynamisches Verhalten,der Ionospare:
Ein einheitliches Bild des elektrischen und dynamischen Zustandes
der lonosphare zu liefernlist der Zweck dieses Referates. Es wird da-
rauf hingewiesen, dali die sonaagigen Variationen der erdmagnetischen
Elemente each vongaggrtR4W4P Station abhangen, vermutlich well die
geographischen und magnetischen Pole nicht zusammenfallen.
Die Strome werden berechnet, die der Variation S Yaziatin (sannen-
tagiger Gang an ruhigen Tagen) entsprechen.
Weiter wird die Leitfahigkeit und dr Abschirmeffekt der tonosphd-
re behandelt, FUr die Rechnung werden fUr die Dicke der ionosphare und
die Art des Primarfeldes (periodisch oder aperiodieCh) bestimmte Annah-
men gemacht.
Bei schnellen Anderungen des primaren Feldes (z.B. bei Stdrungs-
einsatzen) darf der Abschirmeffekt nicht auBer acht gelassen werden;
als Leitfahigkeit ergibt sich in tbereinstimmung mit anderen Berechnun-
gen 10-7 elektromagn. Einheiten.
Die theoretische Behandlung der Erhbhung des sonnentagigen Ganges
an gestorten Tagen (Sd) erfordert wegen der Sc#nelligkeit der VorOrge
und der hohen Leitfahigkeit die BerUcksichtigung der Selbstinduktion
der ionosphare. Es resultiert fUr die Leitfahigkeit 5.10-8 elektromagn.
Einheiten.
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Aus den gewonnenen Ergebnissen kann gefolgert werden, daB das Sd-
Stromsystem in dem oberen Teil der E-Schicht liegt, wahrend das Sg-Feld
auf das resultierende Feld der beidan Stromsysteme in der D- und E-
Schicht zurUcitzufthren jet. Das Sd- Stromsystem scheint bald nauh dem
plbtzlichen Stbrungseinsatz zu entstehen.
Die Dynamowirkung ist der fundamentale Proza zur Erzeugung der
verschiedenen Systeme elektrischer Strome die verschiedenen fonisa-
tionsbedingungen unterworden sind.
K.Maeda, Uber die elektrisahe LeitgahiOceit
der hohen Atmosphere:
Es wird festgestellt, daB die Leitfahigkeit in den hbheren Atmos-
phdrenschichten in den Tagesstunden von der lonendichte in ddn E- und
F-Schichten anstatt von der Elektronendichte abhangt. Der Beitrag der
E-Schicht jet grbBer ale der F-Schicht, in den Nachtstanden erheblich
grbBer. Der tagliche Gang der Leitfahigke;t entspricht teilweise der
Anderung der Elektronendichte in derE-Schicht, mit der die ionendichte
der E-Schicht eng gekoppelt jet, und teilweise der Hbhe und der Andee
rung der Elektronendichte in der F-Schicht.
H. HaAes, Die elektrische Leitfahigkeit der Erdkruste:
Es wird dargelegt, daB die schnella Zunahme der Leitfahigkeit der
Erdkruste bis au einer Tiefe von 600 km nicht mit ionenleitfahigkeit
erklart warden kann, daB vielmehr in diesen Tiefen Olivia wahrschein-
lich em n Halbleiter jet.
Methoden filr die experimentelle Bestimmung der Leitfahigkeit des
Olivins und ahnlicher Gesteine warden erlautert.
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25X1 The Ninth General Meeting of the International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics (1.U.D.G.), which was also the second
plenary meeting since 1945, was held in Brussels during the
last two weeks of August 1951. The Joint Committee for
Physics of the Earth's Interior had already been holding
sessions beginning August 16th, as follows:
a symposium on the thermal balance of the earth (radio-
activity and thermal conductivity of the earth's
mantle), on Thursday, August 16th,
a symposium on the problem of continents and oceans,
on Friday, August 17th,
a general discussion of problems concerning the earth's
mantle, on Saturday, August 18th.
This reporter was unable to attend the sessions of the
Executive Committee, of the Council and of the Finance Com-
mittee, which took place on Monday.
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The plenary assembly of the IUGG was ushered in by opening
exercises on Tuesday, August 21st, at the Palais des Beaux Arts,
with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth present for the occasion.
After welcoming speeches by representatives of the Belgian
government and the City of Brussels, Professor P. A. Vening
Meinesz, president of the Union, addressed the queen and
the guests of honor in French. He then delivered a special
lecture on the fundamental problems of the gravity field and
its significance for the science of geophysics. Noteworthy
among the other addresses during these opening ceremonies was
the one by the secretary general of the IUGG, in which he
discussed among other items the relations between the IUGG
and UNESCO and the financial support extended by the United
Nations organization. An outline of the IUGG's organizational
and financial connections is given in Annex II (+).
The meetings of the individual associations in the IUGG,
specializing in their respective technical fields, began in
the afternoon by reading the activity reports submitted by
the various countries. This was done separately in different
rooms of the academy for the individual IUGG subdivisions,
namely, the Geodetic, Seismological, Meteorological, Geomagnetic,
Oceanographic, Vulcanological and the Hydrological Associations.
Your reporter was only able to take note of the reports on
meteorological subjects. Those reports which were received
on time are printed in Annex I, Part 3, pp. 1 - 45. In addi-
tion, the meeting heard reports submitted by France, Sweden,
Finland and the Netherlands. Great Britain, India and Egypt
are expected to file reports at some later time. A. noteworthy
announcement was made by H. R.Byers concerning the
report from the United States, to the effect tnat the great
volume of meteoro-
sob
2
ON,
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logical research projects completed or currently being worked
on makes it impossible to have r?NfBiii which could be read
specifically as such. Moreover, such a report would be super-
fluous in view of the material currently being published in
the "Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography" put out
10 the American Meteorological Society".
From Wednesday, August 25th, onward further sessions
and discussions of all the divisions took place in various
rooms of the Free University of Brussels. The report given
in the following must on the whole confine itself to the
sessions of the International keterological Association (IAM),
since your reporter was only able to attend the meetings of
this division.
The official program of the Meterological Association
followed in the main the schedule shown in Annex I (Part 1, p.1).
Special mention should be made of the impressive tour of
7 the Metrological Observatory at Ucc14 (for details, see
Part D of this report).
The official excursion of the Z.U.G.G. to Antwerp
afforded the members an opportunity to visit an American and
a British research and survey vessel. In the course of the
trip to Ghent on Sunday, August 26th, a.vi4trwas made to
the Hydrological Institute of the Polytechnic University there.
Other noteworthy items are the showings on several evenings
of films of expeditions, among them particularly the French
and Italian color films showing active volcanoes and liquid
lava flows.
Toward the close of the convention, the members of the
Association were also invited to a reception by Her Majesty
the Queen of the Belgians.
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B) Participants
Annex II contains the official list of members who had
signified their attendance, and guests of the T3.-G-g-G--g-IUGG
There was no sign of any scientists being present from the
zones or countries under Soviet domination. This goes also
for Prof. M ii. h I 1 g, of Potsdam who was listed as attending
as representative of geodetic interests in the East-German
republic..
From the West-German Federal Republic the following
persons, active In fields with which this reporter is in contact,
attended:
Prof. J. Bartel s, of the Geophysical Institute of the
University of attingen
Dr. K. FeuBner, of the Meterological Institute of the
Free University of Western Berlin
Prof E. G g s, of the institute for Applied Geodesy in
Frankfurt/Main
Dr. H. W o 1 fl of the Institute for Applied Geodesy in
Fralkfurt/Main
Prof. Fr M ? 1 1 e r, of the Meteorological-Geophysical insti-
tute of the University of Mainz
Dr. W. Menzel, of the Meteorological-Geophysical Insti-
tute of the University of Hamburg
Dr. G. Boenecke, director of the Hydrographic Bureau in
Hamburg
Prof. F. Errulat, of the Hydrographic Bureau in Hamburg
Prof. K. J u n g, of the Geophysical Institute of the Clausthal
School of Mining
Prof. W. H i 1 1 e r, of the Seismographic Observatory of the
Stuttgart Polytechnic College
Prof. E. Regenerof the Max-Planck Institute in Weissenau
(Harz)
Dr. W. Dieminger, of the Max-Planck Institute &d Lindau
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The German meteorological profession, as far as synoptics
and weather science were concerned,was by comparison not very
well represented. Of the German Weather Service in the U.S.
zone, only Dr. H. Flohn was at the meeting for about a
week and Dr. H. Ungeheuerfor two days. No one
from the Weather Services in the British or French zones had
been able to make the trip, due to a chain of unfortunate
circumstances, both Prof. L. Weickmann of Bad Kissingen and
Prof. P. Raethjen of Hamburg being ill at the same time. To
make matters worse, the Weather Service, after having sent in
the names of Prof. Scherhag, Dr. Flohn, Dr. Schnelle and Dr.
Ungeheuer as attending the meeting, was unable to obtain from
.the Federal Ministry of Transport an allocation of funds to
cover their expenses. Dr. Flohn alone was able to
participate, after much difficulty and by dint of other
financial resources, and he managed also to have Dr. Ungeheuer
come to Brussels for at least the two days.
C) Synopsis of some of the resolutions adopted at the business
meetings of the International Meteorological Association.
One of the early general meetings of the IUGG, which took
placecibefore this reporter was able to be present, voted to
admit Israel and Western Germany as members of the International
Union.
The business meetings of the IAM dealt primarily with
the following matters:
a) Proposal for an international polar year in 1957-58 (cf.
Annex I, Part 1, p. 10 et seq.)
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b) Proposal to establish a new nomenclature for the upper
atmosphere (of Annex I, Part 1, pp. 10 et seq.
c) Recommendations for "world days for the study of the
upper atmosphere (cf. Annex I, Part 1, pp. 14-15)
d) Proposal for an international institute of meteorology.
Ad a) With respect to the third polar year, which is to
serve primarily the study of the upper atmosphere and there-
fore would be handled under the lead of the IATME, a joint
commission is to be constituted on which the International
Associations for Meteorology, for Terrestrial Magnetism and
Eleotriotty, for Physical Oceanography, and for Hydrography
are represented.
As delegates of the IAM to serve on this commission,
Ch. Normand and E. Vassy were chosen. Their
first task would be to review the project for a third polar
year, described in Annex I.
In discussing the project, the feeling was expressed
that it would be both desirable and important not to neglect
a continuing study of synoptic phenomena in the tropo- and
stratosphere in favor of the upper .atmosphere. In con-
nection therewith the congress of the WMO (World Meteor4O-
gical Organization, of. Annex II) held in Paris in April of
1951 had already recommended a close cooperation between the
WMO and IUGG. The WMO, furthermore, is in a position to
organize the butizimumkta networks of stations and where-
withals which are indispensable for holding a polar year.
In addition, the "joint commission for the ionosphere" is
desirous and hopeful of making worth-while improvements in
its plans through this collaboration with meteorologists.
It was therefore deemed essential that the IAM notify the .
WMO officially of the plan through the IUGG.
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Ad b) Discussion of the proposal made by Chapman for
a nomenclature for the upper atmosphere (cf. Annex I) brought
out a great diversity of viewpoint, causing a delay in the
actual business before the meeting, namely the selection of
members of a commission to study this very matter. Some of the
arguments and objections against the proposal were based on
reasons of physics or measurement technique, others on lingui-
stic and historical grounds. The question was also brought up
again whether the WMO knit was in fgvor of this proposal, but
this was vigorously denied by ... ? Prof. Th. Hesselber g,
the WMO representative with the IAM. The Striking-thlng aDout this
discussiOn 1.4-?1419I, thi$L,1 proposed nomenclature had been made
7
public already in three scientific periodficals without having
aroused any adverse criticism or protest on the part of persons
in the field.
The result of this discussion was the selection of
A. Vassy and 0, G. Sutton as members of the
joint cogmission.
The report of this commission was received at a subsequent
business meeting without any further discussion.
Ad c) The proposal for "world days for the study of the upper
atmosphere" essentially is to have all research methods of the
upper atmospheric strata concentrated at pre-arranged times
(i.e. at periods of new moon, fu;11 moon, solar eclipse, etc.)
The discussion therefore centeed chiefly on the technical
difficulties in having such a concentrated program of dpecific
experiments materialize at short notice. Here, too, the point
is made that the WMO might be of considerable help. The
particular question brought upvas whether tile WMO would be able
to contribute tly AMY.- of radiosondes released in very much
greater density. The WMO representative did not consider it
necessary to intensify observations at all stations of the world
network. The viewAfs expressed that rather than fixing so
7
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,itwo1.1___d be better
rigidly on specific datUF7TtoTmake sure that facilities are
concentrated in order to be able to operate with them en masse.
What seems particularly difficult is to fix specific dates on
which rocket ascensions would be made.
The outcome of the discussionwbs the selection of E.
Rosch and J. Lugeon as members of the joint cm-
mission (representing the IAM, IATME and LAB). This commission
will study the proposal for world days. The report of this
commission Wai received without discussion at a subsequent
business meeting.
Ad d) The proposal for an international institute, which is
not mentioned in the enclosed Annex I, had already been made
among other things at the VMO convention in Paris this past
spring, and had been discussed there. At Brussels, this pro-
posal was presented to the assembly in a rather lengthy
expose by C. G. Rossby. According to this, such an
institute would promote meteorological research by having, in
particular)teams of more junior meteorologists work under the
guidance of leading scientists. UNESCO had already promised
its support. Rossby revealed that as an experiment,
ten to twelve scientists from six countries would be invited
already during the coming winter. The ensuing discussion
afforded a very illuminating insight into certain factors of
national and international scope, and a summary of this dis-
cussion is therefore given below.
Rossby's expose proposed the formation of an
international meteorological institute with headquarters in
Stockholm. It should be noted that such an institution already
exists in the form of the Swedish Institute for cultural
exchanges with foreign countries, through which scientists are
invited by the government meteorological service in Stockholm
for several weeks to hold discussions and lectures as guest
professors.
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According to Rossbylthe IAM's president, Prof.
J. Bjerknes has stressed the wide interest in the
formation of an international institute in Stockholm. The
IUGG unfortunately is so limited in funds that the INA could
give the project only its moral support. Happily, other sources
(UNESCO) have come forward with offers of aid, and IADA can
do no better than welcome this project and would be very
pleased to be kept posted on its development. He looked, forward
to receiving valuable advice from some of the IAM members present
who have had wide experience in the organization of research
centers.
Th. Hesselberg, in his capacity of WMO delegate,
pointed out that the idea of an international meteorological
institute is by no means anything new and that the WMO had on
several occasions in the past looked into such a plan, parti-
cularly c9e made ,py France. Heretofore, all such projects
had AO -be abandoned_cc for lack of funds. All of the previous
plans not only contemplated an international center for research
but also emphasized the need for organizing the teachinglof
meteorology. The congress of the WMO had instructed its
executive committee to look into the desirability of forming
such an institute. A special committee of four members was
selected for this purpose, which is to report to the Executiv e
Committee in October of 1951. The WMO is in any case interested
in such a project and is anxious to have the consent and the
"moral support" of the IAM.
A. Viaut, head of the French Weather Service,
after adding some comment to what Th. Hesselberg had
said, timpommpresented the French Government's proposal for
uc an
establishing tk institute in France. He went into very tangible
details at the blackboard, sketching a groundplan of the proposed
buildings which would either be converted from their present use,
or be built especially for this purpose.
The president called for the views of the other members who
do not belong to the WMO. Dufour then emphasized how
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important it was tofWlize such an institute for pure re-
search and not only1151.actical research. Bjerknes
once more cited the role of outstanding scientists in
working together with younger researchers as teamt
A. Angstr?m, director of the Swedish Weather
Service, added something to the remarks of Th. Hessel -
berg from another standpoint. He called attention to the
fact that the countries of Eastern Europe had strenuously
opposed creation of an international meteorological Insti-
tut at the WMO Congress in Paris. They were quite averse
to furnishing financial support, feeling that such an insti-
tute would redound chiefly to the benefit of the Western
nations. He indicated that some such obstacles would have
to be expected also here, as there are some countries who
believe that others would be taking advantage of their
financial contributions.
This reporter is of the opinion that such conflicts
arise not so much from fear of unfair material burdens, but
from petty jealousies 1i8 ng nations.
At the request of the president, Mr. Rossby
added some concluding remarks. He said that this was not
a question of establishing the international meteorological
institute, but one of them, by way of a beginning. Stockholm
was merely to be an experiment, based on the offer made by
the government. He was happy to note that the French Govern-
ment had made a similar offer. He would like, however, to
repeat that primary consideration should not be given to
"buildings or floor plans" but to the creation of working teams
of young researchers under the guidance of outstanding
scientists.
Debate on this project apparently went on privately
among the membership. It then came up for discussion again
at the last business meeting of the IAM, on August 31st.
Rossby, however, had already departed. The advocates
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of the Swedish plan had introduced a resolution which "noted
with great pleasure the intention to found an international
meteorological institute in Stockholm". Such a resolution
thus would have embodied the moral support which the WMO had
wished; however, it underwent first a number of amendments, due
principally to French objections and then still failed of
achieving a formulation which was satisfactory to all members
of the assembly.
? Angstrrb m/0 who in view of Rossby' s absence
took it upoillhims'elr.to:!ddfend -)2 the Stockholm project,
explained at some length that the title "International Insti-
tute in Stockholm" would be dropped in favor of "An institute
in Stockholm with an international staff". In answer to
Viaut he stated that this experiment would involve a
national institute possessing an international staff. (This
tallies with the personal experience of this reporter who had
been himself invited during the preceding year to give several
guest lectures at this institute at which the st4ff had been
continuously replaced by the constant arrival of new guests
from foreign countries). Angstr?m emphasized that
there was nothing to prevent other countries from setting up
a similar institution. When this new resolution likewise
failed to win approval, he ilade no attempt to conceal his
disappointment and freely indicated that Rossby could
hardly be expected to be pleased about it. This reporter has
no information about any other viewpoints on the subject of
establishing an international institute.
In addition to the four projects of an international
scope which have been described in detail, the business meetings
disposed of a number of elections and several matters of a
general nature.
One item was the appointment of a commission, consisting
of E. Gold, 3. Lugeon, M. Nicolet,
E. Palm b n and L. A. Ramses, which was to make
nominations to the general assembly for candidates to hold
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specific offices in the IAM. Nominations by this commission
led to the following elections:
1). for president of the IAM - Prof. K. R. Ramanatan
for vice-presidents - Prof. C. G. Rossby and
Queney
the terms of secretary and members of the secretariat
were extended, with the following continuing in office:
Secretary: Prof. J. van Miegham, of Belgium
Members: Dr. W. Mdrikofer, of Switzerland
Sir Ch. Normandy of Great Britain
V. V. Vaisalii, of Finland
2). The assembly also approved the following nominations of
the electoral commission:
for members of the Finance Committee:
H. L. Absalon
H. Berlage
H. P. Byers
3). for members of the Joint Commission for the Study of
Solar-Terrestrial Relationships:
Dir, L. M. Nicolet
Prof. F. W. P. Gdtz
Dr. O. R. Wulf
for liaison officer with the members of other IUGG commissions
Dir. L. M. Nicolet was selected
4). for members of the joint international commission for radio-
meteorology:
S. P. Venkiteshwaran
Prof. H. Nor inder
Prof. P. A. Sheppard
A. Perlat, Sen. Engineer
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for members of the joint international commission for
stations serving the study of higher altitudes:
Prof. F. W. Gotz
Dr. V. V. Sohoni
(+)
5). H. Pristley was ohosen IAM delegate to the
Advisory Committee for Arid Zones, with A. Perlat as
his alternate to attend the meetifiebbout tb-DpehinPkrso
-J?
D) Report on Scientific Transactions
The first functional meeting of the IAM on Wednesday,
August 22, 1951 began with a ceremony honoring the, members
who had passed away since 1948. Next, President Prof. J.
Bjerknes, in his presidential address, presented a
survey of the topic "Persistance of Atmospheric Interzonal
Circulation". This lecture is given in synopsis form on
p. 21 (Symposium on the topic "General Atmospheric
Circulation"). The afternoon of August 22nd was taken up
with business meetings, as reported on above. Then followed
1). on Thursday, August 23rd, the symposium on cloud physics
opened TV an introductory survey given by its chairman, Tor
Bergeron. In his presentation, the speaker divided
cloud physics into three sections:
a) Indirect cloud physics, developed by means of synop-
tical or climatological material. This form of research on
clouds is based on study of geographic and chronological ef-
fects of cloud phenomena and on precipitation brought about
both by weather and orographic conditions. With the aid of
numerous diagrams, Bergeron dealt particularly with
the significance of convergence along coastlines and mountain
ranges and of the evenly mobile mass of converged atmosphere
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+ Transl. Note. This very likely is supposed to be C. B. H. Priest-
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along weather fronts. All three types manifest wave symptoms
which in their fUndamental aspects are mlotee,sitailar than the
Lee-waves of Lyra and other research at:elitists which
form into currents above and beyond obstacles.
b) Certain relationships exist between this indirect and
uniformly synoptic system of cloud physics and the macrophysics
of clouds which deals with visible currents in clouds, with
the dependence of cloud stratification upon thermodynamics
and with the distribution and size of rain drops on the ground.
6 A focus of interest is the modern science of microphysics
of clouds which is chiefly concerned with condensation nuclei,
with processes of condensation and coagulation and their
attendant impact on droplet formation, as well as the product-
ion and effectiveness of ice particles. Apart from the intro-
ductory survey, the symposium on August 23rd consisted entirely
of lectures on microphysical aspects. It developei from this
that formation of precipitation elements and rain is by no
means solely due to the so-called Bergeron-Findeisen effect
which is based on ice particles formed in the upper atmospheric
layers coming in contact with droplets in super-cooled clouds.
Droplet size can be increased and heavy precipitation induced '
also by direct coagulation. This confirms previous observa-
tions to the effect that larger drops or precipitation elements
can be deposited by clouds even when they are everywhere warmer
than 0? C. Coagulation takes place particularly in wet satura-
ted clouds (in the tropics). Modern methods of radar incidence
on clouds have yielded clear results which were discussed in
a talk by E. G. Bowen of Australia on the basis of his
own experiments (cf. Annex I, Part 2). His observation of
radar echoes covered three types of cloud groups:
(1) those which everywhere were warmer than 00 centigrade
(2) those which were partly above and partly below 00
(3) those which were entirely, or nearly so, in the sub-
zero range of temperature.
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In the case of (1), radar echoes take on a special form of
structure, namely column structure, proving the existence of
larger drops or precipitation elements which evidently could
only have formed by coagulation.
With experiments under (2) measurements have shown that
the echoes (and the formative precipitation) begin mostly in
the region above 0?, spreading upward in the dbuds into the
temperature range below Sero down to temperatures of about Minus
40 to 60 centigrade,L .
The Bergeron-Findeisen effect mentioned above appears to
be essentially valid only for a cloud group comprising a tempe-
rature zone which is less than 150 C. below zero (a type of
cloud, to be sure, which is by far the most frequent source of
precipitation in the temperate zone). Radar measurements here
show a "rain band" which manifests itself first in an altitude,
i.e. a temperature region of 150 below and then in the course
of a few minutes ( apprx. 15 minutes) moves down and crosses
the 00 line. Bowen observed in many such oasesarepe-
tition of this process with the same cloud and explains this
behaviour as a spontaneous freezing of the cloud elements in
conformance with the results obtained by R. Heverl y.
In clouds which thus consist of a mixture of water and ice
particles the 00 C. isobar takes the form of a band of high
echo intensity, which is due - on the basis of observations
made from aircraft - to the melting of the ice particles as
they fall past the 00 line (melting band).
Next camealecture by J. Rou). leau (cf. Annex
sought to establiSh,
I, Part 2, p. 20), who _- -f1g1tIrela the formation of
rain drops by theoretical Analysissof the diffusion and coagula4
tion processes affecting droplets in clouds. His calculations
are based on the assumption of a stationary equilibrium plus
allowances for latent evaporation heat and conductive proces-
ses.
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A paper dealing with the change in size of droplets, by
N. Frdssling, of Wpden, was read to the meeting by the
chairman.
Of major significance were two lectures by B. J. Mason
and P. H. Ludlam, both of Great Britain. Based on stati-
stical investigations of the temperature conditions at the upper
edge of virga from stratiform clouds, these studies confirm
that it is coalescence and not the process of ice nuclei which
in such cases sets off precipitation. Mason made mathema-
tical computations of the size of drops under various conditions
of water content, updraft and layer thickness of the stratum, and
then laid down the limits of the conditions, within which coale-
scence could still be an effective factor in causing precipita-
tion. P. H. Ludlam supplemented these observations by
also tracing the deposit of light showers from billow clouds to
coalescence. The precipitation particles could also grow suf-
ficiently to overcome the updraft present in the billows, by
tumbling from one cloud cell in coagulated form into a cell
rising more vigorously from belowland thus have longer time in
which to grow. This corresponds somewhat to the concept with
which the formation of hail is normally explained, namely: a
protracted presence in the cloud atmosphere by suitable geo-
metric patterning of convection cells and as a result, increase
In size in several stages. This concept of "coagulation showers"
also was supported by calculations, using plausible quantities
for updraft and for initial size of droplets.
H. Dessens, of France, reported on his cloud-seeding
tests in the Pyrenees (cf. Annex I, p. 10). Dessens
attempted to produce artifiCial precipitation by introducing
into the clouds large hygroscopic sal nuclei with the aid of
rockets. As a further method, clouds were also seeded with
nucLei of AgI, The .results, similar to what American tests have
shown, are not as yet quite conclusive. It appears that certain
natural wind conditions favor successful results, while others
do not.
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The first afternoon speaker was R os sisit u n n of the
United States, who reported on a remarkable experimental deities
for studying the behavibri-.of drops of water and artificial cloud
components. The essential part of its design is a pressure-
insulated shaft or channel, some 200 meters highlwili a cross-
section ite 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 meters. At its upper terminus, water
drops are atomized. The results of these investi:gations of
artificially assimilated cloud conditions were demonstrated on
a large number of diagrams. (cf. Annex I, Part 2, p. 13).
L. Dufour, of Belgium, then discussed condensation
of water vapor In the atmosphere in terms of theoretical calcu-
lations, based on thermodynamic and physio-chemical premises.
The symposium on cloud physics concluded with the showing of
color photographs of clouds by A. Viaut , of France.
The following lectures which had been listed in the pro-
gram were canceled: S. Ogiwara, of Japan, on solid
condensation nuclei which are insoluble in water;- K. Ito,
of Japan, on ice ,t crystals in the atmosphere; and the lecture
by M. Azpiroz,of Spain, on the affinity of thermo-
dynamic processes in meteorology.
For an account of the visit to the observatory at Ucc16,
in the evening of August 23rd, see the end of the report on
scientific transactions.
2). The symposium on physics of the upper atmosphere was held
on Friday, August 24th, in a joint meeting with the international
Association for Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of the IUGG.
This coincided with the time of holding the IAM's meeting on
climatology which I therefore could not attend. For a program
of the meeting on climatology, see Annex I, Part 2, p. 47*
Mr. Newell readapaper by F. W. Whipple, of
Great Britain, presenting a general introduction to the state
of research on the upper atmosphere, especially as regards the
use of rockets and observations of meteors. The pressure data
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obtained from rockets discharged in high altitudes generally run/
loistkun4ltat had been assumed heretofore for-the so-ca;led_
4tandard atMoipheie. It follows that in calculating the functional
relationship of atmospheric pressure to altitude, the temperatures
had been assumed too high. The accuracy of measurements achieved
by means of rockets establishes with safety the occurrence of
fluctuations in time around the factor 4, resulting in the
existence of considerable altitude intervals when assigning a
specific pressure or temperature value. The use of mass spectre-
graphs with rockets to determine the composition of the atmos-
phere at high altitudes so far has yielded no results. The
rocket method has further been used to determine solar constant and
ultraviolet radiation and for establishing certain other indi-
vidual factors in solar radiation.
R. E. Rooch, of the United States, reported concern-
ing investigations of diurnal variations shown by the 5577,
6300 (02) and 5893 (sodium) spectral lines in the upper atmos-
phere. These three lines belong to ionized oxygen and ionized
sodium and were studied by observing night sky with respect to
their distribution in space and time, by using a special night-
sky spectrograph. Areas were shown of especially intense lumi-
nescence which moves along the sky. Assuming their origin to
be at an altitude of about 250 kilometers, this points to a
strong easterly current at that level. This method of study-
ing conditions of currents in the upper atmosphere thus paral-
lels the familiar method of following up certain ribbons of
luminescence.
By means of rocket tests, S. F. Singer has attempted
to prove the existence of ionospheric currents in the vicinity
of the geomagnetic equator. This piece of research is described
in Geophysical Research (+), giving explicit data. The essential
(+) Transl. Note: Journal of Geophysical Research, Wash., DC ,
V. 56, pp. 265-281, June 1951.
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result is the conclusion that the magnetic field force at all
levels of the upper atmosphere must exceed by a substantial
and constant amount the value computed on the basis of the
geomagnetic field at the earth's surface. These deviations
point to the existence of electric currents in altitudes up
to 100 kilometers. The two soundings taken so far, however,
are insufficient to furnish detailed data as yet.
In a lecture on experimental results of studies with
aurora borealis, L. Vegard, of Norway underscored the
significance of streams of particles bearing an electric
positive or negative oharge. The decisive role among them
is played by electron streams, since they feature high velo-
city. Essential for modern research on aurora are specto-
graphs with high wattage and great resolving power, permitting
a thorough pattern arrangement of the spectrum in the manner
of the line spectra of atomic oxygen and other elements.
Where the lines show widening, this could be interpreted in
terms of the independent motion of the atoms and thus of
temperature distribution.
F. Chapman, of Great Britain opened the after-
noon meeting with a summary report on aurora. According to
him, no conclusive theory on the origin of northern lights
can be said to exist even today. To be sure, the most
essential factor is the injection of hydrogen particles and
electron streams into the space near the earth. The inbound
particles are collected into a broad ring current at Intervals
of two to three earth's diameters and this functions both as
an electric cushion and reservoir for those particles which
enter the terrestrial atmosphere nearer to the earth and
produce aurora. (J. Bartels, of Germany has proved
in a number of research papers what enormous tidal fluctua-
tions this electric ring undergoes under the influence of the
moon). According to Vegard, the incoming streams of
particles are probably as a whole largely without either posi-
tive or negative electric oharge. Of course, only the fastest
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particles among those entering the lower terrestrial,field,,the
electrons, are effective in producing aurora-borealis.
This was followed byalecture by D. R. Bates, of
the United States, on basic photo-chemical reactions in the
upper atmosphere. According to him, basic photo-chemical pro-
cesses take place between the elements nitrogen, oxygen and
one Other arbitrarily defined molecular partner, M-5. From
these reactions can be computed the photo-chemical equilibrium
of these components and their compounds (as, f.i. nitric oxide
NO). The time required for this reaction, however, fluctuates
between extremely wide limits. The speaker then followed this
up with a detailed analysis of all possible reactions and an
appraisal of their effectiveness.
At the close of the afternoon session, Dieminger
of Germany reported on his new measuring device for recording
certain horizontal factors in homogeneities in the upper
atmosphere. Using a measuring standard located between Pinne-
berg and Lindau (Harz), he has succeeded in observing certain
movements of ionospheric strata by means of precise synchroni-
zation of the recordings. This method for controlling iono-
spheric phenomena is to be extended to include an entire net-
work of recording stations.
t7, ?ro ram 41
3) Following week-end excursions, the second week of
the convention began on Monday, August 27th, with a symposium
on the general circulation of oceans and the atmosphere, jointly
arranged by the International Associations of Meteorology,
Physical Oceanography and Hydrography, of the IUGG. This
symposium devoted most of its time by preference to atmospheric
circulation, with emphasis on analysing the behavior of jet-
streams and their meanderings, the meridiona1-transport:31f
rotary effect in the atmosphere and considerations of exchange.
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In this connection reference must be made to the presidential
address of J. Bjerknes, delivered the previclus Wednes-
day, August 22nd, just as the functional meetings proper were
about to begin. Bjerknes went back toalecture given
at the IUGG meeting.in 'Oslo in 1948 which formulated the basic
oncept that any 'study of the zonal atmospheric currents moving
about the earth must proceed along the principles that there
takes place an exchange which is perpendicular to such currents,
that is, in a meridional direction. The specific inquiry here
has to do with the meridional exchange of rotational effect.
The zonal curyents everwhere carry with them a certain amount
of rotational moment, depending on the geographic latitude in
which they are moving. Irregularities in the current (such as
appear, for example, in the region of a jet stream) give rise
to convergencies or divergencies in the rotary moment, due to
this meridional exchange. Friction must be taken into account
as offsetting this effect. When it comes to the stable mean,
the rotational convergencies and divergencies resulting from
this exchange would have to cancel out the effects of friction.
Such a state of equilibrium is clarified by an equation which
had been worked out by Jeffries. Bjerknes
applied this equation to make separate calculations of the
friction and convergency components, using circumpolar charts
for January 1949. The values came out equal, as would have
to be expected under stable conditions. Bjerknes
then carried this mathematical analysis through to conclusion
in studying the flow of temperature taking place in.a meridional
direction. Instead of the rotational effect, he found himself
here face to face with the effects of radiation and other
energy sources.
Also related to these theories was the third lecture in
the symposium, by E. P a 1 m 6 n, of Finland, who discussed
the transport of rotational effect in the atmosphere as it is
induced by the exchange process and by meridionally circulating
currents over wide spaces. The speaker emphasized the import-
ance of crosswind components for the maintenance of meridional
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distribution of the rotational moment. For example, a sharp
divergency in direction of the rotational moment in the jet
stream region around 30 degrees latitude is offset by a
meridional circulation component running squarely across
the entire region of the tradewinds and amounting to 50 cm/sec.
Palm?n then also attempted to include in his ana-
lysis of the exchange effect on rotational moment the circula-
tion of polar frigid air droplets.
The lecture by C. G. Rossby,of the United States,
impressed everyone, particularly by its great wealth of obser-
vational data. The speaker drew a highly interesting analogy
between the forms of atmospheric currents (including their
meandering jet streams) and similar oceanic phenomena. For
example, a well-defined jet stream had been remarked in the
Atlantic Ocean, which, too, has the tendency to meander and
which at many points splits into two separate parts. Ocean
currents had a life approximately seven times as long as
atmospheric ones, but their spatial extent is only about
one-seventh as great. All these investigations would never
have been possible without the synoptic charts of oceanic
currents prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.
In Rossby's opinion the results of research on
ocean currents are an important aid in studying the effects
of fundamental dynamic processes.
H. Flohn, of Germany, dealt in his lecture with
the system of monsoons which, according to him, can be derived
from a uniform zonal pattern of equatorial winds. He then
proceeded to describe a region in the immediate vincinity of
the equator which is conspicuous for its prevailing westerly
winds of a speed of two to three miles/hour, something which
had been noted already years ago by Meinardus when
he made certain observations there. Such a zonal current at
the equator is particularly remarkable because of the negli-
gible coriolis force in that region, and cannot be easily
explained.
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A substantial contribution was the paper by Th. Hessel -
bee r g, of Norway on the subject of the energy part played by
wAttr vapor in the general circulation system. It must be ad-
mitted that as a beginning he uses only two months' of observa-
tiopal_data from the radiosonde station at As, Norway, to
compute the meridional txansport of air masses and their tempera-
ture content, and the quantities of vapor and their energy con-
tent, as these pass over a fixed locality. Even for these north-
ern latitudes the temperature content of the air turns out to be
equal to the latent condensation temperature, although the series
of observations is too short to permit any comprehensive con-
clusions.
For details of the theoretical lecture by P. Quene y,
of France, which dealt with the formation of atmospheric waves
at the limiting planes of vorticity, reference is made to Annex I,
p. 27. Another theoretical problem was developed by I.
Charneylof tie United States, who spoke on dynamic stabi-
lity in the persistence of the zone of westerly winds. Lastly,
the lecture by T. H. Pristleylof Australia deserves
mention as being of great value. Details are printed in Annex I,
Part 2, p. 23.
4). The lectures dealing with general circulation continued on
Tuesday, August 28th, at the same time that the symposium on
radiation was being held, so that only a part of the lectures
from each of these symposia can be reported on here. Outstanding
among the lectures on general circulation was the analysis by
van Mieght,m, of Belgium, on seasonal fluctuations of the
earth's rotation in connection with the general zonal atmospheric
circulation (for details, see Annex I, Part 2, p. 28). Whereas
the presidentail address of J. Bjerknes (described on
p. 21)assumed that the stationary mean represented the compensa-
tory effect between the rotary moment which either accelerated
or retarded the globe, van Mieghlm explored the actual
fluctuations in this factor. There are two methods for calcula-
ting them mathematically, in one method, the aggregate rotary
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spin of earth and atmosphere is taken to be a constant, the other
operates with friction on the earth's surface. The lecturer used
the second method because it is supported by the Tlarger amount of
observational material in the form of measurements of ground winds.
The fluctuations in the earth's rotation computed in this manner
tally quite well with_obaaryationo. Thus it becomes possible to
draw conclusions about the overall Circulation of the earth's
atmosphere from direct observations of fluctuations in the earth's
rotation as it proceeds along its orbit.
Mc 1-tt
For details of the lecture by G. C. le=t=lat=t=1=q5 ofL,Great
Britain, on the "development ,ag thickness patterns and the equiva-
lent barotropic atmosphere", reference is made to Annex I, Part 2,
p. 16.
H. R. Byers, of the United States, spoice about the so-
called squall lines, the origin and persistence of which has been
analysed over a.ger period of time. It could be gathered from
this,lecture thatAphenomenon under discussion was the same which
is known In Europe as "self-balancing altitude fronts". They are
related to widely extended cloud systems of an unstable character
and - during the warm season of the year - to gradually rising
thunderstorms.
This identAy was cleared up for the European listeners by
the discussion comments of Palmbn and Rossb y.
R. Ponelof France, contributed to the analysis of the
weather chart by resorting to an aerology gicRepaclionHe proceeds
by marking on weather charts a small scaleArepresenting the dif-
ference between actual and equivalent-potential temperatures, as
these were determined during an ascension. The speaker hopes to
obtain from this a better delimitation of weather fronts. Inci-
dentally, this was the only lecture during the entire convention,
as farpas your reporter knows, which drew directly upon a practical
aspect of weather service operation.
5). The Symposium on radiation (Tuesday, August 28th) began with
a general survey by W. Mdrikofer,of Switzerland,
coveriswprid P85FlelasttibaioliA%1 CIXADVfilbagAtb02900tbagErt on an
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improvement made in the Albrecht radiation conversion gauge, by
which wind effect is eliminated through artificial ventilation of
mt.
radiation receiving mentrIn-tru. The "blue sun" phenomena during
October 1950 was explained by G?tzlof Switzerland, and after
him by Dessens, of France , as having been caused by scat-
tering particles of the size of .7 to .8 mu.
R. Touseylthi the United States, sported some inter-
esting measurements ofeolar spectrum between 2000 and 3400 A0 (cf.
Annex I, p. 11), using rockets. The int,msity of radiation in
this range corresponds to a sun having approximately 5000 ? Kelvin
temperature.
K. Feussner, of Germany , presentedadetailed dis-
cussion of the fundamentals of absolute pyrheliometry.
6)4 The symposium on microAmeteorology on Wednesday, August 29th,
produced interesting contributions to techniques for determining
exchange effect and friction in atmospheric layers negrthe ground.
Swinbank, of Australia (Annex 1, p. 24) gaveadetailed
description of an arrangement for tele-recording which simulta-
neously measured the vertical turbulent wind components and the
vertical gradients of wetter vapor and of temperature. By this
tea 74, waP1/4.A...
method the relationship between the exchange factors of teepererttwe,
em
vapor and mo-tie could be estEiblished to be rfird 4 to 1 to 2
at a height of .5 to 2 meters, although this ratio was subject
time
to very wideik fluctuations.r
Whereas these?measurements took into account only the layers
near the earth's surface, Sheppard analysed the friction
conditions in the ground layer. On the basis of wind measurements
on the Scilly Islands ?f Southwest England he proveA that the
classical pattern of the Ekman spiral very seldom actually takes
shape in the lowest 100 meters of the atmosphere. He points out
se
that the discrepancies between ground wind and pressure gradient
are also reflected in the climatological wind and pressure charts
of oceans, and are known to the meteorologist working in synoptics
as part of his practical store of experience. The very striking
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fact that the angle between gradient wind and surface wind
is smaller for Westwinds than for east winds stimulated a
lengthy discussion. After that the speaker analyzed in some
detail the climatology of the zone of trade winds and west
winds, discussing the transmission of motive energies due
to friction.
Following this, D. R.Davislof Great Britain
A
developed by means of mathematics (cf. Annex I, p. 9) an
approximate solutioa of the problem, based on evaporation data
4;;;witagfi
in a The paper presented by H. F. P o p -
pendick, of the United States, was also along the lines
of pure theory (Annex I, p. 10), and computed the periodic
in the atmosphere by assuming a sinecso/c(
form for time fluctuations of exchange effect.
F. N. Frenkle llof the United States (of. Annex I,
A
p. 27), by using improved sets of assumptions calculated the
characteristics of turbulent currents and compared these with
his own measurements. Then followed expositions by 0.
Bj?grum, of Norway, on the distribution of velocity,
temperature and humidity in stable currents over level sur-
faces, and by J. Crabtree and F. Pasquill
of Great Britain, on continuous observation of how trails of
smoke are dissipated in the lowest 30-meter band of the
atmosphere.
A lecture scheduled by F. Schnel le, of Germany,
had to be cancelled since the speaker was not present.
The same afternoon of this day there was the joint meet
ing of the subdivisions for seismology and physical oceano-
graphy, which dealt with problems of microseismlcs, but this
reporter was unfortunately not able to attend.
7). The symposium on atmospheric ozone held on Thursday, August
30th demonstrated graphically how important this field had
become not only for physics of the upper atmosphere but also
for the study of meteorological phenomena. Dobson, of
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Great Britain, presented a lucid and comprehensive survey in which
he told the assembly about the principal results and problems
in present-day ozone research. According to this, the primary
processes attending the formatio and disintegration of ozone
are a matter of knowledge today, although less is known about
the mechanics of the vertical load transfer. The principal
task of future research will be to shed light upon any precise
quantitative interrelationships.
G?tztof Switzerland, as the next speaker, pointed out
that the new direct rocket measurements of ozone distribution
pretty well corroborate the results obtained by the older
indirect step-by-step method with the use of the inversion..
effect. Apaper by Ch. Normand, of Great Britain,
dealing with the interrelationship between ozone and weather,
was read to the meeting by Dobson. The well-known close
relationships between high- and low-pressure regions on one
hand, and the distribution of ozone in the stratosphere on the
other are explained on the basis of advection in the strato-
sphere. During the very lively discussion which followed, it
was particularly Palm4n, of Finland, who called attention
to the fact that as regards these phenomena, much greater refer-
ence should. be had to the vertical movements in the stratosphere,
which permit a very ready explanation of the observed distri-
bution of ozone.
Next, E. Regener, of Germany, present asurvey
of the present status of research work on vertical distribution
of ozone. In line therewith, there is no ,:teason at all,
vdlere .the'stratospheYe is'coh-certn4Wiltd:.think : in terms of a
photo-chemical equilibrium in connection with the ozone-producing
and -destroying cycle. According to the speaker, the,key factor
in explaining the vertical distribution of ozone is turbulence,
although it is very difficult to make a quantitative determina-
tion of its effect. Thus, the entire ozone content in the
troposphere is the result of a downward ozone stream caused by
exchange action, the ozone being chemically destroyed as it
gets near to clouds or to the ground. The speaker then
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? revealed the results of further measurements of vertical ozone
distribution obtained by means of balloon sounding devices.
In a further talk he described a highly interesting and new
technique for determining vertical ozone presence during lunar
eclipses, which had been developed by Patzold, of
Germany. This method is based on the peculiar greenish light
of the moon at the edge of the earth's shadow, which is produced
by light rays bypassing the earth through the high. stratosphere.
Since E. T?nsberglof Sweden, was absent, his
paper sread to the meeting 'as POI% Annex I, p. 51.
R. Tousey,of the United Statestmade.areport
of four very interesting rocket discharges. He stated that
above a height of approximately 40 kilometers, the ozone content
decreases in sharp exponential progression; the observed quanti-
ties tally with computations made on the basis of the phJto-
chemical equilibrium. Considerable fluctuation has been found
at the level of this upper ozone limit, caused evidently by
meteorological factors.
Waltonlof Great Britain, who is of the school
of Chapman presentleidetailed calculations on the impact of
various vertical distributions of ozone upon the taversimv,
effect.
H. U. DUtsch, of Switzerland , went at some
length into the perplexing problem of correlating the quanti-
tative effect of turbulence occurring over a wide space with
vertical and horizontal distributions of ozone. By making
certain plausible assumptions about the exchange values and
about divergency and convergency areas in atmospheric circula-
tion, some of the phenomena of ozone distribution can be
rationalized.
DUtsch then read the paper contributed by
R. J. Reed,of the United States, dealing with vertical
'avec.," ar
ozone evfmantdue to exchange and circulation in the lower
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stratosphere (cf. Annex 1, p. 5). What appeared to be the
most important result was that certain seasonaL changes in
ozone distribution are caused not by vertical exchange of mass
fiag=but by horizontal circulation over
A. Brewer contributed an interesting paper on
circulation processes near the tropopause which are affected
by weather and which have potential significance for the distri-
bution of ozone. His findings are supported by measurements
taken from an airplane of the vertical distribution of water
vapor, obtained by determining the dew point. He mentioned
the peculiar fact that there is very frequently a small amount
of water vapor above the tropopause, which would imply that
most of the air mass in the stratosphere originates in southern
latitudes.
In Addition to two papers by E. Gowan, of the United
StatesA(cf. Annex I, p. 10), gLving calculations of vertical
temeprature distribution based on various assumptions for
vertical ozone distribution and on more recent measurements of
ozone at Edmonton, Canada, a lecture was contributed by S.
Fritzlof the United States (cf. Annex 14 p. 3), who
raised the question as to whether there is an increase in
atmospheric ozone content when the sun erupts suddenly. No
evidence of such an effect has been found. There was great
interest in a new ozone-meter operating on chemical principles,'
which was demonstrated by A. Ehmert , of Germany. He, and
after him H. Ungeheuer, of Germany, discussed current
measurements of ground ozone which were made with this instrument.
8). The following day, Friday August 31st, a concluding sympo-
sium on evaporation was held jointly with the division of hydro-
logy. One of the lectures given was by F. M? 1 ler, of
Germany, who estimated by means of the excnange concept the amount
of evaporation over large spatial extent on the earth. This
reporter w4s unable to audit this symposium, since he was attend-
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lUg some unofficial discussions among ozone experts, dealing
with questions of Standardization, equipment of apparatus, and
measurement techniques.
The convention came to an end with this day.
9). The visit to the observatory at Ucc16 was a profoundly
interesting experience. Among a wide range of instruments used
in climatological observations,. a group of various types of
rain gauges which were being tested attracted the particular
attention of everybody. Among other features worth mentioning
was the equipment for measuring radiation which is probably
the only one of its kind in Europe and which includes continu-
ous recording of global and solar radiation by means of several
types of apparatus. In addition to recording the momentary
values, the instruments perform an electric integration process
so that continuous hourly totals of radiation are put on the
graph. A new addition is also a special attachment which
measures electric potential gradient as far as the stratosphere,
and which is mounted bn the daily radio-sounding ascents. That
the observatory has recently undergone a distinct expansion
is evidenced by the newly-installed apparatus for measuring
ozone (Dobson spectrograph) and for measuring night sky lumi-
nescence (Vegard spectrograph).
In conjunction with the Brussels meeting, there was an
exhibit by firms of instrument makers; however, the various
countries were very unevenly represented, due presumably to
the fact that this exhibit had not always been sufficiently
publicized. The following firms exhibited:
Belgium:
L'Accumulateur Etange - 1139 Rue du Dobbelenberg, Bruxelles
capped nickel storage batteries
portable instrument for measuring electrostatic charges
(radiosonde Ucc16)
Hilger & Wails, - 14 Rue Deweg, Namur
. theodolites, flow meters, seismographs
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Netherlands:
Philips
Ground-pressure measuring devices
pH-gauges
France:
Chasselon, 3-5, Rue Am6d6e Picard, Cachau/Seine
Theodolites
St. APle Etablissments Jules Richard, Paris
Meteorological instruments, photo eq*-
ment, flow meters
Ateliers L. Dorignon, 17 Rue Hoche, Malakoff/Seine
Magnets, computing devices
Larex, Chemin des Estinettes, Friel .
Photographic recording devices, air
conductivity
Som, Paris Photogrammetric devices
Great Britain:
Nucleonic and Radiological Developments, 40..,
Switzerland:
Wild,
Heerbrugg
Haag-Streik,
London
Geiger counters, portable, with various
attachments for ground use
Theodolites
Liebefeld-Bern Enlarging and drafttg
apparatus
Filotecnica A. Salmoiraghi, Milan
Thmdolites with wind sprockets
Precision compasses
United States:
Ruska Instruments Corporation, Houston, Tex.,
High-class magnetic devices
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25X1
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Germany:
Askania Works, Berlin-Friedenau
Geodetic and geomagnetic instruments
A. Ott, Kempten, Bavaria - Pantographs, flow meters
Zeiss-Opton, Munich - Theodolites, stereoplanigraphs
R. Fuess, Berlin-Steglitz - all types of meteorological
instruments
Gunther & Tegetmeyer, Braunschweig - Photo cells
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Approved 45r)le e se 2004/02/19 : CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION
OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS
from 20 August - 1 September 1951 in Brussels
25X1
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' 4.0000-?
?
f
?1?
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Bericht aber- die 9.Genera1Versammlung der Inter-
_
nationalen Union fUr Geodasie und Geoph.ysik.
(U.G.G.T.)
A) Aul3erer Verlauf.
Teilnehmer,
C) KUrzbericht'Uber die Geschaftssitzungen.
D) Wissenschaftlicher Bericht.
Dem Bericht sind in einfacher Ausfertigung beiceE,eben:
Anla7ge I = Prog,ra.,.heft,
ARlaee-
Anlage
A) laiLerer Verlauf.
? Die 9.Generalversa=aung der International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics (U.G.q.I.), pleichzeitig die 2.Vollver-
sammlung nach 1945, rand withrend der beiden letzten Wochen des
' Monats August 1951 in BrUssel statt. Das Joint-Comittee fUr
? Physik des Erdinnern hatte bcreits von 16.August an wissen-
schaftliche Sitzun{,en veranstaltet, und zwar
41111 DonnerstaE, den 16.Aug-u_st, ein Uber den Wcirmehaus-
halt des Erdkorilcrs (Radicaktiviti--it mad tlier,aische
der Erdkruste)
am Freitag, den 17.Auzust, ein. Symposium Uber das Problem der
;:,Kontinente und Czcane,
am Samstag, den 18.AuFust, einen aligezieinen Gedankenaustaiisch
: *tiber'dieProbleLe betreffend die Erdkruste.
. 'Den an Montag statt7ehabten SitZungen des Exekutivkomittees,
diS Council; f.es FinaillzkoMitteeS konnte der Beriehterstatter
nicht beiwohnen.
,
. Die Vollv*ersalung des wurde am Dienstar, den
?
21:.Auzust, in Cegenwart Ihrer 7ajestg.t der 76nigin Elisabeth
c:les reaux-Arts feierlich erbffnet. !lath den Pegra
miedEtRble se2an&
ten cer 7-eAY19Ce9AAPPTPAMWOWYX10gAng.soWle
-
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-Stadt ErUssel Tichtete der Prasident der Union, Professor ,
P.A. Vening Meinesz in franzosischer Sprache eine
Adresse an die Kdnigin und die Ehrengste. Dann hielt er einen
Festvortrag in 'englischer Sprache aber -die Grundprobleme des
,Schwerefeldes -mid seiner Bedeutang -far die Physik des Erdkdrpers.
Unter den Ansprachen dieser Erdffnungsfeier 1st noch die Rede
des- Generalsekretdrs der U.G.G.I. zu ?erwahnen, dke unter anderem
die Beziehungen der U.G.G.I. zur nESCO and die finanzielle
Unterstlitzung seitens der U.N.O. zam Gree:enstand hatte.- Einen ?
Dberblick liber diese organisatorischen-bezw. finanziellen
Din?
dungen der U.G.G.I. gibt Anlage II.
Am Nachmittag begannen die Fachsitzungen der einzeinen
Assoziationen der mit einer Verlesung der von den einzel-7
nen Nationen?eingereichten Tatigkeitsberichte. Diese Verlesungen
fanden fur die einzeinen Abteilungen der namlich far
die geoddtische, die seismolOgische, die meteorologische, erdmag.e.H
netische, ozeanographische, valkanologische und hydrologische -
Gesellschaft bereits getrennt in verschiedenen Raumen des Akade-
aiegebaudes statt.- Der Berichterstatter konnte nar von der Ver-
lesung der meteorologischen Berichte Kenntnis nehmen. Die recht-
zeitig eingegangenen Berichte sind in der Anlage I, Tell 3,
S. 1-45,- abgedruckt. Verlesen.wurden ferner die Berichte von
rankreich, Schweden, Finnland und den Niederlanden. Die natio-
nalen Berichte von GroBbritannien, Indien und Aegypten sollen
noch nachgereicntwerden. Bemerkenswert war die Mitteilung von
:1,1A,. Evers beztiglich des amerikanischen Reports: er erkldr-
te, dal: die groke Anzahl der abgeschlossenen and noch laufenden
meteorologischen Arbeiten einen besonders zu Verlesenden natio-
nalen Bericht unmolich mache und im Hinblick auf die .1aufenden
Veroffentlichungen in den "Meteorological Abstracts of Associa-
tion of American Meteorological,Bociety" auch tiberfliissig sei.
AL Mittwoch, den 25.August, vollzogen sich die weiteren
Sitzungen and Diskussionen aller Abteilungen in verschiedenen
HdrsaIen,der Freien Universitat lrUssel. Der folgende Bericht
kann sich in allge,aeinen nur auf die Sitzungen der Internatio-
nalen Assoziation far Eeteorologie (I.A..) bescranken, da der
Derichterstatter mu' an den Sitzungen dieser Abteilung teilneh-
men konnte.
Der aa13ere Zeitplan der Meteorologischen Assoziation wurde
wurde im GroBen und Ganzen mach dem in dereAnlage I beigefUgten
Q0/&/1 jet jet besonders
Approved For Release 2004702119-: CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
die eindrucksvoIle Fahrung durch das eteorologische Observa?
torium Uccle .(Naheres siehe Teil D. dieses Berichts).
Der offizielle Ausflug der naeh AAtwer-oen bot
den Teilnehrnern Gelegenheit zur Desichtigung eines amerikanischen
und eines englischen Forschungs? und Vermessungsschiffes. Auf
der Fahrt nach Gent am Sonntag, den 26.August, wurde das dortige
Hydrologische Institut der Technischen Universitdt besucht.
Zu erwahnen sitd noch die an einigen Abenden vorgefahrten Expe?
ditionsfilme, unter Aenen besonders franzosische und italienische
Farbfilme mit Aufnahmen tdtiger Vulkane und flieBender Lavastrome
hervorragten.
Die ,itglieder der Gesellschaft wurden gegen Ende der ?
Tagung nech zu einem Empfang bei ihrer Majestdt der Konigin
von Belgien eingeladen.
B) Teilnehmer.
Aniage II enthdlt das offizielle Verzeichnis der angerlel?
deten Yitrlieder sowie Gdste der U.G.G.I. Es wurde kein Wissen?
______
schaftler aus den Zonen oder Ldndern, die unter sowjetischer
Kontrolle stehen, bemerkt. Dies gilt aue'l far den in der Liste
uufgefahrten Professor fl a h 1 i? g ? Potsdam, der al s Vertreter
der Geoddsie aus der Deatschen Demokratischen Republik anEe2el?
det war.
Aus der westdeutschen Bundesrepublik waren e demv0.em Be?
ric'iterst2tter npbesteneraen Fachp;eneten foigende Herren anwese:(1JL
Professor J. .I1 a.r t e 1 s Geophysikalisches'Institut der
Universitdt Gdttingen,
Dr. Y.FeuBner, Veteorologisches Institut
Universitdt Berlin?West,
Professor E.Gigas, Institut far angewandte
Frankfurt a.M., ?
Dr.H. W o 1 f , Institut far angewandte Geoddsie Frankfurt
Professor Fr.Y7d1 ler, Yeteorologisch?Geophysikalisches
Institut der Universitat Wainzl
Dr. w. B e n-z e 1 ' Meteorologisch?Geophysikalisches Institut
der Universitat Hamburg,
Direktor Dr, G.BoenekeiHydrographisches Amt Hamburg,
Professor F. E r r u 1-a t , Hydrographisches Amt Hamburg,
Professor-K.Jung,Geophysikalisches Institut der nergakade?
mie Clausthal,
Professor W. i 1 1 e r WUrtterAer7ische Ereinennwarte der
80-00926A004200010002-4
-f2e e.APP EckYiqg ckr Eztplpg0-1PCW,02MPHRP.
der Freien
Geodsie
?
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Professor E.Reener, Max-Planck-Institut WeiBenau,
Dr. W.Die_minger Max-Planck-Institut Lindau (Harz),
Dipl.Ing. N. C.enzel , Fernieldetechnisches Zentralamt,
Darmstadt,
Professor R.Yagge, Institut far I,eteorologie und Geophysik
der Universitat Frankfurt
Dr. C.Junge, Institut fUr Tetecrolorie und Geophysik der
Universitat Frankfurt a.L?
Die deutsche Meteorologie war, soweit e8 sich um die
Gebiete Synoptik und Wetterkunde handelt, relativ schwach ver-
treten. Von Deutschen.Wetterdienst in der US-Zone waren lediglich
Dr. E.Flohn, far etwa eine Woche und Dr. 7J.Ungeheu-
e r far. zwei Tage anwesend.-Vom Wetterdienst der britischen
Zone Westdeutschlands und ebenso von den Wetterdiensten der
franzbsischen Zone hatte niemand die Reise ermoglichen kbnnen.
Dies lag am Zusamentreffen mehrerer unganstiger ?Mrstande: Eine
Erkrankung von Professor L. Weickmann - Bad RAssingen uhd gleich-
zeitig eine von Professor P. Raethjen - Hamburg. Au3erdem waren
dem 'Wetterdienst, der die Herren Professor Scherhag, Dr.Flohn,
Dr.Schnelle und Dr. Ungeheuer.angeneldet hatte, seitens des
Bundesverkehrsministeriums die ?finanziellen Mittel zur Teil-
nahme an der Tagung nicht bewilligt worden. Lediglich
Dr. H. F-1 o? h n hatte, wenn auch unter?Schwierigkeiten und auf
-Crund anderer Littel, die Teilnahme an der Ta7ung durchfahren
kbnnen, wobei er each noch Dr. H. U-h g e h e_ u-e r den Aufent-
halt in Brassel :far wenigstens zwei Tage-ermdglichen konnte.
C) Eurzbericht aber einige Beschlasse die in den Geschafts-
_____
sitzumi.,en dergetan warden.
------- - - - -
In einer der ersten allpemeinen Sitzungen der U.q.G.I.,
an der der Berichterstatter noch nicht te lgenom/Gen hatte, sind
die Lander Israel und Westdeutschlend als ritc-liedssteaten der
internationalen Union aufgenom-en worden.
Die ,Geschaftseitzungen der I.A.M. befaLten sich in wesent-
lichen mitl
a) dem Vorschlag far em n internationales Polarjahr 1957-1958
(siehe Ln1are T,Teil 1, 5.7 ff.),
b) dem Vorschlag far eine neue Nomenklatur der hohen Atmosphare
(siehe Anlage I, Teil 1, S.lo ff.),
c)Apisiovieditielasiel0114/92/A 9 104A-RDE1*-0 Oft2c6X994Z(10.0 HMO der hohen
Approved For Release 2004/02t195. GIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
Atmosphare (siehe Anlage I,Teil 1 S.14-15) und
dem Vorschlag eines internationalen Institutes far
Lieteorologie.
Zu a) Ilinsichtlich des 5.Polarjahres, das insbeSondere der
Erforschung der hohen Atmosphaxe dienen soli und das daher
federfahrend von der I.A.T.M.E. bearbeitet wird, ist eine ge-
mischte Kommission der I.A.
und der I.A.H. -zu? wU,hien:
?
der der I.A.P.O.
Es werden Ch. Normand und E.Vassy. alp
Delegierte der far diese gemischte Kommission bestimt.
Sie sollen zunachst das in der Anlage I aufgefahrte Projekt
des 3.Polarjahres prafen,
:Bei der Diskussion aber das Projekt wird ale wUnschens-
wert-und wichtig bezeichnet daB sine laufende Erforschung
auch der syndptischen Vorgange in der Tropo- und Stratosphdre
aber die-der hohen Atmospare nicht vergessen wird. Inn Zusammen-
hang daMit 1st bereits auf dem KongreB.der (World-pte-
-orological Organisation, siehe Anlage II) in 'Paris im April
1951 sineehge Zusammenarbeit Zwischen W..0. und
empfohlen worden. Auch kann nun' die W.-0, die far die Durch-
fahrung eines. Polarjahres unentbehrlichen StationsnetZe and
hIittel organisieren. Ferner erwanscht und erhofft sich die?
-neffischte Kommission der Ionospharen Von .-der Zusammenarbeit
Mit den Meteorologen eine Dereicherang der von ihr aufgestell-
ten Plane. Es wird deshalb far notwendig erachtet, da B die
I.A.M. durch die die offiziell von dem Plan
Unterrichten mbge,.
ZU b). Die Diskussion des von Chapman gemabhten
Vor-
schla:os far eine Nomenklatur der hohen Atmos-ehare (siehe
Anlae I) bringt eine gro3e Menge sehr verschiedener Gesichts-
punkte sutage, wodurch die eigentliche Aufgabe der GeSchafts-
sitzung: .die WaUl7on Kandidaten far eine Kommission sur 'Ober-
prafang dieser 7rage - verzogert wird. So warden tells physi-
kalische bezw. me3technische aber auch sprachliche und histo-
rise:he Ar7umente und EinwAnde :77e,7,en den Vorschlag vorgebracht.
Ferner wurde wieder die Frage a.ufgeworfen, ob die .W..0. an -
?
dem Vorschlag interessiert.spil was aber von dem Vertreter der
bei der-I.A.., Professor M. 7Jesse1berg,
AppmypO E9r. Ritl@P*14)qPtillWit:eq1AAPRAO-0913gOACKI4g0Oto 1,99.92 e erkenswert,
Approved For Release 2004102/19: 61A-1RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
weil die ? vorgeechlagene Nomenklatur bereits in drei wiesenschaft-
lichen Zeitechriften. veroffentlicht war, ohne .bisher in :Paoli,-
kreisen?Reaktionen oder Widerspruch erregt-zu haben.
Als Ergebnis dieser Diekussion werden A.Vassy
und 0.G.Sutton zu Iliteliedenn der gethischten Kommission
Lewahlt.
In einer sn:.fteren Geschaftssitzun wird der Bericht
dieser gemischten Koumission ohne weitere Diskussion ente-egen-
genommen. ?
Zu c) Der Vorschlag "Welttage 'far die Erforschung der. hohen
Atmosph'elren empfiehlt'im.wesentlichenl. zu bestimmten?Zeit-
Iyankten bei Nenmond, Vollmond, Sonnenfinsternis usw..)
. alle UnterSuchangsmethoden der hohen atmosphAxischen Schichten
zu konzentrieren. Die Dislcussion. dreht sich daher vor-allem ,
am die technischen Schwierigkeiten, em n solches kenzentriertes
Programm, hestimmter ExperiMente kurzfristig zu verwirklichein.
Auch hier wird wieder auf die Organisation der W.1.0. ale
wesentliehe lilfe hingewiesen. Tnshesondere wird'erdrtert, ob
die W.M.O. durch besonders verdichtete Radidsondenatfstiegen
beitragen kann.Der Vertreter der hqlt es nicht far
nOtig,. die Zahl der Deobachtungen an alien ?Stationen des Welt-
netzes zu vermehren. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, nicht so
sehr bestimmte Tage festzulegen, ale eine Kenzentration der
hillel sicherzustellen, urn sie geschlossen einsetzen zu kOnnen.
Insbesondere-scheint die Pestlegung von Raketenaufstiegen auf
bestimmte Tage technisch schwierig zu sein.
Ale Ergebnis der Diskussion werden die Herren
-E.Rosch und j.Lu geon zu fl.itliedern der gemisch--
ten Kommission. (I.A.M., T.ILT..M.E. and- I.A.H.) gewahlt. .Diese
TiCoininission soil den Vorsohlag der Welttage nrafen. In?einer
spateren Geschaftssitzung wird der Eericht.dieser Kommission
ohne Diskassion entgegengenommen.
Zu d) Der Vorschlag eines internationalen Institutes, der
in der beigefagten Anlage ?I nicht erwahnt ist, war unter ande-
__
rem schon auf der Taeung der W. .0. in Paris im Prahjahr dieses
Jaeres ,nemacht und diskutiert warden. In Drassel wurde dieser
WrgNieldig. 'eUlsVeWa0-i/11F'81k-iiDAd-W69AJAT60
P.RiblialgtiroWO von
Approved For Release 2004/02/1-9 7C1A-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
C.G. R o ss b y unterbreitet.Danaoh sell em n soIches Insti-
tut die meteorologische Forsehung insbesondere durch Team-
Arbeiten jUngerer Meteorologen untet der FUhrung bedeutender
wiseenschaftlicher Personlichkeiten pflegen. Eine UnterstUt-
zung durch. UNESCO jet bereits zugesagt warden-. R o s s-b y
teilt mit, daB versuchsweise schen in diesem Winter .lo bis 12
Wissenachaftler aus 6 Landern eingeladen Werden sollen. Die
aeschlieBende Diskussion ergab einen aufschluBreichen Einblick
in gewisse Geeebenheiten nationaler und internationaler Art.
Es soll-daher auch hier sin Auszeug aus der Dislcussion wieder-
,eogeben werden.
? t
Das Expos?Rossbys? schlug die Schaffung eines
internationalen meteorologischen Institutes mit den Sitzin
Stockholm vor. Uierzu ist-zu bemerken, da2 eine Einrichtung
dieser Art durch das schwedische Tnetitut fur kulturellen
Austausch mit dem Ausland bereits seit lanFerer Zeit besteht,
indem Wissenschaftler fUr einiFe Wochen els Gastprofessoren
von staatlichen meteorologischen Dienst in Stockholm zu Dis,
'kussionen -end Vortragen einFeladen wurden..
Nach-den AusfUhrungen Rossbys unterstreieht
Jar Prasident der I.A.M.e Professor J.BjerknesIdas
grol3e interesse, das die Schatfung sines internationaleh
eInstitutes in Stockholm erweckt. Leider verfUge die u.(1,q.i.
hur-aber geringe'Teittell so da.6 die den Plan nur mora-,
lisch UnterstUtzen kOnne. Erfreulicherweise haben sich jedoch
andere Hilfseuellen angebeten (UNESCO), so daB IA.M. den
Erfolg dieses Projektesnax beerrU3en-kann und glUcklich sein
wUrde, aber seine Entwicklung auf dem Laufenden zu bleiben.
Er erhofft sich von einigen anwesenden Mitgliedern dbr
die in _der Organisation von wissenschaftlichen Zentren groae
Erfahrung haben, wertvolle Ratschlage.
Th.Hess?elberg in seiner Eigenechaft ale
Delegierter der W.ee0. weist daraaf hin, da L die Idee eines
internationalen metenrologischen Institutes schen recht al4t
?ist,und daf3 die W.M.O. in der Vergangenheit.schon mehrfach
einen solchen Plan geprUft hat, insbesondere einen franzosi
schen Vorsehlag. Aus Panel an Geld muBten bisher alle solche
.Plane scheitern. Alle frUher vorgelegten Plane sahen nicht
nur sin internationales Forschungszentrum vor, sendern-haben.
auch die NotwendigkeitHaetont, den Unterricht in der Meteorelo-
IVIltoY0 51/c.cWeges2e2Pg11/92418.i. %-P.P.FP.9-?8WPt99."F., 93'9191%9M ein Exekutiv-
homittee damit beauftragt, zu prUfen, ob die 8011R-feeling eines
Approved For Release 2004/02/19-: CIA-RDP80-00926A004200010002-4
solchen Institutes zu begraken let. Zu diesem Zweck wurde emn
Komittee aus 4 Mitgliedern gewahlt, das dem Exekutivkomittee
im Oktober 1951 Bericht erstatter soil. Auf jeden Fall habe
die W.M.O. an einem.solchen Projekt Interesse und wansche die
Zustimmung und die "Moralische Unterstatzung der
A.Viaut(Ohef des Wetterdienstes in Frankreich)
unterbreitet darauf nach einigen Erganzungen zu den Ausfahrun-
gen von Th.Hesselberg den Torschlag der franzosi-'
schen Regierung, das Institut in Frankreich zu errichten. Er
gibt an der Tafel bereits sehr konkrete Einzelheiten (Zeichnung
eines GrundrisSes der geplanten Gebdudeanlagen, die entweaer
als alterer Gebaudekomelex zur Verfligung gestellt oder erst
errichtet werden sollen).
Der Priisident wanscht hierzu die le:einung der anderen,
-nicht der W.;I.O. angehbrenden Nitglieder zu horen. D u -
f o u r betont hierauf die Wichtigkeit, reine Forschung und
nicht nur Zweckforschung an einem solchen Institut zu betreiben.
Bjerknes weist erneut auf die Rolle starker wissen-
schaftlicher Persbnlichkeiten hjn, welche zusamlier mit jangeren
2orschern Team-Arbeit leiten und durchfahren.
A.Angstrd-m, Leiter des schwedischen Wetterdien-
stes, erganzt die von. Th.Hesselberg gemachten Aus-
fahrungen noch von einer anderen Seite. Er erinnert daran, dad
anf dem Kongred der in Paris die Lander Osteuropas sich
stark gefzen die Verwirklichung eines internationalen meteorolo-
.gischen Institutes gewehrt haben. Sin zdgerten nit einer finan-
eiellen Unterstatzung, di nach threr Ansicht dieses Tnetitut
hauptschlich dem Westen zugute kOme. Er deutet an, dad er hier
Schwierigkeiten i=flanlicher Art befarchte, indem einige tanddr
glaubten, dad andere ant? ihre reilftlarti 7osten Vorteile-
beWimen.
Hach Ansicht des Berichterstatters heber die Gegenstze
weniger ihren Grund in einer Angst vor materieller tbervortei-
lung als in nationalen Eifersachteleien.
Herr Rossby macht auf Wunsch des Pr4sidenten
noch einige abseh1ie3ende Peelerkungen: Es hendelt sich ne64
'seinen Worten nicht um. die Schaffung des internationalen
meteorologischen Institutes, sondern um zunti.clest einmal eines.
In Stockholm.soll lediglich sin Experiment gestartet werden,
vi?443Ir'o0eddeFdi-lieiaigritiO4/62/1 4 19- ebt-RIbP80-00826A04420001000214 !at mit Fr ends
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zur Kenntnis, dai3 auch die franzbsische Rejerang das gleiche
etan hat. Aber Rossby wanscht zu wiederholen, daL es
sich in erster Linie nicht "um 7daser oder einen 0-rundri-3"
handel, sondern vielmehr urn die Schaffung von Arbeitsgrup-oen
junger Porcher unter der Lei tung bedeutender wissenschaftli?
cher Persbnlichkeiten.
Das Projekt, das offenhar anschlieend in persbnlichen
Aassprachen noch welter diskutiert war, wurde dann in der am
Freitag, den 31 .August, stattfindenden-ietzter Geschgftssitzung
der I.A.M. nochmals?verhandelt, allerdings schon in Abwesen?
.heit?Rossbys, der abgereist?war. Es war von den Befar?
wortern des schwedischen Projektes eine Resolution vorgeschia?
en worden, weiche "mit gro3er Freude von 6..er Absicht, emn
internationales mateorologisches Institut in Stockholm zu be?
granden, Kenntnis nahO. Eine solChe Resolution hgtte also die
von. der W.0. 7ewtinschte noralische Unterstatzarg? dargestellt.
Diese Resolution wurde aber, namentlich irfolge der Einwgnde
von franzZ3sischer Seite, zunqchst mehrfach abgeqndert. Trotzdem
honnte keine alien Teilnehmern der Versammlung befriedigende
Form' gefunden werden.
In. lgngeren Ausfahrungen Angstrbmslder infolge
der Abwesenheit.Rossbys das StockholMer Pro:ijekt sozu?
sagen verteidigte, wurde dahn die Dezeichnung "Tnternationales
-Institut in Stockholm" durch die andere "Fin Institut in
S'Gockholm mit internationalem Stab" ersetZt. Angstrbm
stellte in einer Erwiderung an Viaut fest, daL es sich
bei dem Experiment in Stockholm um em n rationales Institut
mit einem internationalen Stab handeln warde (naeh den Erfah?
rungen-des Berichterstatters, der selbst in vergangenen Jahr
zn einigen GastVortrggen an.dieses Institut eingeladen. war;
-sind dart fortlaufend internationale Gi4.ste in der Form sines
standig-sich erneuernden Stabes tatiF). A n g s t r_ 6 m
betonte, daL as arderen Staaten unbenommen bleihe,.ghnliche-
inrichtunp;en 711 schaffen. 7r verhehlte jedoch nicht sein -re?
dauern und den zu erwartender Untut von ?Ro-s sby, als ouch.
.die :eye Resolution nicht argenommen wurde. Weitere Gesichts?
punkte zu. dem Projekt /4.4 SchaunF eines irternationalen Insti?
tutes sind dem Derichterstatter nicht mehr lekgrnt geworden.
into den vier besonders behandeTten Prolekten. internatio--
naler Art wurde in der Geschftssiturger noch eine ReJhe von
WahlhanlunFen solle
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war zanaC:Ist eine Kommission, testehend aus den
_!erren E.Goid, J.Lugeon, M. 'Ticole t,
E.Pa1m?und L.A.Ramsas bestimIdt worden, die
aLL4-eueinen Versa .mlunp lorschldge fdr die mit hesonderen
??iatern zu teauftrap.enden Kandidaten der I.A.F. Nachen solLten.
irf 'Irund der Vorsc'ilage dieser Kommission wurden fir die
Periode 1951/1954 P'ewahlt:
1.) ale Prasident der Professor 1IR. R am an a -
t a n,
ale Vizeprasidenten Professor C.G.-
Ross' y und
Lueney.
Die , andate des Sekretars und der Yti1;r1ieder des 131iros
wurden verlUinerti es bleiben
SeLretar: Professor J. van T!iegham- Eelgier,
lel:hers : Dr. W. ofer- Schweiz,
Sir Ch.Yorman-Enrla-O,
V. V.Vaisa1d- lAin,dand.
,.) Die Versammlung stimmte
Wahnommission zu:
ferner folJTenden Vorschiagen der
Ale ilitdlieder des Finanzkomittees
-.Absa1on,
J. N cr1 age
j.P.
Ale L-it-lieder der renischten Kommission zur ErforschunE
der 7,eziehunr, zwischen Sonne und Erde:
irektor
:ro,essor F.W.P.
Dr. (,.R. i u 1 f
iS Verl:Inklr-crarn zu den ,iit-liedern der andel'en
-o 1, issionen der U.G.G.T. wurCe
-,):11-,='-tor TJ.N. T-icolet
'oestisot.
Air die !:e.iiisc]lte internationale fommission fur Radio-
eteoroloi-Tie
I.Venhiteshwaran
froiessor L. Lorinder,
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i000essor .kt. i e P Per d
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(Theflngeuieur A, Perlat.
J-)ie 6:el..sehte international? Kommission fir die
Stationen zur Erforschung grnerer.lidhen:
Irofessor
e . V.V. Sohoni.
-Zum Delegierten der I.A.M. beim beratenden Komittee der
ariden 2onen wtirde
Prist 1 ey.
--bestimmt. Sein?Vertreter bei der unmittelbar bevorstehen?
den Tagung in Paris wurde
.Perlat.
D) Wissenachaftlicher Berioht.
Die erste Arbeitasitzung der am eittwoc11_,,, den
22.Augast 1951, bearin pit einer Ehrung der seit 1948 ver?
storbenen Mitlieder. AnsehlieEend gab der Prasident, Professor
J. tjerknes, in einer prasidentiellen Adresse einen
aerblick zum .The.ma "Die Aufrechterhaltung der zonalen Zirkula?
tion der Atmosyhdre". Den Kurzhericht *titer diesen Vortrag '
siehe S. -q (Symposium uber daa TheMa "Allgemeine Zirkulation
der AetuosiehUre"). Der achmitta des 22 August war nit Ge?
schaftssitzunen ausefU1it, Uber deren Inhalt oben bench-bet
ist. 72',s folgte Gann
1.) Cas Symposium iiber Wo1kenphysiksam Donnerstag,_ den
25.AaEust_, das mit einer einleitenden tbersicht durch den
Voraitzenden, Tor Fergeron, erbffnet warde. Dieses
?Iferat tei1ta die Wolkenphysik in die drei folgenden Abschnitt
a) Indirekte Wolkenphysik mit Eilfe von synoptisehem
oder klimatologischem Latera1, Diese Art einer Wolken?
iorschung beruht auf der Untersuchung.brt1icher und
f]eitlicher lieeinflussungen der Wolkenvorange und des
riederschlags durch die Wetterlage einerseits und
durch.die Orographie andererseits. -;ergeron
1,ehandelte anhand zahlreicher Diaqratme insbesondere
die redeutung des KUstenstaus, des Gebirgsstaus and
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1::.n7s den-i2ronten. FUr alle drei Arten errfaben sich
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b)
WB1lenersc1ieinungen, die grundsatzlich wohl dhnlicher
Art sind wie die von Lyra und anderen Forschern
cehandelten Leewellen, die sich in Stromungen aber und
hinter Hindernissen ausbilden,
Gewisse Beziehungen zu dieser indirekten und gleich7
sam synoptischen Wolkenphysik hat noch die Makrophysik
der Wolken, die sich mit den in. Wolken sichtbaren
Strbmungsvorgangen, mit .der Abhthigigkeit der Wolkenv
schinhtung von der Thermodynamdk sowie mit der Vertei-
lung und GrdLe der Reentropfen am Boden befa3t.
Im Brennpunkt des Interesses steht die moderne Mikro-
physik der Wolken, die sich hauptstichlicindem Problem
der Kondensationokerne, den Kondensations- und Koagula-
tionsvorgUngen und der durch sie bedingten Eropfchen-
bildung sowie der Erzeugung und der Wirksamkeit on
Edsteilchen widmet. Das S.,ymposium von 23.August war -
abesehen von der einleitenden Ubersicht - fast ganz
von solche.n mikrophysikalisClen Vortittgen ausgefallt.
Als wesentlichstes Ergenis ist hervorzuheben, da.2 die
-iilclun,7 von Iiiderschlagselementen und Regen kedneswegs
ausschlie3lich auf der sogenannten Dergeron-Findei-
sen-Effekt beschrJnkt ist, bei dem die in den hohen
3chichten der Atmosphdre entstehenden Eisteilchen und
ihre Ierii.h:fung mit unterkahlten WolkentroDfchen ent-'
sch_eldend ist. Vielmehr kann auch die unmittelbare
(Oa,-ulation grHere Tronfchen in den Wolken Und krf-
igen Niederschlag erzeugen.Damit bestatigen sic 'i die
schon fraher gemachten BeobachtunFen, daB grHere
TrontenuncL iederschlaselemente auc', von Wolken,
die ganz in Bereich von oberhalb a Crad sind, gelie-
fert w erde ri. Namentlich bei wasserreichen Wolken
Tronen) splelt die Koagulation eine Rolle. Tier hat
-die xilodene .ethode des Radaranschnittes der Wolken
klare Erebnisse geliefert, woraber E.G.nowe n-
Australien - siehe auch Anlage I, Teil II - ant C.!rund
eicz.ener Exnerimente vortrug. Er beobachtete Radar-
so os an foigenden drei Wolkengrunnen:
a)
an Wolken, die durchweg im Temperaturbereich
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Wolken, die sich -tells durch einen Tempera-
tarbereich aber 0 Grad, teils auch durch einen
tuterhalb 0 Grad erstTecken,
an Wolken, die_rdumlieh ganz oder fast ganz im
mperaturbereich anter 0 Grad lagen.
In. Yalle a) erscheinen Radarechos von besonderer Struktur,
IIaJaLLICII einer Sdulenstruktur. Sic beweisen das Vorhandensein
grderer Trdpfchen oder NiederschlagseleMente, die offenbar.rur
(urdh Koagulation entstanden Sein kOnnen.
Im Falle b) setzen mach den Vessung:en die Reflexionen (und
el:ens? die fiederschla7sbildung) meist ebenfalls im Dereich Uber
0 Grad em n und pflanzen *sich darn lr den Welker mach oben him
in dem Tempera urbereich unter 0 Grad bis zu Werten von etwa
-4? his -6? -ort.
Der obenerwdhnte Bergeron-FindeisenEffekt seheintdso
in wesentlichen nur ft" eine Wolkengruppe zazUtreffen, die einen
Temperaturbereich tiefer Als -150 umfaLt (diese Art von Wolken
in allerdings bed den Niederschlag liefernden Welken der, Fe-
mOLigten Zone die weiteeas hdufigste). 7ier erscheint bei den,
E.adarmessunger-eine "Reeenbarde", die zuniThhst in einer Kohe
. _ . . .
eezw, in einem TemperatUrbereich von. -15.-auftritt und damn
dee. ilblaief -von einiger dinuten (ca. 15 inuten) abwdrts wandert
emd die 0-Grenze passiert.? Bowen hat in solchen Fallen
haufig* bei der gleichen Wolke 'nine Wiederholung dieses.Vorgargs
beobehtet drid nii zur Erklrune. der Erscheinung ds stontAra
'iusfrieren der Wolkenelerente ger,5 den Ereebnisser von
R. 7ever3 y an. In den ens Wasser- und Eisteilchen e-
schten Walken bildet sich in der Reel die 06-Crenze zu einer
Z.Andeibesonders krdftfLer Reflexionsintemsitdt aus,'welche mach
_,e0bachtuneen Liit dem Flug:!,eufr dem Schmelz-orozeB der Esteilchen
Leim Durchfallen der 0--Grenze zu verdanken ist (meltingband).
_tee e,
he folgte em n Vortrag von. J. R? o?u 1 1 eta u- (siehe Aniage
1Teil e, S.20), der die hildung der Regentropfen durch ?theore-
tische i5etrachturgen Ubei die Diffusions- und 70a.gulationsvor
..range ah den Volkentropfehen z erfassen sucht. Din "Reehrung
beruht auf der Arrahme eines stationdren GleiehrYewichts.unter
Einbeziehung der latenten Verdunstungewarme und kOnduktiver
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Ein Fieitrag von N.Frbssling Schweden fiber die
i,nderung von TropfengroLen wurde vom Vorsitzenden verlesen.
Sehr wesentlich waren dann die beiden Vortrage von
s o .n und P.A. L u d 1 a. in , beide England. Sic besta-
tigen auf Grund'statistischer Untersuchungan fiber die Temperaturverhaltnisse an der Obergrenze von nieselndem Schichtgewolk,
dad die Koagalation und nicht der EiskeimprozeB hier aIs Nieder-
schlagsauslbsung in Frage kommt. ason hat linter versc"-ie-
denen Annahmen fiber Wassergeaalt, Aufwind und Schichtdicke des
Stratus,. dis Tropfengrbf3en rechnerisch erMittelt und Crrenzbedin-
Tungen aufgesteilt, bei d.enen die 17oaga1ation noch ale nieder-
schlagsbildender Faktor wirksam sein kann. Er kommt zu plausib-
len, mit_ der Erfahrung fibereinstimmenden Werten. P.H. L in d -
1 a in prgdnzte diese T3etrachtungen, indem?er die Koagulation
auch in?Queliwolken ffir die Bildung leichterer Schauer heranzieht
Ein genfigendes Anwachsen der Niederschlagsteilchen derart, daB
sie den im Quellgewbik vorhanderen Aufwind fiberwinden kann auch
dadurch erreicht werden, da3 die aus ether WolkenzelThe heraus-
fallenden-Koagulationstrdpfchen in eine.neue,. von unten her
strker aufsteigende Wolkenzelle geraten und so langere Zeit zum
Anwachsen had en-. Es entspricht dies etwa der sonst ffir die Ell.-
dung von Uagel herangezogenen Vorstellung: Lanes Verweilen in
der Wolkenluft durcli g:-eignete geometrische Anordnung der ',con-
vektionszellen und dabei Anwachsen in mehreren Raten. Auch diese
Vorstellung der "Koagu1ation8schauer" wurde durch Rechnungen
'inter Annahme plausibler Werte des Aufwindes und der Anfangs-
tropfengroke gestUtzt.
H.Dessens- Frankreich beric!atet fiber seine Versu--
aae zur T3eeinf1Ussung der Wolken in den Pyrenaen (siehe Aniage 1,
2.1o).De ssens hat (lurch das Einbringen groBer hygrosko-
pischer Salzkerne in die Wolken mit Hilfe von Raketengeschossen
kfinstliche- Niederschlge zu erzeugen versucht. Als weitere Metho-
de warde-daneben die Wolkeniuft mit Silberjodidkernen angerei-
.chert. Ahnlich wie bei den.amerikanischen Versuehen sind die Er-
[ebnise noon nicht ganz eindeutig. Es scheint, da3 bestimmte
natfirliche Windverteilungen gfinstiger far einen Erfolg sind als
and ere.
Apt ? ac imittag berichtet zunchst R o se gunn- -USA
inier eine beachtenswerte experimentelle Aniage, um das Verhalton
von "dassertrdni:Cien Lezw. kiinstlicher Wolkerelerzente zu untersu-
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chen. Es- handelt sich in wesentlichen um einen etwa 2oo m hohen
druckfesten Schacht oder Kanal von 2 1/2 x 2-1/2 m- Querschnitt,
an dessen oberen Ende Wassertropfen erstaubt werden,Die -tinter-
suchUchungsergetnisse dieser tinter kUnstlichen hedingungen 7e-
Sc.:laffenen Walken wurden an zahlreichen Diagrailmen gezeigt
(siehe Anlage &-e2,S. id ).
Die =ondersation Ces Wasserdapies in der Atmosphare wurde
dann von L.Dufou helgien durcla theoretisehe Rechnuren?
auf Grund allgemeiner thermodynauischer und physikochemischer
Grundlagen erorer. Das Symposium tiber Wolkenphysik schloB mit
der VorfUhrung farbiger Wolkenaufnahmen durch A. V i a ut-
. . . . , _ . _
Frankreich.
Eolgende, in Programm angekundigten-Vortrage fielen aus:
Von S.Ogiwara- japan dber feste in Wasser unloaliche
Kondensationskerne sowie von K. I t o - Japan hiDer EiskriStalle
in der Luft.- Desgleichen wurde der Vortrag.von.M.Azpire Z -
Spanden ilber die Atfiniti_ft bei thermodynamischen Prozessen in der
Leteorologie nicht gehalten.
Uber Cie am. Abend des 23.August stattfindende Besichti-
garn7 des Observatoriums Uccle siehe SchluB des wissenschaftli-
chen Berichts.
2.) Das Symposium aber die Physik der hohen AtmosTthare fand
an 2reitaglden 24.August, in einer?Gemeinschaftssitzung mit der
Abteilung der-U.G.17.1. statt. Die gleichzeitige
Sitzang iiber Klimatologie der A.I.Y. fiel mit diesem Symposium
-
zusammen und konnte daher nicht besucht. werden. Das Progra= der
d/211
klimatologischen Sitzung siehe Anlage .4.?-b.47.
Eine einleitende libersicht aber die Erforschung der hohen
Atmosphare, insbesondere mit Hilfe von Raketen und Eeteorbeobach-
tangen wurden nach einem Lanuskript von F.W. W h i.p p 1 e
England durch Herrn Newell vorgetragen. Die bei Raketenaufstie-
gen gewonnenen Druckmessungen in groben Hohen flihren in allge-
;Jeinen zu geringeren Werten, als sie bisher fiir die sogenannte
Einheitsatmosphare angenommen waren.-Hieraus folgt, daB die bei
der.Berechnung der Funktion Luftdruckhe angesetzten Tempera-
turen bisher zu_hoch angenonuaen waren. Die mit Hilfe der Raketen
erreichte MeBgenauigkeit macht es sicher, daL zeitliche Schwan-
AA;?,,v
kungen' woraus sich far die Zuordnung eines bestimmten Druckes
947)icnre-laeoc RidelIa..'Atti/612/4FaiY-fibiab-6AA66.4'216o6f6b4
iche Hoheninter-
walle ergeben. Der Einsatz von Ilassen-Spektrographen bei den
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Raketen, um die Luftzusammensetzung in dee gro1ien-4-5hen zu
bestimmen, blpieb bisher ohne Erfoig. Die haketenmethode wurde
ferner angewendet zu Eestimmungen-der Solarkonstante, der
UV-Strahlung, powie zur Festlegung einiger anderer Einzelhei-
ten der Sonnenstranaung.
F.E. Rooch- USA beriehtet tiber Untersucnungen der
taglichen-Variationen, die die Spektrallinien 5577, 63oo (02)
und 5893 (Natrium) in der hohen Atmosphare aufweisen. Die-genann-
ten drei-Linien gendrentiem ionisierten Sauerstoff und dem
ionisierten Natrium an und wurden durch Le6LachtunEen des Neht-
himmels-hinsichtlich ihrer raumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung
- mit einem besonderen -f:achthimMels-SpektrograpLen untersucht.
Es ergeben sich Gebiete besonders atarken Leuchtens, die an
flimmel fortwandern. In der Annahme, dal; sie in etwa 25o km
Hohe ihren Ursprung naben, bedeutet dies eine starke Oststro-
ilrang in diesen Diese -Lethode zur entersuehung der Strd-
mungsvernaltniE--:.se der hohen Atmosphare stelit sich somit der-
bekannten Lethode der Verfolgung gewisser Leucntstreifen
sn die Seita.
-Singer ::.at durch.Raketenversucele in der hflie des
E.,,omarnetischen Aquators Strdmungen in der Ionosphdre nachzu-
weisen versucht. Die Arbeit 1st im Geophysical Research verof7
.fentlicht, wo ausfUhrlichere -Laten miteteilt sind. Das wesent-
lichste Ergebnis besteh.t in ,der :eeststeliungl. daL die magneti-
s.ene Feldstarke in alien ildhen der,otereh Atmosphare um einen
wesentlichen und kenstantene_Detrag hoher sein mu13 als der allE
deL:i erdmagnetiscAen .L.odenfel4 berechnete Wert. Aus diesen Abwei-
chungen foigt das Vorandensein elektrischer Strdme in ddhen
ij5-zu loo km. Die bisher vdrIi6genden jessun,sen reiehen
jedoch zu genalle.i2en Ana'een- hock nicht aus.
In einem ReZerat aber experime:htelle Ergebnisse von Nord-
lichtuntersuchungen betont L. V e r d iTorween dip liedeu-
tung der Partikelstrdme, die elektrisch nei;:ativ oder positiv
eladen sind. Unter ihnen geeen, die Eiektronenstrdme infole
ihrer hohen Geschwindigket den Auss&liag.
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-
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Hcy..*(E.,:rue iut die Ausrustun
3.,ectrer).-.)nen noner LichtstLrke und ros'en
JLiLU-
0uG eine ornaLe
Js.s 6-pectruEls ILI:ion des z-z.,to..-,:ce-11
und LdIJC.-2 Eente. jle. Ve_L-u.l'elLutzuiu:, der hiflien
1L:sut Mckscalitsse L. ie Eic.Y.c.boweun der .toe und
auf die Te[L.erLt-L.rve:Lteilun zt.
,
LAtu'6.1::H:tenfL*.sucinden bericht U'oe-r? ri U.
F. C
r Eit.1,-;rd die
io iut iiber die Entsteirun
ndobt ve-oh.aL.denw
:,0L:rtiko:Lcuen undvoiLietrollen-
3- in 1AL.1 d-er -Erde C LJIOC dus wesentlichste.
:LLciiei LLiL i. AbstanC:e von etwa
c'LL.Lesucrn in -einem weiten
Li ?
JeisnuaL?. ein elektrischeu Poister ulu
Yrj-ienn die h.d.hur ii. die Erde
11. in die 1::.2Ja.tm(JsbnLre eintruten and No:.'Clicliter erzuen..
a: 6 1 2', in ijenre)._L.ell
HnorH_eil ,j,i-ezL:-itenusAwt-nkvalen dieues eletrichen.
Jeu ?]lon6.es nen...