(Sanitized)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01065A000600020115-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 13, 2006
• Sequence Number: 115
• Content Type: OPEN

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Proposed Titles:
BEEPING COMMUNISM - A REAL MENACZ
How Czechoslovakia, so far the only country with
high living standards, was lost in a single week.
COMMUNISM IN A HIGHLY DEV LO CO INTRY
A Report on Czechoslovakia by J1CH, merchant banker
and economist of Prague, as told to
NATIONALIZED INDUSTRY BENEFIT THE WORKER?
An Example from Czechoslovakia
COMMUNIST HAVEN ON EARTH - IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
(Theory and Practice as
Seen in Czechoslovakia)
Draft of an article by DR. JOSEPH
National Press Building, Washington, D. C.
otations by permission only)
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World Communism has two allies which are very seldom
oned in current reportat the wishful thinking of well-to-do
classes and political indifference of the average citizen in
democracies.
In pre-cor runist Czechoslovakia, in Western Europe, and
in the United States ? everywhere I hear the same and simple
ssonings "It can't happen here". Luckily enough, things have
been changing for the bettor ever a
back in 1949,, even my close American
me an alarmist when I told them
vision, and cocktail way of life could be $I
n aggression.
ends used to call
ortable golf,
Brad, that even
this land of the free could be gripped by a system, tyrannically
controlling our jobs confiscating our savings, and
thoughts.. They would look at me and say in all earnostn
I ng our
the Russians want to dominate the world, but we'll sure
lick them if they go too far". Yea, we like to fool ourselves
by wishful thinking that the present Russia is just another case
of imperialism which will disintegrate just as others did.
like to forget that the driving foice of this "imperialism"
not only the soldier's boot of old and modern dictators, but a
devilish pseudo-religion acceptable and accepted by many nations
without the presence of a single Russian soldier. a like to
orget that our oceans nowadays give no more protection to our
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zees than a broad river in the first World War, and the
is officially accepted that out _of one thousand enemy planes, only
we or three hundred could be Intercepted by our defense.
Way down underneath we are still sure that somehow, and
without our actual cooperation and sacrifices,
escape the
disease which has enveloped half the earth's surface and today
menaces all free nations. "Rua
by communism"", we think, "because they were too backward in
first place. They had largo peasant classes, without benefit
education, poverty s trickeen, ripe for
But not an advanced nation like the United
progress, superior productive capac
our scientific
gh standard of living,
will pull us through, no matter how late in the game we trot out
o the field".
This theory is wrong. It happened in my country, and it
happened to me. I was a prosperous, respected, Prague business
man, and now I am an emigre, trying to fashion a new life In this
great country of yours. And yet Czechoslovakia was -- and I weep
when I say "was" w in most ways every bit as advanced as the
United States. You all know our machine and armanont works
"Skoda", the shoo factories of 73ata, and you have probably heard
about our efficient mines, etas
dustries, such as Czechoslovak glass, jewelry,
trades, crafts, the accompli shmeents of our pee
source,
placing
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our nation among the
advanced in the world, Smetana and
Dvorak, Czech composeerss, are well known to you, and a large
umber of Czech writers (Capek) have.be+
foreign languages.
are almost no is
ranslated into many
ovakia, and every second town inhabitant
la nguagee a.
t least two
n Csecho-
social legislation was a credit to efficient
dastrial management. Although our republic was only a quarter-
century old, the tradition of the Czech state goes back over a
thousand years. Our parlimentary system was an example of
democracy at its highest, because the democratic concept was no
or recent development for the Czechs and Slovaks. It did
originate at Versailles. No, the Czech people have been
oriented to the west for more than a thousand years. Six
hundred years ago Charles University, in Prague, the oldest
Central Europe,
intellectual center of the continen
In our country, the illustrious Thomas gariqua) Masaryk carried
the torch of the democratic ideal and brought it to its most
modern frtuition in the Czechoslovak a eta
In half a generation after t
d War we became
the symbol of progress and enlightenment on the continent of,
Europe. Our people were hard-working, tun-loving, conscientious,
deteermineed, tough.. Within my own lifetime, our old state was
reborn and grew. My compatriots and I watched the travail and
plendor of its development, and loved our country more because
shared in her early growth. And always we turned our
toward America for inspiration and examples. We were also,
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you might remember, the only European country except Finland
which kept on repaying its debt to the United States
occupation by Hitler*
Like the United states, Czechoslovakia had a well developed
rural and business.clase. In a way I belong to both, being a
beer of a Prague business family owning farm land in south
Bohemia.
father, a
banker and industrialist, long
before World War II had been President of the Bankers' Assooiatio
the Prague stook xchangee, Vice-President of the Chamber of Cosa-
and fbancial adviser to the political party of the late
President Bones. In 1942 my father was executed by the Nazis
for his unshakeable faith in the final victory a.
natural and simple to rationalize th
of others and to ignore approaching danger. So it was with us in
1945. We saw communism coming on the east, north, and south, but
deep in our hearts we "know" it couldnt t happen in one of the most
zed nations in Central Europe. our faith in Masaryk w s
principles, In the support of the West, and even in the basic
patriotism of some communist politicians, lent substance to this
belief. The events of February 1948 showed how wrong
without serious bloodshed, without a genuine popular uprising
the communists took over our country almost overnight.
Late in 1947 1 left Prague for a semi.-offioial trip to the
United States. Remaining In Prague. were my wife - who was
Ing to finish work on her degree at Charles Universe
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which had been interrupted by the closing Of
ch univer
by the Nazis in 11939 > and our two children, who lived
old family home overlooking residential 8ubenec and hiator
Hradcany Castle in Prague. Also I left behind my mother,
resolute woman, who, since my father's execution, devoted he
life to the comfort of her grandchildren, and had, since the end
of the war, managed our farm once confiscated by
Si
I had traveled a great deal before on business and official
trips, and it was with but faint concern as to the recent communis-
tic tactics and roe i th a relatively free mind that I left home on
t cold day of December 27th, expect'Ing to return to my canteen
ed life in less than three months. Instead, the events of one
fateful week in February 1948 prevented me from returning home
out bringing serious danger to my family, my friends, and my-
self* Once again? in her turbulent history? Czechoslovakia became
a symbol of conscience for the free world, a victim of incorrect
political evaluations, and of a seoond aggression within a single
decade. And - we hope - again an indigestible biter for her un-
worthy masters.
You may ask me why Americans should be inteereesteed,
present World shaking events, in the fate of this
Because Czechoslovakia is the first commun
virtue of its industrial and agricultural development
ountry.
by
parable to the United States; because the Czechoslovak eris
definitely contradicts the facile reasoning that only loss
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developed countries are likely to succumb to communism; because
he Czechoslovak case explains the present strong communist
position in Western Europe and other democratic countries; because
it demonstrates the acuteness of danger which these coon
facing and which would be followed by a disasteerous isolation of
the United States island of freedom.
are becoming
The fact is that my American friends xxxxxx more and more
interested in the background of this "different" case of Czezchv-
ovakiea, and especially in the following questions which I have
been asked over and over againt
1. How does communism penetrate into a highly developed
country?
what technique is the Seizure of controlling power
completed?
Why does the communist regime not live up to its
promises of crisis proof economy and ever increasin
standards of living?
hen thinking about the first question,, I
evening I spent at a Prague theater in this summer of 1945. It was
a Russian play - "The Iron Brook" - a description of the progress
evolution in Russia. The first act depleted the idyllic life
in the countries, happy families, children playing in the grass.
Then came the announcement of revolution in a neighboring distric
Wounded fighters appeared on the scene, and the village was devastated
by troops. Later, one saw the. same children of the first set
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dead in the ruins of their homes. Telephone, and
down. Chaos everywhere. The final soon* - one of utter devastation,
with a Red soldier proclaiming solemnly the revolution of the pro-
ay home I told my friends, "Whatever the playwright had
In mind, his play proves to me that a communist revolution can never
succeed in a well balanced and organised country. The first requisite
upheaval and disorganization. Only then - when the people have
hope in a normal future and the belief in decent lives under
old system - will a sufficient number listen to the voices of communist
atora. Only theh is it possible to preach eucoesafull
of hate and clans a trugg.e.
us hope that there will be no no,
pal
fighting or uprisings and that we will soon restore order in our own
country just as we did after the first World War".
Here you have an example of my own wishful thinking. I was
wrong, because, to reach their goal, the communists do not neces,
need a war or a cruel revolution. True, it to the quickest way, but
a communist has time. He has far superior tactics than the dictators
whom we saw rising and declining in our lifetime: "Never miss any
opportunity ye hit hard on a weak spot - but never get dizzy with
sucoeas, a en retreat when it serves to preserve the power and loads
to final victory
In Czechoslovakia, the basic conditions for communism were do-
velopedl gradually, and this trend started as early as several decades
Of Contrary to the United States (but like the European demacracie
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-8-
wee than had communists in the Congress (Parlimen
in the multi-part
tam of Czechoslovak politics
relatively small importance, important at that stags - and irk
portent today in all countries - are people whom we used to as
"salon"oomruniste,, and whom you term "parlor pinks" and "fellow
travelers". Just as you are now, also our average eitieene were
ridiculing their "sermons"; but theme people know well what they
were doing. In society, at universities, in the press and govern-
the
mental agencies, they were carefully spreading the diabolic theories
describing communism as brotherhood of mankind and the peak of
happiness on this earth.
Without being aware of it, more and more people, under theme
slogans of social Justice and class o onsciousness,. were becoming,
if not partisans, than at least indifferent to a possible communist
participation in the government as a "healthy corrective" of the
old-time capitalism. Simultaneously with these white collar agent
many ruthless specially trained demagogues were intoaicat.
workers. Cn the other side# some over-conservative groups
the
playing into the hands of these agitators by their opposition to
an natural social progress, talking it away as eommuniem or
socialism and not knowing exactly what these words really meant,
n between these political extremes the strong and well-to-do
middle class went about its daily business, paying little attention
to these follies of the political periphery. They continued to
heir votes to realistic, middle-of-the road politicians,
maintained the high prosperity and stability of Czechoslovakia
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You have these subversive agents among yourselves in the
same Institutions and with the same aims and same "special assign-
rnents" for the "coup". And Ida not tell you any
because recent investigations and disclosed activities of your
own under-cover agents have proven oven more serious communist,
action in this country than I had believed in. Tr
general conditions in your country are veer;; adverse to
communism, but if you do not fight it bitterly now, far bet
conditions may develop in your lifetime.
years ago,
as you
xpeelied
communist Eisler - only one year after Mr. 'Gottwald became
president of my oppressed country. Since 1939, world communism
has conquered four and a half million square
banned communist
a and six hundred
million people. It may like to rest, before extending its hand
he most valuable spoils. Bewa
a, however, o
Teter-
prating Its pacifism and of accepting any truce without very
substantial guarantees. Do not forget the advantage of communists
who operate in your country candor the mild democratic laws, wher
the advocates of our own principles either never got to the com-
munist countries at all or are jailed, expalieed,or liquidated, in
short order*
The weak spot in my country+a resistance came after the war.
The nation was disorganized after six cruel years of Nazi tyranny,
and the formerly free-minded people were badly confused as to what
more patriotic - whether to follow the leadership of Russia
loh, incidentally, never In the past interfered with the
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kppened at Mx
knew, of course
and forget
Well Informed people of all
e tly the correct choice - but how many we.,
well informed For slit fears the nation had been fed by, an
capitalist and anti-western propaganda, and the average c i t'
demoralized and made weary by the indirect effects of war,
the sufferings in concentration camps, and enforced labor in
bombarded Geer,n cities, by constant tear of the Gestapo, and
by the actual fighting in Czechoslovakia in the last phas
the war. The resulting state of mind was well characterized in
a recent book by the Russian exile Ga to Gazdanov in his follow-
ing coon
ont
experience had taught me that after the war
the normal human conceptions of the value of human life
and of other basic moral laws not to kills not to rob,
not to rape, and to be kind - -
tore d
very slowly; even after they had returned, they lacked
their former conviction and were only a theoret.'
of morals with the relative ju
of which I could not disagree,
and necessity
urally/
part what made our;, n"-a and cheerful populat
selfish and eager for momentous benefits. This ,is what made many
workers believe that our nationalization was different from robbery.
This is what made small manufacturers speak of "necessity" when
their larger colleagues were ruined by nationalization. And this
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what made oven a tow political leaders indifferent when they
some of their democratic follows in jail and the ec?unists
taking their places. In addition, the middle class.- the back-
bode of political stability in democracies - was seriously weak-
ened by tla z
confused b
on and Inflation, and the working
zi anti-we
tern propaganda, and, by the fake prom
e new regime and of the communistic fifth column. Workers
told the
would have no more wage disputes, because
they would own the factories themselves. They were not told that
every Industry has good and bad years? that it takes providence
as well as good management to safeguard their employment for
future years.
ally, the former leading Class was also completely out
of balance. By this class I mean the marvelous strata of h
de individuals which develops'in every true democracy being
constantly fed by newcomers from all classes and nurturing for
beat advisers and executives. Many members of
this group were to die in Matt concentration camps (often by
machinations of imprisoned communists) or were executed without
trials; others were blackmailed after the war by fake o;cll.aborsat-
t.ontat trials.
In 1945,. the coherent chain of these honest and democratic
individuals was thus torn on many places. The communists, backed
by Moscow, moved smartly into this lvaou,u s and replaced the missing
in a way which made a close cooperation between the remain-
parts impossible. So, the cos unis ts achieved the first
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chapter of aggression in my country, in spite of its high standards
of education and civilization . . . just by gradual intoxicatiof
of minds, disintegration of political and economic life, confusion
of ideas, and by grabbing of partial political powers in the
government.
was In the ofti::
others adaptable in all well organized democratic ooi7ntries.
In this struggle for controlling poster, the communists have
used some methods specifically molded to Czecshosslovaka'a situation
"The
d phase - the struggle for controlling power-
specifically Czechoslovak approach was simple,
ends of Czechoslovakia are the Russians and the Prague
affiliate of Russia is the communist party. This was proven before
by the sal.-out at Munich, against which only Russia pro-
tested, and now again by the fact that the American Army, standing
miles from Prague did not help the Czechs in May 1945
n their uprisings whereas the Russian Army did. Americans, in-
d of protecting you against the expelled Germans, are leaving
:urope with only a small police force left in
disinterest as they did after the first World War.
sooner or later seek friendship
showing their
capital-
ith Germany and
help it in re-arming and fighting you again. In Teheran and Yalta,
Americans agreed that Czechoslovakia will stay in the Russian orbit w
so better hurry to become a memner of the communist party which alone
has the power to give you the benefits of Big Stalin's pr*otectis.
hundred divisions stay on your eastern border to protect
against the German* whom you rightly kicked out of your country
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but who, of course,
or revenge and will be got
support tics
It is obvious that these skillful misinterpretations we
not believed generally.
th the absolute lack of contrary
authoritative statements by westerners, they resulted in the in-
crease or nro-communist sympathizers and in an important rise of
communist votes in the 1946 elections.
The second group of power creating methods deserves.a more
detailed analysis, because they are not typically Cxeohoslev .
They are methods by which the communists are likely to work in
every democracy from the moment they have obtained even a small
:uence in public affairs. In Czechoslovakia it developed
roughly in the following way:
Struggle for obtaining such seats in the government as
were important for Influencing the man in the street - Interior
(police),, information (press and radio)., Agriculture (allocation
of machinery, price supports), etc,
Confusion and Intimidation of the industrial and agricult-
ural workers, small farmers, and low paid white collar employees.
Party trustees, backed by the communist secretary of the Interior,
were established in each block to report to local Party committees
how all inhabitants in their area behaved, and to spread the be-
communist revolution was inevitable and that all re -.
onaries in their block would then be liquidated.
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ogio. promises to industrial workers and rural popu-
lation of "something for nothing" by communist members of the
government and their agents all over the country.
(d) Demagogic publicity for nationalization - Cal
ship by workers instead of ownership by capitalists.
(e) Continuous woakenin : of the formerly mentioned strata
prominent
by fake collaborationist trials, nationalization,
discrimination in allocations of industrial materials
manta, etc*
imple
(f) Disruption of the middle class by nationalization with
indefinitely postponed indemnification, by monetary reform, politic
ally measured capital levies, etc,
(g) Creation of public opinion hostile to "reactionaries",
n calling reactionary and enemy of the working class everyone
who was not sold on the communistic plan. As a result
no nearing, the non-communist parties had to yield to many
demagogic requests of the .corwnunistic members of the government,
fearing that otherwise they would be branded as reactionaries and
votes at the polls..
(h) After partial nationalization, blaming the unsucceesf u'
operations of the nationalized industries on the reactionary
private Industries and non-communist members of the governmen
Calling for new nationalizations.
venting sabotages
business by forcing the government to establish (a
smallest private enterprises) trustees of a United Labor Union,
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o were entitled to control the management in all decisions
union, thus creating an
dual occupation of all important positions in the
United
uable political pressure
group with leaders responsible only to the Party*
i:th the help of the enslaved labor leads
militia were established in all major induatries to "protect" the
interests of the working people and the factories against sabo
(k} Creating of fifth columns within other political parties.
Promising high jobs to people in these parties who, doe to their
un incompetence or youth, were denied high-ranking positions. The
a procedure in governmental agencies, polio** and army.
shing how many mediocre party officials and civil servants,
when told in a proper way? started to believe in their own excellency
labor relations or not*
eatment by the present regime).
(1) Provoking of governmental *risen and,wi.thin a, few days,
leaving only two alternatives: "Truly 300
an government or
a civil war. Some democratic and peace loving political lea
stated to risk bloodshed,, and in the meantime, while the
in government continued, the communists, with the support of the
above mentioned fifth columns, and of the militia, and "spontaneous
peasant demonstrators, occupied the headquarters of non-communist
intimidated others, transformed fifth columns into "action
teal parties arrested or detained some members of the Farif-
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no revolution, prosperous economy, rising standards
committees", and finally gained control over all vital positions
of living, .. - and in one week it was all over,,
this brings: me to the third proposed question
-16-
meant of 'heaven on earth" by
rmly established communist rogia
the question whether there is, after all, not something good in
whether the worker and average white collar eemploye+
does not actually
when, instead of by the "rotten capital
he is employed by a government employer Why he, himself,
Rleeted". I believe that all impartial reports from abroad
have already proven to the American people that the anwer is "'
And it was repeatedly proven to me by facts mostly experienced by
myself, my family, or brought to my attention by irrefutable
sources from the present Czechoslovak movement. The explanation
quite simple. As long as the communists were in opposition
(although officially participating in the government of so-called
National Front), they had an-easy position with no real responsibil-
ity. They acted as leaders of wildcat strikers in your industries,
pushing forward unreasonable and unrealistic demands, with no ro
gard for whether their fulfillment would ruin the enterprise or nots
At this stage they stood for free elections, knowing that the votes
come from the people to whom they promised something for nothing,
only other parties would agree".
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once they have realized that the Population is awakening from
confusion, and that they may
the see demagogic promises, they picked the right moment and grabbed
the power by violence. At this very instant the situation ha
changed. They were in charge themselves and they had to "perform
tons were no more important, voters became an uninteresting
component In the further drive. Theirs was only a tragic-comic
role of voting yea or no - the no meaning lose of job, persecution,
Mind you, -- lose of job in a state which you cannot leave
by secret flight, and wh
losing votes in spite of
only boas is the
give you bread for you and your family,
The revolution thus proved, in the first plat
there is no other employer to
betrayal of
the working class. Yes, a betrayal, not a measure of necessity.
Reecausse,only two days after the seizure of power, the following,
beforehand prepared order, was issued on February 27, 1948s b y
L. Frejka to the nation-wi.dee meeting of "economic trustees"
the Partyt
"The fact that we communists are connected with
does not mean that we succumb to
all, even wrong ideas of the manses . . .
have to combine Russian enthusiasm with American
noy" etc.
This appeal was followed by gradual and compulsory Increase of
the number of working hours, by enervating and exhausting system of
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atachanovism and by exaggerated work. norms. The obvious con
quence: was a considerable decrease of real wages. However, the
intelligent Czechoslovaks worker did not bow as readily as expec
The pipe line bctw+eeli "his" government and "his" United Labor Union
was too obvious. He simply did not trust a boss who one day preached
social justice and reforms and app9tired the next day as the wore
slave driver.
This attitude of the labor forced even Prime Minister Zapotoeky-,
headed both the Government and the United Labor Union, to abdi.-
cate from the Union,
nevertheless, left
the following clear-cut legacy to his successor:
"A realistic approach to the position of trade unions
the factories does not permit the trade union councils
to participate in the management of the factories, to
talk and order whenever they like. In the first seta#t
have introduced a teen percent participation of the
workers on the net income of the factory. This we had
to abandon and centralize in one fund . . . If we pro-
worker to the manager of the factory, we want
a farewell address, he
him to be more efficient than his predecessor specialist.
We cannot promote a worker to manager only because he Is
a worker, etc." Thus, he deprived the workers in one speech
votes in tt
gogic demands, by which he was gamin
3d of mixed government.
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NO wonder that the deceived workers are getting in eve
stronger opposition to the now almighty "employer" in spite of
official ban on strikes and the fear of drastic punishments
disobedience. Actions like the following (reported by PCI, London)
are therefore no more frequent, although they count little against
ruthless power of the new factory "owners":
# n June 23, 1950, during the luncheon hour In the largos
machine factory In Prague, a representative of the United
.Trade Unions tried to explain to the workers the amoral basis"
the suggested further decrease of wages by 5% to 10%.
was dragged from the hall to the factory yard by angry workers,
and, next day, June 24, the bridge construction department
stopped work. Within thirty minutes the strike had spread
into most sections of the factory, and even to its mills
atatside Prague. rkers assembled in the yards tried to
walk through the city in a crowd which soon amounted to
several thousand participants. Even a large group of the
'loyal factory militia joined the demonstration which
was dispersed only later by strong police and military
forces.
Haase revolt- is, of course, under present conditions impossible,
because the rorkers are concentrated in small areas and therefore
relatively well under control. They are being gradually transformed
o a living machinery, with no.individuality whatsoever. Thus,
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M20M
they and
ups of employees are being deprived of all free
and are losing all the advantage$ which their labor unions have
lly acquired under the system of oolleoti.ve bargaining in
pro-war Czechoslovakia. Instead of many employers who were controlled
by a truly democratic government, freely o itieized and successfully
fought by the labor unions, they now have only one boss - the almighty
State. This boss is controlled by nobody; neither by the governmen
because this is he, himself, nor by the labor union, because he can
fire its head whenever he likes. He is, of course, anxious to avoid
any trouble, but for this again his skillful propganda machine works
full speed to make the workers believe that their troubles are
only temporary, and that they will have everything just as soon as
the capitalistic world goes under. In reality, all workers and a.
pioyees are subject to much more rigid rules than they were ever be-
fore. Even the entertainments are being forced upon them in
form of compulsory "parties", restriction follows reatrict5ofs and
the choice of profession and of the place or employment become in-
asingly difficult -- a real heaven on earth and something for
rhich an American worker should certainly be striving.
ides the enslaved, but wary, workers, there remain, ho*?v
in Czechoslovakia other efficient enemies who were not liquidated
by the Revolution; the intelligent and honest section of the middle
students, former industrialists, and individual farmers. They
spread all over the country, not organized, and therefore dif fi-
au1_t to enslave by one stroke, and to prevent from spreading true
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instructions of the Ministry of Pvreign Trade, from w high I also
eci a comforting,(?) letter inviting no to Prague for con-
sultation concerning my representation of Ozechoslovak industries
the United States Advices reaching we from my friends in
and and Belgium were "slightly" different;
they
very explicit an to the passionate desire of the communist*
to "bring me back alive" J In fact I was listed AOL (Arrest on
Arrival) in the secret records of the Deepartment of the Interior.
Ones It became obvious that the communists could not expec
the pleasure of my company, the Party expressed to the Administrators
(Commissars) of my property a "wish" for the liquidation of all
companies and the black--listing of my name. This happened on the
following patterns (A) Complete disintegration of my holdings by
all subsidiaries from the Rankin
a
of my capital levy by several hundred
firm; C B) Increase
(the original levy
being about 30% - the now levy amounted, of course, to more than my
property); (C) Confiscation or nationalization of
of my Bank, such as the shares of companies subsequently national-
ized, and deposits of Czechoslovak diplomats who resigned abroad
after the coup*
This was all they needed. The Bank, being a fam
ng,
tnancial position depended greatly on the liquidity of the owners
my ?personal property confiscated, and other assets nationalize
the Party asked asked the administrators to declare my Bank bankrupt, and
to give due pub:
to its mismanagement by a representative of
enemy of the people. This was too much, even for
fiat s ~~/iF /t ~ - P8 1 6~ 5 +Gcords and
found the request impossible. They would follow it only,
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said, upon di
this stage, my mother, with the a udacity of a person having
ders from thei
Treasury.
asury refused, and limited itself to telephoned orders.
? nothing to lose, pierced her way to the Treasury and was finally
"received" by Dr. Zuzka, Ase scant to the Under Secretary In charge
of Banking. Although the Treasury was informed exactly about the
case, my mother then had to explain at length everything all over
again. he told the man that the administrators of the Bank were
opinion that the proposed procedure was unlawful and that
afore, had comet o discuss it with the The
not denying that the procedur
The
legal, shouted
you mean, anyhow." Do you think we are here to pro
rotten capitalists?
u think the old Republic still exist
Then you are mistaken, because it does not and it will never return,
The Bank has to disappear and so have you from your farm, no matter
howf" .
Then my mother asked him to study the acct and see for h
how wrong the reque
I. She told him I was on an official trip
the United States, and that it would, of course, be difficult
for me to return if I saw an unlawful liquidation of my proper
At this moment, the officer changed his attitude completely, and
said: "Oh, you mean he wants to return? That's something qu
different. We need people like him and if ie comes we will be very
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nationalized property."
to discuss with him everything pertinent to an indeerinification
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Soon afterwards the Party stepped in with all. its' weight,
and the liquidation was ordered from the highest political 1ev
nothing in writing, by telephone on1:
gmbassies were instructed to handicap, by false informatio
attempts to acquire abroad a position 4
and experience.
%hereupon the Czechoslovak
ed by my Past career
(INSERT)
-41.^w fO 1 _80011
home the oommueaista removed eeveeA.m fathers s coe emo
plaque.
Czechoslovak printing and publ; shing company
had been plaoed in 1418 in the executive offices of
of which he was shareholder and Vice Chairman until his tra
ay ovornlgn.
thing from being removed*
The order was
in the
mornings whereby only two suite &#** of personal offsets per adult
:ot+ed.: 11 home furnishings and other family belongin
umulated over several geeneerations, remained in the house to be
assigned. to the Under-Secretar7 General of the Communist Party,
In this emergency, eight members of the family
Obliged to move into a urea-room apartment of my relatives, where
They all had
.d s
vs far some time under conditions which you can
Fortunately, their p
d they
e spring of 1949.
grioulture
aecuted ea
for illegal exodus material
od, over the mountains early in
he situation was similar.
not be liquidated at Once
this would have disorganized the
could
supply of farm products. Who could howeeveer, protest against a
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governmental do
would a at much lo
by which landowners of more than fift
on than small farmers? Or why could not
paid agents indict and testify against those landowners (Kulake )
that they did not fulfill the prescribed deliver
happened on our own farm and on many ours*
in
id after the defeat of the Nazis who took
? Al]. this
d recuperated
'under custody
and confiscated it in 1942 after the execution of my father.
In 1945 we found, Instead of a herd of pure bred "Simmentaaleers",
only six tubercular cows, and devastated fields All our neighbors
who joined the communist party, or had less land than fifty aores,
every possible subsidy from the communist Secretary of Agriculture.
on our own farm, in spite of the fact that we were most tragically
persecuted during the Na. occupation, we had to invest our own
money, around $50#000 -- or else gent a special administrator from
communist Department of Agriculture to "run the farm for us".
we were not important as voters. It was the small farmer
who had to believe for some time that the communist Secretary of
Agriculture wawa his best friend.
Right after the seizure of power b
continued with ever-increasing intensity.
an who worked at our
and was, as you would saay, a devoted steward, turned into a
mmunist agent. He testified falsely in accusations against my
produced at Party headquarters complete lists of the Am-
bassadors and Czechoslovak politicians visiting our farm; and was
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probably to become one of the most prominent
treason trial, by which I was supposed to be liquidated a
return.
In this way the opponents of the regime,ones after anoths
Individuals or in groups,
treys. They moat many people and work in various fields.
to subordinate their free will to the, Almighty State.
One of the most dangerous professional groups were, of course,
30 the
fat after the *cup, obtained now communist management
which cancelled all previously issued aft
had to
lo s
All attorneys
her bankrupt, jai led, or forced
Together with the application for membership,
got another application -- for membership in the oommuni*t
Attorneys, factory owners, non-communist
jobs were naturally considered unreliab
etc., who
the management of nationalized industry. Being out of jobs, they
walked around and 'ked. So, they became a very annoying element
to thi
could
da machine. The
"hidden Jewels" and other property
low prices, because the, average
d some savings,
Ithough at
n had just enough to live on
nts in
and the leading communists need not 'buy - they get homes and furnish-
5d", and jewels as bribesss. It was too dii"tiou
`uidate this group
Some of these were therefore
and imprisoned for disloyalty to the "-people
twenty years. A
xecutod,
much as
intimidate the others.
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-2?-
And finally they were subjected to various "legal procedu
of these procedures was a new price policy.
muntet regime, sells everything, itself
The, state, in a eam-
s4zlMs your Safeway",
P. Stores" , department stores, etc., and through them sells
food and other necessities of life at discriminating prices.
who works gets his ration, although meager, at a relatively
price. People forced out of jobs for political reasons' (as the
above mentioned groups )s have pay for the same item five, ton,
or twenty times as much. They cannot last long and they w1 A
to accept the communist management of their bodies and souls
This at least is what the c orrmsunists, underestimating the
reesiliieenee of the freedom-loving Czechoslovak middle class,* hoped
would happen,
Another *legal" way to liquidate these groups is the intro-
ductiori of labor caamps$ established b
1948 and October 25, 1948. Assignments to the
tamps can be made
by regional departments of the Labor Agency, or in an admit-
criminal proceeding by special commissions of the regional National
Committees, composed of laymen. Members of these committees
sometimes former common criminals who, during or after the waaar, have
joined the communist party and are now enjoying Its protection*
the Prague Archbishop Besraan was sentenced in 'arch 1951 by such
an unworthy kangaroo c o-ourt.
The sentences pronounced by these commissions usually road as
"Because you are a person endangering the building up of
the democratic system", or "Because you are the enemy of socialiam"t
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"Because of your negative attitude to the
eetc. You you
Every "campist" has
onstitutional proced
Of course not.
art of appeal". Yet it so happens that
no decision is made for at least three mom ha, and in the meantime
the campist has to work in the camp "pending the decisions'.
happens to be in the camp during local or general elections
of course, cannot vote. Attorneys are afraid to take his *a
because of possible expulsion from the bar, and h'
ervenee because an administrative order says, "t
on behalf of the campiet will be followed by e
n; party In the camp
iends cannot
intervention
t of the
The people in the camps are, of course, not paid a regu
salary and are thus the cheapest slave labo
government can
obtain. besides, they are used for the most difficult and dangerous
jobs - s
badly equipped coal mines, and ordered to work in
uranium,mines at Jac hymov and Pribr+ without satisfactory protective
a estimated almost ten percent of the nation's labor
force (well over 300#000 people) in thus slaving for the new. boas
practically without pay.
The freedom to choose living quarters is also being constantly
The Apartments Act was enacted only t months after the
l1,ition (April 28, 1948) and authorises the local National Com-
sea (composed of proven communists only) to eviet tenants from
their apartments if they are "'politically unreliable" or if their
pie's republ
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medium-sized
no in Moravia
over 3,000 apartment* have thus been evacuated in the ft;
months after the publication Of the laws
You may contend that some of my statements about living co
ditions in Czechoslovakia contradict the rosy statistics about higher
production, rising standards of living, and long leaaves, which are
now being so widely publicized by the present Czeheoslovak regime.
To this, I would like to add the following observations t
Every dictatorial regime,has always produced glorious statistics,
tailored to the order of the man on top. But even if we should
luctantly that the published per'oen
do not prove the claimed progress. Most of these
operate in comparative numbers only, leaving to yo
atistics
nation the
initial absolute figures, or dropping out of the picture the currency
depreciation, shifting of pproduction, eta.
An excellent proof of what lies bed these doctored
be actual living conditions into which they should be project
aciou
you may say that even direct underground reports are tend-
gato ting, on the rolloeri rig reports, the communists
Ives from their daily paper RUDE PRAVO, or "RUDE PAPER" as we used
to call it with my American and British friends. `ere you will
learn that the workers. have to work on Saturdaay# and often more than
ht hours a day. This overtime work does not come into the st at
because it is officially non-existent These are hours in
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Which the workers have to fulfill their norms, which they failed
to accomplish in the official time scheduled; norms, which
been not so high that an average worker simply cannot meet them.
You also learn from the press about other non-listed hours. There
is rarely a Sunday on which one has not to work somewhere p
ld or on public works, "for the common
set of *coialism".,
Leaves are in fact longer than they were before the war.
however, not to spend at least two-thirds of them on a "voluntary
brigade" at the kolohos farms or in some other fully relaxing way.
In the RUDE PRAVO of August 5,, 1950, an article described poor
shipments from a large chemical plant whose bottles were delivered
o the druggist empty or half-empty. Such reports encroach into
the daily press every week. On August 11, 1950, a report mentioned
a woman anxious to buy for her child a popular simple
in the future this type of toy will be sold only to the children of
stachanovista (workers who have performed above the norm) ",was the
answer.
It goes without saying, that six years after the wa;
are
n ration coupons, even on bread, potatoes, clothing, and a es.
Whereas in 1945, thanks to VXdA, most of the war rations were aboli
ed, and the free supply then maintained by the favorable development
Slovak economy,: all rations have been re-introduced shortly
after the co:mrnuni.sts took over. According to RUDE PR.AVO of July 27,
1051, the following rations are
ott for a period of four
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weeks - eighteen ounces of butter, twelve ounces of flour, n
ounces of margarine, two and a quarter pounds of meat, three pounds
of sugar, etc. 'hest four and a half ounces of butter and three
ounces of lard for a whole weeekt
You can got additional supply from the Government's free (or
better vxpreesed,"black")market an egg for twenty cents, tea for
pound,
$1.80 a pound, etc. For some
permitted to receive at least food and clothing as
Even this has now been changed because all such
people were
from abroad.
subea
eahorbitant duty. One pair of nylons, for example, Is taxed
More.
The super-planners of the communist
5 curse, repeated wet-backs, because they
things which one cannot ju
srienOe, of
u will agree,
her, which is apparent from a report in RUDE PROVO of July
14, 1981. It complains that heavy rains around July let have raised
duction of vegetables, which could not be absorbed and par:
ad in the government warehouses in Prague and other cities. At the
RU PA,VQ reports recreation places around Prague were
long as fourteen days without vegetables, fruit, and potatoes.
.a is, incidentally, only one of the -many examples of the
communistic mts-management in the agriculture. All products, even
perishables
to go through 1b reaucratic system of distribution.
The private initiative of the remaining individual farmers is
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abolished, and many of them are driven into despair by discriminating
decrees, false accusations, an other incredible hardships.
Only by this desperate e5 tuation of these farmers an we explain
recent tragic incidents, such as one reported b
6, 1951.. "on July 2nd four members of the national.comm
were discussing the problems of their comrades in the village. At
ten-thirty P.M., two armed persons entered the room and forced the
conferee into the corridor, where they shot to death the president
of the national cor aittee and three other ambers." Other communist
sources have later announced that the murder was committed under
direct instructions of imperialistic agents in Germany, In
following "People's Trial",, seven of the accused were condemned
death, among then farmers from /3abicee and two Catholic priests.
Thus far have things- gone in Czechoslovakia, a country where, before
wart murder cases and death sentences amon
habitants did not average more than a vary
thirteen million
a year*
This is where the communist regime has brought the natural moral
strength and resistance of this kind and peaceful people. To make
things even worse, a special decree was issued in the summer of 1951
hereby the 8ecreter; of Interior pledged absolute anonymity to p
who t in writing, by person, or by telephone, will denounce a
of sabotage of socialism You can easily imagine in how many more
accusations and unjust trials this decree will result.
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da /
Even th+ religious freedom in present Czechoslovakia is grant-
ed only on paper. However, the regime, fearing to ban religion com-
pletely,, has made a much smarter move,
to the large church-
going element in the population its churches and priests, bu
complete control of religious matters. Behavior and sermons or the
priests are regulated by direct instructions of the newly organized
Ministry of Religious Affairs. Many priests, including the formerly
mentioned Archbishop Baran, have shown a superhuman resistance to
this terror? but the choice between a good salary and labor camps,
between staying in the community or losing contact with the common
cants, has driven a great number of them into enslavement.
An excellent source of information about actual conditions of
In Czechoslovakia are also letters to the editor and advertise
ments in the daily press. They prove an absolute chaos in th
nationalized distribution and ocmpiete lack of things which we
considered the most primitive necessities of lift. A man from a
district town had to write to a Prague paper to learn about the on
store in Prague selling wall thermometers. Complaints from people
having to stand for hours in lines to get their meager ration are
also frequent. The advertisements on the other hand dfaciose some
fantastic prices paid for used effects. A woman offers for sale
sheets at 20.003 each; suede shoos are being offered at $36.00; and
a small 1938 car at $3,000.00. Compare
eras with the pay check
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ea Czechoslovak worker: averages 490.00 per month, and,in the
labor camps, 6 per hour.
Taking thus Into consideration the continuous violation of
basic human rights, and the poor results achieved by the communist
0
nomic machinery, I can only reiterate my previous statement that
the communists defini teiy did not live up to the promises given
our confused popula ti.on, especially to the working class. The
years of Czechoslovak all-communist state demonstrate
a system
of enslaved labor, state controlled trade unions, and superp7.anned
nationalized economy, can have. only a specious kind of success,
carlously based on a sellers' market with discriminating prises.
They demonstrate that communist Czechoslovakia can never reach the
pro-war standard of living characterized by a variety of consumer
goods offered in unlimited quantities at accessible prices. They
prove that no oosun(. se t country In this world can give to the working
the advantages which i t has in a system of collective bargain-
Ing between the workers and managem nt, with the government inter-
raring only in the most difficult disputes. Where management and
government, as it is in a c o- unl e t state, become one and the same
moody;
is no more bargaining, and labor is enslaved. Today,
according to every report coming from the Czechoslovak underground,
her people work longer and harder t han over before for fewer con-
goods. What a travesty of the communist promises that the
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-3
workingman would give only 4 of his time for the same real income)
This was, believe it or not, based on the demagogic pre-election
reasoning that the remaining forty peroen
being eaten away by
the bad capitalists. Those who in 1946 and 1947 believed these
preachings of com"nuraisst agitators are being rudely awakened from
their comfortable dreams.
Yet it Is too late now to claim that 9011 of the Czechoslovaks
are against the regime, and to ask shy they do not rise up and toss
off the yoke. The answer is that the era of successful counter-
revolutions in highly organized cantriea is gone. In I P50 It was
achieved by a 'few thousand bidden rifles, but where, in a modern
police state, could enough armored cars, planes, and material be
cached? Speaking realistically, even a global war or Russian collapse
remote comfort to proffer to the oppressed majority of democratic
Czechs and. Slovaks. Spiritually and economically, they belong to
the western democracies and turn their faces to the 'Next for faith
to resist. !any honest Individuals (including those fradulent
seduced by the Party and now disillusioned) stand-ready to use as
which they hold officially when the moment comes to engage their
true enemy.
You may ask me hers: "but when will come that moment?" "Shall
we go to war because of these horrible things happening In small
Czechoslovakia?" "And what then?*. My answer Is thiss We seem to
recognize at this fatal time of our history only a limited problem:
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there be war with Russia; will Stalin march, or shall we
appease him and forget his and his satellites until they dismn
In my opinion, the problem lies elsewhere.
course, fight if we make him do it, but, unlike Iii
dictators, he does not need to see
Creeping world communism, not Russia or 3
ed in his lifetime.
is our arch enemy,
this diabolic philosophy of statism, invented in the
y by Engels and Marx and exported by the Kaiser in a` sealed
on to usaia in 1917; and I sometimes wonder whether w
this enemy in the right way.
We are so busy with our everyday lives,, our time is so fu
consumed by work and entertainment,
belief that this is all
succumb to the comfort
natural, and that our democracy
something self-preserving without our cooperation and sacrifices.
We read with enthusiasm and relief stories by reporters and univeristy
professors, selling to us the idea that Russia is just another empire
and that It Is w
nin thee
books of history all such empires
must disintegrate and perish. They do not tell us that this is a
different type of imperialism - an imperialism driven by simple
alogana accepted by the other people just as well as by the Russians
themselves. They do not tell us that even the past Empires have
often lasted for many centuries (Rome)
on the other hand.-
old democratic Empires sometimes disintegrate, the greatest example
of which we witness in our day.
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-$7..
lying in a pleasant dream - that all this i
very remote horrible fairy ta:lee, and that the dragon is so far
and so inefficient, that he can never dare to attack our own castle
on the mountain of prosperity. We forget altogether the disaster-
moral and economic condition in which we would find ourselves
should this new fake religion spread nearer and nearer to our
island of freedom.
Communism, to most of us, is something foreign, imported, not
waned in this country, This is exactly the way It looked to us
ohoslovakia fifteen years ago; and while we were w and "u
softening in this comfortable belief in our invulnerability,
invisible army of creeping communism is invading the minds
many free man here and abroad. This greatest enemy of America mue
be stopped first - and now. To fight it, we have to show it to
our citizens in all its ugliness, and to oppose it, not only by
sophisticated editorials read and understood by teen percent of all
the population, but by down-to-earth simplified explanation and an
htenme
sting in our primary schools. We cannot got free
people fervently united behind the negative purpose ot"fighting
Russia when she move',, but have to develop an unshakeable faith in
positive purpose of our endeavor.
grow strong
and unified to cheek with religious fanaticism the aggression of
this fake religion of hatred, betrayal, demagogy, and subjugation
of manes free mind to the ruthless will of a few unoohtrolled
uti ves of an a
3mmuniat state.
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This psychological war must be fought on two fronts - at home
and abroad. We have initiated, since 1947, a good program on our
home front. Some governmental and private organisations are ex-
plaining very well to our people why our system made America strong
and why. it must prevail. We are wo .d champions in publicl ter, and
ve no doubt that if our leaders reali in time who is our real
y they will know how to fight him- better than I could ever
at.
M.y concern lies abroad. Our friends in the free world and the
just as susceptible to the intoxication of minds as we are to
sed nations behind the iron curtain are weakened by wars, and
confusion. `re love our democracy, but we hate the Idea of doing
soet:i ng 'to keep it. All we try to do with It from time to time
is to export It, unchanged, to other parts of the world, to people
Brent than we are, and then wonder why they do not accept it as
readily as we had anticipated*
ters in public relations and advertising, such as we are, we
do not realize that besides simplified democratic slogans of general
acceptance, we have to use a custom tailored approach to all other
nations. individually. Yes, these small things can mean a lot in this
holo;ical fight for preservation. But what happened so far?
wanted
xxmt to :,revert the Chinese peasant from going communist by
demonstrating to him the advantages, of our system on televisions and
wanted was
aachinea. All he iam*,ax An assurance that he will get his
daily pot of rice, for which he certainly does not need a washing
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machine. Communist* promised to him, and gave to him, this daily
in places/
bread and added to it1even a few acres of land .. the television of
his dreams. Then the alert commun' ets turn our own publicity against
us by. telling the Chinese: You see what we told you? ' verything
about American exploitation is true. They have accumulated all this
luxury from your sweat and tears, and if you only follow us all these
treasures will be available to you*"
proclaim a CRUSADE against the Czech communists. A wonderful
word, you would say. But we forget t hat the Czechs, in the fifteenth
century, have beaten over and over again Crusaders from all over
Europe, and that this word alone enables the Communist regime to
ridicule our efforts among a large part of the population.
We attack Stalin over the air on personal urges, trying to
flu from the people. These challenges. mean, however, very
the contrary .. to the primitive and authority loving
Russian population. For them, this modestly living man represents
the. successor of the deified czars, one who won the Patriotic War
and has surrounded Russia with a protective belt of obedient nations
We are pouring billions of dollars to the free world. The great
hare of our charity, however, goes into the hands of people who
will, and are, defending them against aggression.
and have to be, our friends anyway, since their wealth stands
and falls with our system. Yet, we do 1
r nothing to ameliorate
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the material conditions of the majority of these nations
standard of living remains low, which leaves an open door to further
communist Infiltration and to charges that all ACA products come over
from kmerican imperialists anxious to prevent depression at home and
a now war, of which Western Europe will again become the
battlefield.
We love to read sensational news about daring escapes
m behind
the iron curtain, because these oeople we think, are paQving to the
world how communism Is hated in their homelands. Yet, in spite of
the billions of dollars spent abroad, w org+ t these eeeoapes the
moment they
live
as the border. 'de lot them . for years in poorly
nixed camps, hot beds of demoralization. Their frustration and
despair has driven many of them back across the border with funny
ideas about the working of our democracy, and to the best advanti
coremuni et propaganda machinery.
want the friendship of French engineers, who are just as proud
of their achievements as are ours. How do we go about it?
of our engineers and experts to France. So far, so good - but
the same token we swamp the press with releases about the
know-how" domino,: over to show them (stupid) how to do things correct
ly. The same applies to British textile experts and many others.
d of tactfully calling it "exchange of experience
on our superiority and provoke undue resentment,
must insist
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To tight our
emy,, World aosaunism
ta'bs^ this tight,. dollars and arms are not on
need is an apotheosis of democracy, a democracy based
only on Jeffersonian rinciples, but tactfully explained, acceptable,
understood and fanatically professed by all nations of the free world
a de sooraoy tactfully presented to each nation in a carefully pr
way. we have to base our approach on individual research oV their
present and historical development, their different ways
nking
code proven excellent at tsome may work well in one
foreign country, but can defeat our purposes in
closer cooperaati
h resident experts from these nations would be
a good way of checking these Individual reactions, which are so vital
for us to discover* And here again we should not use experts burden-
d by a scig-za political career, or stubborn defenders of unchangeable
d old times". W o must select those who know how to appreciate t
present proble.me and the psychological dhangos accrued in those nations
due to the war and recent political developments.
Our sacred goal must be to gent all our friends behind the basic
morals of democracy, behind slogans which will be understood and
f*sught for by entire peoples of the free world. What we lack
desperately need Is the enthusiasm of the masses and their be
that when aak1bg for a free world, for a free Europe Including Csochow
aalovaaldiats dungry, find--ott er oppressed nations, they are fighting for
principles imperative for their own. preservation.
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