SOVIETS TO THE WEST: TRADE, YES; IDEOLOGY, NO THANKS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 227
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 7, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 8, 1972
• Content Type: NSPR

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
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0
Aoweitsi to the Wet: tir,Ade, _ e@
?
By Leo Gruliow eolog 9 no thanks.
Staff correspondent of -
The Christian Science Monitor unlikely to blossom, and tne project was
? dropped. American newspaper editors asked
?
Moscow the right of free sale of some of their papers
Heads of state from abroad, foreign min- in Moscow on a reciprocal basis ? Soviet
isters, and international businessmen have newspapers circulate freely in the United
; been streaming into Moscow this year as States ? and were turned clown.
An occasional limited exchange of individ-
ual articles occurs, as well as a government-
approved exchange of stage perforrners. But
the exchange which overshadows all today is
in the realm of science, technology and
business.
Even here, ideological rivalry turns up.
The American-Sbviet Joint Committee on
Environmental Protection recently adopted a
program of 30 shared projects. The American
co-chairman,..Russell E. Train, spoke at a
press conference after a field trip around the
Soviet Union. That same day, Kommunist
magazine went to press with an article by the
soviet co-chairman, academician Eugene
Fedorov.
rarely before. Cultural and scientific ex-
changes have been equally lively.
But in all this flowering of peaceful co-
existence, there is one aspect of foreign
contact that remains barred. It is ideological
exchange.
Vadim K. Sobakin, a young professor of
jurisprudence, spelled out the Soviet stand in
New Times magazine this week.
The policy of peaceful co-existence, he
said, aims at preventing war and subversion
and at encouraging contact, but does not deny
the existence of 'Continuing ideological war-
fare. Westerners who think that only Pravda
deals in ideology are nurturing an illusioh, he
declared, citing not only the existence of
STATI NTL
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, which The first questions put to Mr. Train from
broadcast to Eastern Europe and the Soviet American reporters were -about whether
Union, but also ? out of context ? columnist America is not more sophisticated than the
James Reston's critical view of the use of Soviet Union in, matters of pollution. Mr.
media in the American elections. Train said he thought America had the edge.
Mr. Sobakin warned that the Communist Mr. Fedorov's article stressed what he
bloc must be vigilant against ideological considered- communism's superior capacity
Infiltration through exchanges of people and to cope with environmental problems and
Information, referred to the rapacity of capitalism as a
When Americans think of exchange of cause of the spread of world pollution.
Ideas, they are apt to conceive of it as ideally Scientists and businessmen, however, can
a free and untrammeled flow. The Soviet agree to disagree on the merits of their
Union encourages cultural exchange, but respective societies and then go on about
insists that it be carefully regulated. their work in harmony, which is what Messrs.
The desire of Western countries to enlarge Train and Fedorov did. But the Soviet Union
the exchange of people, ideas, and informa- considers journalists, writers, and even art-
tion and the Soviet Union's firm refusal to ists "ideological," and here the attitude is
"open the borders" to unrestricted ex- that "never the twain shall meet."
changes are likely to clash at the preliminary
The businessmen and technicians are apt to
meeting for the European security conference.
provide the real exchange of ideas in the
This meeting, which opens in Helsinki Nov. future. So if you are planning to start a
22, is to draft the agenda for the conference, journal of cultural exchange, make it a
Mr. Sobakin accuses the NATO countries of magazine of science, technology, or trade,
planning to demand concessions from the where hard self-interest dictates cooperation
Communist lands in order to "open the on bot si es.
borders" to "monstrosities of bourgeois culture , In the meantime, you can enjoy the Balshrai
and misinformation.
Ballet in New York and the New York City
Ballet in Moscow ? as long as they don't
Magazine project dropped tangle with conflicting social or political
A decade ago, when cultural exchanges ideas.
were new, Americans placed high hopes on
them as meeting grounds for divergent
ideas. At. that time a New York publisher
planned to issue a magazine to print, side by
side, the the contrasting views of Soviet and
American writers about the problems of their
respective societies.
But it soon became apparent that the hope
of. an unit;1015cidifeitinFto 1?Relleages2 0 01 /03/04 : tiA-RDP80-01601 R001100070001-5
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- 4 OCT 1972
Putting Down
By CiEenciE MELLOAN
When the United States mined North Viet-
'nam's harbors last spring, putting several
Russian ships in some jeopardy, a key ques-
tion was whether Russian leaders would call
off their May summit meeting with. President
Nixon.
The fact that they did not suggested that
the Soviet leaders wanted the summit badly
enough to ignore the mining, after some rela-
tively mild protestations. What was not so
well known was why.
' The Soviet leaders were presumed to be
concerned about the U.S. overtures toward
Russia's big neighbor, China. Leonid Brezh-
'ley also was said to yearn for a place in his-
tory as a peacemaker.'
These speculations may have had some va-
lidity but hindsight now suggests another rea-
son which could Well have been the most im-
portant of all: The Soviet leaders may have
wante.d the summit for the simplest of all pos-
sible reasons?the knowledge that they would
need 'U.S. food to tide them over an impend-
ing crop failure. This interpretation offers
somewhat less promise for future improve-
ment in U.S.-Soviet relations than did some of
the earlier appraisals. Also, some of the ear-
lier, hopeful interpretations have been tar-
nished by a post-summit wave of official re-
pression inside the Soviet Union.
The Polities of Food
Well-fed Americans can easily underesti-
'mate the importance that food production has
for a Soviet regime. That nation of some 240
million people seldom has a comfortable mar-
?gin of food production, and agricultural fail-
-tire and political turmoil have been closely
linked throughout Russian history. Starvation
and violent repression went hand in hand in
the Stalinist 1030s. Nikita Khrushchev was
blamed for the 1903 crop failures when he was
toppled in 1964. No Soviet regime?or for that
matter any regime anywhere?feels comfort-
able with, hunger. And with the Canadian and
Australian grain crops heavily committed,
the Russians may have foreseen that the U.S.
might be their only certain source for very
large prospective needs.
Now that $1. billion in U.S. grain has bailed
the Soviet leaders out of their immediate food
difficulties, another question arises: Could
Nixon, Kissinger & Co. have driven a far
harder bargain, not only on grain but on the
more important issue of strategic arms limi-
tation? Could they have gotten stronger So-
viet support far a Vietnam peace settlement?
And a further question, from a few Ameri-
cans who have contacts with the Russian po-
litical underground?could President Nixon
have used his advantage (which they claim
-was substantial) to relieve some of the bur-
dens of the Russian people?
There is no simple answer to these ques-
tions, hilt, as a starting point, it is unlikely
. that the Nixon team knew as much as the
' Russians knew in May of the difficulties that
would eventually wipe out some 30% of this
year's Russian grain crops, according to pres-
. . . . ? ' lieved. .
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issent in
eat estimates. U.S. weather satellites can
monitor growing conditions in the Soviet
Union and other satellite devices may offer
even more precise means for monitoring So-
Viet crops. But satellites cannot measure such
problems as bureaucratic bungling, tractor
parts shortages or footdragging among dis-
contented farm workers. Further, there were
expectations until very recently that a good
spring wheat harvest in the virgin lands of
Central Asia would offset some of the crop
losses that occurred earlier this year in the
Ukraine. But only in recent days has it be-
come evident that an early rain and snowfall
will diminish the virgin lands crops as well.
A case could be made that a tougher U.S.
stance at the summit would eventually have
exposed the weakness of the Soviet. position.
But it should be kept in mind that President
Nixon's bargaining position was riot rock solid
either. He was under strong election year
pressure from war critics; he needed some-
thing to placate restive farmers.
While it is not entirely idle to hash over the
questions of what might have been, the really
Important issue is what might still be in the
U.S.-Soviet relationship. And to answer that
question an examination of the 'Soviet Union's
internal political situation is of some value.
The .salient fact is that the Soviet people
appear to be experiencing a new wave of offi-
cial repression which got underway last win-
ter but has become particularly severe since
the summit.
Communist Party idealogue Mikhail A.
Suslov, who had delivered the coup de grace
to Khrushchev's era in 1964, helped launch the
post-summit offensive. Ile declared that the
West was seeking to "implant in our society
poisonous seeds? which he described in some
detail in that special language of the Soviet
catechism.
Some of the repressive measures have
made the world press. For example, Pyittr
Yakir, a 49-year-old historian who has been a
prominent champion of civil rights, was jailed
in late June for allegedly passing "anti-Soviet
propaganda" to Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty. And., of course, the August 3
edict by the Soviet government, requiring pro-
spective emigrants to pay an expensive head
tax before being allowed to leave, represented
a significant hardening of the official position
towards Soviet Jews seeking to emigrate to
Israel and other lands.
Other measures are described by Ameri-
cans who have been in recent touch with Rus-
sian dissidents. They say that closer restric-
tions on travelers, both foreign and Russian,
were applied in June, with five-day limits
placed on visits by foreigners to some cities
and closer questioning of travelers about who
they planned to talk with or visit.
According to these reports there also have
been numerous arrests of dissidents in the
more restive non-Russian republics, particu-
larly the Ukraine and Lithuania. And a purge
of the Communist Party appeared to be in the
works in June with a demand that members
must turn in their party cards so that mem-
bership could be reviewed and new cards is-
sued. One party directive complained that too
many party members were being seen in
church.
A few dissidents have simply been ex-
pelled from the country. One of them, who
prefers not to be identified, said recently in a
private interview with an American that he
regards the present situation as more serious
and ominous than anything that has hap-
pened since Stalin. "The prisons are filling
and the mental asylums are overflowing," he
is quoted as saying by his interviewer. "All
my friends are now in prison or have served
time or they are passing time in mental asy-
lums.''
A Struggle for Power?
The interpretation this young man places
on the events he describes is that the KGB,
the Soviet Union's security police organiza-
tion, has grown in strength and is vying ac-
tively for political power with both the party
and the military. It is demonstrating its
power not only through a Stalinist style crack-
down on dissidents hut in other ways, ho
claims. Last autumn, for example, the KGB
incorporated into its ranks the regular police,
or militia, which handles routine police work
such as. arresting drunks or breaking up
fights. Further, the KGB has been conducting
an active recruiting pro,gram in factories and
is having more success at its recruiting than
is the Konsomol, or youth branch of the party.
The reports of ekpelled dissidents nor-
mally have a high emotional content and thus
such judgments must be regarded with sonic
skepticism. But- such sources sometimes are
in a better position to know and report what is
really happening inside the Soviet Union than
Western journalists, whose contacts and ac-
tivities are restricted and monitored with
some efficiency.
If nothing else, the reports serve to remind
Westerners that the Soviet Union is not really
a monolith. Popular disaffection towards the
government is widespread. Ethnic conflicts
between the predominant Russians and such
national groups as the Ukrainians, Georgians,
Tatars, Uzbeks, Lithuanians and others smol-
der just below the surface. Ukrainian nation-
alism, which has been flaring up in recent
years, might even have had something to do
with the harvest difficulties.
The ;population. is kept under control
through government administration of travel
and residence permits, job assignments and
? the various other levels that stem from near-
total government control of the nation's eco-
nomic life. Ultimately, of course, there is the
secret pollee.
Events have shown that this type of politi-
cal system is never as stable as it sometimes
seems to those on the outside who know noth-
ing of its internal tensions and stresses. It
may well be true that a struggle is taking
place between the party and the KGB. There
is a historical precedent. Only tile quick, conn
bined action of Politboro party stalwarts pre-
vented Secret Police Chief Lavrenti Bevis
from seizing power after the death of Stalin:
if Nikita Khrushchev's account can be be?
COntinued
Al% wed For R lease 2001/031044. i.iycia-REIPAIrEili6,
.0 0 AUG 1972
Radio CIA rosearthes esplonage.
? The researchers exclude, as far
I ?
? - as possible, "refugees or immi-
grants who have made a psycho-
logical break with the thinking of
their compatriots,"
. The "samples consist wholly or
ahnost wholly" of such nationals
? as are planning to. return to their
native countries.l'
. This concentration on nationals
" who will return home, rather than
those who have 'gone West' in
more ways than one, offers the
ivospeet not ...only of relevant
- ? of-Anion research .but. God willing,
. of subversion and espionage. ".
The problem of organizing these
surveys about the CIA radios!
:effectiveness is tricky.
Those who are to be interviewed
Id that
cannot, obviously; be to
(W57.1/
By ERIK BERT
One of the problems confronting
sales managers is how the product.
they are peddling is.being receiv-
.?eZI. To that end market research
has bei concocted, a perversion
of psychology, sociology,: and
.statistics.
The Central Intelligence Agency`
. has a similar prohlem with its
" product, the propaganda it directs
at the Soviet Union and the other
socialist countries through Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Europe.
The critical question for the
CIA is how well it is- succeeding
-in its attempts at subversion.
,To, this end Radio Free Eur-
ope's Audience and Public 0pin-
ion in Mu-
nich developed a methodology for
assessing , East European public
opipion. ?
. This is described in the study of
RFE which the Library of Con-
gress produced for the U.S. Senate
Foreign Relations Committee
earlier this year.
The "market" being surveyed
to enlighten the CIA consists of
.. the 200,000 or so East Europeans
who visit Western Europe each.
year :as tourists, visitors, com-
mercial travelers, or sportsmen.
From among these some 6,500 to
7,000 are interviewed, some 1,000
or more each from Czechoslovak:
ia, Hungary, Poland and Romania,
. and fever than 1,000 from Bul-
garia.:
?
they are being interviewed for the
Central Intelligence Agency.
Therefore, the "interviews are
'conducted by independent re-
search organizations under 'con-
tract to Radio Free Europe."
The "respondents are said to be
unaware of the EWE (let 'alone,
the CIA--EB) sponsorship of the
interviews." "
These "research" institutions
are not so "independent" that they
disdain working for U.S.. intelli-
gence. -
The research institutions used
?
?
mdrkc-Yat
by the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy's Radio Free Europe ? include,
according to the Library of Con-
gress study:
INTORA Opinion .Research
Institute, Vienna.
A.I.M. Market Research In-
stitute. Copenhagen.
A.I.M. Market Research In-
stitute, Stockholm. ?
William Schlackman Psycholo-
gical Research. London.
Sales Research Services. Lon-
don.
SOFRES Opinion Research
Institute. Paris.
COFREMCA Opinion Research
Institute. Paris.
Vandoros. Athens. --
? The Library of Congress study
includes tabular - material .show-
ing the composition of the persons
intervigwed in 1970, by occupa-
tion, sex, atg.e. and by party prefer-
ence. . .
It. is impossible to say how
legitimate these ? figures are.,
They do show either a predomin--
ance of non-Communists among
those visiting Western Europe or
- a very low proportion of Commu-
nists talking to the CIA's "inde-
pendent" researchers, or both.
The political orientation- of
those interviewed Samples in 170.
were,:. ?
'Czechoslovakia
Hungary ."
Poland
Romania.
Communist .
3 .
5
3
. 11
Democratic
Socialist
41'
- 35
37
?
Christian
Democratic
26
.27 ,
.36
23
Peasant
6
j3
6
8
National
Conservative
7
2
13
Other and
.no answer
17
13.
15
8
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DAILY WORLD
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ISIDRENCP1.601
Contials ada r3" mthon agOr?[
d
says, "it is safe assumption
that Contaet between that (Cen-
Jral intelligence) Agency and
Free Europe. Inc.. was probably
a major function of the Free Eu-
rope Inc. corporate headquarters."
located in New York.
The boards of Radio- Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty. the Li-
brary of 'Congress study said,
"are comprised of citizens of
considerable prominence?men
who have ready access to leading
business and political circles in
the United States, and who do not
hesitate to' make use of this ac-
cess 'when the interests of the
corporation so demand.''
We can confidently expect. on
the basis of past experience, that
the shift in funding o Congress
will not affect Radio Free Eu- -
rope's outlook. In fact, the Free
Ettrnpe Inc,? board of directors
used to 'rely .on RFE's Munich
headquarters in the past to carry
through 'the basic subversion and
espionage for which it was or-
ganized. ? .
"Trust and confidence in REF.','s
management and procedures"
formed the basis of the relation-
.
ship. - .
The degree of -confidence of
. the Central Intelligence Agency.
and the Free Europe Inc. board
of directors in their West Ger-
.man headquarters was evident in
? the fact that. a the Library of
Congress study puts it. "Radio
Free Europe management in Mu-
nich enjoys a near-total autonomy
- in decision-making" "in the con-
duct of its daily broadcasts."
Radio Liberty enjoyed a
simi-
lar degree of independence.
"It seems to have a wide range
1. of independence from the Execu-
tive Branch," "its operating poli-
-des seem to he generated _with-
in the organization and not neces-
l?-'sarily dictated by an outside au-
thority"---like the CIA?accord-
ing to the Library of Congress.
This independence did not in-
vite divergence. Rather, Radio Li-
berty's independence was based
on its having the same anti-social-
ist, . anti-Soviet, espionage ob-
jectives as it "sponsor," the CIA.
In baking over the funding of
- Radio Free Europe and. Radio
? Liberty, Congress has not Laken
poovieirciestl7 determinaLiOn of their
? ?
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9h-Pcrrraaligrauni:Nenil
By ERIK BERT
On 'August 6 the House of Re-
presentatives by a vote of 375 to
7 approved the appropriation of
$38.5 million for the operation of
? Radio Free. Europe and Radio
Liberty througliJune 30, 1973.
? There was a flurry earlier in
the year when Sen. J. W. nil-
bright urged. that the two opera-
tions be phased out as relics of
^ the cold war.
The problem of, giving the two
? radios a. Mr. Clean treatment
was initiated in January, 1971.
according to James' R. Price,
the author of the Library of Con-
gress study of Radio Free Eu-
rope.
?, "Both radios had hitherto osten-
sibly been supported by private
funds but had Qctually been large-
ly .funded by the Central Intelli-
genee Agency."
Without Congressional funding,
and with CIA funding' under a
cloud; the 1,600 employes of Ra-
-dio Free Europe, who carry the
;cold war to Bulgaria,. Czechoslo-
vakia, Hungary, Poland and Ro-
mania, would have had to go on
relief. So, too, would the .1,000
operagves of Radio Liberty whose
cold-war efforts are directed at
the Soviet Union.
The funding has been, shifted,
from the CIA to. Congress, but
there is no evidence that the poli-
tical direction has been shifted.
In fact, the 2,600 operatives are
still devoted to the cold war.
How direction of these enter-
prises was carried through in the
past is not yet public. informa-
tion. Last March 6 Sen. Fulbright
informed his colleagues and the.
members of the House that they
could look at a "brief descrip-?
(ion of the arrangements used by
the executive branch to maintain.
policy control and direction. of
Radio Free, Europe and Radio
Liberty?'
This was on "on. a ? classified
basis only. a restriction insisted
upon by the State Department," ?
Fulbright said.
The secret "brief description"
has not yet found- its way into
Jack Anderson's syndicated col-
umn or Pentagon-style Papers.
The Library of Congress study
of RFE, introduced into the Con-
gressional Record' 'of March- 6;
?
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imigrwitlimito go1pp97OOOl-5
AUGUST 1972
TO THE REVIEW:
?Thank you for the latest in the
continuing series of Darts you have
been shooting at the Newspaper
Guild recently [PASSING COMMENT,
March/April]. ?
I don't know why you found it
purposeful to say that the Guild's
interest in seeking continued fund-
ing for Radio Free Europe "ap?
? pears" to be a hangover from the
days when the Guild itself was in-
? volved in Central Intelligence
Agency funding, when the answer
to our interest appears in the
sentence following that statement:
our interest stems from the interest
of Mt people who will be out of
work if this agency's activities are
,either curtailed or ceased.
That should seem to be justifica-
tion enough, ? except to those who
find some self-serving purpose. in
resurrecting references to incidents
which still have to be proved.
CHARLES A. PERLIK, JR.
President 1
The Newspaper Guild
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1 Ill]
.c?Lio
1:1;
'!15rrn r.0-1
BY m rKE JAN:
-,LraraSSIACCET:PFAILtil2:21.1WIA:th.120,-. ?
? Rhodesia in but as u)
The International Olympic Committee has responded
?to. the demands of the Supreme African Sports Council
that racist Rhodesia be barred from competing at the
Munich Games by ruling that the Rhodesian athletes
can compete . . . but as British subjects. . -?
The controversy over Rhodesia's participation threatened to throW
.a huge monkey wrench into the Olympics at Munich later this month.
Independent African nations threatened to boycott the Games and,
the Supreme Council issued a call for others to follow suit. Rhode--
sia'.s whi_te minority racist regime is 'an international outlaw, not
recognized`by the United Nations.
But the organizers of the Munich Games invited the Rhodesians
? .to participate as a sovereign state, arousing a storm of protest from
foes of racism the world over. ?
The compromise worked out by the lOC hs been accepted by
the Supreme Council, according to a UPI report from Munich. jean-
:Claude Ganga, general secretary of the African group, is quoted. as
saying?that the Supreme Council has accepted the IOC's guarantee
that the Rhodesians would participate as "Southern Rhodesia", and
Its athletes identified as "British subjects."
In other Olympic news, .the German Democratic Republic has
announced that it is sending a total of 324 athletes to Munich for the
- Games, competing in 17 of the 21 Olympic events. .
. There is special importance to this news, for the games at Mh-
nich,?in the Federal Republic of Germany, will mark the first time
that a team from the GDR will compete in an Olympics?on absolute-
ly equal footing with other nations.
For the first time in the summer games the athletes will com-
pete under the rightful name of the GDR. under the emblem of the
: socialist state, the national flag and the national anthem of their
country. ?
? At a press conference this week in Berlin, GDR, Dr. Heinz
Schoebel, president of the GDR National Olympic Committee, hailed
the significance of this victory and expressed the hope that the Mu-
nich organizers would. see to it that the rules are adhered to with-
out any disturbances. Munich. of course, is a hotbed of anti-socialist
activities and neo-Nazism. It-is the home of two CIA radio stations
from the U.S., Radio Pree Europe 'and Radio Liberty, and there is
concern that these elements will attempt to disrupt the Games for
their own foul purposes.
!Ting-pong diplomacy", has reached another low. Thailand, which
has become the. main base of. U.S. military might in Indochina, has
, decided to send a table tennis team to Peking fOr a tournament in-
volving countries. .. ?
' ? Having won his 13th game in a row and his 18th oPthe year, Steve
Carlton, pitcher for the, Philadelphia Phillies, is working towards his
- first Cy Young Award and possibly toward MVP .honors in the Na-
ional League.
He should be a contender if he doesn't win another game this
year. Anybody who can win that many games for ?a team as bad as
the Phillies gets My vote. . .
?
Two beautiful penhant.races that didn't figure at the start of the
season are making the American League interesting to watch, for a
change. The Oakland are' finding themselves locked in battle with
the Chicago 'White Sox, 'of all, people, in the West, and there's a
? four-way battle in the East among the Tigers, Orioles, Yankees and ?
App roveckfor. Rileaser2001d0M4ayOK-REIP80 -QUO RG01100070001-5
taking the New York sports page he-ndlines away from the Mets. I
figure they'll win the ,pennant, pick up a huge New York. following,
Approved For Release 200i1g316P. ?tgek4RDP8 S T
1 I AUG 1972
Soviet Asks U.N...to Bar
intrusion by SaicEllteTV
By HEDRICK SMITH ?
? ' speeat to 'rat
New York Times ? ?
banned. In case of violations,
the Soviet proposal would
grant the aggrieved nation the.
right of unspecified counter-
measures. "-
The Soviet proposal was seen
as an effort to head off future
use by such ideological rivals -
as the United States or China.
of satellite relay systems to.
beam television programs di-
rectly to the sets of . private
Soviet viewers.
Scientists have .written that
transmission by satellite to
home television screens is tech-
nically feasible, but such ? a.
system has yet to be put in
operation anywhere.
The Soviet Union, which.
seeks to control carefully the
flow of information to its
people, currently . jams such
foreign radio broadcasts as
Russian-language transmissions
of the Voice ? of America and
MOSCOW, Aug. 10?The So-
Viet Hnion today proposed- an
'international convention to pre-
vent nations from directing
'television broadcasts from sat-
ellites to private homes in other
'countries without the countries'
express consent.
The. 'Soviet press agency,
Tam made public the proposal,
which was formally submitted
by letter two days ago by For-
eign Minister Andrei A. Gro-
myko to Secretary General
Waldlieim of th United -Na-
.
tionst
Mr: Gromyko's letter request-
ed that the. Soviet proposal and
draft convention be submitted'
to the 27th General Assembly
of the United Nations this fall.
ACcording to the Soviet draft,
broadcasts beamed into a' for-
eign country without its au-
thorization. would represent
nterf erence in a state's inter-
1 ff ' 1 11 b
Radio Liberty, Making reception
quite difficult in heavily popu-
lated regions and major cities.
Technically, it would be rela-
tively easy to jam satellite
transmissions too.
Soviet access to foreign
newspapers is also tightly reg-
ulated. Only limited numbers of ?
Western newspapers are per-
mitted into the country, for,
purchase by resident or visiting
foreigners, or for closely con-
trolled circulation to Soviet edi-
tors or other trusted members
of the Establishment:
Despite the jamming and the
censorship, however, many Rus-
sians privately report that they
listen of foreign broadcasts
and, even now in Soviet Es-
tonia, private citizens can pick
up Finnish television. But the
Prospect that this practice
might spread and reach the
large majority of Soviet people
evidently disturbs the Kremlin.
Mr. Gromyko's covering let-
ter. aaid that the proposed con-
vention on satellite relays was
"necessary to protect the 'sov-
ereignty of states against any
outside interference and pre-
vent the turning of direct tele-
vision broadcasting into a
source of international 'con-
flicts and agera.vation of rela-
tions between states."
? Specifically, the Soviet pro-
posal would commit signatory
nations not to transmit via
satellites "materials propagan-
dizing ideas of war, militarism,
Nazism, national and racial
hatred and enmity between peo-
ples, and equally, material of
immoral or provocative nature
or otherwise aimed at interfer-
ence in internal affairs of other
states or :their foreign policy."
Among particular categories
to be recognized as unlawful
were programs "containing pro-
paganda of violence," horrors,
pornography and. use of nar-
cotics" and thase "undermining
the principles of local civiliza-
tion, culture, everyday life, tra-
dition and language," and those
"representing misinformation of
.1
the population on that or other:
questions."
One article appeared to give
countries the right to jam elec-
tronically satellite -relay trans-
missions and to interfere ac-
tively with foreign satellitess:
used to relay objectionable ma-
terial. It granted them the righti
to ."use measures within their:
reach" to counteract unlawfuli
transmissions "not only on their
territory but in outer space and
other places outside the bounds"
of their own territory. ?
Other provisions called for
cooperation between nations on.
technical matters as distribu-
tion of frequencies, elimination
of interference with sea and.
air transport, and copyright of;
television broadcasts,
The prominent publicity given
the Soviet proposal in the con--
trolled media here today suggest
that Moscow was planning a
major campaign at the 'United
Nations sessiion this fall for
some restrictions on satellite-
relayed television broadcasts
even if it had little hope for
such a strict ban as the one
proposed today.
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WASHINGTON POST
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8 AUG 1972
'
9
C'
STATINTL ?
By Richard L. Lyons
Weshington Post Star C Wxiter
' The House rebelled against the widows are almost desti-
? being told to vote on 24 bills Jute. The bill also permits jus-
yesterday and after a series of
tmes t
h in the future o contrib?
alf-hour roll calls persuaded ., ?
the. leadership to quit after tit. to funcfs to provide for
only six had been taken up their widows.
and passed, * Make it a federal crime to
Yesterday was one of two murder, kidnap, or harass a
days this month when the foreign official in this country.
liouse under its rules can pass It was approved, 380 to 2, and.
non-controversial bills under a sent to the Senate.
usually quick procedure that.
*
permits only 40 minutes' -
Authorize $28.5 million to
de
finance activitic..s . Radio
bate and no amendments, and
requires a two-thirds vote to Free Europe and Radio Lib-
pass.
erty this year. The Senate-
The other Monday for sus- passed bill was sent to the
pending the rules will be lost White Irmise bY a vote of
375 to 7. Until last year the
to the recess for the A Ug. 21-23
stations,which broadcast to
Republican National Conven?
Eastern Europe and the Soviet
tion. In an effort to clear away
much work as possible, Union, had been financed by
as
Home leaders put every avail. Central intelligence Agency
able minor bill on yesterday's and private funds.
schedule. * Extend for two years the
But for various reasons, in- period in which federal funds
eluding members' resentment will pay the first S25:000
al. being being asked to ram through cation costs for persons whose
24 bills .in one sitting after a property is taken for a federal
leisurely schedule of 31/2-day project, The bill, which had
weeks most of the session, the passed the Senate in different
attempt didn't work. Conserva-!form, was approved 374 to 10.
lives demanded roll call votes
.on- every bill, includim../ onr. o Permit employees of non-?
that passed by a vote of 380 to profit hospitals to use machin-
2. At 6:30 p.m., the leadership erY of the National Labor
Be-
gave up and adjourna lations Board to obtain recog-
The six bills would: nition of their unions. Most
hospital strikes have been '
0 Imrease from $5,000 to caused. not by disagreements
$10,000 a year pensions for the over. wages but over whether
six widows of Supreme Cowl- the hospital would recognie:
justices. The bill, which the workers bargaining unit.
passed 280 to 97 and has been It WaS sent to the Senate by a
approved by the Senate in clif- t of 285 to 95,
ferent form, was drafted after
reports that one or more of 6 Strengthen administration ?
of a law requiring that em-
ployees of .a company holding
a government service contract,
such as a laundry servicing a
military base, be paid the pre-
vailing .wage and fringe bene-
fits in the locality. The bill is.
more specific enforce-
ment direetives to the Labor
? ,Department, which the House
.14_1(itication and Labor Comtnit-
?
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- the senate by n vote of 2.74 to
103.
. STATINTL
AugAPPYPY9912F0r Itc0fIWERVOItrficW-PFP/9179itz,
HR. 12308 Establishes a National Institute
on Aging.
15.14. 12325 Provides homemaking and eon-
sumer education assistance for the elderly.
H.R. 13128 Updates pensions for World
War I veterans and widows.
HR. 14077 Provides for voluntary employ-
ment programs for older persons.
H. Res. 124 Establishes a Select Committee
on the Aging to study problems and
needs of the elderly.
S. 1103 Provides ?increases in the field of
nutrition, education, and low-cost meals for
the aged.
FEDERAL HELP FOR CITIZENS'
GROUPS
?
HON. JONATHAN II. 13INGHAII
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, August 4, 1972
?
Mr. BINGHAM, Mr. Speaker, inci-
dents of crime have increasingly marred
the daily lives". of all Americans. Effec-
.tive measures to forestall the rate of
crime must be given the fullest attention
of Congress. On successful method has
been the?formation of citizen groups to
patra their own communities.
have recently received a petition from
New York City residents supporting
H.R. 12262, the Citizen Anticrime Patrol
Assistance Act which I originated and
have introduced in the House, This legis-
lation would- provide Federal assistance
to citizens' self-helli organizations for
their efforts to curb crime and restore
peace to neighborhoods. Such assistance
could be used for the formation of crime
wateh patrols and the coordination of
escort services to help residents reach
their hoes Safety. The assistance under
tins bill is not intended to fight crime
through the use of guns and strong-arm
methods. Instead, it would deter the oc-
currences of crime by the interested pres-
ence of organized residents. I have pre-
viously provided a detailed description of
the 'purposes and provisions of the Citi-
zen Anticrime Patrol Assistance Act on
December 13,1972 at pages 1112391-12292
of the REcos.D.
I am particularly pleased to submit
for the Recoil') the following petition
signed by 65 residents of the 23d Con-
gressional District which I have the
honor to represent as an indication of
Popular support for legislation of this
kind.
The petition follows:
Baorrx, N.Y., March 7, 1972.
Mr. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
Congressman 23d District,
Bronx, N.Y.
DEAR SIR: We the citizens of the Bronx and.
other Boroughs hearledly endorse your pro-
posal to enact legislation to obtain "Federal
Funds" to finance a "safe street" program
whereby, citizens could have street protec-
tion and escort services in hallways and
stairs. Especially senior citizens who are
afraid to go out evenings to churches etc.,
and especially in high crime areas' we. are,
also opposed to funds being used for guns or
any form of weapons or transportation.
Please accept the following signatures to
back-up our sentiments:
SIGNED DY 65 NEW YORK RESIDENTS.
Rev. S. A.. Allen, Carolyn Allen, Geneva
Walker, Rosetta Grover, V. M, Fred Allbrit-
ton, David Tuckcy, Jesse Tuckey, Dorothy
Gray, Katie Williams, William Kitt.
Venus Price, Wayne Nerds, Paul Neal, Mrs.
Charlie Mae Luckey, Mrs. Audrey Williams,
Annie Slaten, Edith Wingate, Ethelise Wil-
liams, Mrs. Kupert P. Bowman, Samuel Scott,
Mrs. Louise Kitt, Chirlie lIasel, Kattie
Williams, Barbara Slate?, Lillie Greene,
Donald Smith, Wally Slater, Latirene Gruleb,
Jasper Williams, Essio Bowman,
Mrs. Brenda Furniye, Mr. Buster Lee
Funny?, Mr. and Mrs. S. Sussman, Sonnie
Wisie, Mrs. P. Glastern, Julius Glastern, H.
K. Kroniss, Hyacinth A. Davis, M.D., Carmen
Ortiz, William Smith,
Carrie Bradley, R. Hedman, A. W. Madden,
C. Lipschitz, Joanne Goluck, Ana Rodriguez,
S. Ciolafede, S. Bernstein, J. Finan, Mrs. Gera
? Northern,
Barnet Sharron, Julie Kaplan, M. Syloette,
Josephine Syloette, Brenda Robinson, Juan
Rivera, Millie Santos, Goofy Velez, A.
V. Brathwaite,
R. Arum, Chris Fargo, Juan Ruiz, Ruben
Stewart, Seymour Clark; Mr. Morris, Luis
Magdanela, J. Toben, M. Schneider,
John Argot, W. Glazer, A. Hornstein, B.
Glazer, Henri and Gladys Vilarie, John
Henry Snow, Tassas Deellhos, W. Samborg.
A FRESH LOON. AT RADIO LIBERTY
AND RADIO FREE- EUROPE
HON.. I1ENJAEIIN S. ROSENTHAL
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE or REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 7, 1972
Mr. mosENTnAL, Mr. Speaker, I
voted today to approve the interim ex-
tension of financing for -Radio Liberty
and Radio Free Europe. I did this with
some serious reservations about the wis-
dom of continued official American sup-
port for these stations which broadcast
to the Soviet Union and to .the other
eastern European countries, respectively.
This reservation stems from the earlier
clandestine American involvement in
supporting these broadcasts, through the
Central Intelligence Agency. With the
exposure of that suppOrt, which was done
without congressional authorization,
must come a new status for these sta-
tions. Radio Liberty and Radio Free Eu-
rope should either continue to receive
official American support under appro-
priate fiscal and policy controls?in
which case they probably should be in-
corporated into Voice of America pro-
graming?or they should be fully inde-
pendent of official support and control.
Giving mine support without public
controls is wrong; duplicating Voice of
America broadcasting. through Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty is waste-
ful; and trying t& maintain the fiction
that we Can officially fund private attacks
on other governments while trying to
imi?.?ove relations with those govern-
ments is foolish.
I support this interim program with
the understanding that the study of
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
which we authorize with that support
will yield a prompt solution to the pres-
ent anomalous status of these. stations.
cram- zs E7331'
FDA BAN OF DES TARDY AND
INADEQUATE
? 1-10N. L. II. FOUNTAIN.
OF NORTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 7, 1072
Mr. FOUNTAIN. Mr. Speaker, last
Wednesday the Food and Drug Adminis-
tration announced that it has taken ac-
tion to ban the use of diethylstilbestrol?
DES?as a growth stimulant in animal
feeds. In explaining the basis for this
action, FDA Commissioner Charles C.
Edwards said that new scientific data
developed by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture?USDA casts serious doubt
on FDA's ability to set rules for the use
of DES in animal feed that will assure
against residues remaining in animal
livers. Thus, the United States has now
taken steps to join 21 other countries in
banning the use of this cancer-promoting
drug in tile production of meat.
I am pleased that FDA has finally
faced up to its responsibility for enforc-
ing the law, but this action is Jong over-
due. It was required many months ago
when it became clearly evident that the
use of DES in livestock feeding could
hot be controlled.
Although FDA has finally halted the
manufacture of DES for feeding pur-
poses, I find it indefensible that Com-
missioner Edwards is permitting the con-
tinued shipment and use of feed mixes
containing DES until January 1,1972. If
the law re.quires FDA "to discontinue
approval for use of the chemical in ani-
mal feed," as Commissioner Edwards
sttited in his news release', I do not know
the source of his legal authority for sanc-
tioning the continued interstate ship-
ment of DES mixes. Both the wisdom and
the legality of permitting. a 5-month
phaseout period for a product which
can no longer be legally manufactured
must be seriously questioned. There is
no justification, in my opinion, for ex:-
posing the public another 5 months to
drug. which is known to be a potent
,/cancer-promoting substance and which
FDA now acknowledges cannot be kept
out of the liver we eat.
The Commissioner's statement that.
DES has been used in the feed of cattle
and sheep for nearly two decades "with-
out a single known instance of human
harm" is not very reassuring. As the
Commissioner surely knows, it is virtually
impossible to prove in this tune period
that. small amounts of any carcinogen,
no matter how potent, have harmed
humans, because cancers in man may not
'become apparent until decades after the
exposure has taken place. 1,1-ore:iver,
there is no available scientific method
for demonstrating that a very widely
used carcinogen, such as DES in livestock
feed, is or is not the causative agent for
any form of cancer which develops in
man.
What we do know is that DES, which
has long been known to cause cancer in
numerous species of experimental ani-
mals, was associated for the first time
last year with human cancer. Medical
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411
? .1.
10 0 ?
auive
.des.11.-nt
,
0
'. By Donald R. Morris
Post INIewl AnAlyst
? Radio Free Europe, broadcasting into
East Europe, and Radio Liberty, broad.:
casting into the Soviet Union, are safe.-
. -- ?
for another year. . .... .
-. ?..
Sep. J. W. Fulbright's attempt to,
choke them has been beaten down. (In.
view of ihe measure of senatorial sup--..
pOrt they received, "crushed down''-
might be it better term.)
... ,
? The Radios were started in 1950 by the.
United States government.. Wishing ,to.
/conceal its hand, the 'government mad,
use of the nascent CIA to establish and
fund them; which the agency ably did,
. The rationale was only partly the desire'
to achieve plausible denial?after all, the
government was overtly broadcastinf
much the same sort ,of material on the
Vice .of America. 'Far more important
was the fact that the potential audience.
would be much more receptive to mate-
rial. emanating front a "private" enter-
prise than it would be to official broad-
casts from a foreign government .it re-
garded with some hostility.
This was?and is?a perfectly work-
able device. The sponsorship of the Ra-
dios didn't fool the KGB, which
promPtly set up a clamor, and it didn't
so Much fool as lull the audience; the
object was to get people behind the Iron
Curtain to listen to the news, 7t,1 d start-
ing broadcasts with "This is the United
States government speaking" simply set
the red lights flashing. .
There was newr a deliberate attempt
to fag. the American public after the
first few years, when private funds were
solicited through commercial advertise-
ments in President Eisenhower's name..
By the. time of the Hungarian revolt in
1956, the Radios'. tattered virginity could
not be patched and ihe effort was aban-
doned; by the 1960s .their continued exis-
tence as "private" -enterprises resem-
ibalVAPidd irilg. Reittige/901/03/04 .. CIA7RDP80-01601 R001100070001 -5
STATI NTL
c#41-siP*RDP80-01601
Sen. Cli.fforcl Case, offended hy
anamoly, tried to make honest stations
out of the Radios in 1971, by excising I he
?
CIA funding duct ?and replacing it With
direct congreSsional appropriations. This
would have destroyed what little plau-
sible denial the Radios still pos-
sessed--and be it i'6Inembered the plau-
sible denial was designed not for the
American public but for the audience be-
hind the iron Curtain. '
Sen. Fulbright, however, wished to go
further. Abetted by Sen. Mike Mansfield
and Stuart Symington, who, with Sen.
William Proxmire, constitute ?a group
known in. certain governmental ? circles
as 'The Anvil Chorus," he tried to kill
off the Radios, on the grounds that they
antagonized the ruling cliques of total-
itarian states with whom we were at-
tempting to achieve a detente.
The Radios are listened to regularly
by an est boated 300 million people in
Eastern Europe?hall the population
over the age of 14----and very few of
them appear to be antagonized.'
Senatorial reaction?as well as Ameri-
can press comment, which ran 20 to 1. in
favor of the Radios?proved to be more
far-sighted than the Anvil Chorus, The
Radios can now continue, in peace, quiet
and considerably more limelight than
they appreciate, until the next fiscal
year. ? ?
DAILY wRu)
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ele:1,1-4112ogal
STATINTL
. .112adio Liberty's mut.'3-Piteroual subversion
By ERIK BERT
? The New York Times has re-
cently been featuring Lithuania'
in its Moscow dispatches. If a
Lithuanian nationalist belches or
burps you can be certain that the
New: York Times will find out
about it, report it, via under-
ground sources, as a signal of
socialist Soviet Lithuania rising
up against socialism, the Soviet
/Union, Karl Marx and soon.
.There is a parallel between the
Ki New York Times' concern Jor the
Soviet nationalities and that of
the Central Intelligence Agency.
Thus, the CIA's outlet to the
Soviet Union, nadio Liberty, has
a "specialized interest in the
' non-Russian nationalities" in its
. operations, the Library of Con-
gress study of EL reports.
? The ramifications of the CIA's
Radio Liberty operation may be
? judged in part by the fact that
its Nationalities Service broad-
casts in Ukrainian and Byelorus-
sian, both Slavic languages; and
in the following non-Slavic lan-
guages: Armenian, Azerbaijani.
and Georgian: the North Cauca-
sian languages, Adighe, Ayar,
Chechen, ?Karachi, Ossetian, Ta-
tar-Bashkir :and Crimean Tartar;
and the Turkestani languages, Ka-
zakh,. Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen,
. Uighur arid Uzbek, and in Kara-
kaipal. ?
The CIA's "RL regards the na-
tionality question as one that is
and will continue to be a critical
and potentially divisive problem
, of the Soviet system." The tee-
Meal objective of the CIA is -to
get nationalists to "make common
cause with each other outside the
framework of official Soviet po-
licy."
? It attempts to instigate nation-
' alistic antagonism within the So-
viet Union, and to frustrate the
attempt to create, among the
many nationalities that comprise
? the USSR, "a single 'Soviet peo-
ple.'
:
Radio Liberty seeks to stimu-
late "national (nationalistic?EB)
and local interests versus the all-
task of encouraging the national-
The -subtle touch is 'indicated
ities separately. ..against the in a program of Radio Liberty's
centralized regime." Ukrainian-Byelorussian service
The target is the Soviet system - in October, 1971, alleging that the
and the CIA 'therefore "avoids Soviet regime "has allowed pre-
stimulating antagonism among the 1917 national monuments in Bye-
Soviet peoples whatever their na- lorussia to fall into disrepair,
tionality" for such nationalistic while allocating resources for
antagonism would confuse its preserving those of the Bolshevik.
anti-Soviet goals. period."
- To this end, appended to Radio The CIA is promoting the na-
Liberty's Policy Manual is a tionalism angle, also in the arena
of semizdat, that is, the repro-
"series of National Langunge An- of
for each (non-Russian--EB) duction of literature In mimeo-
language service." They provide graph, hectograph, carbon-copy
"specific commentaries on the and other 'underground' 'devices,
unique aspects of broadcasts in including handwritten copies.
the given language" and "deter- RL's Ukrainian broadcasts have
mine for each nationality any spe- been a major vehicle of this na-
cial goals or emphasis, specific tionalist:samizbat.
policy lines, and distinctive audi- The CIA is interested neither
ence characteristics, in a people's language, nor their
"The annexes also state RL's national culture but in anti-Soviet
(that is the Central Intelligence ."political overtones." ?
Agency's?EB) policy lines on any In its broadcasts RL attempts
territorial questions and histori- to create an anti-Soviet front
cal topics of particular import- regardless of origins, "stressing
mice only to the given national
and
For example "M.'s Armenian
broadcasts" purport to defend
the Armenian language against
.--11.ussification," supports "indi-
genous efforts for purification of other Soviet nationalities, Radio
the language," recognizes that Liberty broadcasts in Russian not
"all languages incorporate words only for Russians but because
!The Russian language is the lin-
gua. franca of the Soviet Union
spoken and understood not only
by the Great Russians but also
by many of the other nationali-
ties."
The CIA's nationalistic stance
in respect to languages is totally
unprincipled and, of course, un-
? scrupulous, twisting the issue
whichever way will suit its dis-
ruptive purposes best. -
In the murky waters of nation-
alism, .the CIA casts a benign eye
on even Great Russian chauvin-
ism, on one hand, and Europeani-
zation,. on the other, promoting
impartially what Radio Liberty
calls the "historic conflict be-
tween Slavophiles and Wcsterni-
zers."
Radio Liberty has had problems
Union regime," denouncing "over- question of language, but not to in promoting non-Russian nation-
centralization of state power at do it so violently and antagonis- alism since, as the Library of
the elense of the regions." 1.16 ausaAdeatc[14.:40 stil on RI. reoorts, it
. "concentrates on the immediate to subvert. '
the need for common cause with
Russian disenters and other op-
positional elements in its non-
Russian broadcasts.'.
While decrying the Russian lan-
guag,e in' its broadcasts to th
m e
fro other languages as part of
-
a natural process," accepts "evo-
lutionary trends in the Armenian
language,". but desists from set-
ting itself up as an "arbiter of
good Armenian language or lead-
ing the "campaign for purifica%
lion of the Armenian language."
"The main emphasis of the
(CIA's-----EB) Armenian Service is
on the right of the Armenian
people to use and develop their
language," to determine, "through
changes in accepted usage . . .
the kind of Armenian language
they prefer."
This tortuous policy does not
arise out of concern by the CIA
for the purity or the natural evo-
lution of the .Armenian language.
It is intended rather to stimulate
Armenian nationalism around the
. in t ppromecliEcar Releaser Oa - . b
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By EAII1 BERT
? The Central intelligence Agency
plays a cautious game with idea-
logy, and -ideological struggle, in
deali-ng with the socialist world.
For example, Radio Liberty,
CIA's Soviet-oriented broadcast-
ing system, uses the formula,
"ideologiCal irrelevance of Marx-
ism-Leninism." That is one of the
t "practical themes" in the "im-
mediate objectives" which RI.
pursues "within the larger frame-
work of goals and purposes."
That's the way it's put in the Li-
brary Congress study of Radio
Liberty.
Marxism-Leninism. is the ern-
? bracing ideological superstruc-
ture of the socialist nations. It is
: an instrument for political, eco-
? nomic and social development.
The CIA considers it the better
part of discretion, generally, to
avoid a philosophical confrontation
on this level. For one thing; what
competing package would it pick,
from philosophical wares offered
. in Capitalism's ideology shop?
For another thing, the experi-
ences of the Czechoslovak Spring
in 1933 suggested that there are
better alternatives. The socialism-
with-a-human-face slogan prey-
? ed to be very useful, in encour-
aging -anti-Sovietism?in the name
of socialism. The Prague experi-
ence showed that a section of in-
tellectuals in the socialist world
are suckers for empty declama-
tion.
Under 'normal' circumstances,
the CIA's Radio Liberty "as a
matter of policy . . aoccpts all
Soviet institutions though not its
ideology."
Radio Liberty's IfIfiLPolicy
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undermine Communist idea-
Lao sliewing that it does not
apromote the wellare of. the pco-
pies of' the USSR, trad to show,
that history points toward pro-
grass in freedom of all
"Progress in freedom of all
peoples" is net the progaam, of
course, tlatt th CIA has practic-
ed in Vietnam, in Laos, or Cam:
bfalda. There t etaplimsis has
Leen on ZSEaSSinNiOn.
The Policy 7)-Saitud's propasal
"to eacoarage cnIturai diverity
and freedom of exteher1Z3 of
ideas ant: travel" has also not
ken carried out by the CIA in
L :le china.
The CIA's own "philosophy"
might Le described as pragma-
tism or practicalism. It does not
oven stick. to the "principled"
position that Marxism-Leninism
is "irrelevant."
A different posture is adopted
in the "cross reporting" format
of Radio Free Europe, Under
"cross reporting" technique Ra-
dio Free Europe reports "to each
(socialist) country, developments
in other East European countries,
the USSR, and aniong Commu-
nist parties in the rest of the
world."
The CIA presents its ideas "in
0
{:-'9 (17 ; i' (L.') I
, (f. .,........). ...i*....,. ..., -,.. ,...............,..........-. ..__
.,.1 ... .
t. -s.:;'?-,e.'.-'
---, L.:*--i.i.' ---------:_,-. 1
k i ...-.....:
tt" I 1 ,:.
,
?":---..._.-.._.------u _,--,.-7---;----;"---...--;:
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.--
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-------_:----,--,..? 4.)....,
A41-4:41V,C!!-Pt CO,
mediate objectives:"
17 a
a context which implies that they
are ideologically defensible."
That is, the CIA's propaganda is
presented here as not alien to
Marxism-Leninism.
It is presented as "politically.
practicable (at least in the eyes
of one Communist leadership"
against another Communist Party
leadership. The CIA seeks to
"create hope and interest in the
possibility of change." Finally, it
"eraphasize(s) what East Euro-
peans have in common apart
from (and in contrast to) the So-
viet Union."
RL has a "philosophical ap-
proach." It "appeals to rational-
ism." It would have Soviet citi-
zens believe that its "rational
approach' seeks to overcome the
"monopoly over communications,"
whereas, what it has in mind, is
warfare against Marxism-Lenin-
ism, and the political line of the
Soviet Communist Party.. '
Radio Free EtIrOp, the CIA '
broadcasting, operation aimed at
Buigaaia, Czacia)slovotitia, Hun-
gary, Poland and Romana, has
pursued the campaign against
Marxism-Leninisrn. in the guise of
a defense of scientific advance..
The. "campaign for ideological
purity" in "socialist societies''
has "always proven a hindrance
to the improvement of living
standards in keeping with the
possibilities now available through
technology," the Library of Con-
gress study of RYE says.
The broadcasts beamed at Bul-
garia for example, concentrated
on the following:
"The neati for raore freedom of
iuforrnatitahiDal:I-aria."
"The need for less emphasis on
ideological conformity and more
on technical proficiency as job
assignment and promotion crite-
ria."
The target is in fact Marxism-
Leninism, the underlying philo-
Oophy of the Communist parties,
and of the socialist states.
The attempt to undermine Marx-
- ism-Leninism is undertaken in-
directly. The attack is carried
on by decrying agreement with
Marxism-Leninism as "conform-
ity;" but even that is treated
gingerly, RFE-CIA recommend-
-01S01-ROOt1000700014-
phasis" on such "conformity."
STATI NTL
COritiLataiti
DAILY won
Approved For Release 200g/90/0ilaCIA-RDPNACHACITROO
T(f-evul.,creal
Radio Liberfy unplugs a sewer
the (fascist?EB) document was Soviet Unitin, the cm "carefully
By ERIK BERT
Radio Liberty, the Central In- shelved." ' . indicates that the broadcast is
telligence Agency's anti-Soviet It might also have had some done without, the knowledge of
broadcast operation, has a theme "counterproductive".effects ? the writer:' This policy is design-
song "that identifies the station," among Radio Liberty's other col- ? ed to protect the writers of
the Library of Congress study laborators. These champions of samizdat from reprisals of the
of RL reports. . "freedom" might have balked at regime." -
It is "played in various rhythms , sharing RL's services with the To that end, also, "RL will ex-
and styles depending on the : fascists who had slain 20 million ert every effort to assure that
show." The"theme is taken from -Soviet people. its broadcasts of genuine texts
,Wymn to Free Russia' written The recurrence to the past be- Or excerpts are identified or at-
by Grechaniov. ... between the came.a problem on one occasion. tributed on the air to reputable
March democratic revolution and A Radio Liberty author, "corn- Western media."
the November Bolshevik Revolu-. paring humanitarian aspects of RL "will always disassociate
tion of 1917." the monarchy .of old Russia and the author from In.'s use of his
This period, which the. Library the Soviet regime ... touched," tat' or excerpts ... Commentary
of Congress .depicts as one of in the words of the Liberty of is to . be made only after the
"evolving democwacy," was the Congress, "on a very delicate text or excerpts have been broad-
period when the Kcrensky regime subject," the "humanitarian as- cast; RL will not by timing or
sacrificed hundreds of thousands pect" of Czarist Russia. ? content of its broadcasts endan-
of Russian soldiers to keep the . Radio Liberty decided that it ger an author whose position
Allied side going in the imperi- "should not play the role of de- seems precarious ..."
alist conflict with - the Central fender of the old (Czarist?EB) That's to remove the CIA odor
Powers. regime ..." from the texts, excerpts, or au-
The. 'Hymn to Free Russia,' "Action was taken and ap- thor.
to capitalist Russia, was super- propriate changes in the text Book-size samizdat presents' a
seded by the 'International,' Ke- were effected prior ' to broad- problem for the CIA. Broadcast-
rensky ; by the Bolsheviks and cast," so that RL would not be jug a book from the first to last
war by peace. presented to the Soviet audience page over Radio Liberty is a
The first action taken by the as .a defender of the Czarist re- formidable task.. The solution?.
Soviet government, the day after gime. "Now that Western commercial
the revolution, was the Decree . Francis S. Ronalds, deputy to publishers are publishing samiz-
on.Peace. Lenin was its author. the executive director of Radio .da," the "book review" tech-
Music is not the main dish, Liberty, is quoted by the Library nique is being used.
'however, on Radio Liberty. That of Congress as saying that "there Samizdat has received a very
spot is occupied by samizdat, the is `no question that RL is play- good press in the U.S., so much
works of so-called 'dissidents' ing (an) essential role in giving so that some "Kremlinologists"
reproduced by typewriter or mi- the publicity that samizdat needs have cautioned that its effect
?meo machine, or- otherwise, and and that .the democratic forces may not be as widespread as
distributed by hand in the Soviet need?" I. advertiSed. Thus, the Library of
Union. The main subscribers are The full truth is something else Congress study of Radio Liberty
Western newsmen. again, as Ronalds discloses. cites Peeter Reddaway, a "So-
Samizdat is not uniform in qua- " 'What is happening,' he said, . viet specialist" at the London
lity. The Library of Congress "is that themes plugged for the ? 'School of Economics and an "ex-
study cites "the case of a sam- past three years are now turning pert on samizdat," as saying that
izdat document from multiple up in samizdat.' " ? "caution should temper thoughts ?
groups in the Soviet Union that That is, the "themes plugged about the widespread circulation
had a strong fascist flavor." , for the past three years" by the of samizdat."
Radio Liberty's Program Pol- CIA over Radio Liberty have Similarly, Martin Dewhirst,
icv Division in Mnnich "felt that been inscribed in one form or British specialist on Soviet at-
this (fascist-EB), d o cu m en t another in samizdat, the samiz- fairs on the Faculty of Slavonic
should be broadcast in keeping dat is smuggled to Munich, Studies at Glasgow University,
with RL's principle of giving whence the CIA's Radio Liberty cites one "Arkady ?Belinkov, a
all views." broadcasts it to the Soviet Un- widely read man if ever there
- "However,- some RL staff ar- ion as "thoughts of the Soviet was one," who "did not seem
gued against using it because of people themselves," which have even to have heard of it (re-
the profound negative. feelings- not been "filtered essentially ligidus samizdat), let, alone to
among the Soviet people arising through the minds of outsiders" have read it."
from their wartime experience-s, but whose "purity' of thought- One would be tempted to con-
To broadcast such extremist (fas- ful reflection in the Soviet expe- elude from the study- that "for-
eist?EB). views, they felt, would rience is ... preserved." eign channels of communication
be countArAii1?41te.," Till ?8If cimolicituns, of_ille_ahe press and l radio)" iirovide ecmcFgriggheam A i / 4e.C:IlAbliVIP80-0116014WiltOKR0010i -5
The PArggfarr"
conceded, and the idea of using casting samizdat works to the .samizdat than the home market.
.._
Approved For Release 2001T
orsidit
VOr Schleicher
? Langendorf ist, abgesehen von seiner
Stellung ls Public-Relations-Mann
beim Sender RFE, Herausgeber und
redaktioneller Leiter der ?Osteuro-
paischen Rundschau", die sich in Zei-
ten des offert gefiihrten kalten Krie-
ges ?Hinter dem Eisernen Vorhang"
nannte, und gerade diese Funktion
yerschafft ihrn eine Sonderstellung
von auBergewohnlichem EinfluB.Ein-
mal steht Langendorf ohne die sonst
tiblichen Zwischenschaltungen in
direkter Verbindung mit der New-
Yorker FREE-EUROPE-Zentrale;
em n wesentlicher Tell der Beitrage in
der ?Osteuropaischen Rundschau"
entstammt der in New York redigier-
ten Zeitschrift ?East Europe" und
wird von Langendorf far den euro--
paischen Konsum aufbereitet Zum
anderen halt er aber die ?Osteuro-
paische Rundschau" die Faden in der -
Hand, die von RFE zur westdeut-
schen Presse, zu Universitaten, Biblio-
theken, kirchlichen Organisational
und sogenannten Ostforschungsinsti-
tuten f?hren, deren Vorstellungen
und Urtejle fiber die sozialistische
Welt sich ausschlieBlich aus diesen
traben Quellen nahren. Langendorfs
Publikation riihmt sich, ihren Abneh-
mem neben allgemein ?orientierat-
den" Artikeln ein exklusives Infor-
mationsmaterial bieten zu konnen.
Es wird vom ?East Europe Research
& Analysis Department" des. Sen-
ders aus angeblich 900 in der Sowjet-
union und den volksdemokratischen
Landem erscheinenden PublikatiOnen,
STATI NTL
'150-RDP80-01601R
Da die ?Forschungsabteilung" von
RFE unter Leitung des Englanders
Cook in erster Linie ?nachrichten-
dienstliche" Funktionen ausabt und
zum Apparat der CIA geltart, stela
Langendorf auf diese Weise mit dem
Herzstack des Senders in engster Ver-
bindung.
Hinzuweisen wire auBerdem noch auf
eine weitere Funktion, die der viel-
beschaftigte Langendorf ausabt.? Er
ist Vorsitzender der Vereinigung der
Auslandskorrespondenten. In dieser
Eigenschaft halt er engen? Kontakt
mit den Vertretern der groBen aus-
Iandischen Zeitungen' und Naduich-
tenagenturen sowie mit den Bericht-
erstattern westdeutscher Zeitungen.
Ganz offen wird davon gesprocheri,
dal3 Langendorf bei der Lancierung
von Nachriduen nicht nur groBes Ge-
schidc, sondem auch eine bemerkens-
werte Freigebigkeit beweist Dent-
licher gesagt, daB er die ?Gefallig-
keiten" einiger seiner Kollegen von
der auslandischen und BRD-Presse
mit barer Manze honoriert. Auch
.heiBt es, daB er unter dem recht pas-
send gewahlten Pseudonym ?Schlei-
cher" selbstverfaBte Artikel zur Auf-
hellung des RFE-Images in groBen
BRD-Blattem vom Typ der ?Sad-
deutschen Zeitung" auf Grund dieser
herzlichen 13eziehungen unterzubrin-
gen verstanden hat.
eheirnwaffe:
Kultur
Sozusagen als NebenprOdukt der
?Osteuropaischen Rundschau bringt
der Abwehrab
natarlida _teilt661 ceaktiona-
miAoproveci2ForvRelease 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-0160413010,110A Cate, nach
setzt, zusarnmengebraut
44
RFE miter Leitung von Langendorf
einen Nachrichten-und-Feature-Ser-
vice heraus, ?der wiederum von dem
?West European Advisory Commit-
tee" angeleitet wird. Dieser Dien,
der taglich in deutscher, franzasi-
scher,. englischer, hollandisther und
italienischer Ausgabe erscheint, geht
der Tagespresse in den jeweiligen
westeuropaischen Landern gratis zu.
Das versetzt das Miro Langendorf
in die Lage, seine zwielichtige Tatig-
keit iiber die BRD-Grenzen hinaus
auszudehnen.
Als aussichtsreichste Methode, sich
Gehiir bei einer gewissen Schicht von
Intelligenzlern zu verschaffen, hat
Langendorf das Gesprach aber Fra-
gen der Kultur gewahlt. In den
Dienst der ideologischen Diversion
hat er das sogenannte Europa-Kolleg
in Bragge und das ?Europaische Kul-
turzentrum" in Genf eingespannt,
welche RFE mit standigen Sende-
reihen versorgen. Darin wird die
?Einheit der abendlandischen Kul-
tur" im Gegensatz zu den ?russischen
Traditionen" gepredigt, die kulturelle
Zugehorigkeit der osteuropaischen
Lander zum ges?amteuropaischen Kul-
turkreis unterstridien und eine kul-
turelle Renaissance im Zeichen der
Nereinigten Staaten von Europa" in
Aussicht gestellt
Unser diesem Aspekt, wenn auch
wesentlich konkreter, ist eine Liaison
zwischen RFE und dem Pariser Mai-
son Lafitte entstanden, das sich als
polnisches ?liberales Emigrantenzen-
trum far den politischen Austausch"
bezeidmet und unter dem beherr-
schenden EinfluB eines gewissen Gie-
droyc steht, der vor dem Krieg in
ooratinuad
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
der Befreiung Pc:dens 1945 nada Paris
flUchtete und dort eine wild anti-
sowjetische Publikation, ?Wschod"
mit Namen, herausgibt
A 'ughlitter
in Zigaretten
Maison Lafitte verlegt eine Zeit-
schrift, ?Ku!tura" genannt, die sich
so prazise den subversiven Inten-
tionen der Langendorf und Kum-
pane einfligt, dal die RFE-Zentrale
in M?nchen jeweils die Halfte dcr
Auflage aufkauft und auf Schmuck
lerpfaden iiber die polnische Gren.A.
zu bringen versucht Fin ? ultura'-
beigelegtes Flugblatt, von derselben
F.migrantengruppe entworfen, wurde,
in vielen t'ausend Exemplaren ;I
Zigaretten eingerollt, dutch ?Free-
Europe"-Agenten tach Volkspolen
geschmuggelt Es en.sot ach durchaus
den betrOgerischen Methoden ?Free
Europe's", dieses in Paris verfaBte
Flugblatt...als ?Willensaufkrung der
polnischen' Kulturschaffenden" fiber
den Munchner Sender in die soziali-
stischen Lander zu strahlen.
Gerade an dem Fall Maison Lafitte
laBt sich emeut der geradezu naht-
lose ebergang von ideologischer Di-
version in hand feste Spionagetatig-
keit nachweisen. In standiger Ver-
bindung mit entsprechenden Stellen
in M?nchen hat Maison Lafitte auch
versucht, einen ?Kurieedienst nach
Palen einz-urichten und dort Agenten-
gruppen aufzubauen. Kontaktrnanner
versuchen besonders labile Studen-
ten mit der Zusicherung, ihnen Stu-
dienplatze an amedkanischen Univer-
sitaten zu verschaffen, fur ihre finste-
ten . Plane zu kodern. AuBerdem
machen sie sich an Schriftsteller, Film-
und Biihnenschaffende heran, dencn
sic buthstablich goldene Berge ver-
sprechen, falls sic sich entschlieBen
sollten, der sozialistischen Hcimat
deu Raken zu kehren.
Allerdings, einem Tell der amerika-
nischen Monopolherren, die ein paar
hunderttausend Dollar an den ?Free
Europe"-Fonds zzi iiberweisen pile-
gen, paBt das nicht. Bei ihren zahl-
reichen Stipvisiten in Munchen ver-
treten sic immer wieder die Mei-
nung, daB man statt des ganzen
Linksgequassels" handfeste, harte
paste und andere bekannte Marken-
artikel aufhellen sollte.
wessen Tasc:he?
Auf dem Firmenschild am Eingarg
des RFE-Gebaudes, Englischer Ga--
ten Nr. 1, steht unter der Zeile
RADIO FREIES EUROPA in settr
viel bescheidenerer Ausfiihrung 2u
leen: ?Diese Stimme der Freiheit
wurde ermoglicht durch die ZUVVCII-
dungen von 16 Millionen Amerika-
nein fiir den Kreuzzug der Freiheit
.im jahre 1950." Das ist natrirlich
chi Witz, auf den allerdings viee
gccira Acn fo se und politiseft naive
Menschen hereingefallen sind. Zw:.r
stirnmt es, ciall der abenteuerlichste
untcr den antikommunistischel
Sabelmsslern, General Lucius D.
Clay, gleith nach seiner Abltisung
von dem Berliner Posten durch die
Weiten der amerikanischen Staaten
zog, in der einen Hand eine Nad-
bildung der von ihm ausgeheckten
SchOneberger ?Freiheits"bimmel mai
in der anderen den Klingelbeutel.
Zweifellos hat sein Redeschwatl
vicie seiner Zuhorer hingerissen, ein
Scherflein fur den ?Kreuzzug" be-
zusteuern. Aber das ist der Cent,
woher kommt der Dollar?
Unbestreitbar ist ebenfalls, daB die
milliardenschweren Herren, die sich
in ?Free Europe Incorporated" zu-
Leserrneinungen zu
? E-11 4
rit
tun
anf,;:iittletegl ii:M7404111
Sammler-Vorschlag
kit sammle mit groBem Intereme
die Tatsachen-Serien wie -?Feue,7-
ball" und jetzt das ?Gift im Eng-
lischen Garten". Dicse Serien um-
fassen jeweils zwei Seiten, die aber
1eiderauf zwei Blatter gedrud:t
sind. Zum Sammeln waren abet
2 Seiten auf 1 Blatt besser.
J?rgen Gottscblicb, 8122 Radebeul
Die Redaktion fiberpriift die typo-
.grapbiscb-techniscben Moglichkeitea.
Eine ErgAnzung .
Der NBI em n Lob. Nath der Tat-
sachenfolge ?Der Feuerball" fincle
ich Georg Honigmanns ?Gift" sehr
aufschluBreich daffir, mit welchen
Methoden die CIA und ihre OrganC
walen, urn die Entwicklung im
Sozialismus aufzuhalten und rack-
gangig zu machen. ?Gift" it eine
Erganzung zum ?Feuerball".
Karl Handke, 86 Bautzen
Gefahrliche Giftspritze
Das Gift aus dem Englischen Gar-
ten client dazu, die sozialistischen
Lander zu beschimpfert und zu ver-
feumcfen. Oarnit wollen nicht nur
der Hetzsender RFE, sondem auch
die andcren Spionagesender des
USA-Imperialismus in der BRD, wie
Radio Liberty, Rias mid Voice of
Amerika in Germany, die Lehre des
Marxismus-Leninismus bekampfen,
raffiniert verfalschen und die Werk-
tatigen von der Politik der kommu-
nistischen Parteien isolieren.
Im Hauptdokument der Kommunisti-
schen und Arbeiterparteien wurde
zu Recht darauf hingewiesen, die
verbrecherische Politik der Imperiali-
sten verstarkt zu entlarven und start-
dig die Wachsamkeit der Offentlich-
keit gegentiber den Diversions-Pla-
nen der Imperialisten zu erh?hen.
Dr. Grinter Ebersbach, 8122 Dresden
sammenfanden, ticf in die Tasche ge-
griffen haben. Das tat ihnen nicht
weh, und es gehOrt.zur Routine der
Reichen und der Superreichen in
den USA, mittels Spenden an Stif-
tungen und ?gemeinnazige" Insti-
tutionen ihre Steuererklarungen zu
frisieren. Das ist ein ausgezeichnetes
Geschaft, das ihnen ein Vielfaches
dessen einbringt, was die ?patrio-
tische" Geste kostet. Aber auch die
paar Millionen Dollar, die auf
diese Weise zusammenkommen,
machen den Kohl nicht fett. Heute
'gibt es kein Ratselraten mehr.dar-
Eber, wet der groBe Unbckannte ist,
der Aufbau, Wartung und Pro-
gramme der groBten und starksten
Sendeanlagen Europa s und alles,
was damit zusammenhangt, finan-
ziert. Es ist die Central Intelligence
Agency, die blutbesudelte, in aller
Welt verhaBte, vor keinem Verbre-
then zuriickschreckende CIA. -
Propaganda senden und die Pro-
gramme iaNiefickfidpvitrytOt
spots fiir-CroE:aora;roleSee ase 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
continuad
ovetrFor Re I east32001 3ic(4rIC*IRp1n' 1601R001100070001-5
wohlabgewogene Meinung" ? lieB er
Johnson wissen ?daB die Einstel-
lung der Sendetatigkeit einen groBen
Propagandasieg fiir die UdSSR be-
deuten wiirde. Die Auswirkungen
wiinden sic,h innerlialb und auflerhalb
des kommunistischen f3iocks sehr
bald bemerkbar machen."
Schon wenige Tage darauf konnte
Richardson dem Senator seine Dank-
barkeit fiir dessen erfolgreiche Inter-
vention bezeugen.
ichardson
? funkie SOS
Indizien dafar, daB die auch heute
noch krampfhaft aufrechterhaltene
Behauptung, ?Free Europe" sel ein
privates, unabhangiges Unterneh-
men, ein aufgelegter Schwindel ist,
gab es in Fillle, seitdem 1950 in
Tag- und Nachtschichten linter Ein-
satz Hunderter US-Soldatcn der
imposante Gebaudekomplex um
MCinthfier Engligchen Qiruri ohne
Racksicht auf Kosten mid Materia-
lien aus der Erde gestampft wurde.
In den USA selbse gab es von An-
fang an eine Gruppe progressiver
Politiker, die die Tatigkeit der Orga-
nisation ?Free Europe" und ihrer
Hintermanner mit MiBtrauen ver-
folgten und die Frage aufwarfen,
von welcher Seite die Subventionen
liir dieses? fragwiirdige Unternehmen
stammten. Die Kritik am Sender
RFE schwoll Mitte der -sechziger
Jahre derart an, daB der damalige
Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende von Free
Europe Incorporated, der bereits
mehrfach erwahnte John Richardson
jr., um den Fortbestand von RFE
und seiner Gliederungen .zittern
muBte. Schon damals war es kein
beheimnis mehr, daB die CLA bei
der Grandung des Senders Pate ge-
standen hatte und ?seitdem als wich-
tigster Geldgeber in E'rscheinung
trat. Ganz unbefangen hatte die
,,New York Times" (in ihrer Aus-
gabe vom 28. 4. 1966) geschricben:
,,In M?nchen unteritiitzt die CIA
verschiedene Forschungsgruppen und
solche wichtigen Propagandakanale
wie Radio Free Europe, das Pro-
gramme nach Osteuropa ausstrahlt."
In .seiner Bedrangnis appellierte
Richardson an den erzreaktionaren
Senator Eastland aus
einem ehemaligen Komplizen des
Hexenjagers Joseph McCarthy und
zur betreffenden Zeit Vorsitzender
des ?Ausschusses fur innere Sicher-
belt", alles zu unternehmen, urn den
Sender zu. retten. Denn ?Free
Europe" ?' so hiell es in seinern
Schreiben an Eastland ? ?ist in Frie-
denszeiten das einzige Mittel, mit
dem man die strategisch wic.htigen
Lander Osteuropas erreichen und be-
einflussen kann."
Senator Eastland enttauschte nicht
die in ihn gesetzten Erwartungen.
Noch am selben Tag, an dem Cr
Richardsons Brief erhielt (am 17. 11.
1967), All) pray adh Far Rekaas e
Nachtrag
ADN wide!: Washington. Der Be-
willigungsausscbufl des amerik_ani-
schen Reprdseniantenhauses hat be-
scblossen, fur die be/den in M?nchen
stationierten Hetzsencler RADIO
FREE- EUROPE und RADIO
LIBERTY weitere 38,5 Millionen
Dollar bereitzustellen.
(ND yam 17. 5. 1972)
ENDE
3
?Intellektueller
Touch"
(Foto:
Rundfunk-
?Universitat?
von RFE mit
westeuropaischen
?Wirtschaftlern",
Don Salvador
de Madariaga,
am Mikrofon,
Dr. Henri
Brugmanns,
Rektor
des College
of Europe)
e
t
lummwm424_,y-..kom
raiiltMrsTert154
?Freiheits"-
Gebimmel (Foto:
Der beriichtiE,,te
Lucius D. Clay
auf W_erbefeldzug
mit ?Freiheits"-
Glocke dutch US-
Bundesstaaten)
2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5 continued
ApprowetVforAeiease,2001/03/04:-ZIA.RWAO,Gt6G,
Riihren alles ein F- 1T
F"
2.
CIA (Foto: CIA-Chef 1: -1 . N rV:
Helms), Pentagon -' /wi
und Weilles Haus, F!?-->
was RADIO FREE F.1'S 4.4.--
EUROPE.
in den Ather spuckt.
trr
Nie mdir
durch Mundoeruch
eirenSt
ggg-
-V
Direkte Putsch-
' aufrufe (Foto:
RFE-Sprecher vor
?Operationskart:"
atentr.,,,mexEesesmsennstatatsi
IHetzbroschiiren
inurcortromentssamonwirpvcr
Harmlos v.erklei-
sterte Geld-
geber-Reklame
Radii) Free 117,0
CURTAtIl NEVIS
Ns isuc
DOI INA
olegri;
? he'
70001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/g4j%
ti
uscresuchte
Objekte
Linter dein EinfluI3 diescs ganz im
.'qrhattert von Pentagon, CIA und dem
NATO-Hauptquartier stchenden
westeuropfiischen Beratungsausschus-
ses hat RFF, den Frontalangriif auf
dos sozialistische? Lager abg,eblasen
und ist dazu fibergegangen, dos Feuer
der psychologischen Kriegsffihrung
immer wieder auf ausgcsuchte Ob-
jekte zu konzentricren.
Trotz dieser Selbstbescheidung kenn-
zeichnete Resignation den Grund-
tenor der ha Frahjahr 1961 abgehal-
tenen WEAC-Tagung, die sich mit
der kiinftigen Strategic und Taktik
FREE EUROPE's befaBte. Man
konne mit Teilerfolgen hachstens in
cler sehr weiten Zukunft" rechnen,
denn ?weder die inneren noth die
Au&Ten Komponenten" ? so stellte
man damals fest ? ?sind far cinen
. Wandel im internationalcn Ge-
schehen gegcben". Also bleibt nichts
fibrig, als auf der SteIlc zu tceten.
Dicse Auslassungen sind in Jr:ehr-
fncher Hinsicht auBerordentlich be-
merkenswert: crstens, veil solche
Oberlegungen auf ciner relativ reali-
stischen Einschatzung des internatio-
nalcn Kraftcverhaltnisses beruhen;
zweitens, veil daraus hervorgeht, da13
der RFE-Ffihrungsstab nunmehr den
llatiptstoIl seiner idcologischen Di-
version auf eine ausgesuchte, zahlen-
in513ig kleine Gruppe in dem bead-
!Wen Land richtet; drittens, veil
sich daraus ergibt, dal3 RI-7E kfinftig
auch von cincr ?ultralinken" Position
aus operiert und als eine wichtige
ten mit agita-torischer Munition zu
beliefern (der Formulierung eines
?ZtiOnsprograinins " st ahtief eine
wichtigc Rolle zug'edacht und dicse
hat sic dann wahrend der konterrevo-
lutionaren Ereignisse des Jot-ices 1,968
in der CSSR ouch tatsachlich ge-
spielt); viertens, veil die wichtigste
Funktion von RFE ganz often beim
richtigen Namen genannt wird; n5m-
lich, eincn festen Kontakt mit poli-
tischen Abenteurern, Opportunisten
und Oberlaufern herzustellen und
aufrechtzuerhalten, auf die man sich
bci der Vorbercitung eines konter-
revolutionaren Putsches glaubt ver-
lassen zu konnen und die sich ihrer-
seits auf Gcdcih und Verderb an den
amerikanischen Imperialismus vet.-
kauft haben.
es
Pudels Kern
Selbstverstandlich flicIlt der Strom
von Kommunikationcn in zwei Rich-
tungcn: RFE tritt nicht nur als Liefe-
rant von suloversivem Propaganda-
und Agitationsmatcrial und als Diri-
gent urnsturzlerischer Aktivitaten auf;
RFE ist zuglcich Empfiinger von
Informationen und Mittcilungen dar-
iiber, wo sich nach Ansicht ihrer
Agenten im fraglichen Gcbict An-
knfipfungspunkte bieten. In dieser
Weise stellt RFE eines der wichtig-
sten Zentren geheinadienstlicher Be-
tatigung irn globalen System der CIA
dor. Sehr treffencl bemerkte der poi-
nisthe Kundschafter I lauptmann
,Czechowicz nach seiner Ruckkchr in
die Ilcimat auf ciner internationalen
A ufgabe bctrachtet, die als ?wahre` , Pressckonferenz: ?Spionagedienst ist
9-016
nagetiitigkeit sind so cng mitcin-
ander verbunden, daB as nicht mag-
lich ist, die eine von der andern zu
trennen."
Nicht wenigcr aufschlul3reich ist, was
auf der Tagung dcr WEAC John
Richardson jr.? zu diesem Zeitpunkt
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates von
Ftee Europe IncOporated ? fiber die
Funktiont der Mfindmer Sendezen-
trate in dcr Aera des ?13rficken-
schlags" zu Sagan hatte, ?Das Bauen
von Draken nach Ostcuropa ist kcin
Selbstzweck", crklarte at, ?sondem
cin Mittel zur Beeinflussung ciner
konstruktiven (I) potitischen 'Ande-
rung in Osteuropa. Dieser Veranda-
rungsprozeB schlieSt umwillzende Er-
eignisse (!) nicht aus."
Offensichtlich hatte Mr. Richard-
son jr. bereits zu jencm Zeitpunkt
? 1965 ? die Moglichkeit .soldier,
vie cc as nennt, ?konstruktiver Vet--
anderungen" in der CSSR ins Auge
gefaBt und als die aussichtsreichste
Taktik zur Realisierung dieses Zicls
die Propagierung und Popularisie-
rung ,,linker" und ?recIlter" Abwei-
chungen von der mandstisch-lenini-
stischen Generallinie erkannt.
?Abweichungen vom Marxismus-
Leninismus", so erkliirte at wortlich,
?ffihren dazu, daf3 sic selbst dynami-
seller werden und, indem sic auf alt-
hergcbrachte Interessen lokalcr Grup-
pen sich stfitzen, selbst fortbcstehen
wollen und institutionelle Formen
erlangen. Wahrend die Grundlagen
dcr kommunistischen Herrschaft un-
herfihrt blciben, erlauben qualitative
Veranderungen in den Methoden der
kom mu nisti schen Herrschaft as
anderscienkended Menschen, sCirker
zu werden mid die Autoritat der
itra)..enIft? &giem o'er ?gad Zd
schwachen."
Selbst cin Blinder muf3 erkennen,
daf3 der Fiihrungsstab von ?Free
Europe" mit dieser Aufgabenstellung
den Wcg markicrtc, auf dem sich drei
Jahre spater clic ?tschechischen Refor-
mer", vie sie RFE zu nennen be-
licbt, begeben haben. Ihre Absicht
dabci war, wie Mr. Richardson jr.
vollig klar sah, schr bald die Ober-
hand zu gcwinnen und als crstes die
bissic"'ApprbvddafteRtgleaseatalz/026/134adcelAuRIIP430..01-601ROOM00070001s4fen
zialisten sich gcbi-irdenden Kapitulan- idcologische Diversion and die Spio- Herrschaft" zu liquidiercn.
continued
13 red tktionelle Mitarbeiter gefeuert,
pproved For Releate)2001/03104TerGIAtRIDP8
ten, als dag sic den Weisimgen der
New-Yorker getreulich ge-
folgt waren.
lj Mann jedoch hat es verstiinden,
alien Starmen zu trotzen und seine
Position stiindig auszubauen. Es ist
der ncatschamerikaner Ernest Lan-
:-.f.ndotf, der heute den The! eines
:,nire'oors des I3aros far deutsche
Ar!(adleiten in der Abteilling
otfentliche Arbcit von RFE" fahrt
und dessen Gnindsatzerkliirung zur
.Arbeit des Senders bercits zitiert
wurde.
Langendorf, hager, grog, selbst-
gewahlR: 13erufsbezeichnung Journa-
list, gib sich gem n ?neucr Linker"
mit weitverzweigten Verbindungen
zu den namhaftesten westlichen Intel-
lektnelien, die ? cinig in ihrcr anti-
kommunistischen Haltung ? verschic-
dene aus Maoismus, Trotzkismus und
anderen Elementen gcmischte, kon-
fuse, aber gefahrliche Stromungen
vertretcra.
Nnch DarstelIung informiertcr Kreise
hat sich Langendorf wahrend des
opfervollen Kampfes des spanischen
Volkes gegen die Franco-Clique in
Barcelona aufgehalten. Er stand dort
n Verbindung zur trotzkistisch-anar-
chistischen POUM-Gruppe, die die
Benuilhungen der Volkskrafte- urn
einheitEchen Kampf gegen die
Franco-Marodetire schwer behinderte
und (lea Faschisten praktisch in die
Ilande spielte. Vet- dem zweiten
Weltkricg emigricrte Cr dann nach
den USA. Dort ?bespitzelte cr in
Auftrag der Abteilung ?Ausliincler-
Oberwachung" des FBI antifasclii-
stische deutsche Emigranten und
denunzierte eine Anzahl von ihnen
als ?kommunistenverdachtig". Spater
trat Cr in die US-Armee cin, wurde
sdtclJ beiordert und gelanate ? im
Range eines Captains ? am 30. April
1945 mit den Vorausabreilungen der
Heeresgruppe General Patrons nach
M?nchen. Am Bode seiner sieben-
jahrigen Tatigkeit, zucrst als Rcdak-
teur der amerikanischen ?Neuen Zei-
tung", dann als Pressereferent der
Militarregierung vcrantwortlich ? fur
die Lizenzvergabe an genehme
bayrische Bei,verber,beschcinigten.ihrn
seine Arbeitsgeber im US-Hochkont-
missariat, dafi er sich ?bcispiclhaft
fur die Intercssen der amerikanischen
Politik eingesetzt" habe. Kcin Zwei-
fel best eht darner, daB er seine bei-
spielhaften T.,eistungen in enger An-
lehnung an FBI und CIA vollbracht
Ii ntspannung
so oder so?
John Richardsons Darlegungen auf
der WEAC-Beratung im Jahre 1965
getter' auch heute noch als verbind-
liche Direktive. Das beweist eine
Anfang 1971 veraffentlichte haus-
ititere Broschare der Manchncr Zen-
trate, in der es einlcitend hen: ,,RPE
i=nr. die gthgte Unterabteilung von
Free Europe Incorporated, die es sich
zurn Ziel gesetzt hat, die friedliche
Evolution in Richtung auf gragere
innere Freihei ten der kommunistisch
beherrschten VOlker Osteuropas zu
iCirdern. Free Europe ist sich dcr cot-
scheidenden strategischen und poli-
taschen Bedeutung Osteuropas be-
;vat. Die z-ukiinftig,e politische Far-
hung dieser Lander ist &her far die
freic Welt von ungeheurer Bedeu-
lung.
Su erklarte der am Minnesota ge-
bartige RFE-Direktor Ralph E. Wal-
ter, der seit 1951 Free Europe Incor-
p0fated in leitenden Stellungen
diente mid Ende 1968 zurn Direktor
des Manchner Hauptquartiers er-
natnit wurde: ?Far uns bedeutet Ent- ,
spannung nicht einfach ein Einfrieren
des Status quo." (Zitiert nach ?Wa-
shiagton Post" vom 22. November 1
1979)
Seile Gedankengange decken sich
vollstandig mit den Auffassungen des
bekannten antikommunistischen Theo-
retikers der US-Globalstrategie Zbig- 1
niew 13rzezinski, wie cm sic in einem
(kundsatzartikel in ?Newsweek"
(you 4. Januar 1971) formulicrte.
Audi Baczinski, der zum Stab stan- I
diger Berater von ?Free Europe" ge-
hOrt, unterstreicht, dag Entspannung I
tinter keinen Umstanden em n Bin- l
frit:reit des Status quo in Osteuropa
becieuten dude, und visiert als Zici
?eine fortschreitende Umwandlung
der ostlichen Regime in ctwas, was
der Sozialdemokratie nahekommt" an.
. in gewisser
Langendorf
Die verschiedenen Wenclungen und
Venvandlungen, die die Politik der
MUnchner Zentrale dorchmachte,
batten zahlreiche Wechsel in der Lei-
rung des Senders zur Folge. Allein
nach der monstrosen Niederlage, die
REF. nadi dem Zusammenbruch, der hat un wst.t. ov
wurden drei Dircktoren und tint fiihrte ihn der provedtForcReletimp 4.0.0410,:iociA,414e80-01601R00110007000011011;i-5nued
Weg schnurstracks
ungarischen Ap
zu Zu rechter Blute jedodt !:run
Ott601R007111,0007000114E
in den sediziger Jahren von der Poli-
tik des ?roll back" zur ?Politik des
BrUckenschlags" hintiberwechseLeund
cc damit in die Lage vcrsetzt v,,urde,
seine alten und fiber die Jahre auf-
rechterhaltenen Verbindungen zur
intellektuellen ?Linkcn" ins Spiel zu
bringcn.
Langendorf hat den Kiiingcl dcr
antisowjetischen und antikonimuni-
stischen Schreiber in rifler Welt als
stanclige Mitarbeiter fur die RFE7
Scndungen ?talking to Eastern
Europe" gewonnen: Arthur KOstler,
Ignazio Silone, John Strachey, Leo-
nard Schapiro, Margarete
Eubcr-
Neumann und Salvadore Madcriaga,
dcr noch 1961 in einem Buch ?Der
Westen: Meer ohne Banner" ernst-
haft den Vorschlag machte, einen
,,politischen Generalstab des kalten
Krieges" ins Leben zu rufen.
n einem Boot
mit I-Iupka
Auf Langendorf ist es auch zurfickzu-
'iihren, daB cs zu cincr VersCindi-
:;ung und Zusamrnenarbeit zwi:chen
.ZFE und den revanchistischen
I nannscltaften und ?Vettriebefien"-
organisationen gekornmen ist. Ur-
:prunglich batten die Revanc.hi'rten-
verb5nde, RFE hefrig ins Feuer ge-
nommen, veil es die Frage der
, Volksdeutschen" bewufit umgahgen
blue. Langcndorf karate aber die
FUhrer der Landstnannschaften und
des BHV, den innvischen verstorbe-
nen Seebohm, cinen Becher und
frupka, schlialich doch davon aber-
z.:ugen, &E. die von ?Free Europe"
verfolgte Linie der Aufwcichung der
sozialistischen Staaten von innnen in
letzter Konsequenz auch zu territoria-
ler Revision f?hren wurde. Die in
1\ 1Unchen crscheinende ?Sudeten-
deutsche Zeitung" (in ihrer Ausgabe
burn 30.6.1971) konnte sodann fest-
s:ellen: ?Wir sind uns auch klar dar-
ner, &II wir in einem Boot mit den
Manncrn von ,Free Europe' sitzen."
* OMGUS: Abkiirzung fur
merikanisebe Militarregierung
Li Deutschland
2
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
esen Sie
irn n5chsten Hefl:
o Vorsicht vor Schleicher
o ?Geheirnwaire" Kultur
O Richardson fuakt SOS
'
4.
Pi,' en
Pit 1."Z
Drei Mann in einem Boot: Trotz aller Niederlagen
Langendorf, Becher und Hupka (v. I. n.
vcrsuchen sic sich ,,veiter durchzuschaukein
ii-
?; 4
Denkt nur in ?theorctischen
Kategoricn" von Putsch,
blutiger Konterreyolution und
sdileichender Diversion:
?Global"-Stratege Zbigniew
Brzezinski als Bcrater von RFE.
-
Ernest
. .
ms trnci
eiM2 to FATA
ete tee Ow year pr. tenor.. Ill rtk.4 1 kkra.:+4
,m,t .4 ne. 5et5 aeortnt .t DSP
it in, lone a.. 1956, alte? t.qwbfi I fi4the
troy Po,' sport.. eh... 1,4 4541 omelet; it
te seperestel hobsi vree tent
ant 'beg ? e.-.0,11. I. Oran. e.e. I,.
.tol Earnmenr. repro.,
ro.1 Ea. Evrepear, ceenterrt Uwe soce tbittli
toe,!. the Freers.. rotJit ibtosinslactrek te For.
dowered ratellettunt, 5111 yost)
buresucretot Centel In Awns:. aro leadres.`o wee
-...di. 54 ectrea its 51.2415.1.10,1ce, r.i Erect
I. Cse,bonroectra Casaba/ea,. En Sip
lecr. Ins rte.. re /Cep( a itnehtteory bre, tees
eche need.- se now, Ckumuai...1 inteMeelsels, ort
well as bie people eerier...et. Keest 1,1-
rte? reneq at tr. 55:1)1t 54 Voirset.
a... tonne4 aeft sc..91... deneetreeneet
A mt., Kerb. thee.* hal Ono. Is Pectleflat
lohnice, word.. 5554 ?at the yew .4 nisaii/reg
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toren nertent 4. fg krt. ben ot Si,icis. ane Sew
0.4.1,64 end Th.it hont Ertreptano?n. best
.......a FEE, -.non vosco 1541. RaLa hot
lure. has served as entre cbannol et esesurrocre
tate. be.e. 1451 We. rot lbsnt loro.
elticlone tspetrally beet./ ft iceorts is if.. .1.
oberd line protir int and atOdattet-
Western Woe.. Western mgr. retro. WWI. es
lerrence controw, to teetbentrlovact a ats, Ope?
rn Essl (Surf Into cae be arnoeunncettl
toc? at to antrr.t.ectr.,.le he i4eassoel
atocaeribut it rh?1.41.1,,tts,d
IC's trod it corenborocaben ha Item Pre Iwo.
Cenrostlee't spec,. ma. 51,45. PbSt es.
toe. ix A 1411,454 lid 5,1,11154511 bri4e...4 Wel
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TO mtii new cooed..., 1151(1 his Vt... it?NV
dren. cc Mt cneels.btots of Nadi. Erse (V151 11.4
it,, as a oho. A ft. toorolostia II Thet
dirrede dor., 1564 are tilt. en ort per. n0.11 was
)13.? cone I.,re 11111, Ocatt el 4_ Y.
tear:man re Me Feta (500 Comm./tit Ovid el
Annieler. li !CC ie hrt.411
Ein tinter schwicrigen Bedingungen festgehaltenes
.Fotoclokument: FEC-Priisident John Richardson jun.
(2. v. I.) berat mit U. Alexis Johnson vom US-State
Department, John C. Hughes und Sam Watson die ncue
Taktik der Beeinflussung ?ultralinker" und ?rechter
AbweichIceApprov ed For Release 2001/03/04 : C
traresoiet=4;....?'
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.7 75USd Its,n,t Cr The ea 111,4551e tnd tad
tfl'lS,fltittlbyfl.,i'i.tui-t.niti.
it 1.0 {tat., 5557 nkt 17 roo.c1 to 5152 1411.54.7
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41. inetozberecnte 154eare
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d Mkt 14,0.3 a
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iertral serl ehbeasso. an1 .544.455 iiJ-(4Lflfi.4i
Attn. rerrontobills ess, nrs4
Hr. it,, peter.. 1Te .11 crat ETA Ear.lpis Tore
to Mt Wool er n,ntlenbni oca vm.
50. ,n0, C.
..ctiorE tnere-Tine and lb. le re.... -deploreter
O '00,0' tni Sap t0 r4.501 41.
Uri itgin ts loanine 0,tio II,. ay. s.:00,es
T. boll it 0.4.0
Site. 160.1hars.
Putsch-Programm als Aufruf: Mr. Richardson
mochte zu gerne die sozialistischen Staatcn
nach seiner Terminologic: ?Ostcuropas"
mit Ink des RFE-Programms in ?allelic
Gesellsthaftsstrukturen" verwandeIn.
-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
3
j
1
DAILY V, CM')
Approved For Release 2001/03/04j.jlik-fRDP80-01
6k--?-5M?Iaef:tigne STATINTL
op a if
ft Vh?n c4c1,4",e2 ',Ira .
t (LA a VO k4.9d Crail vfiC-Yil Vllingcs
By ERIK BERT
"One of the most extraordinary
developments in recent years
within the Soviet Union has been
the emergence within of samiz-
dat, that is, the private publica-
tion and circulation of one's own
works," the Library of Congress'
study of Radio Liberty says.
"Satnizdat" has been lauded as
a cry for freedom from out the
Russian wasteland by the New
York Times, by "kremlinologists"
and by other exponents of free-
dom:
The ? reality is somewhat dif-
d-erent, as the Library of Congress
study shows. ?
Radio Liberty?the Central In-
telligence Agency broadcast di-
rected at the Soviet Union?has
become a main depository for
sarnizdat.
Foreign correspondents are
"one of the major channels of
the flow" of samizdat, according
to Peter Reddaway, a "Soviet
specialist" at the London School
of Economics. This has been evi-
dent in the dispatches -of the
New York Times and other news-
paper correspondents.
?In fact, "normally, samizdat
documents are not sent specifi-
cally to RL from the Soviet
Union. Most documents have been
publicized elsewhere before RL
gets them."
The Library of Congress study
emphasizes by repetition how
important samizdat has become
in RL's anti-Soviet barrage and
how important IlL has become
for the .dissemination of samiz-
dat. ?
The study says:.
Samizdat is "pi-esently the main
staple of ItL's programming."
"RL has become a prime source
for uniting the disparate elements
of Soviet samizdat producers . .
a disseminator of all ' forms of
samizdat from both the Russians
and the (Soviet) nationalities.
It is a "prime transmitter of
samizdat."
? Radio Liberty is a "prime bene-
ficiary of samizdat." -
In the past two yearS; the Lib-
rary of Congress study says, "the
amount of prograrmning devoOd
tially," from four . hours per tizdat which has been forwarded opinion," asking "basic questions
month of "readings and discus- to ? Only one thing is missing.
sins of samizdat materials" to The CIA's Radio Liberty "is That this is the arsenal of Ra
53 hours per month in the first able to benefit from inagnitizdat dio Liberty, prepared by the Cen
quarter of 197L In April 1971 by the multiple dissemination of tral Intelligence Agency, for sub
IlL's "Russian language services its broadcasts." That is. RL broad- orning treason in the Soviet Union
devoted six hours per week of casts are, CIA hopes, taped in for preparing the overthrow o
its 36 hours of original program the Soviet Union and then passed , the socialist Soviet system,
time" to this material, on for further dissemination. Radio Liberty. seeks to incih
Radio Liberty sees "intellectual Among those who have "made nationalist anti-Soviet sentiments
dissenters" in the Soviet Union Among those who have- `made purporting to record the "con
as "an audience of importance it' on magnitizdat are Svetlana cerns of the nationalities." ?
which it has cultivated in a spe- Alliluyeva, Stalin's daughter "111cl-casing attention has beer
eial way." in fact, Radio Liberty whose book ''Twenty Letters to a given to the broadcasting of sa?
"has become the prime broadcast- Friend," magnitizdat, was sell- mizdat material in the Na tiona H-
er of works by these intellectual big "on the black market" for. ties Service," the Library of Con-
dissenters." "from 70 to 120 rubles ($77 to press reports. it cites broadcasts
In the guise of a "public forum S132)?" in the Ukrainian. Ka rachai, Osse-
of free discussion, nr., broadcasts
.their thoughts and their works
back to the Soviet Union, thus en-
The Library of Congress presents tian and Avar la npuages.
samizdat as a "form of self-hbe- . Some productions are run in
ralization." encouragement of toto. Thus Solzhenitzvn's "First
larging in g,eometrie proportions "rational thought," "the. enemy
lite segments. three day
Circle" was broadcast in 30-min-
the potential area of interim- of Stalinism," "extending the
over a five-month period.s a week
tional circulation. ' `horizon of thinking,' ". represent-
In fact, the CIA's Radio Liberty i41-1, g. 1-,i,le "maitiuhria"tionn,,of,,t,inelin,,o:fcroaf- ? (To be continued)
has become "the principal source "c ideas ".--- ? -'---2--- ?
for disseminating samizdat." the Soviet system," a "stimulant
to ? independent thinking," the
"RL has become a mean of in-
"nascent expression of a genuine-
ternalizing samizdat and also a
ly, democratically, formed public
means of .communication among
all Soviet people." ?
-That is, Radio Liberty has be-
come a means for directing to
\'??
?
? .
? ?
the Soviet Union the productions
of Soviet citizens which serve its
dissentious, . anti-socialist our-
poses. Samizdat is a vehicle in
that communications chain.
The problem as the CIA sees it.
is to "maximize the use of the
(samizdat) documents in achiev-
ing goals and purposes." 7'
That should be plain enough
for any Soviet "dissenter" whose ?
works find their way. into the ;
arsenal of Radio Liberty.
Edward van der Ithoer,
direc-
(or of Radio Liberty's Program
Policy Division says "sainiztlat
has opened up a new ditnensionj_
to RL's activity."
.?/: - e -
7
- /--
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The
..
, z"
The most recent "plienomenon:t .-,''',./, ' : --7-A,'
.-7-c--
in the Soviet dissident move-?,..--> ./..
. .
ment,' the Library of Congressy,.
..s.-. - .r.,-
study reports, is the "new form, ???-? ,
of samizdat called 'inagnitizdat' -
. . . a technique of tape record-7?\?
?
ing . . . of dissident material and
-circulating it within a group - of/
friends."
here the CIA steps in.
o 1?0 OeePt9
to samizdat has Apprealsecit rP r
DAILY ViVzi.1.1.1..k.
Approved For Release 2001/6S/0411.4da2-RDP80-01601
1
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et-ei
LMSS frOP
fly ERIK 'BERT
The aim of the CIA in its op-
erations in the socialist countries
in Europe, as distinct from the
Soviet Union, is to separate them
as a bloc from the USSR.
That means rejecting measures
which are aimed at creating con-
troversy among thorn, in favor
of the greater goal of opposing
all of them to the Soviet Union.
That is how it was spelled out
in September, 1936, by Ralph E.
Walter, now director of the CIA's
Radio Free Europe.
The Library of Congress out-
lined this tactic in the study of
Radio Free Europe which it pre-
pared for the Senate Foreign Re-
ia,tions -Committee. The study
was published in the Congres-
sional Record of March 6..
The ideological line to be pro-
moted for separating the other
socialist states from the Soviet
Union is the Library of Congress
study said:
"Return Eastern Europe to Eu-
iope in the broadest sense."
The CIA means by the "broad-
est sense" encouraging "growing
ties between East and West Eur-
ope, indeed between the East
and the Atlantic community."
''The divorce of East and West
has been unnatural and irration-
al," the CIA propagandists say.
Soviet "security interests," not
the interests of the other social- -
1st nations, have been the cause
of the divorce between East and
West, they-add.
By implication, the solidarity
of the socialist camp is in the
interest of Soviet "security," and
not in the interest, from either a
"security" or other viewpoint,
of the other socialist nations.
That was the line which was
propagated, with considerable
success .among, and by, the re-
visionists in Czechoslovakia pri-
or to 19:13. The "indepimdeuce"
which they championed paral-
leled the separation from the So-
viet Union that the CIA propa-
gated.
"The growth of nationalism
may lead Eastern European
states to distance themselves
from the Soviet Union," the RFE
said. R warned that, in encour-
n 9 t
;ran by CIA CIA S -V1751.3:1'0
aging nationalism, intra-bloc con-
flict should be restrained.
The CIA warned that undue en-
couragement of nationalism could
result not only in pitting "Hun-
garian against Russian, and Pole
against Russian," but "Roman-
ian against Hungarian, Pole
against 'German, and Czech
against Pole."
Radio Free Europe should try
to replace the socialist solidar-
ity between the Soviet Union and
the other socialist nations by
non-class "neighbor to neighbor"
relations, promoting so-called
"normal state to state relations
between the Soviet Union and
those countries on her Western
frontiers."
The aim is the disruption of
the international solidarity among
the socialist states.
However, this requires care.
"It Would be unwise and dange-
rous for Western radio to advo-
cate enmity with the Soviet Un-
Ion."
The policy lines of the CIA in-
cluded, as we have seen
?Pitting the socialist countries
as a bloc against the Soviet Un-
ion. . .
?Resisting the promotion of
nationalist controversy among
the socialist countries.
?Directing the socialist coun-
tries' political orientation West-
ward.
A further tactic was the utili-
zation of developments in one
socialist country to incite dissat-
isfaction in another socialist
country. That was the purpose
of the so-called "cross report-
ing" developed by CIA's Radio
Free Europe.
"Cross-reporting" is the chan-
nelling, of "developments in oth-
er East European countries, the
USSR, and among Communist
Parties in the rest of the world,"
to the five countries in REE's
target range; Bulgaria, Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, Poland and
Romania.
The purpose is to create dis-
sension, by one means or anoth-
er.
The aim, as the report puts it;
is: "to create hope and interest
in the possibility of change and
STATI NTL
to emphasize what East Euro,
peans have in common, -apart
from (and in contrast to) the
Soviet Union."
The broadcasts directed to-
ward Czechoslovakia sought to
use the two-nation character of
the CSSR, which includes Czechs
and Slovaks, as a wedge for dis-
sension. REE-CIA charged in
1971 that not enough attention
was being paid to the anniver-
sary of Czechoslovakia's Found-
ing Day, Oct. 28. It "quoted a
book by a Yugoslav professor in
Belgrade labeling Czechoslovak.
federalism a sham. The profes-
sor viewed current trends in
Czechoslovakia as toward the
strengthening of centralism and
the restriction of nationalities."
At the. time the CIA was quot-
ing the Yugoslav professor's
.book, the League of Yugoslav
Communists and the Yugoslav
government were rent by na-
tionalistic disruption. .
CIA's REE- "contrasted" the
Heath government's "positive
move in joining the Common
Market," with what it falsely
described as the "stalemated"
economies of the socialist coun-
tries associated with the Coun-
cil for Mutual Economic Assist-
ance. In this, CIA-RFE opposed
not only the socialist countries
but the trade union movement of
Britain which unanimously op-
posed Britain's entry into the
Common Market.
As part of its continuing effort
to aggravate differences in the
ranks of the Communist and
Workers' parties, LIFE "report-
ed a television panel, show- in
Austria featuring prominent re-
form Communists who conclud-
ed that humanistic Marxism is
the sole alternative to Soviet-type
communism." These were the
''reform Communists" who help-
ed bring Czechoslovakia to the
brink of the anti-socialist abyss.
.RFE "reviewed commentary
by the Italian newspaper Corri-
ere dela Sera on Romania's skill-
ful and courageous foreign poli-
cies" which it suggested might
be a "possible forerunner of cur-
rent East-West development."
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NB!
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001/03/04 : CIA-R
STATINTL 1
ufruf
zum BlutvergieBen
Die Kreuzfahrer der ?Freiheit" im
New Yorker Hauptcluartier, die Tag
far Tag ihren Handlangern in Man-
then fiber Fernsthreiber prazise An-
weisungen erteilen, hielten ihre gm&
Stunde far gekommcn, als in Ungarn
die gesammelte. Reaktion im Okto-
ber 1956 den. bludgen Versuch
unternahm, die volksdemokratische
Ordnung zu starzen. Da machte sich
RADIO FREE EUROPE, das
schon Monate zuvor die Unruhe im
Lande geschart .und zu konterrevo-
lutionaren Provokationen gehetzt
hatte, zur ideologischen und organi-
satorischen Leitstelle der Putschistcn.
Radio Free Europe setzte alles in
Bewegung, urn die Putschisten und
cinige Verfahrte zur Fortsetzung der
aussichtslosen blutigcn Konterrevolu-,
tion aufzupeitschen. ?
Am 4. November 1956 lieB sich
?Free Europe", das vorher die Men-
tercr aufgefordert hatte: ?Stedct
Budapest in Brandi", vemehmen:
?Wenn die Ungam noch diese Wodae
weiterkampfen, dann sind wir einem
dritten Weltkrieg naher als zu
irgendcinem Zeitpunkt seit dem
Jab cc 1945", dean, so wollte REE
seine ungarischen HOrer gl:luben
machen, eine militarische Interven-
tion der NATO-Machte und die
Land ung amerikanischer Fallschirm-
bataillone stehe unmittelbar bevor.
So aufierte sich das FDP-Organ
?Frcies Organ" (Ausgabe vom 9.11.
1956): ?Wir sind fiberzeugt, daB
zucrst und vor allem die a.gressive !
Propaganda dcs Senders Free
Europe in Manchen ein gerattelt
Ta Sem-MI Vbt iat's til:Vt, I
cy vieka
e
....1.111111111111111111=
Eine Propaganda, dercn zweckbe-
stimmte Agitation letztlich mit dem
Blut irregeleiteter Menschen bezahlt
werden mug, ist cin Verbrcchen gegen
die MenschlichLeit."
?
Dec Sturm der EmpOrung in aller
Welt iiber RFEs gewissenlose und
verbretherische Rolle in Ungarn
zwang die Regierung Adcnauer, die
irn Juli 1955 hinter verschlossenen
1'1:ken mit dem Mandmer Sender
einen Lizenzvertrag abgcschlossen
hatte, von dem ihr dada eingeraum-
ten Recht der Tonbanderkontrolle
Gebrauch zu machen. Wie sic das
madue und mit welchem Erfolg,
hatte jedczn politischen Kabarett ge-
nagend Stoff zu einer bittersatiri-
schen Szene gcliefert.
Ein gewisser Herr Oncken, subalter-
ner Beamter in Bonns Auswartigem
Amt, forderte von RFE die Tonban-
der aus der fraglichcn Zeit an. RFE
liefede auch bereitwillig das Mate-
rial aus, insgesamt fiinftauiend
Scndestunden (I). Mit dern AbhOren
dieses Wusts von Bandern wurde
eine altere Dame beauftragt, die
einmal fanfzehn unbeschwerte Jahrc
in der Donau-Metropole verbracht
und wahrend dieser Zeit sich einigc
Kenntnisse der Landessprache ange-
eignet hattc. Drei Tage nachdem sic
die Arbeit aufgenommen .hatte, gal-
ten schon sechzig Sendestunden 311
?aberpraft".
Herr Oncken ? offensichtlidi
schwacher Rechncr ? meinte darauf-
hin, da B sic den ganzen Schwung in
ciner Woche bewaltigt haben warde.
Nichts war darfiber verlautet woe.
den, ob es der Entstheidung de
das sich in den letz r
? Tagcn inAPPEPAte c gfg . aSlaandlitSitY4b1.etrAtiltDP8
zu ?beanstanden" sei und was nicht;
ob es nut ihre Aufgabe scin
die Texte abzustenografieren und
dann zu iibertragen, was vorsich-
tig geschatzt das Fan& bis Sechs-
fache der Sertdezeit ausgemada
haben warde. Im iibrigen sah sich
auch niemancl veranlak zu kontrol-
lieren, ob die Sammlung der Ban-
der vollstandig war oder ob nodi
naduraglich Korrekturen an den
Diadem vorgenonunen warden
waren.
Das Zimmer, in dem besagte Dame
arbeit&e, war zu keiner Zeit des
Tagcs oder der Nacht verschlossen.
Audi nicht am Wochenende. Die
Bander lagen, wenn irnmer die Dame
das Bedarfnis empfand, sich far
einige Zeit zu entfemen, offen her-
urn; jeder, der ein Interesse daran
hatte, konnte sich ungehindert be-
dienen.
Dann sprach Kanzler Adenauer in
einer Pressckonferenz am 26. Januar
1957 ? auf Grund der Tonband-
?aberprafung" der alten Dame ?
?Radio Free Europe" feierlich von
jeder Schuld frei. Eine eingehende
Oberprafung des Sendematerials
dutch das Auswartige Amt habe
keine ?belastenden Momente" crge-
ben, wenn auch die Sendungcn von
RFE ?einige Redewendungen" ent-
!taken batten, die ? ?sdilechtert Wil-
len vorausgcsetzt ? AnlaB zu
deutungen" hatten geben kOnnen.
L I cue Ti.!
?soft ,Ci"
Free Europe ist vun eiern I lin ?
watend dreinschlagerricn Bc ?t,
zu einem Uhl berecfme,.? La..:
fristig planenclen, alle Moglich!;eit,
und Eventualitaten einicalkulierenden
Vorkampfer an der ?Vierten Front"
? der psychologischen Kriegsfahrung
? geword en.
Far Free Europes? revidierte und
korrigierte Kampfformen trifft zu,
was Leonid Breshnew seinerzeit auf
der Internationalen Bcratung der
komxnunistischen und Arbeiterpar-
teien in Moskau 1969 feststellte:
?Der Imperialismus kann nicht auf
Erfolg redmen, wenn er seine Zielc
offen verkandet. Er ist gezwungen,
ein ganzes System ideologischer
Mythen zu schaffen, die den wahren
Sinn seiner Absicht verschleiern, die
1fF11561flioe7ittefo
continued
Dazu hatAppivwcitEm &Ole 2001
gandamaschine geschaffen, die alle
Mittel der idcologischen Beeinflus-
sung ausnutzt."
Dr. Gunter Kertzscher charakteri-
sierte (ND vom 6. Juni 1971) die
seit Elide der funfziger Jahre von
RFE verfolgte Linie: ,;Man braucht
also eine antikommunistisdie Propa-
ganda, die nicht direkt ftir den Kapi-
talismus und nicht direkt gegen den
Sozialismus auftritt, man braucht
einen Kommunismus, der der Poll-
tik des ,Briickenschlags' und der
,neuen Ostpolitik` entspricht. Darum
empfehlen amerikanische Taktiker
der psychologischen Kriegsfiihrung
den ,soft sell' (die weichc Verkaufs-
masche) im Gegensaii zum ,hard
... Dec Klassenfeind kampft
heute gegen den Sozialismus im
Namen des ,besseren' oder des
,wahred Sozialismus."
[3
zur3
zur NATO
Eine wesentliche Starkung seiner
Position erfuhr Free Europe 1959,
als dieses weitverz-weigte ?Privat-
unternehmen" in aller Stifle einen
?Bruckenschlag" besonderer Art
vollzog und eine feste Bindung zur
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
? kurz NATO genannt ? einging.
Schon in der Zeit, als RITE auf
Grund weltweiter Kritik an seiner
unheilvollen Tatigkeit derart in Be-
drangnis gcriet, dag seine Existenz
in Frage gestellt wurde, karn ihm
uncrwartet ein Bundesgenosse h5chst
seltsamer Obscrvanz zu Hilfe: der
Stragburger Europarat ? die 1949
ins Leben gerufene und als Parla-
ment aufgezogene politische Hills-
4 : CIA-RDP8O-6L1
_CA-- atria ?
Rainer Barzels
In Verbindung mit diesen Vorgan-
gen ist auch die Grfindung eines aus
sechzehn - Mitgliedern bestehenden
Komitees zu schen, das den Narnen
West European Advisory Committee
(WRAC) erhielt und damit beauf-.
tragt wurde, das politische Wirken
von RFE und seinen Gliederungen
mittels ?Dircktiven und Empfehlun-
gen" zu lenkcn. Dies= Ausschug,
der mindestens zweimal Arab au-
sammentritt, gehoren maggebliche
Mitglieder des NATO-Stabes sowie
fiihrende, in antikommunistisdien
Kreuzziigen ?bewahrte" alte Kamp-
fer aus ncun europaischen Landern,
daruntcr auch aus Schweden und
Osterreich, an. Selbst Franco-Spanien
und Cactano-Portugal sind im Aus-
sdiug vertreten. Als Sprecher der
BRD fungicrte bis zu seinem Ab-
leben AuBenminister Heinrich von
Brentano (CDU). Gegcnwartig ver-
tritt der zurn CDU-BoB erhobene und
als Kanzlerkandidat nominierte Rai-
ner Barzel die BRD in diescm kon-
terrevolutionaren Gremiurn.
Als erstcr Prasident des WE,'AC fun-
gierte einer der Gcburtshelfer von
NATO und EWG, der ehemalige
belgische Ivlinisterprasident Paul van
Zeeland; den Vorsitz Ebernahm der
Amerikaner John C. Hughes, Mit-
glied des Aufsichtsrates von Free
Europe, Incorporated. -
Bezeichnend fur den engen Zusam-
menhang zwischen Free Europe
und der NATO-Struktur ist die filh-
6reVeR0t0011,1, 090e7q001citnalige
NATO-Generalsekretar, der Hol-
lander Dirk Stikker, in der WEAC
spielt, deren Vorsitzender Cr heute
noch ist. Erst in jiingster Zeit, da
Free Europe als Instrument des
kalten Krieges und auf Grund sei-
ner Finanzierung durch die CIA
(wovon spater noel die Rede sein
wird) von progressiven amerikani-
schen Senatoren in die Zange genom-
men wurde, trat Stikker im Marz
1971 vor einem Untersuchungsaus-
schug des Senats in Washington auf
und setzte sich leidenschaftlich Rif
den Fortbestand des Senders ein.
?RFE", so .erklarte er bei dieser Ge-
legenhcit, ?ist in eincr sehr verant-
wortungsbewaten (I) Weise tatig
und dient den lebenswichtigen Inter-
essen des Westens, soweit es dessen
Beziehungen mit dern kommunisti-
schen Europa angcht."
esen Sic
im dichsten Heft:
o Ausgesuchte Objekte
0 Des Pudels Kern.
continua
organisation der NATO. Auf des-
sen &selling begaben sich Vcrtreter
der ?Kommission der im Europarat
nicht vertretenen Lander" nach Mun-
chen und kamen nach cinigcn Zu-
sammenkfinften mit den Miinchner
Spitzenkraften, samt md sonders
amerikanischcn Staatsbiirgern, zu
der Erkenntnis, daB eine Fortfiih-
rung der Tatigkeit des RFE-Senders
von vitalem Interesse ffir die im Rat
'vereinten kapitalistischen Lander
Europas sei. Spater, im November
1960, zeigte der Stragburger Europa-
rat sugar Bereitschaft, zur Finanzie-
rung von RFE beizutragen, und be- '
riet fiber eine Vorlage mit dem
Kennwork
ApiffokittlERirftelea e 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
Ie ase 2001/03/04 ?RbiD8?o 1601 R001 1 ifd7niTrre4.-
44;! I *64
) ,
.;.(F";-7/
?
''' ''''
'' ? ''
I ?
1
- _
?? 11;
. .
? ????
ft1
*s-v. *.t ? r
- .(--1 ? 1 ? s?
? .5 /./' ?
,?kt
'
Nach dem batten Fiasko jetzt eine acne Link von der CTA-Centrale (Foto):
?Wcithe Welk" minds privatem ?soft-sell" mit Kindel-singes) (1);
liausfrancnprogrammen (2), Heimatmeloclien (3),
?Religionsstunden mit Pater Pite" (4), ?modern-jazz" ? Disc-jockey (5)
und Chef-Divasant Melvin J. Lasky (6) (nebenbei
Herausgeher des auf Intellektuellcn-Magazin gctrimmten ?ivIonats").
'",7:7-1=M7rx-cm=:a,mmmw,_
e 4
?
;
?
roved. /FfziRelea.?4411/03/04 : C -RpP80,0601R0
070001-5
Approved For Release 2001102414 zic,d6RDP8
24 JUN 1972
STATINTL
Welna,./.4.61?4231....141?11
/77,.ii7il sr ri
I
0
13 y EMU. OMIT
The Central Intelligence Agency, and to carry on the attack against
in its Radio Liberty operations, socialism within these boundaries,
is a "participant in bringing in the guise of pressing for "re-
about positive revolutionary form."
changes in the Soviet Union," The situation in the socialist
? says the Library of Congress countries is such, the CIA be-
study of Radio Liberty. lieves that "Communist regimes
That study and a study of the are likely to remain in power for
CIA's Radio Free Europe were the foreseeable future..."
both prepared by the Library of Therefore the CIA will try to
Congress for the Senate Foreign encourage, "within the frame-
Relations Committee. They were work of the Communist system,"
published in the Congressional yhat it calls "positive evolution."
Record, at Senator J. NV. Ful-
bright's request, on March 6.
In Iran, Guatemala, Laos, Viet-
J nun the CIA has financed and
Oireete-z1 murder brigades, lint
This is what the author of the
Library of Congress' RFE report
. RFE
_
-executives.
The tactical guidelines for
over RL, "it rejects ViO!CriCe as .RF.J;;q1,.'s counterrevolutionary
a political solution," according course are?epecially cautious
to the Library of Congress study. with respect I.o armed actions or
. What is the goal:? , uprisings:- ..
"The primary objective of RL" The Library of Congress study
says the study, "is to encourage puts it thus:
those forces of liberalization with -RFE should not: lead the . . .
in Soviet society that will bring people to believe that in the
an eventual Peaceful evolution of event of an uprising the West
the USSR from Communist totali- would intervene militarily. RFE
tarianism to a genuine democra- - must not . . . speculate about an
tic form of government. - uprising. . .. . dor contingencies
"RL's commitment (is) to arising therefrom."
peaceful change from within." This caution has been laid out
The CIA operates on two paral- so explicitly for two reasons. In
lel courses which, like other par- the first place, RFE-CIA -was
allels, converge. The one course sharply attacked in anti-Cominu-
is to accept the socialist system, nist circles for having encourag-
even the socialist governments, ed the Hungarian counterrevolu-
as, given, - and to carry on tacti- tion in 1956 and misleading its
cally within that framework. The forces into disaster. The other
other course is to incite "peace- reason is that the CIA's five
ful" rebellion against the social- RFE Broadcast Departments have
1st governments and against the recruited personnel whose coun-
socialist system. . terrevolutionary aims have been
In practice these two courses -more cutthroat than subtle. That
sometimes run separately and posed serious problems for the
sometimes intertwine. CIA, which fed the breed.
The ;(int of convergence is The CIA has not, of course,
anti'sneilllist and .anti-Soviet forsworn armed ' action. Ent it
Union.. The CIA is ? Willing to concluded from the Tiongarian
take any road, use any tactic events that it should not be suck-
that will advance U.S. imperial- ed into actions it could not con-
ism toward that point. ? trial.
RFE-CIA "does not now -oper- It therefore holds, as the Li-
ate" to "keep alive 'cold war' brary of Congress study, puts it:
animosities in the sense in which "In the event of emergency con-
that term was used in the 1950s," ditions .. . . due to Violent de-
the Library of Congress study monstrations, -armed uprising and
says. revolutions - or war RFE will not
RS tactic rather?.-orzceept assume any attitude toward such - eating its mungariaa tactic 0-1. Warsaw Pact nations made
the "prey i Pt9M -WnrtpryRelease-1200v03104irCIAIR P80-01601R0011000-40t4.
rEl
a military thrust wit
tern in East Europe'as given, to them in any way, except for ?I'lle Library study defended thel' '
he "tolerated." camp would; r
"avoid petty or personal attack straight and restrained news re- RFE's Polish broadcasts against -
,-
1?1 . - r.F1
? ' I 1
The cocoa-Fagot-bent of "peace-
ful" counterrevolution resulted in
part from the 1948 defeat of the
attempted putsch in Czechoslova-
kia and the subsequent socialist
citing the "Western press" ?
prove RFE's innocence by tI
claim that broadcasts to Polar
were objective. -
The Hungarian counterrevol
hs:
COINCIDEN CIA ?
thrust there.
The predominant thrust before
the counterrevolutionary thrust in
Hungary was toward "liberation
of the captive countries," that is
the restoration of capitalism in
the socialist countries by force
of arms.
Radio Free Europe's predeces-
sor, National Committee for a
Free Europe, established in Dec-
ember, 19-19, claims credit for
the "liberalization" slogan.
RFE's Policy Handbook written
in 192-1951 used the slogan:
"spirit of noncooperation" to dis-
guise the counterrevolutionary
spirit of "liberation."
As a result of the defeat of the
counterrevolution in Hungary in
1956, imperialist reaction turned
increasingly to counterrevolution
by "peaceful" means, toward
.ideological warfare.
Radio Free Europe had to live
down the fact that its "earlier
lit "1i lb "d i tdb
s ory een om na e v
proach to its basic purposes
the sensationalism surrounding
gan to occur as early as 1952."
?its broadcasts to Hungary before,
The CIA program, this side
and during the 1956 uprising.'
1956, for "peaceful" counterrel,
This "sensationalism" was ac-
Aution has not and does not c
molly encouragement to armeu
elude preparations for, and r
counterrevolution, a course which
lapses to, armed counterrevol
proved disastrous.
That is why the Library of Con- hon.
The lesson of ,the Hungari
gross study is extremely sensi- counterrevolution was confirm
tive to the charge that during for the CIA more than a deco
the Polish disturbances in the later in Czechoslovakia when t
winter of 1970-71 the CIA
1Pife
i?,
77r
;.J?, Jr,
/1'4 f?
A.1"?
/ 4
cL
The CIA GAM:: how many CI
ct:tonts can you find in this dra?
Tho onos you can't find n
busy bugging the Democratic Pc
ty's convention site in Miami.
tion was viewed by "most of a
press and by many of the RE'
staff . . . as a 'watershed'
RFE history," the Library
Congress study recalls.
The "watershed" adjective 0
scribes the change from
"strong characteristics" whit
marked RFE activities until th
tilne and the allegedly "fund
mentally altered" practices them
fore.
The Library of Congress slut
holds that the "watershed" then
is not completely valid. "Fund
mental changes in 'UT's a
???????r?rliCtrIC ? ? ?
3
. STATINTL
DAILY lla)
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : waum-RDP80-
JUN 1972
?
co, on ?
? ?
u77:1 rl
I .7
U ii
0
Li
y IT,P? XIS RT
The nature of the Central In-
telligence Agency's infiltration
into Soviet society is indicated
by its avowed goal of the "liberali-
zation of Soviet society." That is
how its Counterrevolutionary, anti-
socialist, anti-Soviet program is
presented in the Library of Con-
gress study of Radio Liberty, the
CIA's Munich-based vehicle for
subversion.
The study was prepared at the
request of Senator J. W. Ful-
bright, as chairman of the Foreign
Relations committee. It was pub-
liShed in the Congressional Re-
cord of March 6.
? In this vein the Central Intelli-
gence Agency has expressed its
concern, via RL, about the "seri-
ous institutional and ideological
inadequacies" of the Soviet Union,
about its "'serious economic pro-
? blems," the "most serious being
the allocation of resources."
"Within the larger framework
of (its) goals and. purposes RI
pursues immediate objectives,"
the Library of Congress study
'points out. These "practical them-
es" include "democratic political
alternatives, economic reform,
peaceful intentions of the demo-
cratic world, ideological irrele-
vance of Marxism-Leninism, and
the virtue of cultural diversity
and political pluralism."
The CIA's concern that social-
ism should flourish is also ex-
pressed over its other system
of subversion by radio ? Radio
Free Europe, which, like RL, is
? based in Munich.
James Robert Price, author of
the RFE Library of Congress
It 0 r,
6;4f'
zIia/ bjJ.jIjiJ
But even here the CIA is cau-
tious. Simply to attack defects in
"implementation" is no assur-
ance of an audience, since the
people in the socialist countries
know, better than the CIA does,
Nvha t their problems are. They
criticize their own demerits the
better to correct them.
That is why CIA "criticism"
is not "purely. negative." Instead,
"valid achievements are given
due credit" in order to offer, "in
abundance," what pretend to be
"alternative approaches" to what
the CIA describes as "stagnated
courses of action."
The "general philosophical ap-
proach of RL is one that appeals
to rationalism." The IlloCIA me-
thod of operation is, as the Lib-
rary of Congress study puts it:
RI, "attempts to 'substitute reason
for emotion, and a calm ?ioice
for stridency.' it begins from the
premise that 'the most convinc-
ing presentation is one which
that tells all sides of a story."
This philosophical approach ,
was not employed when Saigon
militarists gunned down Presi-
dent Ngo Diem, with the fore-
knowledge and probably inspira-
lion of the CIA; nor ftes it reflect
the years-long murder policy ;
carried out in Indochina by the
CIA. ?
Given peace in Vietnam, we
can imagine the CIA resorting to e
"rationalism" in its operations
there; if not instead of assassi-
nation, then in addition to it.
,
FiL's preferred tone is "friend-
liness, enlightenment and dig-
nity" the Library of Congress
study relates.
study, holds that, "by and large, In RL comments which de-
commentaries tend to lean slight-
scribed a "cliche" or "act" of
ly toward the 'liberal' approach Leonid Brezhnev as "stupid," the
as this term is currently used in?? ,,
Nvord stupid would be bluepencil-
American policies." cd by an editor, the Library of
This testimonial is especially
Congress study said.
noteworthy coming as it does
"Sarcastic expressions" about
from a (former) CIA agent., Brezhnev were deleted from a
"Stated Communist ideals" g? commentary beamed into the So-
untouched, not because the CIA Is
viet Union in June 071; as were
more sSimpathetic to communism. references In " 'escape abroad,'01
t ?
r
7
fl
(PN rP, r
ti 11
nIic ?
7iori
vi I'
- r
y
The Library of Congress RFT]
study cites the text of a birthday
editorial broadcast by RFE on the
occasion of- the ?0th birthday of
the (unnamed) leader of an (un-
narned) socialist country. The
study notes that the originai draft
of the editorial had included a
"petty and personal attack." lint
that this had hen cleaned up
prior to the broadcast.
The draft and the final text
suggest both that ItFin policy de-
plores dirty pool. and that dirty
pool is inherent is its operations.
IZFE's policy is not based on de-
cency but on the conviction that
the ron?ily intentkas of its opera-
tives do more harm than good,
in the ? long run, and the CIA is in
business for the lon2 haul.
than to capitalism but because it .escape from the hornet:1nd,,
and
figures that attacks on the -inY- a 'comparison
plementationA -1 Irli -61iitio-
4 , . - ,- -
, ,, . _ .
&PP& Relqasce 24iotivio/be4u:s61 .-RD P80 01 Al ? - - 70001-5
may be 'twee prn (live of subver-
sion.
V4),117;:.7.;,? 0.:.:. 6.W.IM6 CL'''.) i'
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 :1C81/141161040-01601
.. t,_4 3, ?,?-, 3 I
'r 0 By a vote of 40 to 22
? ... ) 74',./ ?,..L t IL. thAlth i struck front the pending $1.7
,
.---t
- , billion foreign military aid au-
thorization a provision requir-
ing auction that receives U.S.
military assistance and excess
defebse articles to deposit 25
kjci.f.ki., E? . ,
per cent of their value in local
.1:1),.- Q ifitTVrii Cl1].,'s- currency accounts for U.S.
-
USC. Sen. Gordon Allott (R-
Colo.) argued successfully that
raising the present 10 per cent
Washington Post Stan Writer requirement- would make - it
The senate voted 58 to 2 more difficult to 'help poor na-
yesterday to authorize tions that can't afford, to put
up 25 per cent.
$38,520,000 for Radio Free Eu- 0 Br a 65-to?O vote, passed a
rope and Radio Liberty for S3 billion appropriation for
the fiscal year starting July I_ the Department. of Transporta-
Majority Leader Mike Mans- 'lion and related agencies. ?
field (D-Mont.) and Sttiart
Ac-
re VT );,-.
v a.: '.
""c
By Spencer Rich
'Symington (D-Mo.) were the
only. senators opposing the au-
thorization. It probably will
have little trouble passing the
House.
Foreign. Relations Commit-
tee Chairman J. IV, Fulbright
(D-Ark.), who had favored kill-
ing the radio stations or get-
ting other nations to finance
them, was absent. He has
given up, for the present, his
:attempt to block funding.
The stations, once covertly
financed by the Central Intel-
ligence .Agency, broadcast
news and opinion into Eastern
.Europe. Fulbriglit regards
them as a propaganda relic of
the cold Nvar that can only
make relations between Amer-
ica and Russia more difficult. .
Once the authorization
clears the House, BPI] and
Radio Liberty are assured of
jfull funding because both the
House and Senate have al-
ready passed versions of the
State-Justice-Commerce appro-
priation carrying $38.5 million
for the two stations ($23.7 mil-
lion for RIM; $14.8 million
for Radio Liberty), contin-
gent upon approval of the au-
thorization.
In other action yesterday
the Senate:
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
DAILY WORLD
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-
17 June 1972
cr))...),,,,.,,_ , ? e
.Lnuolvase.evrar.......7amaetsona....re.m.wor..wus.r.va -
STATI NTL
St.shvor.sivo racji? 'huomn sonlico' by CM
By Erux BE;mr
The targets for the Cent-al In-
telligence Agency's subversion
campaigns in the socialist coun-
tries are "the power elite, either
existing or in pbtential;:' that is,
what the CIA hopes might become
a new leadership group.
That is how the Library of Con-
gress study of the CIA's two
radio agencies puts it. The refer-
ence is explicitly to the methods
of Radio Liberty, which is tar-
geted on the -Soviet Union; but
it holds also for Radio Free Eu-
rope aimed at Bulgaria, Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, Poland .and
Romania. ...
(The Library of Congress study
was published in the Congression-
al Record on March G.)
The Central Intelligence Agency
.sees in "the forces of dissent
and reformism" in the Soviet
Union," in the "dissident move-
ment" (which is promoted also
by the New York Times), "a
challenging opportunity for stim-
ulating internal pressures for
positive change."
All of REE-CIA's five Broad-
cast Departments attempt to
create, among engineers, scient-
ists and technicians, antagonism
to the Communist Party.
The CIA's Romanian broadcasts
in the period surveyed for the
Library of Congress studies were
focused on aggravating differ-
ences between intellectuals and
the Romanian Communist Party.
It noted that the ideological cam-
paign of the Romanian Commu-
nist Party had ''been viewed with
considerable alarm by both groups
of Romanian intellectuals and by
RFE's Romanian .Broadcasting
Department." It looked forward,
hopefully, to the possibility of a
"cultural revolution in-Romania,"
as a result.
A stickler for efficiency, the
RFE-CIA criticized Romania, as
it did Czechoslovakia, for being
tardy with its formulation of eco-
nOrnic plans.
To these ends Radio Liberty,
in seeking a Soviet audience- ?
"Lakes the stance of a 'patriotic.
internal conAiptii.a6or ' tkat
vea oPRetteasea01103/040:0C4ApRDIR804)1161:4R0011c00070001-5
the bureaucracy."
not a U.S. imperialist- or CIA
agency.
RL-CIA puts on the false face
of a "genuine uncensored 'Home
Service,'" seeking to "convey to
the listener that RL is really one
of thorn;'' appealing to the "prin-
ciples of common sense;" to
"reason, moderation and ?good
judgment.''
The CIA's Polish department
presented itself as "an opposition
press." bat "working for all prac-
tical purposes within the context
of Poland's present socio-politi-
cal framework," that is, as a
"socialist" CIA. To this end "the
specific policy_with respect to-
-ward contemporary Poland is one
(1,f neither attack nor support of
the regime in tofu," but "reason-
ed discussion focused on all maj-
or developments "
This should be taken with a
lump of salt, of course, for this
"reasoned discussion" means at-
tack on the allegedly "inadequate
and vague formulation of the pre-
Congress (Polish United Workers
Party ? congress) guidelines on
wages;" denunciation of the al-
le.i.edly "scandalous conditions in
-i;n1r. licspaa Is ;"
"police inactivity" in nailing
tio.ders in '"geld and foreign Cur-
rencies" indicating that this meant
"high-level corruption, possibly
including the headquarters of the
Ministry of the Interior."
CIA zeroed in on the trade
unions and the youth. also, de-
claring that "under Party bureau-
crats the trade unions had be-
come tools of the establishment;"
and "questioning whether . . .
proposed additional bureaucratic
bodies could': Solve certain youth
problems. It, urged, "construc-
tively," that more money, not
new organization was needed to
do this job.
The major content of the FIFE-
CIA Poland-oriented broadcasts,
during the survey period, was
discussion of alleged differences
within the Polish United Work-
ers Party, of party ?bureucracy."
The lesson which RFE-CIA sought
The key to this effort, the CIA
said, was to be "freedom of the
press" as the "only possible form
of social control over the class
of Party bureaucrats." The CIA
soueht to convince its Polish
listeners that such "social con-
trol" was the "only effective
brake on their (the bureaucrats')
. .? . pushing Poland to the bot-
tom and plunging the country in
tragic stagnation."
The CIA prOsented itself, in its
RH; disguise, as the great cham-
pion of socialist economic pro-
gress in:Poland.
RFE-CIA's Hungarian broad-
casts for the period under re-
view in the Library of Congress
study "were weighted heavily"
with economic subjects. Its gene-
ral line was to agree with the
goals, but "criticize the tactics".
employed by the government.
The CIA agreed that the "twin
problems of overinvestment and
foreign 'trade deficits should be
solved"?but "without either oyer-
exploitation of labor or curtailed
productivity." it "emphasized
the need to replace obsolete in-
dustrial machinery" as a "neces-
sary investment;" but "deplored
the government's tendency to cut
back" such investments as "waste-
ful and prof it cutting."
The Hungarian broadcasts urg-
ed "more aid to private plot
owners;" and help to "small
farmers- (to) purchase directly
badly-needed small farm machi-
nery."'
The CIA "promised to try" to
provide a "weekly adult educa-
tion course for Hungarian farm-
ers during the winter evenings
when weather conditions make
farm work impractical."
The CIA even "made several
suggestions as to how the many
problems" of .-Ilungarian arti-
sans" could be aided by the gov-
ernment.
To further its aim of appearing
within, the socialist communities
as a "home communicator," as
a loyal opposition, as more con-
cerned with the progress of so-
to get across was the need for cialism than the Communist
ments, the CIA has worked oi
over the years an elaborate pri
gram of immediate aims.
The purpose is, of course,
we shall see in subsequent co
umns, "peaceful" subversion,
DAILY WORLD
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?
#
09 R o
gj fr 9
- z
STATI NTL
u la 3 Lin 0 1, h'./111
S o q.
I ars
i
By ERIK BERT . .
The role of the CIA's two from within." It accepted every- did not seek to impose any parti-
European radios, Radio Liberty thing except - the Soviet "ideol- cular formof government on the .
ogy," the spirit of Soviet power.
and Radio Free Europe, has been Soviet people;" thus, "moderation
outlined in studies prepared by In the late 1950s Radio Liberty and restraint - were restated as
the Library of Congress. The stud- switched from "liberation" to principles to be follOwed in
ies, while biased, are useful. The "liberalization," to a "policy of broadcasting:" There was a
studies were introduced into the peaceful liberalization of Soviet ?commitment to a policy of
Congressional Record on March 6 society."
peaceful liberalizalion of Soviet
by Senator J. W. Fulbright, as The shift to "moderation" was .
society."
chairman of .the Foreign Relae? not due to a change in the CIA's The 1065 Radio Liberty Policy
tions Committee. outlook, but for the purpose of Manual was "even more explicit
Radio Liberty's target is the gaining an audience. As Alexander than its predecessor in stressing
Soviet Union. Backerac, one of the editors at the principle of evolutionary
Radio Free Europe operates Radio Liberty put it: "no one change," to "helping all citizens
against Bulgaria, Czechoslo- -is impressed by the 'hard of. the USSR achieve freedom and
vakia, - Hungary, Poland andapproach.' responsible government
"
Romania. . The change in slogan from and "not to incite group action."
Radio Liberty was conceived "liberation" to "liberalization" "Friendliness of tone was given
with an anti-Soviet orientation, was not a one-shot operation. The particular emphasis..."
That was spelled out in the name shift took place gradually, - with The moderation repeatedly
of its forerunner, the "American some evidences of change in the recommended in succeeding Pol-
Committee of Fredom of the early 1950s. The failure of the Hun- icy Manuals did not mean neces-
Peoples of the USSR," incorpor- garian counter-revolution and, sarily greater moderation.
ated in 1951. especially, the complicity of the Nor did the new line mean that
Radio Liberty confesses its CIA's radio outlets in it,. iutensi- Radio Liberty had ceased to be a
sordid past readily ? the better fted the rate of change. CIA organ, or that the CIA had
to convince the world that it has During the Hungarian counter- ceased to be a para-military,
reformed. , revolution, the CIA operated on anti-socialist, anti-Soviet agency.
Cold war -"was R.L's raiSon d'- two distinct levels. Radio Free Moderation was a new cover for
etre: it was a 'cold war operation' Europe cheered on the counter- counter-revolution and anti-Soviet
...It was a creation of the cold revolution,' Radio liberty played aggression. During those same
war desic,,ned to satisfy U.S. for- it encl. years, in Indochina, the CIA par-
eign policy requirements.. ..RL When the counter-revolution sued not moderation but murder.
was one of the many weapons of came a-cropper, CIA's HEE was Future columns will deal with
psychological warfare" against accused of "unnccessarity raising the CIA's intended audience and
the socialist countries. That is the hopes of Western intervention with various aspects of its "mod-
how Radio Liberty explained it, in the revolution," the Library crate" operation against the
in the words of the Library of of Congress study reports. Socialist countries of Europe.
Congress report: Radio Liberty In contrast. '.'during those
was "committed" to the "corn- years," Radio Liberty was eriti-
plete destruction of the Soviet cized for broadcasting material
. Union. far too bland ? and mOderate"
Early in 1921 the enemies of in political content.
Soviet power initiated a shift in The line of peaceful transition
tactics. The slogan "Down with from the Soviet system was pro-
the Soviets!" was abandoned; a jected in 1054 and again in 1956.
new slogan, For the Soviets, but By November 1958 "UL's basic
without Communists," replaced it. Policy Manual... .made it clear
The change in slogan did not affect that evolution, not revolution,
the underlying purpose, as the was the main direction of politi-
Kronstadt rebellion in 1921 cal change within the Soviet
showed. The mutineers, inspired Union." "The principle of freely
by counter-revolutionaries of elected government as a means
varied complexion, took up the for political transformation was
_
struggle against the Soviet power asserted."
under the slogan: "Soviets with- Under the 1958 Policy Manual,
out Communists!'' Radio Liberty "would neither
Half a century later, guided by directly nor indirectly attempt to
the CIA, Radio Liberty "as a urge any particular platform or
matter of policy accepts all Soviet promote directly any line of ac-
institutions" gikpprovedfor Release120011174/04a:kCIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
about peaceful democratic change clear that tne democratic West
DAILY WORLD
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?
e.9-1 g /15
...asau-ma - crass
On '"dufi'-'1,,?r-;', CIA ra CYO An b" taqa DMA'S WCIS (71,914 ify
,t)
By ERIK BERT
The attempt to frame Angela
/ Davis created problems for the
V Central Intelligence Agency and,
especially, for its Radio Free
Europe network. RFE was at
tempting to talk about "freedom"
to an audience which was anxious
about Angela Davis and protesting
in her behalf.
The Library of Congress study
of Radio Free Europe, which was
published in the Congressional
Record on March 6, 1972, refers
sketchily to the case. RFE-CIA
"replied to official Czechoslovak
propaganda... in the Angela Davis
case," the Library's report said.
FIFE-CIA's premise was that
Angela Davis was guilty. That was
what Nixon had said, that was
what J. Edgar Hoover had said,
that was what Governor Ronald
Reagan had said; that was the
CIA line, that's what CIA's RFE
said.
"Pointing out the facts of the
crime," it indicated the "circum-
stances wherein the trial is open
to the public."
RFE-CIA referred to the fact
. that the "USSR had been invited
to send observers." The Soviet
Union declined to take the bait
which was intended to provide a
cover for the intended conviction.
RFE-CIA said the "Court
agreed to a change of venue,"
when in fact the change of venue
was won only after an intense and
costly struggle.
RFE-CIA cited, finally, that
?Angela's sister remains free to
travel and denounce the U.S."
implying that the fact that Fania
Davis Jordan- was not also being
framed was a great tribute to
capitalist democracy.
RFE then asked, in conclusion,
whether "such circumstances
would be possible in the Czecho-
slovak Socialist Republic."
One thing is sure, Angela Davis
would not have faced life imprison-
ment in Czechoslovakia, as she did
in California, for fighting for a
nationally-oppressed minority, or
against the imperialist war.
One .of the key roles in this CIA
attempt to prove to the Czecho-
slovak public that Angela was get-
ting _a fair trial for a. crinw .of
whilAppkgygltforsRM4se 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
played by one Slava Volny. He is
one of the emcees on the rIFE-CIA
broadcast directed to Czecho-
slovakia.
Volny's last place of employ-
ment prior to joining the RFE-
jcia was Radio Prague where he
was. a leading commentator in
1963 avowing his devotion . to
"freedom," "democratic social-
ism," and to "socialism with a
human 'face." .
_ -
What is not clear from the Li-
brary of Congress study of RFE is
whether Volny was recruited by
the CIA prior to fleeing Prague
for Munich, or subsequently.
The problem which now faces
the Central Intelligence Agency._
and its Radio Free Europe outlet
is to explain why the San Jose jury
acquitted Angela Davis.
They had said she was guilty.
They will probably say that her
acquittal proves that there is jus-
tice for Blacks for Communists,
and for Black Communists in the
United States.
They would still have to ex-
plain why President Nixon, FBI
Director J. Edgar Hoover, Gover-
nor Ronald Reagan declared her
guilty ? before a trial; why she
was placed on the FBI's ten most-
wanted list, perilled by shoot-to-
kill cops, why she was compelled
to spend 16 months in prison be-
cause she was refused bail before
her trial.
STATI NTL
tOS AtIaLES
Approved For Release 2411R3/892: CIA-RDP80-0160
Vital Communications to the East
.;The Senate Foreign Relations Committee showed
!good judgment this week when it overruled its
'6airman, Sen. J. William Fulbright (D-Ark.), and
?koted to extend the life of Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty for at least another year.
For months, Fulbright has been doing his best to
. throttle Radio Liberty and RFE?which broadcast
6 the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, respec-
:;tively?by blocking the relatively modest funds
:peeded for their. operations.
Now that ds eff.cirts have been repudiated by his
?wn committee, it is taken for granted that both
Uthorization and appropriations bills for the Mu-
:hich-based stations will get congressional approval.
I Fulbright argues that the stations are a relic of
the cold war and can only get in the way of better
relations between this country and the Soviet
,Union. There was a time, more than 15 years ago,
NV)ieri his criticism might have had some validity.
13ut that day is long past.
The best proof that the program does not inter-
:Ore with detente is provided by the enormously
STATI NTL
Important treaties and agreements signed by Pres-
ident Nixon? and the Soviet leaders at the recent
Moscow summit.. .
. The key function of RFE and Radio Liberty is
not to broadcast American news or propaganda,
but to give news of events in the Communist coun-
tries themselves. It is news which the people would
not otherwise read or bear because their own me-
dia are so rigidly censored.
? As the liberal British weekly, the Guardian, ob-
served not long ago, "Radio Liberty is providing an
alternative free radio service for Russian listeners
. . ? . it broadcasts back to Russia what the dis-
sident Russian' writers and intellectuals are pre-
vented from publishing in their own countries."
It is significant that the severest criticism of
? Fulbright!s crusade has come from within the
iCommunist nations themselves. When dissident
Soviet writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn heard of
the attack against Radio LibertSi, he told Western
newsmen that, "If we ever learn anything about
what is going on in this country, it is through
them." ? ?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
8 JUN 1972
IN7--..-- ,- -.- -A roved 7erocRelleaseenali01 . ciA-Rpp8p-p
ir
:11,S, RADIO 30. But Administration pressure limitation agreements was a
BROADfor the fiscal year ending June achieve the irst s ra egi arm
overridirig Fulbright, Unit
;Votes Funds for Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty
succeeded in bringing about a completely successful one," he
compromise allowing the sta-
said. "'fhis success was in no
tions to function until this June way diminished by its continu-
30. The expected passage of the
new bill will extend their life
at least until June 30, 1973.
White House View Given
-The Administration's argu-
ment for continuing the sta-
tions was made by U. Alexis
Johnson, Under Secretary of
State for Political Affairs, at
,,.this morning's hearing.
By BERNARD GWERTZMAN He told the committee that agreement on the strategic
arms treaty.
Mr. Fulbright had been in-
creasingly frustrated in recent
months in his efforts to curtail
Administration programs. He
was soundly defeated on the
Senate floor after he had sue-
persuading his corn-
ing strong support for freedom
of international communication,
nor was the achievement of the
agreements jeopardized by the
continued broadcasting of Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty."
Earlier this year, Mr.
Fulbright had said that he
thought the stations might be
a factor in delaying Soviet
al to The New York Times
espi e the accor s rcacieci by:
. Si:rect
President Nixon in Moscow, the
'. WASHINGTON, June 7?Dc- Soviet Union and the United
spite the objections of its States would continue to be i
. chairthan, the Senate Foreign major world competitors. Hel
Relations Committee voted said that the stations were im-
ioverwhelmingly today to ap-
portant in that they served as
'a free and independent press" untied in
prove an Administration request
for the peoples of Eastern Eu -
for 538.5-Million to extend the rope whose media are tightly,
life of Radio Free Europe and controlled.
Radio Liberty for at least an- Ho said that if the peoples
of the Communist countries had
;other year.
information that might other-
The 10-to-3 vote of the corn-
wise be denied them by their
'rnitteez headed by Senator J. W. governments, they could help
Fulbright, Democrat of Arkan- bring about beneficial internal
sas; virtually insuied the con- changes.
tinued existence of the two sta- Mr. Johnson added that the
. broadcasting activities of Radio
tions, whose broadcasts have
had n
long infuriated the Soviet Union peded Liberty thed moot nsicvoNanytaw m-
lks ay ibe
and its allies. ? - , tween Mr. Nixon and the Soviet-
,
Radio Liberty beams its pro-
grams to the Soviet Union,
Radio Free Europe to' the na-
tions of Eastern Europe. Both
were established in the nine-
teen-fifties and until last year
received their funds seerptly
through the Central Intelli-
gence Agency. ? ?
?? Senator Fulbright, who has
called the stations "relics of the
cold war" and a waste of tax-
payers' money, argued against
continued Government financ-
ing of the stations during two
days of hearings that ended
,,this morning.
But aside from the support he
drew from Senator Mike Mans-
'field, Democrat of Montana,
-and Senator Stuart Symington,
-Democrat of Missouri, he failed
to convince the committee
-either to deny or to reduce the
Administration request.
The $38.5-million request for
the next fiscal year has already
been approved by both the Sen-
ate and House Appropriations
Committees. The House Foreign
'Affairs Committee is expected
? to approve the necessary au-
thorization shortly. The bill is
:pot expected to face any sig-
nificant floor fight when it is
brought ,up for Senate and
House approval later this
month, Congressional sources
ssaid.
Mr. Fulbrhippl5Ctiteld
mist members of his commit-
pc,. had almost succeeded in
ea e .
-I do not think that there is
room now for any doubt that
this Administration's effort to
? 1
o cu ?s arp y
United States Information
Agency funds for the next
year. The vote today was one
of the few against Mr. Fulbright
by the committee itself.
Over the years, Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, both
with headquarters in Munich,
have received about 5500-mil-
lion in Government funds. They
specialize in broadcasting news
and views that would not nor-
mally be permitted by the Gov-
ernment-controlled media, in
'Communist couutries.
Mr. Johnson in his testimony
said that efforts would be made
to get financial contributions
from West European countries
to help defray the costs of the
stations.
?
STATINTL ?
?
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STATI NTL
TAKIINOTON POS'
Approved For Release 200160A4s9,1A-RDP80-0166T4130111TIX0070001-5
en,ate Panel Votes
.Foreign Radio Money
By Spencer Rich
Washington Post Staff Writer
? Overriding the opposition of
its chairman and of Senate
Majority Leader Mike Mans-
field of Montana, the Foreign
Relations Committee voted 10
to 3 yesterday to authorize
$38,520 for Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty during the
coming fiscal year.
The sum was the amount
sought by the Nixon adminis-
tration for the two stations,
which broadcast news and
opinion into Eastern Europe
from transmitters in Western
Europe. A move by Sen. Frank
Church (D-Idaho) to cut the
figure to $36 million failed, 9
to 4, with Church, Mansfield,
Committee Chairman J. W.
Fulbright (D-Ark.) and Sen.
Stuart , Symington,(D-Mo.)
' 'hacking the cut. ansfield,
Symington and F u 1 bright
voted against the final bill as
well.' ?
The committee also estab-
lished a procedure for hear-
itigt on the Moscow nuclear
arms limitation agreements,
whIch may be sent tb the Sen-
ate today.
-The committee decided to
liOld hearings on the two in-
ternational agreements in
three phases. First, it will hear
from the administration, then
from a group of nuclear arms
experts it will ask to testify,
and finally from public organi-
zations and individuals who
wish to be heard. ?
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty were covertly fi-
nanced by the CIA for two
decades, but widespread oppo-
sition to concealed CIA influ-
ence moved Congress to re-
quire public financing last
year.
At that time Fulbright and
others argued that the stations
are simply propaganda rem-
nants of the cold war and
should be phased out
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6.3HINTON POST
Approved For Release io9y,R911. : CIA-RDP80-016
U.S.. Asked to Aid'
2 Radio Stations:
..?
Supporters of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty
argued yesterday for full fi-
nancing by the U.S. govern-
ment for one more year while
an effort is made to got West-
ern ,Europeans to share the
,burden.
The testimony came as the
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee opened hearings
on a Nixon administration bill
authorizing' $38.5 million to op-
erate the two radio stations in
the year beginning July 1.
The two stations, which up
'to a year ago were financed,
in the Main covertly by the
Central Intelligence Agency,
broadcast to Eastern Europe
and the ? Soviet Union from
Munich.
Committee Chairman J. W.
Fulbright (D-Ark.), who earlier
this year succeeded in legislal-
ing an end to funding for the
stations: as of June 30, ex-
pressed opposition to contin-
ued U.S. financing.
Fulbright cited an "emerg-
ing spirit of cooperation and
accommodation" between the
United States and the Soviet
Union, and an "apparent lack
'of interest on the part of our
European allies" in helping to
finance the radio operations.
The only witness to testify
at the opening session, Dr.
Dirk U. Stikker of the Nether-
lands, chairman of the West
European Advisory Committee
to RFE, acknowledged that "it
is time for West Europeans to
begin sharing the financial
'burden."
,f Stikker said the climate in
,Western Europe is "clearly fa-
vorable to the continuation of
Lthe radios and, by careful and
patient handling, to the devel-
opment of a more active Euro-
pean participation."
But he said development of
such support will "require
,long, hard work," and he said
,"an appreciable European con-
tribution should not be ex-
pected to be available in the
,next year.",. ,
Fulbright questioned Stik-
ker at length about the pros-
pect "of any tangible support
from Europe."
"Do you know of any gov-
ernment willing to pay any-
thing toward these radios?"
Fulbright asked. Stikker said
he knew of several "but it is
all confidential."
Stikker said supporters
"cannot start a real organized
effort to raise money in Eu-
rope" until Congress votes to
continue the radios.
Sens. Jacob Javits (R.N.y.)
and Charles Percy (R-I11.)
argued for a year's grace but,
in Javits' words, "there will be
a real obligation on the part
of Europe to see that the year
is not wasted."
Fulbright said he didn't see
any, assurance, lithe U.S. pro.
vides funds for another year,
that there would be action in
Europe. He said the European
attitude was more apt to be:
"The Americans will continue
to do it?they're big and rich
and stupid."
STATINTL
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NBI STATINTL
Approved For Release 20011013/64191A-RDP80-01601R
?!ii1;1;:c4.-01
t
Crk,71-'!. i)_#)
r.)[,()
Spionagechef Allan Dullf; fih,litrte
dem Komitee noch and -:.re
frilheren Mitarbeiter z-u, &11e s5th bei
dcr Herstellung von Naii--kontak-
ten unter den Fittichen des OSS be-
wahrt batten: u. a. Charles Douglas
Jackson, einen Experten far psycholo-
gische KriegfUhrung, der auf diesem
Gcbiet crhebliche ?Verdienste" nach-
weisen konnte. Abet auch auf dem
privaten Scktor stellte Jackson als
Vizeprasident des mad' aigen TIME-
und LIFE-Vcrlages, der die in MI-
lionenauflage und in ?International
Editions" vcrbreitete Illustrierte
LIFE und das Nachrichtemnagazin
TIME herausgibt, etwas dar. Er
wurde zum Prasidenten des Komi-
tees ernannt und iibte diese Position
bis 1952 aus; ferner Robert E. Lang,
ein von Dulles besonders geschatz-
ter OSS-Mann, der spater die Stel-
lung eines Direktors von RADIO
FREE EUROPE fibernahm. Zu den
akti-vsten Komitee-Mitgliedem zahlte
auBerdem der chernalige Kriegs-
minister Clark M. Clifford, der seit
der Prasidentschaft Harry S. Tru-
mans als Berater des WeiBen Hau-
ses in Geheimdienstangelegenheiten
fungierte.
Cu verpackter
Antikornmunismus
Selbstverstandlich fehlten in der
Runde dskp?fo*edfor Rtilta
nicht die Reprasentanten der grofien
)
Monopole: Ford, vertreten durch
den Chef des Hauses Henry Ford
1L, der 1952 General Clay als Pra-
siddnt der Bewegung ?Kreuzzug fur
die Freiheit" abloste. Clay fiber-
nalun daraufhin den Aufsichtsratsvor-
siez in FREE EUROPE, INCOR-
PORATED, den er auth hcute noth
innchat. General Motors hatte seinen
Generaldircktor James Roche, Stan-
dard Oil das Vorstandsmitglied
Michel Haider delegiert. Die
Dynastic Rockefeller war vertreten
durch ihren Sprof3 Nelson Rockefel-
ler, den derzeitigen Gouverneur des
Smates New York, der crst in jiing-
stet Zeit ? anlal3lich der Ausliefe-
rung von Angela Davis an die ras-
sististhen Justizbeh5rden Kalifor-.
niens ? seine Vcrbundenheit mit den
ultrarechten politischen Gruppierun-
gen in den USA demonstrierte.
Bedeutenden EinfluB auf das
Aktionsprogramm von ?Free Europe"
batten bemerkenswerterweise auth
zwei in der Ivieinungsmanipulierung
hochst rtihrige Antikommunisten:
Dewitt Wallace, der Grander und
Eigentiimer der in 29 internationalen
Ausgaben und 13 Sprachen mit cincr
Auflage von 9 Millionen Exempla-
ren monatlich erscheinenden Zeit-
schrift READER'S DIGEST, die
seit 1921 untcr der Tarnung von
Wissenschaftlichkeit und Objektivitat
die biirgerliche Intelligcnz in allcr
Welt mit antikommunistischen Argu-
menten beliefert. Weiterhin der in-
zwischen vcrstorbene Henry R. Luce,
e 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0
1100070001-5
Verleger und Hcrausgcbcr des Nach-
richtenmagazins TIME, der Wochen-
illustrierten LIFE und der der Vet-
herrlichung der ?freien Marktwirt-
schaft" und ihrcr NurzniefIer ge-
weihten, luxurias ausgestatteten
Monatszeitschrift FORTUNE. Auch
Luce war cin Mann, der es verstem-
den hatte, den Antisowjetismus in
dna. attraktiven Vernackune an die
breite kleinbilrgerliche Mittelschicht,
die ?informiert" scin rnifichte, zu ver-
hokern.
Der Unterstiitzung reaktionarer und
sowjetfeindlicher Gewerkschaftsver-
treter hatte man sich ebenfalls ver-
sichert und auf Empfehlung des
State _Department einen fuhrenden
Funktionar namens Carey zur Mit-
arbeit ins Komitee genommen. Auf
diese Weise konnte man der Unter-
stiitzung der vereinigten groBen Ge-
werkschaftsorganisationen ? Ameri-
can Federation of Labor and Con-
gress of Industrial Organisation ?
sicher sem, die sich tatsachlich auch
spater bei der Propagierung Konrad
Adenaucrs zum Bundeskanzler be-
wahrte: Auf der Frontseite des Mit-
teilungsblattes dieser graten ame-
rikanisthen Gewerkschaft war da-
mals ein lobhudelnder Artikel er-
schienen, der Adenaucr in alien Far-
ben und Tanen als den ?Retter des
Abendlandes" anprics. Dieses Ela-
borat wurde sofort ins Deutsche
ilbersetzt und als ?Stimme des
Freien Amerikas" in Millionenauf-
lage in Westdeutschland verbreitet.
Der ?Kanzler der Alliierten" war
von dem Erfolg der Aktion derart
tief bccindruckt, daIs er Careys Kol-
legen, ?Bruder" George Meany und
?Bruder" Jay Lovestone, als seine
personlichen Gaste ins Palais
Schaumburg einlud und sic mit hohen
Orden behangte.
iserthower
mit dem Klingelbeutel
Urn der ganzen Sadie ein uberpartei-
liches, nationales Mantcichen unazu-
hangen, hatte man sich schliefflich der
Unterstutzung und Mitarbcit von
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, des
spateren USA-Prasidenten, versi-
chert, der mit hindenburgischcr Bor-
niertheit und gespielter Bonhommie
far jcden antikommunistischen Rum-
mel zu haben war. Ihm hatte man,
?IntaMatwocaufgec
n
tontinued
alction fiir
dtirchzufiihr
MOglicherweise?hatte man den
reichlich naiven Eisenhowerr dartiber
im unklaren gelasscn, &II die Mit-
tel zur Finanzicrung der verschiede-
nen Aktivitaten von ?Free Europe"
!angst von anderer Seite garandert
und gratenteils auch schon bereit-
gestellt waren. Aber ein snleher
Appell an die Freigebigkeit des
?patriotisch" gesinnten amerikani-
schen Burgers war geignet, den wah-
ren Charakter der Institution zu ver-
schleiern und das Marchen von der
privaten Initiative mit einer dannen
Tunche von Glaubwiirdigkeit zu
ilberpinseln.
?Kreuzzug fiir die Freiheit" und
?Free Europe" waren in ihren ersten
Stadicn Ausgeburten der Wahnvo'r-
stcllung, claB die USA ? in jenen
Jahren noch im Alleinbesitz atoma-
rer 'Warren, die in Hiroshima und
Nagasaki mit dem. Buick auf einen
kiinftigen Waffengang gegen die
UdSSR '?"ausprobiert" worden waren
? die Sowjetunion und ihre VerbUn-
&ten in die Knie zwingcn und den
Sturz der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Re-
gierungen verhaltnismaBig miihclos
herbeifUhren konnten. In diesem
Sinne erklarte der offizielle Initiator
des NATIONAL COMMITTEE
FREE EUROPE, Joseph Grew, in
der Griindungsversammlung: ?Wenn
dcr Zeitpunkt kommt, werden wir
es mit Zustanden zu tun haben, die
einem sozialen Chaos und einem
politischen Vakuum sehr nahekom-
men. \Venn die demokratischen
Fairer (gemeint sind die Verrater
und Deserteure, die ihrem Vaterland
den Riicken gckehrt batten ? d. Red.)
die Zwischenzeit in vollcr Schaffcns-
kraft iiberleben, konnen wir horren,
dac sic ihren Tcil zum demokrati-
schen Wiederaufbau lcisten werden.
Unsere Aufgabe wird sem, die
Stimmen dieser Exilfiihrer auszu-
strahlen. Sic werden zu ihren VO1-
kern in Europa in deren Sprache und
vcrtrauten Worten sprechen. Wir
werden ihnen helfen, da ihre Bot-
schaft auch mit dem gedruckten Wort
die Heimat erreicht."
Das war nicht nur so dahergeredet
Nachdem erst einmal ?Free Europe
in Munchen einen BrUckenkopf cr-
richtet hatte, wurden von dort aus
sogleith und bis welt in die fiinfzi-
ger Jahre hinein Hunderte von Mil-
lionen gasgefUllter Ballons aufgelas-
sen, die BroschUren und Flugblatter
mit aufhetzenden, wenn auch v011ig
wirklichk9ittimitiftri
nach New '7:)rk unior ndon enu-
Ottiveariceremi
?
C0v1r1101#,4%PlasERAP
teste der CSR-Regierung ignorierte
Washington auch dann noch, air bpi
LevoEa emu Passagierflugzeug dutch
Zusammenprall mit einem Hetzbal-
Ion abstiirzte und 30 Personen da-
bei den Tod fanden.
etze von -
der Steuer absetzen
Am 4. Juli 1950 wurden in Biblis
bei Frankfurt am Main mit einem
7,5-kW-Kurzwellensender die ersten
Erfahrungen gesammelt. Dann, 1951,
nahmen General Clays Plane Gestalt
an, in M?nchen em n groBangelegtes
Diversions- und Spionagezentrum in
Verbindung mit einer hEichst lei-
stungsfahigen Sendeanlage (Gesarut-
kapazitat heute 2245 kW, verglithen
mit nut 500 kW der BBC, England,
und 730 kW des US-Hetzsenders
RIAS) zu errichten.
Unter Berufung auf das Besarzungs-
recht batten die Amis cin 70 mal
250 m2 groBes Grundstfick am Eng-
lischen Garten gegen den lalunen
Protest der bayrischen ?Verwaltung
matliche Schlasser und Seen", die
fUr das Grundstikk eine durchaus
andere Verwendung in Aussicht ge-
nommen hatte, requidert. Die bay-
rische Verwaltung konnte lediglich
die amerikanischen Gebieter zu dern
Versprechen bewegen, den auf dem
beschlagnahmten GrundstUck fr?her
behndlichen Chinesischen Turm, dcr
in den Kdegsjahren eingesairzt war,
wieder aufzubauen. RADIO FREE
EUROPE hat dieses Versprechen nut
im ithertragenen Sinn &flint und
seit der Abkchr der Mao-Clique von
den Grundsatzen des Marxismus-
Leninismus in seinen Sendungen die
Mao-Karte turmhoc.h ausgespielt
Im November 1951 kam dcr bereits
erwahnte Charles Douglas Jackson,
einer der wichtigsten Manner der
Organisation ?Free Europe", eigens
nach Munchen geflogen, um die in-
zwischen rekrutierten Mitarbeiter auf
Vordermann zu bringen. Klipp und
klar erklarte Jackson bei dieser Ge-
legenheit: ?Radio Freies Europa ist
em n Dienst des psychologischen Krie-
ges. Unsere Organisation ist ge-
schaffen worden, urn in den Landern,
dencn unscre Sendungen gelten,
Unruhen hervorzurufen. Militarische
Einmischung hat iiberhaupt nut
Sinn, wenn den Volkern der uns
atlidfbbTekgru-'Cdiescr
ii eitung unterna p trn fO'FREE
EUROPE den Amoklauf gegen die
Volksdemokratien, damals noch in
dem naiven Glauben, mit den Posau-
nen aus Munchen die Mauern Prags
zum Einsturz bringen zu konnen.
In dem ersten Werbeprospekt, den
RADIO FREE EUROPE im selben
Jahr, 1951, in den USA zirkulieren
lieB, konnte es auf eine AuBerung
des amerikanischen AuBenminister
Dean Acheson verweisen, der dem
wilden Treiben der Miinchner seinen
offiziellen Segen erteilte: ?Das State
Department", so hieB es da, ?ist
fiber die Bildung von RFE sehr er-
freut Es halt die Ziele der Organi-
sation fiir ausgezeithnet." Auf der-
selben Seite war unten in kleinem
Druck noch vermerkt: ?Spenden f?r
,Free Europe' konnen von der Ein-
kornmensteuer abgesetzt werden."
Standig crfuhr der Sender Verstar-
kung und Ausdehnung ? gebiets-
maBig und in Hinsicht auf seine tech-
nische Ausrustung: Zur ?Voice of
Free Czechoslovakia" gesellten rich
noch vor Ende des Jahres 1951 Sen-
dungen fur Ungarn und Rumanien,
und ab Mai 1952 wurde Volkspolen
tinter ideologischen BeschuB genom-
men. ?
Mit der Wandlung der auBenpolid-
schen Konzeption Washingtons von
der ?Einclammung" zum ?Roll back
of Communism" (Zuriickrollen des
Kommunismus). erfuhren auc.h die
Taktikcn vort RFE insofcrn eine
Modifizierung, air jetzt der Haupt-
a.kzent auf eine ?Starkung der
Kampfmoral der unterjochten Vol-
ker" (0 verlegt wurde.
esen Sie
im nachsten Heft:
o Beric.ht der alten Dame
o Neue Taktik: ?soft sell"
Continuel
? 20t1403164?IptAr-opleett 01 R001100070001 -5
bewaffneten in ndsa tionen cin-
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
Am 10. Marz
1948 traf
Henry Ford
,lut dem
Rhcin-Main-
Flughafen
cin und
stellte sich
mit seinen
Ansiditen zur
?Lage in
Deutschland"
vor: als ganz
privater
politIscher
Patriot.
\ .
? 1,5 ?
5
4
?10
Audi Monopol-
SproB Nelson.
Rockefeller
hatte GroBes
mit dein
?Privat"-Unter-
nehmen RFE vor:
Privat-Spenden
durften von der
Stcuer abgesetzt
vvcrden.
immer Millionen Dollar mit
Meinungsmache verdient werden? konnen
und die Meinungen von Millionen.
mit den Magazinen TIME und LIFE
manipuliert werden sollten, war Cr.
mit von der Partie: Herausgeber
Henry It. Luce (mit Eisenhower).
Approved For Relea
3/04
Private Nebeninitiativen des
RFE-Konsortiums:
Im bayrischen Grenzgebiet werden
Gasballons gefallt (Foto)
und mit Hetzflugblattern versehen
in Richtung Prag getrieben.
...msEaZWktkiNfRILEE62,ato
Far Millionenauflagen in der ,
frisch gebildeten BRD dankbar:
?Bruder" Adenauer (links)
ladt ?Binder" George Meany-
1 R001114100170004;.5
,VMS/MM.T11,4,4,,IE MMNIMENINVV/I9NleANWN5tf
STATINT
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#25
3 June 1972
end'f.';Z,-,rous
mi Waldorf Astoria
Im Friihjahr des jalircs 1949, zu
einem Zeitpunkt, als der ?kalte
Krieg" hohe Wellen schlug und seine
amerikanischen Einpcitscher auf der
Linie dcr ?Eindammung des Korn-
Munismus" (containment of commu-
nism) operierten, Lam es in New
Yorks 45stOckigem Waldorf Astoria
.Hotel zu cincr folgenschweren Zu-
sammenkunft: George F. Kerman,
zu jener Zeit als sogenannter CA-
experte inoffizieller Ratgeber
Prri-
dent Trumans und Verfasser zahlz
reicher Publikationen des Inhalts,
wie man die Ergebnisse des zweiten
Weltkrieg,es zugunsten des amerika-
nischen Imperialismus korrigieren
sollte, gab sidi mit dem chemaligen
US-Botschafter in Japan, Joseph
Grew, bekannt als Konununisten-
fresser, ein
Vermutlich war der AnstoB dazu
vom amerikanischen Kriegsministe-
rium gekommen, gcnauer gcsagt, von
dem -ihm unterstellten ?Department
of Psychological Warfare", das
ehenfalls mm Jahr 1949 das Licht der
Welt erblickt hatte und dUrch beson-
dere Riihrigkeit seine Existenzbe-
reditigung tinter Beweis stellen
wollte. Allerdings laBt sich die
Spur, die zu der Begegnung Ken-
nan?Grew f?brt, noch welter zurUck-
verfolgen.
lay
ist dabei
Im Herbst 1947 hatte eine Gruppe
von Kongregabgeordneten eine
Studienreise durch 22 Lander unter-
nommen, urn sich einen Oberblick
fiber die Arbeit der amerikanischen
Propagandaorganc im Ausland zu ver-
schaffen. Int Berliner Hauptquartier
des US-Militargouverneurs Lucius D.
Clay, von dem aus sic ihre weiteren
Erkundungsfahrten unternalimen, lie-
.
Ben sic sich litre crsten Untenveisun-
gen crteilen. Der General, bekannt
als unver;Olinlicher Fcind der Sowjet-
union, wahrend seiner Arntszeit zu
verschiedenen Maim dazu ent-
schlossen, den: kalten Krieg, in eincn
heiBen SchieBkrieg zu verkehren mit
dent Ziel,
dcrungen na
_
machen und den EitafluB des Westens
in SUdost- und Osteuropa: wieder-
herzustellen, Eberzeugte seine Lands-
!cute davon, da f3 die von den offi-
ziellen amerikanischen Stel len be-
triebene politische Propaganda vollig
unzureichend und dahcr wirkungslos
ware. Er entwickelte den Gcdanken,
man mfisse Organc und Institutionen
schaffen, welclic ?nach auBen hin
nicht offiziell aultretend mit groBter
Wirksamkeit und mit nur gcringcr
Schadigung des moralischen Anschens
der US-Regicrung die f?r das Aus-
land bestiannte subversive Propa-
ganda betreiben" konnen.
Nadi ihrer Rilcickehr in die USA eat-
faltete die ?Studien"-Gruppe ameri-
kanischer Parlamentarier urn Saint
und irn Reprasentantenhaus eine
hektisdie Betriebsamkcit, um die
Vorschlage General Clays popular zu
mac.hen. Selbstverstandlidi wurdcn
sic bci ihrem Vorgehen von einem
steifen Ruckenwind aus maBgeben-
den Kreisen des State-Departments
und des Kriegsministeriums begim-
stigt. Auf die Initiative dieser Ab-
geordneten ist auch die Einbringling
und die in beiden Ihrusern des Kon-
grcsses kaum urnstrittene Annahme
des Smith-Mundt-Gesetzes zurucirzu-
fiihren. Dicses Gesetz legte die
staatsrechtlic.hen Bedingungen fur die
GrUnclung und Unterhaltung privater
Rundfunkanstalten fest, oder, andcrs
ausgedruckt, es machte den Weg fur
die Inbetriebnahme soldier Sende-
einrichtungen, vie sic RFE spriter
darstellte, frci. Bemerkenswert ist,
daB das Gesetz vorschrcibt, daB allc
politischen Sendungen der als
vate" Unternehmen aufgezogenen
Rundfunkstationen'der Kontrolle der
Regierung unterliegen.
Der Annahme des Smith-Munck-Ge-
setzes folgte sogleich eine Serie von
Geheimverhancllungen, bei dencn
Vertreter des gerade damals sich un-
geheuer aufblahenden US-Spionage-
dienst entscheidend mitwirkten. Sic
waren samtlich .darauf gerichtet,?der
amerikanischen Propagandamaschine
einen ,,New Look" zu geben, was
damit crreicht werden sollte, (lag in
Zukunft die Abteilung f?r psycholo-
gisdie Kriegsfahrung und die Ge-
heimdienstzentralc der CIA den To
angeben sollten.
Kerman schlug vor, eine Organisa-
tion auf die Beine zu stellen, in der
politische Emigranten aus Osteuropa
zu einer ?demokratischen Elite" zu-
sammengefailt warden. Kerman lieB
dabci durchblicken, daB der darnalige
amerikanische Augenminister Dean
Atheson, bekannt als erner dcr
aggressivsten Vertreter dee amerika-
nisch.en Atombombenpolitik in der
Zeit des arnerikanischen Kernwaf-
fenmont:q>ols, solche Projclac mit
allergrallter Sympathic vcrfolge und
eine ?private" Initiative als denkbar
beste Form zu deren DurchfUhrung
2n5chc. Auf diesc Tricifx
auch gelingen, wichti6L v.irt
liche, politische und rd i7 C,. ?,
pen in den USA zu mobilisieren.
Grew, dem die Obertrag-ong eines so
wichtigcn Mission an scincm sonsm
recht eintonigen Lebensahencl anfki-
ordentlich schnicichelte, grill
Kermans Empfehlung auf.
Tin Mai 1949 zog cc einen alten
Freund und Gesinnungsgenossen,
Dewitt C. Pool, ins Vert-rauen, der
in jungen Jahren als Charg?'Affai-
res an der amerikanischen Botschaft
in St. Petersburg den Sturm auf das
Winterpalais erlebt und sidi von
dicscm Schrecken zeit seines Lebens
nicht mehr crholt hatte. In spateren
jahren war et- am Aufbati des arne-
rikanisdien Geheirndienstes maBgeb-
lich beteiligt und im zweiten Welt-
krieg als Abteilungsleiter int Office
of Strategic Services (OSS) ? dent
Vorlaufer der CIA ? an der Scite
von Allan Dulles tatig, der seiner-
seits 1953 die Lcitnng dieser letztge-
nannten, berUchtigten Organisation
fibernahm. Man darf als sicher an-
nehmen, daB interessierte Stellcn
Joseph Grew dazu veranlaBten, sich
just in diesem Augenblicic seines
alten Kumpanen zu erinnern, dean
es war 118heren Orts von vornhercin
vorgesehen, dcr zu grandenden ?pri-
vaten" Organisation gebeimdienst-
fiche Funktionen zu abertragen.
eburtssitmcie
ina Apartment 300
Grew und Pool lieBen nun Einla-
dungen an eine Zahl ausg,ewahlter
Personlichkeiten zur GrUndungssit-
zung eines Gremiums ergehen, das
nach einstimmigem BeschluB die Be-
pproVedef ofcRe I ease OO4O8O4 : CIA-RDP
1945rackgangi, zu private" Untemehnien v D.
_ .1 A,
Aiitogigio#41t16r-
konstituierende Versammiung
j fand am 1. Juni 1949 in New York
;im EmpireApproVetlifgor?Re
"..,
meat 300, statt. Ersehienen -war so
: ziemlich alles, was im offenen und
i versteckten Kampf gegen die Sowjet-
union und ande. sozialistische Lan-
der gewatet hue. Allen voran Spio-
nagebo8 Allan Dulles, Mitglied des
Vorstandes der New Yorker IliHale
der pronazistischen Londoner
Schroeder-Bank, der bekanntlidt von
seiner OSS-Zentrale in Bern non
gegen Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges
.mit Sendboten des SS-Chefs Himm-
ler Vcrbindungen aufgenonamen und
si:11 urn AbschluB eines Separatfrie-
dens mit Nazi-Deutschland bemaht
hatte. Allan Dulles wurde bald dar-
auf zum Prasidenten des Exekutiv-
ausschusses des National Committee
Free Europe berufen ? ein V,Titeres
Anieithen dafar, (lag die neugegran-
dew Institution dazu auserschen war,
als verlangerter Arm des ,amerika-
nischen Geheimdienstes zu opericren.
Nicht weniger symptomatisch war
die Mitwirkung John McCloys, der
von Anbeginn an zu der Spitzen-
ruppe von Politikern gehorte, die
en Fahrplan und die Marschroute
iir ?Free ' Europe" -fesdegten.
ilcaoy, der wahrend des Krieges
den Rang eines Unterstnatssekretas
im Kriegsministerium bekleidete,
hatte bucks zu jener Zeit Grund-
satze eincr Nachkriegspolitik mea-
ner dem geschlagenen Nazi-
Deutschland aufgestellt, die im kras-
sen Gegensatz zu den Vereinbaron-
gen von Jalta und Potsdam stanclen
und auf die Restauration des dent-
schen Imperialismus als antibolsche-
wistische Bastion abzielten.
Selbst elremaligcr Corporationsanwah
und juristischer Berater der maB-
gebenden amerikanischen .Monopole,
stand er in eager Verbindung mit dc:r
Clique fahrender Bankiers, die wie
die Chefs von Dillon, Rend & Co.
und Brown, Harriman & Brothers
bercits flack dem crsten Weltkrieg
der daniederlegenden deutschen
Rastungsindustrie mit Anleihen und
Krediten wieder auf die Beine go.-
holfen und die ihre eager' Geschafts-
verbindungen auch mit dem faschi-
stischen Deutschland welter aufrecht-
erhalten batten.
In einem Interview mit der in Chi-
cago erscheinenden (inzwischen ein-
gegangenen) Zeitung ?PM" hatte
McCloy erklart, daB die bisherigen
Nachkriegsplane fur Deutschland,
wie sie in Potsdam urnrisscn wur-
den, nicht atm Verwirklichung . korn-
I- P
men warden Seine en
mit dem Erkp
Ml&PIcItY-1
Imentiett seine Tatig,keit als juristi-
i
?1
in Deutstbland- ofTen da-
seic20108/04 DIA80 01601R00111000700044utio-
Bank, als dcren Dircktor er seit
1953 tatig ist. Von 1947 bis 1949
nahm er den Postcn eines Prasiden-
ten der International Finance
Corporation ein und war in dieser
Eigcnschaft mit Erfolg datum be-
mat, eine Sozialisicrung der Ruhr-
industrie zu verhindem und den
I I itlerschcn Welirv,-irtscha ts fa hrern
und Kriegsverbrechern -die Rik.likeln
zu den alten Kornmandostellen
erra5glichen.
Noch bedeutsamer aber ist, daB
McCloy lid der Ernennung von Ge-
neral Lucius D. Clay zurn
gouvemeur in der amerikanisciten
liesai41.11q.,,SZOIIC seine Hand im L, lel
bane und auf Clays Entscheidungen
wahrend dessen Annszeit unheilvol-
len bestimmenclen EinfluB ausabte.
Es ist claher auch nicht verwuncler-
lich, claB General Clay sogleich nach
seiner Rad:kehr acts Westdeutsch-
land im Jahn: 1919 eine Schlassel-
position mi K.onlitee bezog, this in-
zwischen die Form einet Gesellschaft
offentlithen Rechts angenommen
}mac und sich, jetzt FREE
EUROPE. INCORPORATED
nanntel
inc
?todliche Stimme"
Auf Clay geht die Grandung eines
anderen Kornitecs?,Kreuzzug fiir die
Freiheit", zurack, dessen Lcitung er
abernahm. Organisatorisch wurde es
als Dachorganisation fiber Free
Europe, Incorporated gestellt. Envie-
sen ist ebenfalls, daB Clay das Pro-
jekt-eines arnerikanischen Senders in
M?nchen noch wahrend seiner Tatig-
keit als Militargouyerneur cifrig ver-
folgte und die ersten praktischen
Schritte an seiner Verwirklichung
untemahm, bevor noch im Juli 1949
ein Unterausschug von Free Europe,
Incorporated einen entsprechenden
BeschluB
Clay hat in seinem Buch ?Entschei-
Is
niiie lir WIC/Ching 2,11 V,!ikS(1 CMO/Zra-
ElSChc:11 Staaten in de '1
Ungarn, und
Runtanien zu einer Vey.!'iii;:bung des
strategif:chen Gleichgev,i;hts zuun-
gunsteu des Westens Art habe
und clic ?Vreie Welt" sick mit dies'''.
Laze nicht ahfinclen So hatte
Clay, einer der verboiut?.:,,,,:a kalten
Elriel;er jener j;-7thre, in "Erni:
granteip,, rider", tier in 1,4tc1bafer
CSSR wetrIcn
solltc, tchon darnals ein l?stturucut
gesehen, um den Bode!) fi;,. Kon-
terrevolution und den isurz dcr
Volksherrschaft zu bel Von
General Clay stammen a auch
markig-,-t Worte, mit clenc--!i Cr sich
iiber die Mission von EuroPc
und des Manchener aus-
lieB: ?Das Komitee Frciet Europa
und RFE f?hren einen tml.armhcr-
zigen, dutch niclits aufzuk I enden
psychologisclien Krieg, der sich auf
ein Ziel richtet: Sturz (Its y.Tommu-
nismus." Und spuiell mit 130--Ilg auf
RADIO FREE EUROPP,i ,,Wir
brauchen eine anclere Stinm-!e, cinc
Stimme, die moglichst wen4;
v
Status des Staates als solcht:Pl g:n
re-'
gclt wird, cad, wenn man will,
eine harte und todlich ti4feade
Stimme I"
esen Sic
im ri`chsten Heft:
o Neuverpackt
o Mit dem Klingelbettit.!
O Mit Gasballons
ase 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
Approved For Release 200144
t-ipiA-ORMT6lo
i`fte-Y;Nrf III ir;',11-i;i 411115isjj
l_clq
CT
polnische Kundselmfter
Hauptrnann Czechowicz 1st aus M?n-
chen in die polnisdie Heinaat nicht
mit leeren Handen zurfickgekehrt. In
seinem Gepack fiihrte er zahlreiche'
Originaidokumente mit, die einen
tug 0_110
und Diverrionstatigkeit des Senders
FREE EUROPE gestatten. Aus
ihnen geht hervor, daB in alien
AuBenstellen nadi demselben System
verfahren wird, wie wit es mm Falle
der Wiener INTORA kennenlernten.
Beispielsweise befuaden sich unter
diesen Dokumenten ?Rapporte" ?
wie sic intern genannt werden ? des
Agenten ?K 5", die liber seine sich
genauen AppraVelit rIkE61eAb Nr01701itifded/Oktilli8
gen zu dem ehemaligen Sekretar der
Polnischen Botschaft in Rom, Marian
Wielgosz, Auskunft geben, den er
schlieBlich zum Verrat an der Heimat
anstiften konnte. Vermutlith batten
zwischen Wielgosz und der CIA.
scion vor seiner Entsendung nach
Rom Kontakte bestandcn, dean es
beiBt in dem ersten, aus dem Jahre
1957 starnmenden Beridit: ?Nadi
seiner Ankunft hat er mich (?K 5")
angerufen und em n Treffen in einem
Restaurant vorgeschlagen. Nach vor-
hedger Benachrichtigung entsprechen-
der Personen habe ich mich bereit er-
klart unter der Bedingung, daB er
einvcrstanden ist, mein Gast zu sein.
Wielgosz hat keine Vorsdilage ge:
macht und sich schr anstandig (I)
vcrhalten; nur einmal frag,te.er, oh
er mir in irgendeiner Angclegenheit
helfen konnte. Ich dankte und scblug
ihm dafOr jegliche Unterstiitzung far
den Fall vor, wenn Cr sich entschei-
den wiirde..."
Zwolf Jahre danadi hat diese
schmutzige Angelegenheit den voraus-
berechnrten AbscilInf3 gefunden. Wit
zitieren aus dcm Originalsdiriftstfick
a uszugsweise
?Vcrtraulich ? Bfiro Rom (Michael
idssonr9
Rom, 21. August 1969
RO 5583/K 5 ? Polen
Treffen mit Marian Wielgocz
Sicherheitsquelle: (Spalte nicht aus-
geffillt ? die Red.)
Bemerkung des Berichterstatters:
Die zusatzliche Kopie des beige-
fiigten Rapports muB an Herrn Jan
Nowak, Direktor der Polnischen
Sektion (von RFE, die Red.), ge-
sandt werden.
Dieser Rapport faBt das dreistiin-
dige Treffen mit Herrn Marian
Wielgocz, ehemaliger Sekretar. der
Poinischen Kommunistischen Bot-
schaft, ...gegenwartig in Emigra-
tion unter dem Schutz der HIAS
zusammen."
In den folgenden vier Seiten des
Rapports wird fiber die Unterhaltung
zwischen Agent ?K 5" und Wielgocz
minutios Rechensdiaft gelegt. Zu-
nachst werden noch einmal die ein-
zelnen Stationen aufgefiihrt, die zwi-
schen der ersten Kontaktaufnahmc
mit ?K 5" und dem endgiiltigen
Ubertritt Wielgocz' in das Lager des
Feindes Iiegen. Dann foIgt eine ge-
naue Bcschreibung seiner familiaren
Verhaltnisse. Detaillierte Angaben
fiber seine Frau und seinen Sohn und
0-01601R001100070001-5
fOUtinuE,e,
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
. _
?-.1.14.61,011,firaiThS
? - -
r I E:
vo n. ,
fir-g,ttilrc,,.??. 7
--- *So
? .' -
t
' ?
' ?
;
??
\Nit
de,ssen Plane, in Rom sein Studium
zu Lade zu f?hren und dort eine,
seiner Qualifikation entsprechende
Anstellung zu finden.Diese Angaben
nut Person Wielgocz' enthalten alle
?schwachen Punkte", die den arnot.
kanis' then Geheimdienst? in 4j Lir
versetzen, den Abtriinnigen,
immer erforderlich, unter Druck p4
setzen und Run jede MOglichkeit ang
Umkehr zu verlegen. AnschlieBend
werden samtliche Personen aufge-
fiihrt, mit denen W. wahrend teinraZ
diplomatischen Tatigkeit in Rom in
engere Verbindung getreten war und
die fur die CIA und ihre Infos.
tionssammelstelle RFE von Interesse
sein k8nnten. Den 'Hauptteil des
Rapports nehmen die nachrichten-
dienstlich ergiebigen Auskiinfte cin,
die der Kontakt mit W. erbrachte.
Schliefflich werden in der VR Pokn
ansassige Personen genannt, die sich
nach W.'s Auffassung zu einer Kon-
taktaufnahme eignen warden.
uf
geheimen Wegen
AlsgrnogendrenFtiOnrd ekiittntg;
Das System
sich seit den Tagen, als eine Maria
TIvrtratnvn ihrP Tat; pkeit in der
Munchener Zentrale von RFE auf-
gab und in ihre tschechoslowa-
kische Heimat zuriickfand, kaum
verandert. Damals gab tie in Prag
eine Erklarung ab, in der es bieB:
,,In der sogenannten Informations-
abteilung, wo ich seit Anbeginn ge-
arbeitet habe, wurden Nachrichten
abgeschrieben, die teils aus Verhoren
mit Fliichtlingen stammten, tells auf
,geheimen Wegen', d. h. mit Hilfe
der gelaufigen Spionagemethoden, zu
uns gelangt waren. Die Zentrale die-
ser Tatigkeit befindet sich in Mun-
chen. Hier laufen die Nachrichten zu-
sammen, welche alle iibrigen. Spio-
nage-Zweigstellen liefern. Jede die-
ser Zweigstellen hat eine Decknum-
mer, unter der sic ihre Nachrichten
an die Munchener Zentrale einschickt.
Die dort einlangenden Nachrichten
haben ausnahmslos Spionagecharak-
ter, mag es sich urn militarische
Nachrichten handeln, far die das
groilte interesse vorhanden ist, oder
um Nachrichten wirtschafdicher und
politischer Natur. Jede Nachricht
wurde mit der Nummer des Agenten
versehen, von dem sic stammt Ich
selbst babe auSer Nachrichten aus
r e;
I il
elbstrnord -
keine Ausnahme
Die Erlebnisberichte des polnischen
Kundschafters Andrzej Czechowicz
verdeudichen zugleich Methoden und
Praktiken, wie sic von der CIA in
enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem
BRD-Nachrichtendienst (BND) an-
gewendet werden, um ?Fliichtlinge",
von denen nicht wenige ihre Heimat
infolge einer KurzschluBreaktion ver-
lassen haben, zu Agenten zu pressen.
Czechowicz hat das am eigenen Leib
erfahren. Bekanntlich hatte der heute
35jahrige seine Mission 1962 auf-
genommen, nachdem en sich nach
erfolgreicher Beendigung eines Ge-
schichtsstudiums an der Universitat
Warschau ? den polnischen Sieber-
heitsorganen nut Verfiigung gestellt
und den Auftrag erhalten hatte, Zen-
tren der politischen und ideologischen
Subversion in den Landern des
NATO-Blocks zu erkunden.
Zur Erfiillung seines Auftrags haite
einen Weg gewahlt, den abtriin-
aige Landsleute des ofteren schon
vor ihm beschritten batten: Fr be-
gab sich auf legale Weise nach
England, unterbrach abet die Heim-
wise in Koln, meldete sich bei der
BRD-Polizei und teilte flit seinen
Entsd-ilull mit, nicht mehr nach
Polen zurackkehreia zu wollen; en
ersucke urn ?politisches Asyl", wurde
darauflin 'fesigenommen und einige
Tage in das ,Auffanglager fiir Ober-
laufer aus den sozialistischen Lan-
tern in Zirnd'orf bei Nurnberg ein-
geliefert Dort teilte Czechowicz
einen zellenahnlichen, sdumitzigen
Ram in einer Holzbaracke mit sic-
ben anderen Landsleuten, die dort
bereits seit mehreren -Monaten fest-
gehalten wurden. Sic beklagten sich
iiber unzureichende Ernahrung, man-
gelhafte sanitare Verhaltnisse und
machten. einen vollig abgestumpften
Eindruck. Sic seien, wie sic 1.._ibst
erklarten, von den taglichen, viele
Stunden wahrenden Verb-Oren ?ge-
schafft". CzethOwicz selbst wurde
bereits einen Tag nach seiner Einlie-
ferung von einem BRD-Geheim-
dienst-Offizier ausgefragt, und da er
em n ?interessanter Fall" zu sein ver-
sprach, an seinen amerikanischen
Kollegen, einen US-Offizier ukrai-
nisch-polnischer Abstammung, weiter-
gereicht Dieser CIA-Agent haste
dariiber zu entscheiden, wem das von
den Lagerinsassen begehrte Pradikat
abgalk#4513 8 0 -01!804fIR 0 01401X17 0001isant
wurde.
sant lnuou
Vide, ja die iffiWavagERESOURACIRWPflaidgMrriP80701601 R001100070001-5
insassen waren gar nicht in der Lage,
Auskiinfte zu erteilen, die far die
CIA von Withigkeit sein konnten.
Da abet die amerilcanischen Schniiff-
ler von der Annahme ausgehen, der
?Fliiditling". hake mit Bedacht
wesentliche Informationen zurack,
nahmen die Verhore inquisitorischen
Charakter an. Kam der amerik.-anische
Geheimdienst schlief3lidt zu dem
SdiluB, dem ?Fhichtling" das poli-
tische Asylrecht zu verweigc,a, so
sah sidi der Betroffene eirrer hoff-
nungslosen Zukunft gegenaber. Lie-
ferten die Flachtlinge nichts, dann
sollten sic eben schen, wo sie
blieben.
Andrzej Czechowicz erwahnt den Fall
der Polin Dworniczak: Als sie die
Mitteilung erhalten hatte, dal!' ihr
?politisdies Asylrecht" nicht zuge-
standen werde, nahm sie eine Cher-
dosis Schlaftabletten und machte
ihrem jungen Leben cin Ende. Selbst-
morde im Lager Zirndorf sind keine
Ausnahmeerscheinung. In der ?Neuen
Rhein-Ruhr-Zeitung" konnte man
lesen: ?FREE EUROPE ? unterhalt
im Niirnberger Lager em n Baro. Nach
Methoden des Geheimdienstes be-
schafft man rich dart bei den aus-
landischen Fliichtlingen und oft zwic-
lichtigen die notigen In-
formationen. Dabei wird kein Wert
auf Stichhaltigkeit gelegt."
an Nowak
hat karrier recht
Hauptrnann CzechOwl= freilich war
darauf geeicht, seine Aushorcher zu-
friedenzustellen. Er lieferte fingierte
militarische und politische Informa-
tionen, die dem Verharer so becleut-
sam erschienen, claB Cr sie sofort an
eine weitere Sammelstelle des US-
Spionagedienstes in Oberursel bei
Frankfurt am Main weiterleitete.
Au13erdem brachte er CzechOwicz
was fur dessen weiteres Wirken noch
wichtiger war ? mit dem im Lager
stationierten Korrespondenten des
?Polish desk" (der polnischen Redak-
tion) von RADIO FREE EUROPE
in Verbindung. Dieser wiederum
empfahl Czechowicz an den Leiter
der polnisdien Sektion der Manch-
ner Zentrale, an den berths erwahn-
ten Jan Nowak, seinen spateren Chef.
Aber selbst die ?Auserwahlten",
denen schliefllich die ?Identification
Card" von FREE EUROPE, Divi-
sion of FREE EUROPE,
Approved For Release 2001103104: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-Sontinuod
wie es urn die ?Freiheit" bestellt 1st, ?Vr 1-4 13 2
die 66 FREE EUROPE praktiziert
wird. Sie bleiben Gefangene unterA9i.,..1TTLY'j:DGS DAT iJM
der Fuchtel Nowaks, den C.zechowicz U 1SSS
als den ?Typ eines amerikanischen
Gangsters" beschreibt, -der mit sei-
nen Untergebenen nach Gutdanken
umspringt. ,,Wer mit Pan Nowak in
einen Disput gerat, ist erledigt."
Czechowicz erwahnt den Fall des
poinischen Schauspielers Janusz
Koryzma, der nach einem Streit mit
Nowak seine SteIle verlor. Aber da-
mit nicht genug, veranlallte Nowak
seine Verhaftung und spatere Einwei-
sung in eine Heilstlitte far Geistes-1
kranke in der Nahe von StraBburg.,
Schlief31ich aber ist auch Nowak nur
ein winziges Radchen in einem gigan-
tischen, Tag und Nacht auf Hoch-
touren laufenden Spionage- -und
Diversions-Apparat. Wer sind die
Konstrukteure, wet die ?Meister",
die ihn in Gang halter!?
esen Sie
im nichsten Heft:
? Int Appartement 300
* Eine :rociliche Stimme
Sie !assert
ihre verfahrten
Opfer eiskalt
?abet die.Klinge
springen":
die Direktoren
der Hetzsendun-
gen in Tschecho-
slowakisch, Pol-
nisch und Bulga-
risch (v. 1. n. r.:
Julius Fist,
Jan Nowak
und Milio Mileff)
bci der Progamm-
beratung..
3
RADIO FREE EUROPE
DIVISION OF IEEE EUROPE INC.
IDENTIFICATION CARD
NAME.
? A.ridrzej 2,
_
CITIZENSHIP
STAAISANGEH. Stateless
TITLE
ma. liesea.reher
?
Of FCE
DIENS;STETLF Xunich
SIG.IATus.
TERSCHR IFT
#
? 1.
CeUNTETL-7.ICNED BY S,ECtlgilY OCFICER-
GEGENZEiCHNUNG DES SiCHERH.-OFEIZIERS t
:AIE OF BIRTH HEIGHT WEIGHT HAIR EYES
,,ESURTSDAIUM GROSSE GEWIGHT HAARFARBE AUGENEARBE
:. 7 Aug 37 172crn 65kg brown brown _
THE REAPER; IDENTIFIED ON THE REVERSE SIDE, IS A RADIO FREE EUROPE
ii.,PLOYEE AND AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM DUTIES CONSISTENT WITH
HIS POSITION.
DrE AL.I DER RCCKSEiTE AUSGEWIESENF PERSON 1ST EIN ANGESTELLTER
ON RAW? FREIES EUROPA UND ERMACHT1GT, DIE IN SEINEM DIENST-
SEREICH IIEGENDEN AUFGABEN AUSZUEUHREN.
NOTICE,
ANYONE FINDING THIS DOCUMENT PLEASE MAIL TO RADIO FREE EUROPE,
ENGLISH GAkDENS NO. 1, MUNICH. REWARD WILL BE PAID.
ACHTUNG:
WENN DIESFS DOKUMENT CH-LINDEN WIRD, SOLITE IS UNVER7CGUCH
AN RADIO f REiES EUP.OFA, F mONCHEN 22, ENGHSCHLR GARI1N I, GE.
!ANN WERDEN. EINE SLLOHNUNG WIRD AUSPE7AHLT.
ZIRSEGESSISAISIffirentraMINISSIVISK=U
Gewann als RFE-?Mitarbeiter" jahrelang besten
Einblick in die innere Struktur von RFE:
Hauptmann der Aufklarungsabteilung im polnischen
Innenministerium Andrzej C.zechOwicz.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
,V4PANIKIIIMM411111.1106:Iminewmprowe
AMMO.
Selbstmorde keine Seltenkeit
I im Lager: Erst verfuhrt,
-dann verraten und verkauft,
schlieBlidi dem gegen-
seitigen HaB iiberlassen.
Teilansicht der
Redaktionsgebaude: RFE-Komplex
in M?nchen
egaNIUMMInsusenaminuzzo"lo,wamoreemik,avasisMaismar
- I ?
:
I. I ,
"' ? ?
?-??
CrA
?
? sr -
?
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
4
IBI
Approved For Release 2001/01001419111A-RDP80-01601
hue
1-4.-ischild in Wien
Auf einem bescheidenen Messing-
child im Hause Webgasse 43, Maria
Hilfer Bezirk, Wien, stcht zu lesen:
INTORA, ABSATZ- & MARKT-
FORSCHUNG, 2. Stiege links.
Mehrfachcs, anhaltendes Lauten
bleibt unbeantwortet.
?Die sind nicht mehr bier", lautet die
karge Antwort des Hausmeisters.
?Wohin?"
Das kann er nicht sagest Doch wei-
tete Ermittlungen ergeben, dal die
Lcitung der Firma sich qntschlossen
hat, aus der larmenden City zu ver-
schwinden und sich in dcr landlichen
Stifle eines Auflenbezirks, dem ab-
gelegenen Penzing, niederzulassen.
Hadikgasse 52 lautet die neue
Adresse. Aber das fragliche Haus -
ein dreistockiger nachterner Ncubau
- tragt kein Nummernschild. Detre-
ten kann man es nur von der seitlich
ab biegenden Gyrowetzgasse.
um neuen Heim hat man auf das
Firmenschild' ganz verzichtet. Wer
nicht wei8, daB Herr Helmut Aigner
der Chef on INTORA ist - sein
No.m, if a.,,f dem ?Stummen Fortier"
ce.getragen kehrt unverrichteter
Sae. e wied urn. Verbindung mit
Wohnungsinhaher Aigner vermittelt
am Hauseingang eine Sprechanlage,
und die sic bedienende Weiblichkeit
meldet erst nach verschiedenen Ruck-
fragen, daB Herr Aigner, obwohl
nirk beschaftigt den Besucher zu
-en bereit ist.
iierr Aignet, der auch im Zimmer
eine randlose, dunkelglasige Brille
tra_gt, ist wen_ig mitteilsam. Soviel
laBt er sich nur entlocken: Sein priva-
tes Unternehmen betrcibe die An-
kurbelung von Geschaften im ost-
europaischen Raum, vornehmlich mit
der ?Tschechos,- il? -:" - ie et
?J?e (7K,X bezeidmet , aber .t...ch mit
andercn Volksdemokratien. Daraus
eeklare sich auch, daB er nur Leute,
die mindestens eine ??st-to .)paische
Sprache beherrsdien, bes.?:nattige, dar-
unter auch den einen oder anderen
?Emigrantert". Politik interessiere
INTORA nicht im geringsten. Aus
den stahlgerahmten Fenstem in Mg-
nets Arbeitszimmer hat man einen
freien Buick auf das Gebaude der
CSSR-Gesanito
taftft.
rved For Rele
-r7
\?\ lick:
?Mite. sprechen Sie!
Verzichtet man auf eine Zusammen-
kunft mit INTORA-Chef Aigner und
wahlt stats dessert die Telefonnummer
82 51 02 - die nicht im Telefonbuch
steht, abet- vom wil3begierigen Repor-
ter herausgefunden wurde -, so hat
man ein seltsames Erlebnis.. Klic.k -
darauf spricht eine angenehm dunkle
Frauenstimme vom Tonband: ?Guten
Tag. Hier spricht der Telefonauf-
nahmedienst der Firma INTORA.
Geben Sic Ihre Mitteilung dutch. Wir
werden gegebatenfalls zuriickrufen.
Sir werden auf Tonband aufgenom-
men. Ihre Sprechzeit betr? 45 Se-
kunden. Bitte geben Sic die Zeit an,
zu der Sic anrufen. Achtungl Bitte
jetzt sprechen I" Klidc.
Dec unnachgiebige Reporter, dem es
gelungen war, die Geheimnummer
von INTORA herauszubekommen -
sic wurde seitdem verandert -, gab
sich indessen mit dieser Entdeckung
nicht zufrieden. Er unternahm wei-
tere Erkundungen, um hinter das Gc-
hcimnis des mysteriosen Absatz- und
Marktforschungsinstituts zu kommen.
Da fiel ihm auf: Tag fur Tag bevor
der Praha-Wien-ExpreB auf dem
Wiener Bahnhof einlauft, erscheinen
auf dem Bahnsteig immer wieder die-
selben undurchsichtigen Gestalten,
denen trot krampfhafter Bemahung,
nicht aufzufallen, innere Unruhe und
Nervositat deutlich anzumerken sind.
Rollt dam n der Zug in die Halle, ver-
teilen sic sich auf die einzelnen Wag-
gons, mustern mit prafenden Blicken
die Aussteigcnden, um sich dann an
&nen heranzumachen, der ihren Ab-
sichten dienlich sein konnte, und
reden in tschechischer Sprache hastig
auf ihn ein. Sic ergreifen mitunter
auch seinen Koffer und weichen nicht
von seiner Seite.
Das alles geht in solcher Eile vor sich,
daB Verwandte und Bekannte des
13etreffenden gar nicht dazu kototnen,
ihren Besuch in die Arme zu
Ben, bevor noch der Fremde seine
crsten ?markterforschenden" Kontakte
herstellen konnte. Ehe er sich schlie13-
lich verabsc.hiedet, aberreicht er dem
Gast aus Prag verstohlen einen klei-
nen Zettel mit seiner Telefonnummer
ase 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8
STATINTL
und Anschrift. Er sei ja em n Lands-
mann, v,-ie er sagt, der vor em n paar
Jahren die Heimat aus rein person-
lichen Granden verlassen hatte. Wie
es jetzt da wohl ausschauen wiirde?
Das konnte man sich doch bei &nem
gematlichen Plausch im Kaffeehaus
erzahlen lassen.
Ahnlithe Szenen konnte der Repor-
ter auch bei Ankunft des aus War-
thitr "acipie-Expret.c
beobachten. Und nicht viel anders
gcht es auf Wiens Flughafen zu, wenn
die Maschinen der Cesko-Slovenske-
Air-Lines aufsetzen, oder am Donau-
Kai, wo die schmudce ?Tschaika" aus
Budapest anlegt.
?Besuch empfangen" wird diese Tatig-
keit im Dienstreglement von IN-
TORA genannt, dean es bcreitete
dem Reporter nicht allzu groBe
Schwierigkeiten, festzustellen, daB
die aufdringlic.hen Herren auf den
Bahnsteigen, Flugplatzen und an den
Dampferanlegestellen im Dienste von
Chef Aigner stehen. Das sogenannte
?Interview" ist &fin der nachste
Schrift, den der INTORA-Mann
arrangieren muB, der Treff mit dem
?Landsmann".
er
?Landsmann"
Freilich, Chef Aigner ist seinen An-
gestellten gegeraiber nicht allzu ver-
trauensselig, und zur Kontrolle, ob
die Interviews auch tatsac.hlich statt-
finden und nicht der Phantasie der
Mitarbeiter entspringen, hat er die
Sadie mit der telcfonischen Meldung,
die auf Tonband registriert wird, ein-
gefuhrt. Daher tautht zur abgespro-
thenen Zeit und am angegebenen
Otte ein zweiter INTORA-Mann
ganz unauffallig auf, urn festzustellen,
ob die Sadie auch wirklich in Ord-
nung geht.
Der ?Landsmann" abet, der zu dem
Treff meist aus purer Neugier erschie-
nen ist, ist hochst erstaunt, daB die
Unterhaltung aber die alte Heimat
eine ganz andere Wendung nimmt,
contir?q
-01601R001100070001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
I
als er erwartet hatte. Nachdem et erst
em n paar Belanglosigkeiten von sich
gegeben hat, prochrziert sein- metier 1
Belcannter einen umfangreichen ;
Fragebogen, 24 Schen stark, und ,
geht Frage auf Frage mit ihrn durch.
Was man da nicht alles von ihm wis-
sen milichte: genaue Adresse ? Alter
? Familienstand ? Schulbildung ? Be-
ruf ? Religion ? seine Bekann ten ?
in welcher Eigenschaft halt er sich in
Osterreich auf, als Privatmann oder
im ciienstlichen Auftrag; im ersten
Fall: wer und was sind seine Ver-
waridten oder Freunde, die er auf-
sucht in dieser Stadt?; im anderen
Fall: was ist der Zweck seines Auf-
enthalts? 1st er Mitglied einer offi-
ziellen Delegation? Eines kiinstleri-
schen Ensembles? Angehariger eines
Sportklubs? usw. Beabsichtigt er,
wieder in die Heimat zuriickzukeh-
ren? Und wenn ja: ist er bereit, den
Kontakt. mit dem neuen ?Freund"
aufrechtzuerhalten?
eltsame
Nqugier
Da es sich ja um einen tschechischcn
Landsmann handelt, holt der IN-
TORA-Marm noch einen Zusatz-
Fragebogen hervor, der seltsamer-
weise ?Special Czech/Slovak Questio-
naire" iiberschrieben ist Dieser be-
zeugt einen recht eigenartigen Wis-
sensclurst der Fragesteller: ?Welchen
drei Personen in der CSSR unab-
hangig von ihrer augenblicklichen
Position ? bringen Sic das grogte
Interesse entgegen? Wie grog ist Thr
Vertraucrk zu Husak: in fast jeder
Hinsicht? ? begrenzt? ? kcin Ver-
trauen?" Und welter im Text: ,,Was
ist Ihrer Meinung nach heutc das
Schlimmstc in der Tschechoslowakei?
Was halnin Sic vom XIV. Parteitag
der- KFTA? Letrieli gie hn al)? Be-
gragen Sic ihn?. 1st er Ihnen gleich-
giittig?"
Llnd schlieglich noch gezieltere Fra-
gen wie diese: ?Wie ist die Lage
in Ihrem Betrieb? Was sind die
Griinde frit etwaige Unzufriedenheit?
Weldae Moglichkeiten bestehen,
einen Streik zu organisieren?"
onterrevolution
durch Television
Karmen auf Grund des bereits Ge-
sap,ten kaum noch Zweifel iiber clzi
zwielichtigen, das heil3t recht eindea-
tigen Charakter des Aignerschen Ab-
satz- und Marktforschungsinstituts
bestehen, s'45 lassen sich noch eindeu-
tigere Riickschlusse aus der Dunkcl-
manner-Existenz einiger seiner regel-
magigen Beincher ziehen.
Der Konterrevolutionar jai Pelikan
ist einer von ihnen ? ehemaliger Intea-
dant des Prager Fernsehfunks, der
irn Jahr 1968 dieses Massenmedium
auf den Kurs der Konterrevolution
brachte, alle parteilichen und pria-
zirienfesten Mitarbeiter, einen nazh
dem andern, hinausdrangte, bis das
Haus schlieglich zur Bastion der
putschentsthlossenen Frondeure yid
ihrer auslandischen Hintermanner
wurde. ?Revolution durch Tele-
vision", diese Losung hatte Pelikan
selbst ausgegeben. Als jedoch der
ferngesteuerte Aufstand dank der
Hilfe der Truppen der Warschauer
1 Paktstaaten gar nicht erst urn sieh
gaeifen konnte, verdingte sich Pelikan
an den- amerikanischen Spionage-
dienst In seinem Auftrag reist Pei-
kan jetzt regelmaBig nach Wien, sao
ihn sein Weg bei 'jedem Aufenthrlt
zur Hadikgasse 52 fiihrt.
Fast taglich lailt sich do rt auch eine
stets nach neuester Mode gekleidete,
nicht mehr ganz junge Dame sehen,
die sich Vera Alfoldi nennt und als
leitende Mitarbeiterin im standigen
Wiener Bilro von RADIO FREE
EUROPE beschaftigt ist.
riickenkopf
im Englischen Garten
Das Stichwort ist gefallcn: RADIO
FREE. EUROPE. Darunter hatte der
Nichteingeweihte bisher den in Min-
chen stationierten amerilcanischen
Hetzsender verstanden, der rand um
die Uhr 24 Stunden mit aufwiegela-
der Propaganda die sozialistischen
Staten der CSSR, Polens, Ungares,
Rumaniens und Bulgariens berieselt
Dod-i seit den sensationellen Enthill-
lungen des polnischen Kundschafters
Hauptmann Andrzej Czecbovicz, der
sich sechs Jahre lang im Auftrag der
polnischen Sicherheitsorg,ane im
Mandmer Hauptquartier des Senders
einquartierte, ist allgemein bekannt,
dat die Sendetatigkeit nut einen,
allerdings sehr bedeutsamen Zweig
der Aktivitaten von RFF., darstellt.
RADIO FREE EUROPE ist emn
Knotenpunkt im weltweit- verzweig-
ten Spionagesystem der amerikani-
schen Central Intelligence Agency,
kutz CIA genannt RADIO FREE
EUROPE hat einen fesan Platz in
`der Struktur der amerikar'schen Glo-
balstrategie .und ist im NATO-
Block-System fest verankert. Augen-
stellen in Wien, Westbedin, Frank-
furt am Main, Bonn, Brfissel, Lon-
don, Paris, Rom, Madrid, Stockholm,
Istanbul und Athen, urn nur die with-
tigsten zu nennen, filttern in ununter-
brochenem Strom die RI E-Zentrale
im Englischen Garten Nr. 1, einem
weiggetiinchten, niichternen Gebaude,
das eher einem Krankenhaus ihnelt.
Zur Sammlung von ?Inside Informa-
tion" bertiont sich- R.ER zahlreicher,
angeblich der Meinungs-, Markt- oder
Absatzforschung &mender Institute.
Auch die Firma INTORA it emn
Stutzpunkt in diesem Ne. Achtzig
Prozent der aus solchen Quellen
stammenden Berichte werden aus-
schlieglich fur die CIA ausgewertet;
nut zwanzig Prozent gehen in die
Sendungen von RFE th. In Munchen
wird eine Kartei fiber ?interessante"
tschechoslowakische Personlichkeiten
gefiihrt. Die aus dieser Kartei gelie-
ferten Informationen, Statistiken,
Analysen usw. werden auf Lochkar-
ten fibertragen, nach Washington
transferiert und dein Computer-
system der CIA einverleibt.
Lesen Sic im nichst=
? Gesprich mit KS
? Selbstmord
? Pan Nowak hat immer
recht
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
R1ADESt DIGEST
Approved For Release 2001/03/9S %(,-RCfig13410111051
For two decades, Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty have been beaming a message of hope and truth
to millions behind the Iron. Curtain. Nov, because
()fa move in the U.S. Senate to cut off funds, the mes-
sage may fade into silence
4 9 ri ? .7r. 7 ?
. emo tcr-ve::_^;(1
C L.,LJCL ;;, L.)
p 71* 1
K-4
I... 10
. .
By RALPH KINNEy BENNETT
. .
--r---,ROM a Polish industrial town,
H a laborer writes to Radio Free
Europe: "You are the only
so. urce of truth. If it weren't for you,
we wouldn't know anything. Every-
' ? body listens to RFE."
In Czechoslovakia, a young man
risks arrest to write: "I have listened
r. to RFE since I Was a child. Today I
? am 22, and for most of what I know
about the world I have you to thank.
Your broadcasts have been my only
window on the world."
From the Soviet Union, a ?scien-
- tist secretly sends a message: "Radio
.,Liberty is what a Russian station
.? would be like if we had freedom of
? speech."
High praise, and all from behind
? the Iron Curtain. Yet?surprisingly
?in Washington, D.C., Sep. J. Wil-
? liam Fulbright (D., Ark:), chairman
of the powerful Senate Foreign Re-
lations Committee, takes a different
.view. Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, he charges, are "keeping
? alive the animosities which grew up
after World War II." Both statins,
he says, should "take their rightful
place in the graveyard of cold-war
relics."
"Source of truth" or "cold-war
relics"?what are the facts about
these two stations?
In the Vernacular. After 'World
War H, as the world watched, an
Iron Curtain descended on Eastern
.events which by 1950 had shut off
roo million people in Eastern Europe
and 200 million people in Russia
from any free communication with
. the West.
Many concerned Americans, in
and out of government, asked them-
selves how the West could 'respond.
Should these people be abandoned,
forgotten? The consensus was no:
continuing contact was essential.
And the best, most tireless vehicle
was radio.
Radio Free Europe went on the
air in July 1950, broadcasting from
Munich. From a modest begin ping,
it expanded coverage to beam spot
news, popular music, cultural pro-
grams and commentary an average
of 16 hours a day to listeners in Po-
land, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Rumania and Bulgaria?in their
own language, by nationals who had
fled their homeland.
The founder?and current chair-
man ?of Radio Free Europe is
Gen. Lucius D. Clay, whose ? ex-
periences with the Russians as post-
war commander of U.S. forces in
Europe had demonstrated the need
for such a voice of hope. He wanted
RFE to be as much as possible out-
side the realm of government?
speaking to the people in their own
vernacular?rather than a "national"
service like the Voice of America or
the BBC's Overseas Service.
Europe. The Berlin blockade and. In March 1953, another American order of things, few Westerners can
, the Soviet seizure of Czechoslovakia station began broadcasting from appreciate the impact of simple, fac-
werepart of the grim succession of Munich, direct to the Soviet Union. tual news reporting in the commu-
the two have evolvedvery similar
philosophies.
Both grew up in a world in which
propaganda was the norm: a period
of threat and counterthreat in an
international atmosphere of raw ten-
sion. The staffs of the two stations,
many of whom had fled communist
,oppression, found it difficult to re-
;main cool and detached journalists.
But in the relative thaw following
? ? Stali0 death in 1953, Radio Liberty
began modifying its stance of "im-
placable struggle?against the commu-
nist dictatorship until its complete
!destruction." Increasingly, program-
?iming was directed not at toppling
I the Kremlin leadership but at en-
lightening the people, giving them
.the news?local as well as world-
wide?withheld from them by their
own media, educating them to the
democratic alternative, breaking
through the distrust of the West.
In the wake of the tragic, abortive
Hungarian revolt in RFE was
accused of abetting the Hungarian
patriots' bloody resistance by, raising
false hopes of U.S. intervention.
? However, the West German govern-
ment, which licenses the two Amer-
ican stations, examined tapes of all
the programming during the revolt
and branded the charges as false.
Over the years the stations have
been characterized by, as one expert
?puts it, "friendliness, enlightenment.
dignity." journaliits around the
world praise their restraint and ob-
? jectivity. Listeners agree.
The communist regimes, Di
Course, take a different view. ;tat
minutes after Radio Liberty went
on the air in 1953, Moscow began
jamming it'?broadcasting nerve-
rack ing noise on the same wave-
length to drown out the signal. It
has not stopped for a minute, and
tens of millions of dollars a year are
spent on the effort. RFE is still vig-
orously jammed in Czechoslovakia,
'Poland and Bulgaria.
Audience Appeal. Why do these
stations enjoy the respect and popu-
larity that they do?
They are, for the communist
world, a surrogate fee press. Be-
- cause to them it seems the natural
, Approved For Rebaninsit:41,:iiki
? in Nikita Khrushchev's death. And
CERISTIAN, .scirws MONITp;/
Approved For Release 2001/03104: CIA-14DP80-01.601ROATOW6M01-5
2 4 MAY 1972
C. Funding in. jeopardy?
By April Klimley
Special to The Christian Science Monitor
Taipei, Taiwan
? Employees at the Taipei branch of Radio
Liberty are worried that all U.S. congres-
sional appropriations for their work will
end June 20. ?
The station, which broadcasts in Russian
to the 'U.S.S.R., came under attack this
spring when Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D) of Ar-
kansas accused it of being "a relic of the
? cold war."
' Senator? Fulbright's remarks and budget
? cuts demanded by Congress soon forced
Radio Liberty's Taipei staff to face a re-
duction from 15.to 9, not to mention creat-
ing the feeling that the entire operation
might be irdeopardy:
? The ? Taipei bureau of Radio Liberty
serves as a relay ptation to Siberia. The
staff puts together a two-hour program
each day based on scripts and tapes sent
from Radio Liberty's 'Munich, Germany,
'headquarters.
The news is voiced by two Russian-lan-
guage native speakers in Taipei. Three
,? transmitters send the program simultane-
? ously for eight hours a day, with one fre-
quency beamed to? the Lake Baikal area
? and the other two aimed at the maritime
? provinces.. This shotgun effect attempts to
'elude Soviet jamming.
News .events followed ? ?
Although the station emphasizes news
from Eastern Europe and Russia, there is
little blatant propaganda in the daily news-
casts. The excerpts from Western news-
paper editorials, which follow- the news
frequently, do not even touch on subjects
directly related to the U.S.S.R.
The press review usually concentrates on
the big news of the day, such as the in-
vasion of .South , Vietnam, and newspaper
editorials express divergent views. The rest
of the show is made up of taped commen-
taries on cultural, scientific, or politica)
subjects.
Employees of the station deny that their
programs are propaganda. One source ex-
plained that things have changed since the
days when the station called itself "Libera-
tion Radio" and encouraged people to ac-
tively oppose their government.
After Western countries failed to respond
to the Hungarian revolt of 1956, the station
changed its name and began to aim at de-
veloping a public opinion within the Soviet
Union that,could both qce,Lt. a btLaking effect
on ' Soviet mipprqvag rareigaileaseD2
government to improve living conditions.
Siberian reach
'Books broadcast ?
One way the station tries to do this 'is by
broadcasting "samizdats," or self-publica-
tions, which . are unauthorized writings
smuggled out of the U.S.S.R. They are read
at dictation speed, chapter. by. chapter, so
that listeners can make copies if they like.
The station broadcast all of Alexander T.
Solzhenitsyn's books this way, with the ex-
ception of his latest, which is yet to come.
Mr. Solzhenitsyn himself has come to the
defense of Radio Liberty. In early April he
told a New York Times reporter that "if we
hear anything about events in this country,
it's through 'them."
The station. transmitted Eugene Gins-
berg's book "Noontime" and .the court
transcripts of the trial of the young poet
Vladimir Bukousky. ?
Recently the bureau has been broadcast-
ing something on Mr. Solzhenitsyn almost
every day. On April 26 it read his New York
Times-interview defense against an attack
made on the 'funeral lament he had given
for an editor-friend.
He told the Times that it was while listen-
ing to Radio Liberty that he first heard of.
the attack.
"Without our broadcasting, things wot
be even more tragic for people like SolzI
nitsyn. For instance, without us very fi
would have heard his works. They would,
know whether the charges against him a
true or not. Now he's so well known ev
inside the country that the government cal
afford to-make him disappear all at oncE
'In his Times interview Solzhenitsyn rea
ily admitted the Radio Liberty broadca:
help protect him. But solitary achievemer
like this may not be enough to keep Rac
Liberty alive.
Feedback lacking
? Despite its important target area in the
far eastern Soviet Union, the Taipei branch
of Radio Liberty is considered a country.
cousin of the metropolitan headquarters in
Munich. European relay centers beam pro-
grams to the Soviet Union's more populated
western cities, and fan letters usually come
from these areas. ?
"They frequently think of closing us down
because of this," complained one man close
to the Taipei station. He went on to explain
that this lack of feedback is probably the
result of the fact that mail from Siberia,
unlike mail from western Russia, must
first go through Moscow before leaving the
country.
?In the early 1950's Rado Liberty had pri-
vate income sources. But these have gradu-
ally dried up.
Achievements cited
The people in the, Taipei bureau feel they
have played a vital part in creating the new
intellectual climate visible in the Soviet
Union today ? so different from that under
I I
WatikeArec
Med adidl WO 0 1 1 0 0 070001-5
tea
?JE .pa, mymnr)
Approved For Release 20,01/0,3/04,: CIA-RDPRaltaill R001
114111 IJ/Z
Another Summit: Capital Takes It in Stride
By. BERNARD GWERTZMAN cast to the Soviet Union and
Spec la) to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, May 18 ?
With President Nixon's depar-
time for Moscow less than two
U4 away, Washington seems
the rest of Eastern Europe.
And even though the Soviet
Union is more open than
China, Mr. Nixon and his top
aides. particularly Henry A.
have indicated
relatively unexc pr
ited about his Ki?ssinger'
ivately that they find it more
summit ? session, which may pleasant dealing with Mao Tse-
prove the most fruitful of all tung and Chou En-lai than with
the postwar Soyiet -American
meetings.
Tensions that were raised
ordered the min-
Leonid ? I. Brezhnev and
Aleksei N. Kosygin. The Rus-
sians, they believe, are always
trying to take advantage of a
Mg situation of North Viet-
? : whereas the Chinese
nam's harbors
Analysis seem more reasonable.
virtually disap-
when Mr. Nixon Rivalry Wearing Away
-
. peared as soon as Yet, despite the continuing
it wa? clear :that the Russians differences with Moscow, much
were not going to let support.iof the rough edge of the rivalry
for their Communist ally pre- has been worn away over the
vent completion of an agree_ years through increasing pri-
ment on strategic arms ..and vate and government contacts.
other accords with the United After all,some 60,000 Amer-
States in Moscow next week. lean tourists traVel to the So-
The sense of mystery that vict Union each year and thou-
prevailed here before Mr. Nix-
on's adeparture for Peking
seems almost totally absent to-
day. No summit meeting has
been so well publicized as the
Moscow one. Congress, the
press and the allies have all
been told just what to expect
in the way of substantive
agreements.
? Virtually no voices have been
heard calling on. Mr. Nixon to
put off the visit. The dedicated
'
anti-Communists are simply
not very any,: n visible in Washington
? Nixon to
h ?y intercedeilave with
virtually
; js6 eoi.os e r 1rt .woN who
leaders
x;
here.
At lunch today, the National
no patrons on Capitol Hill.
This almost casual ac-
ceptance of the Soviet trip :
but because this trip coin-
does not mean, however, that billed all the 'elements of hope,
the Russians are well liked
Radio Free Europe alive so that,
they could continue -to broad-
Press Club heard a series of
speakers deplore the treatment
of Aleksandr T. Solzhenitsyn,
the Soviet novelist who cannot
publish his works in his own
country.
This afternoon, Irnal B'rith,
tion, presented the State De-
partment with legislative reso-
lutions and governors' procla-
.
!nations from 30 states calling
-
the national Jewish organiza-
tion,
on behalf of
want ' to leave the
Soc,iet Union.
The other day, Mr. Nixon
sent Congress a bill aimed at
keeping Radio Liberty and
sands of Americans and Soviet
scientists, scholars and artists
have exchanged visits in the
last 15 years.
..The Americans and Russians
may not alike everything they
see in each other's country, but
the contacts have had the cu-
mulative effect of reducing ap-
prehension.
As recently as 1959, when
Mr. Nixon, then Vice Presi-
dent, went to the Soviet Union
the first time, there was con-
siderable excitement and an air
of adventure about his mission.
"People had come to the air-
port not just out of curiousity,
It
mystery, and even fear," Mr.
Nixon wrote later in his book
"Six Crises" about his depart-
ure from Baltimore's inter-
natinal airport for Moscow.
Mr. Nixon recalled playing
golf with William P. Rogers,
then Attorney General and
now Secretary of. State, just be-
fore that trip:
The caddy was told that Mr.
Nixon was flying to Moscow,
and he exclaimed, according
to the story: "Won't they shoot
him down?'
Mr. Nixon's mission in 1959
was to open a large American
exhibiton, which was dedicat-
ed to proving to Russians that
Americans lived on a higher
standard than they did.
Coor tio N S It
pe a n oug
? The United States was con-
cerned that summer about the
psychological effect caused by
the Soviet lead in the spate
race; somehow it was- reassur-
ing to Americans to know that
even if the Soviet Union had
more sputniks in space, the
United States had more wash-
ing machines on earth. Those
were also the days when Niki-
ta S. Khrushchev Was threat-
ening to overtake the United
States in economic growth and
to "bury" capitalism.
Over the years, the rhetoric
has been deflated. Russian lead-
ers no longer talk of compe-
tition with the West but of co-
operation. The space race that
cost both so much money will
end if Mr. Nixon and Mr. Brezh-
nev announce plans for joint
? 4
U nion.
docking in space by astronauts
from the two countries in 1975.
The arms race will also sym-
bolically die upon an announce-
ment -in Moscow of an agree-
ment on limitation of strategic
arms. And it is hard to talk
about an economic race, when
American businessmen are be-
ing invited-to help develop Si-
beria's mineral wealth. ?
This kind of cooperation, only
a fantasy' of the imagination
when Mr. Nixon first visited the
Soviet Union, is now treated
by the American public as im-
portant but not surprising. Pol-
iticians who 15 years ago-could
have been elected on an anti-
Communist platform, now must
pledge themselves to seek
agreements with ? the Soviet
. ?
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I? MAY 1972
Why silence Radio LiEerty?
By Roscoe .Drummond
Wasbington
Sen. J. W. Fulbright is
out to silence Radio Liberty
and Radio Free Europe for
bad reasons. '
He has to rely on bad
reasons because there are
no good reasons. ?
. These two radio stations
broadcast news and infor-
mation to the people of the
Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe which they can't
get in any other way. They
are located in Munich and
they are financed by the
.United States. ?
Total extinction
' Senator Fulbright says
they ought .to be taken off
the air on the. ground that
they are '"relics of the cold
war," that they disturb rela-
tions with Russia, and that
they have . until recently
been supported by the CIA.
? Congress has ended CIA
financing. It has provided
open appropriations, but
? they run out in six weeks.
At that point Mr. Fulbright
wants to bring about their
total extinction.
This broadcasting is not a
"relic of the cold war" and
repeating this canard over
and over again doesn't make
it true.
At the Senator's request
the Library of Congress
undertook an exhaustiv.e
study of the scripts of both
Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe and reported
that they were definitely not
in the mold nor the mood of
cold-war propaganda. The
report confirmed that they ?
were notably objective and
restrained.
Naturally. the Kremlin
would like it if no effort
4.
?
was made Anywhere in the
free world to give the So-
viet peoples any knowledge
except that provided by the
Soviet Government.
Approved by censor
But Radio Liberty does
not seriously disturb U.S.-
Soviet relations. It gives
Russians of all nationalities
much information about in-
ternal affairs, which is
otherwise censored by the
/Kremlin, and provides bal-
ance and perspective to
events happening outside
Russia.
How rigid is the Soviet
censorship today? A former
Russian journalist, who re-
cently left Moscow for the
West, put it this way:
"Not a single thing can
be printed in the Soviet
Union, whether it be a book
or a postage stamp, a news-
paper or a label for a bot-
tle, a magazine or a candy.
wrapper, unless it has been
approved by the censor. No
radio transmission is
beamed, no public exhibi-
tion is opened for public
view. until an official stamp
has approved it."
What makes these broad-
casts so valuable now is that
in the Soviet Union and in
Eastern Europe ? as illus.
trated by. the bold effort of
the Czechs to put some de-
mocracy into their commu-
nism ? there is a rising de-
mand among intellectuals
and professionals for more
freedom of speech and
press, for an end to perva-
sive censorship, and for
more government by the
consent of the governed.
This is a significant lib-
eralizing-reform movement
and it has found one way to
circumvent censorship. That
? is "samizdat," which is the
private circulation of type-
written or hand-written pro-
. tests, petitions, articles, es-
says and novels. Radio
Liberty has already put
nearly a thousand of them
on the air.
Expand news flow
Thus Radio Liberty en-
ables the Russian reform-
ists to reach other Rus-
sians.
Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe reports de-
bates at the United Nations,
including the remarks of
the Chinese delegates,'
whin the Soviets censor.
They carry the protests of
Soviet Jews which Moscow
suppresses. They cover the
pleas of Soviet citizens to
? the UN Commission on Hu-
man ? Rights which the
? Kremlin won't allow to be
mailed.
The Soviet people would
have only one side of the
Czech invasion if it Weren't
for Radio Liberty. They
would never know about
Pasternak's "Doclor Zhi-
vago" or Solzhenitsyn's
"The First Circle" if they
weren't put on the air by
Radio Liberty.
Moscow does not hesitate
to export ifs views in every
language. Why shouldn't the
U.S. be true to itself and
support Radio Liberty and
Radio Free Europe to fur-
ther the flow of news and
information which is one of
democracy's most precious
ingredients?
The need is to expand this
flow, not black it out. The
Senate will vote yea or.nay
next month.
STATI NTL
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STATINTL 15 mpy 1972
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Un
Fulbright: No time for relics
Amodest little pamphlet put out by
the U.S. Information Agency ten
years ago said that USIA "tells America's
story abroad." How simple it seemed:
Uncle Sam reciting "Once upon a time
in 1776 ..." to an underdeveloped na-
tion on his knee. It's a different story to-
day, as our propaganda machine tries to
? find the right words and the right tone
of yoke for a period in which the nation
is simultaneously at war, at peace and at
odds with itself.
. In Washington last week, USIA won
'approval of its new budget at the cur-
rent $200 million level, but only after
the Senate restored cuts made in com-
mittee that would have reduced the
agency's film and print activities and all
but ?dismantled. the Voice of America.
The .authorization squabble grew out of
continuing- rivalry .between Congress and
the White House .over foreign affairs,
and a running feud between USIA di-
? rector Frank Shakespeare, a conservative
former network executive who helped'
design President Nixon's TV image in
the 1968 campaign, and Sen. J. William
Fulbright, chairman of the 'Foreign Re-
lations Committee and a critic of USIA
since its inception . in 1953. While the
showdown vote was an Administration
,victory, it did nothilfg to clarify such
questions as how good or bad our propa-
ganda actually is today, how it should
change .or evolve in the 1970s, and
whether Americans should be able to
'see and hear it themselves. ?
Theoretically, the law protects the
American public from being propagan-
dized at its own expense by forbidding
USIA to show its wares on the home
front. Exceptions have been made in re-
cent years, however, and last month,
despite objections by Senator Fulbright
and others, Sen. .James Buckley, the
conservative New York Republican,
showed a USIA propaganda film about
Czechoslovakia on his TV show. After the
broadcast, Fulbright's committee passed
a measure that 'would reaffirm and clari-
fy the ban on internal dissemination.
Though the measure has no teeth, USIA
is playing safg at the morvat odotbs
bolding all iterdrifigtii
media Arndt the issue is resolved. The
STATIN.TL
ropaganda:
What We Say
?And How
By Joseph Morgenstern
STATINTL
taxpayers, therefore, are either protect-
ed once again from Administration prop-
aganda, or prevented from laying eyes
or ears on the stuff for which they're
paying $200 million a year.
What do we really tell our friends
and enemies abroad? What effect does
it have? "Czechoslovakia: 1968,7 the
Academy Award-winning short that
kicked up the fuss on the Buckley show,
is an efficient and particularly repellent
piece of goods. Starting with sweetly
pastoral (and occasionally fake) shots
from 1918 and ending with the Soviet
invasion of 1968, it reduces 50 years of
history to thirteen minutes of short takes
and shrewd juxtapositions, that make
strong appeals to the emotions, and some-
times misrepresent history. Newsreel
clips of the Soviet, Army's liberation of
Prague from the Nazis in 1945 are inter-
cut with those. of Hitler's occupation,
suggesting one was as bad as the other
when, in fact, Czech. Communists and
non-Communists alike greeted the Sovi-
ets with open arms. The film has no nar-
ration..The only word in it is scoboda,
Czech for "freedom." The same style is
used to comment On the Berlin ?vall in
B:31-0M. CVE
3.14-1-AHMHUE FGE3.E1KVI
AMEPVK AHCKC1 0
IFFE?F-11A
America Illustrated: Illustrated: A sense of style
USIA's Shakespeare: A need to know'
"Barricade."' These films are cinematic,
all right, but -they're also slippery, fur-
tive, and they raise the question of why
a nation that's supposed to be open and
truthful should rely, on subliminal trick-
ery to condemn the conduct of other
nations.
"Vietnam! Vietnamr, produced by
John Ford at a cost of some $250,000,
proved such an embarrassment in its few
public showings abroad that it was with-
drawn from circulation and awarded the
.oblivion it so richly deserved. Belliger-
ently simple-mindud, necrophiliac in its
frequent close-ups of bloated corpses and
mutilated children, the film subtly blames
the Democrats for our involvement in
Vietnam and makes the antiwar move-
iles.
ment look like a pack of craven imbec
"The Silent Majority," made in 1969 but
-still in circulation, is a lumbering tract
d re-
sup-
ith a
t be
that makes, much of a Gallup Poll an
inforces its message of widespread
port for the Nixon Administration w .
smug, sanctimonius" tone that migh
worthier of a Salazar or 'Duvalier admin-
istration. Yet USIA, like the nation,
speaks in more than one tone of voice. -
The most popular agency film in recent
a---A
e its.
Chi-
dren .
months is "President Nixon in Chin
Journey for Peace." Its narrator, Ilk
star, goes to great lengths to praise
-nese athletes, culture, schoolchil
and snow shovelers.
American Pastoral .
The best of the agency's production
of twenty .to thirty films each year can
be excellent indeed. "An Impression of
John Steinbeck: Writer" looks at the
man and his work, intercuts clips from
the movie version of "The Grapes Of
Wrath" with scenes of Salinas, Monte-
rey and the green paradise of a valley
where Steinbeck grew up. "The Num-
bers Start With the River" is a life-affirm-
ing work, narrated by an elderly couple
who've got all they need and love iii the
calm little town around them. By the
.nature of their subjects, however, such
films look to the past and cherish land-
scapes and values that are fast disap-
64AAT t
mbrifsAnad lity in these ,Mrqh7M
1litt'aft i k ot much
evidence in any other USIA films of what
MIAMI HERALD
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STATINTL
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hon Asks
WASHINGTON ? (AP) ?
President Nixon, mindful ' of
congressional criticism, has
Called for $38.5 million to
support .the operations of
Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty for fiscal 1973 while
a study is made on future
legislation.
Funds for the two broad-
casting systems that beam
programs behind the Iron
Curtain would otherwise end
July 1. Nixon said these radi-
os help to promote free, re-
respOnsible communication
among nations.
_
?
He said, these radios "are
not spokesmen for American
official policy ? that role be-
longs in broadcasting to the
. Voice of America. Rather,
they are expressions of our
profound conviction that a
responsible, independent and
free press plays an indispen-
sable part in the social and
political processes that look
to better understanding and
More effective cooperation,
not only within a nation, but
also among nations."
Noting a number of differ-
Milliin fir
Free
ent views that have been ex-
pressed in Congress on how
...to fund the radios in the fu-
ture, Nixon said he will ap-
point a presidential study
commission to make recom-
mendations to him by Feb.
28, 1973, to examine this
problem and suggest the best
possible way to provide sup-
port "for these valuable or-
ganizations . . . without im-
pairment to the professional
independence upon which
their present effectiveness
depends."
At the end of March,
Nixon signed a law providing
grants of $36 million in fiscal
1972 for the two radios,
which he said had been ap-
proved by large majorities in
Congress and which he said
reflects the judgment of
many that they "continue to
perform a unique and valua-
ble service."
He strongly recommended
that Congress give favorable
consideration to this new bill
before the beginning of the
new fiscal year.
_
ie.
aums
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Thc sll-Dowleraufave sicts of __the CIA
Senator J. W. Fu!bright, as
chnirman of the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, Inserted,
Into the March 6 Coe3ressional
Record, stredIes on P..eello Free
Europe ar.d Radio Liberty, the
CIA media, whic% hed been pre-
pared for the committee by the
Library cf Coegress. Those
studies provide the row mater-
ial for this column.
? By ERIIC BERT
Radio Free Europe was con-
ceived in 1949 by the Truman ad-
ministration as an anti-Soviet
instrumentality "outside the
realm of government," that is,
outside the possibility of .Con-
'gressional scrutiny or control.
Seeretary of State Dean Ache-
son, one of the 'inspirers of the
cold war, had directed Joseph
C. Grey to."establish a private
group to help deal with certain
aspects of Eastern European ex-
iles" who "were paying frequent
visits to the State Department."
The idea had been suggested
originally in February, 1949, by
.George Kerman, a State Depart-
ment official.
DeWitt C. Poole, a former For-
eign Service officer, gathered a
group of prominent Americans
to fOrm the National Committee
for a Free Europe, formally in-
corporated in New York on June
2, 1949, as Free Europe, Inc. ?
Grew told a press conference
at the, time that the purpose
was in part to find jobs for the
"democratic" refugees from the
socialist countries of Eastern
Europe. .
The National Committee for a
Free Europe was not primarily
an employment agency, however.
It was a CIA channel for organ-
ized warfare against the Soviet
Union, with these "democratic"
characters as its troops.
By July, 1949, a Radio Com-
mittee had been established with-
in NCFE-CIA. A ? year later, in
July, 1950, the Radio Committee
went on the air as Radio Free
Europe, a division of NCFE-
CIA.
This period Was roughly con-
current with the persecution cf
the top U.S. Communist Party
leaders who were indicted un-
der the Smith Act in 1948 and,
following a nine-month trial and
appeals, went to prison in 1951
for long terms.
By the end of 1950, RFE-CIA
had established a short wave
radio in 'West Germany and
was broadcasting one and a half
hours daily to Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland
and Romania. By the end of
1951, RFE-CIA was operating
three transmitters in Germany
and one in Portugal.
Czechoslovakia became the
prime target, with one of the
transmitters broadcasting a full
day's program to the republic.
There were limited short-wave
broadcasts to the other targets.
By the tnid-1950s, RFE-CIA was
broadcasting 18-20 hours per
day, through some 29 transmit-
ters, primarily to Czechoslovakia,
Hungary and Poland. All of
these became subsequently the
Scenes of counterrevolutionary
attempts. ?
. .
The CIA's Free Europe, Inc.,
its holding company, established,
in addition to its broadcast opera-
tions, the Free Europe Press
which until the fall of 1955 en-
gaged in balloon leaflet-distribu-
tion and "has also carried out
various other publishing activi-
ties;" and Free Europe Exile
Relations, the CIA's liaison with
va rious counter-revolutionary
groups, including the Assembly
of Captive European Nations.
Radio Liberty-CIA
The Library of Congress study
does not reveal when Radio
Liberty was conceived. Formally,
it emerged in January, 1951, with
the incorporation in Delaware
of the American Committee for
Freedom of the Peoples of the
USSR, Inc. This committee was
the forerunner of the present
Radio Liberty Committee, Inc.
RL-CIA began operations on a
small scale in March 1953, broad-
casting short wave to the Soviet
Union.
Its mercenaries were anti-so-
cialist, anti-Soviet emigres from
the USSR.
Its single transmitter was lo-
cated in West Germany.
STATI NTL
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NEW of\...
TIMES-PICAYUNE
MAI 7 1972
- 196,345 ?
S 303,949
Voice of America
Chairman J. William Fulbright,
for all his accumulated learning on
and off the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, should be plagued
by his calling the Voice of America
a relic of the Cold War.
.Granted there's a lingering eu-
phoria over rapprochement with
Red China dictated perhaps by mu-
tual international interests which no
one presumes are immutable. But
what other euphemism than "Cold
War" can describe, say, the soviet
Union's continued support and fi-
nancing of .Communist subversion
in Latin America?
Columnist Jack Anderson, for
example, recently reported a secret
,finding by the Central Intelligence
Agency, which he said "has put to-
gether the jigsaw pieces from its
agents in Europe and Latin Amer-
ica." .
An earlier Anderson report told
how Cuban Premier Fidel Castro
? moved his Latin American liberation
Center from his Paris embassy to
the ? one in Santiago, Chile, where
Marxist Salvador Allende is presi-
dent, duly chosen in a democratic
election, albeit .by a plurality. (In
his field of three, of course, Presi-
dent Nixon was not elected by pop-
ular majority either.).
But the Kremlin, according to the
,quoted CIA report, has asked Cas-
STATI NTL
Cold War Relic'?
tro "to try to regain control over
Latin American revolutionary move-
ments" and has promised "to pay all
the costs involved."
The Soviets are said to look with
favor upon the "Chilean formula,
which maintains that traditional
democratic procedures are the best
means of socialist power in weak,
backward countries," though they
will back Che Guevara-type armed
revolution or political struggle, :
"whichever was deemed appropriate
in given countries throughout Latin
America."
If the ?CIA report is accurate or
representative, should the United
States and the rest of the Free
World be sheepish about expressing
our side or about "provoking" Rus-
sia in a fancied thaw in the Cold
War?
Genuine overtures for mutual
arms reduction and general detente
are not to be discouraged, but let us
not presume that muting Radio Free
Europe or VOA, whose messages
are beamed tO what were once con-
ceded "captive nations" of Eastern
Europe, will somehow cause the Rus-
sian masters to stop feeding, or call
off, their dogs of the Cold War.
Isolationism is not going to make
unpleasant world forces go away?
no matter how hard we wish upon
an Aquarian star.
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s I-ATI NT
CROSBY S. NOYES
'.USIA
' The Senate is to be congrat-
ulated for having overridden
Its Foreign Relations Commit-
tee, restoring $45 million that
the committee had cut from
the budget authorization of the
United States Information
Agency.
The action of the committee
to cripple USIA was a curi-
ous combination of vindictive-
ness and muddle-headed logic
to begin with. Obstensibly, the
vote to ?cut 20 percent of the
agency's $200 million budget
was part of the continuing
struggle between Congress
and the White house over the
Issue of "executive privilege."
In this case, the dispute.
:arose over a refusal by the
administration to.. turn over to
the committee its "program
memoranda" f r o in various
Cotintrkes, outlining the major
propaganda objectives for the
countries. The agency argued
that these were internal plan-
ning documents rather than
policy statements. Committee
Chairman J. William Ful-
bright contended that, what-
ever they were, the committee
needed them to evaluate the
validity of the USIA programs
abroad.
On both sides, it was a silly
.dispute which really had very
'little relevance to the prob-
blem of executive privilege
)or the prerogatives of the
' ?
tits: It's Good That Fulbricht Failed
Congress. It carried strong
overtones of a personal feud
between Fulbright and USIA's
hawkish dire c to r, Frank
Shakespeare. The committee
action suggested that the
chairman had neither forgot-
ten nor forgiven the comment
of a top USIA official (since
resigned) that Fulbright's
views on foreign policy were
"naive and stupid."
But more than this, the dis-
pute reflected a continuing
and profound difference be-
tween the corrimittee liberals,
headed by I..'ulbright, and the
administration over anything
that might be labeled as
official propaganda.
In Fulbright's view, all of
these activities, whether con-
ducted by USIA or by such
separate operations as Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Eur-
ope, come under the heading
of "Cold War activities" in-
compatible with the new era
of ideological disarmament,
reconciliation a n d detente.
There is good reason to be-
lieve that the committee axe
would have fallen in any case,
whether or not the larger is-
sue of legislative -executive
prerogatives had been raised.
In any event, the axe, when
it fell, cut to the bone. Under
. .
the budget reported out by
the committee, the Voice of
America, which is the guts of
the USIA effort, would have
been effectively muzzled. Its ?
program of 780 broadcast
hours weekly in 35 languages
would have been reduced to
454 hours in 11 languages.
Most broadcasts to Eastern
Europe would have been elim-
inated altogether.
The broadcasts to Africa,
except in French, would have
been completely eliminated.
So would a large part of the
Asian program, including
broadcasts in Bengali, Bur-
mese, Hindi, Khmer, Korean,
Lao, Thai and Urdu. Of 15
broadcast relay stations in
the United States and over-
seas, seven would have had
to be shut down.
Other overseas operations
of the agency would have been
similarly curtailed. USIA
would have had to close down
operations completely in some
30 countries, cutting out 34
branch posts and reading
rooms and reducing opera-
tions in the remaining coun-
tries. The motion picture and
television service would have
had to close one of its two
studios and satellite transmis-
sions would have been elimi-
nated. More than a quarter of
the USIA staff would have
been fired, including 1,000
Americans.
All this, mind you, in the
name of international amity
and the relaxation of tensions
with the Communist and un-
committed world. All this,
given the almost incredible
insularity and isolationism of
the liberals on the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee,
based on the utterly false sup-
position that the function of
USIA is to encourage tension,
to undermine the morale of
foreign. 'populations and to
present the. United States as
a dangerous ideologie.al and
political adversary.
Which leads one to wonder
what in the world the Foreign
Relations Committee thinks
detente is all about. Anyone
who has lived and traveled
abroad knows that USIA (and
Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty) represents a most
essential?and in Some cases
unique?conduit of free infor-
mation and ideas into the
closed societies of the world.
To base a detente on the sev-
erance of all communication
with the ? East?leaving the
Soviet Union free to carry on
its infinitely inore pervasive
propaganda?is to promote the
peace of the grave. Which is
reason enough to hail the wis-
dom of the Senate in restoring
the funds. ?
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6 MAY 1972
rSetting the necord Skraight
Under the firm diroction of Frank Shakespeare, the
? United States Information Agoncy is finally doing tho job
it was sot up to do?to prosont a balanced and. rosponsiblo
picture of America to the world
?
? ByVERDON CUMMINGS
It is either an outmoded relic of the Sen. Fulbright that Shakespeare is out
Cold War and out of step?with the Nix- of step with world realities, claim that
on Administration's policy of detente Shakespeare's approach has been ?noth-
with the Communists or a hard-hitting ing short of disastrous,. and that only
effective propaganda agency telling the . a drastic cut in USIA funds (over which
truth about the United States?and Fulbright, as chairman of the Foreign
.about.communism?to the world. . ?. Relations Committee, now has partial
It is either an over-funded hodge-podge .control) will convince the Administra-
'
'
of culture, information and propaganda, lion that Shakespeare.s approach is
staffed by over-paid hacks or a sophis- all wrong.
ticated and complex organizationstaffed The Foreign Relations Committee,
by the world's bet propagandists, in the following Fulbright's lead and with what
forefront of that combination of public one USIA official claimed was "perflII1C-
relations and foreign affairs that has tory" examination of the . total USIA
come to be known as the "new diplo- program during recent hearings, recorn-
macy.'?'. It may be, in some bizarre sense, mended a cut of $45 million from the
a bit of all of these. S200-million appropriation requested
?
? Whatever it is?and opinions cer? ? . . by USIA ? Such a cut was designed
to cripple the Voice of A nlerica, USIA's
tainly vary?the United States In-
broadcasting arm, which has been
formation Agency, under the direc-
praised by Soviet Jews and ethnic min-
? torship of Frank Shakespeare since
1969, has suddenly become one of the
, most talked-about and controversial
governmental agencies in Wash-
ington.
oritics throughout Eastern Europe and
the Soviet Union for its broadcasts.
It might be said that with the Fulbright
. attack, USIA has finally reached the
position in Washington where, no matter
For many years relatively unreported what people may say about it, it is no
and generally unknown by the public, longer ignored. For almost 20 years
USIA has in .recent months become it existed as a kind of adjunct to the
the subject of heated comment across State Department (although USIA
the country. Sen. J. William Fulbright is actually an independent agency within
has directed all of his considerable con-
the executive branch), all but unknown
gressional powers to destroy any trace and unsung. But then, in 1969, President
of anti-communism in USIA output.
It is Fulbright's efforts to hamstring Nixon appointed Frank Shakespeare,
the man chiefly responsible for his sue-
USIA that have brought that agency
on to stage-center in Washington, an cessfuluse of television during the 1968
to be head of USIA. Things
unfamiliar and, to many USIA bureau- campaign,
began happening at USIA immediately
crats, an unpleasant place., thereafter and haven't stopped since.
Supporters of Frank Shakespeare
WI t has Shakespeare wrought?
ApOroVedsFixuRelease 2obsltpy 4 crIN2$11egjefftt001 Ft OEN 1101:107:01) lea
rs he has lived in a
claim that since he has taken .over the ?
reins, US
like the dyn mic, combative, fast-mov-
ing on a east. bn . r
agency I was always
guidance of the former CBS execu-
propaganda a 't ?
tive and articulate anti -Communist
things just haven't been the same
?
at USIA.
Item: In the past three years under
Shakespeare,. USIA films have received
Academy-award , nominations and one
Oscar for Czechoslovakia 1968, the re-
cent showing of which by Sen. James
Buckley over New York television sta.:
tions caused a furor in the Congress.
Czechoslovakia is a 13-Minute film
in which a stunning combination of
old . film clips, .evocative music and
highly sophi.scated editing techniques
tells the story of Czechoslovakia from
1918 to 1968. in trul:y cinematic terms.
Only one word, "Svobodar (freedom)
is spoken in the film so it has a universal
appeal and can be enjoyed on many
levels by different kinds of 'audiences.
The last part of the film consists entirely
of footage smuggled out of Czechoslo-
vakia after the 1968 invasion, showing
Russian tanks rolling through the streets
of Prague. 'The film has been shown to
universal acclaim throughout the world.
Item: In 1970 the Voice of America
(VOA) told of the Russian guilt in plac-
ing missiles aldng the Suez Canal at a
time when Secretary of State William
Rogers was trying to soft-peddle the
facts. This exacerbated the already sen-
sitive relationship between America's
top diplomat and top propagandist.
Item: Shakespeare has officially
stated that any top USIA officer who
expects to advance professionally must
have at least one tour in a Communist-
dominated country. Shakespeare's feel-
mg is that a foreign service officer can't
'110111Iinn.9
DAILY WORLD
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STATINTL
ta.1.!011",e,tes?re&aZte
Senator J. W. Fulbright in?
serted into the March 6 Con-
?gressional Record two studies
of the CIA's anti-Socialist com-
munications network in Eur- ?
ope: on Radio Free Europe and
. Radio Liberty. Radio Free Eur-
opa is directed * at Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Pol-
and and Romania; Radio Lib-
erty at the Soviet Union.
The two studios were proper- -
ed by the Library of Congress,
which is anti-Soviet and anti.
socialist in. outlook. The accom-
panying article is based on
these studies.
?
?
By ERIK BERT
? Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty became a problem for
the Nixon Administration, for the
CIA, and others in January, 1971
when Congress, under persisting
public pressure, addressed itself
cautiosly to the 'funding and ad-
ministration of the two radios.
"Both radios had hitherto os-
tensibly been supported by pri-
vate funds but had actually been
largely funded by. the Central In-
telligence .Agency," the RFE
study says.
- ? ? ..
The Advertising Council, an
agency created to give the ad-
vertising irdustry a decent public
image, has provided the main
cover for tie CIA funding of
RFE. It promotes campaigns, os-
tensibly for private donations to
RFE-CIA, but actually to conceal
the fact that the RFE's money
comes from the CIA. The Adver-
tising Council disguises its CIA
cover campaigns as a "public
service."
The RFE media campaigns
*iced through the Advertising
Council had a commercial value
;of between $12 million and $20
million, according to Senator
Clifford Case (R-NJ).
However, the returns on these
expenditures were pitiable?less
than $100,000. The obvious con-
clusion has been that the com-
munications media and the ad-
vertising industry, or their Big
Business clients, supplied the
bulk of $12 million to $20 million.
Supplementary soliciatio_gsgom
private induA?PRRYcguoilTPE
"small , part" of the RFE-CIA
budget. -
Two studies.of how
Poisons Europe's coley/ayes
In .fiscal 1970, 8,279 corpora
tions contributed to RFE-CIA
and halfway through '1971, 4,462
had contributed.
In fiscal 1971 $22,366,876 was
expended for Radio Free. Eur-
ope operations; $244,036 for RFE
goes with it, includes, according
to a recent RL-CIA pamphlet:
Henry V. Poor, assistant dean,
Yale College of Law, Howland
Sarge-ant, president, former As-
sistant Secretary of State; Whit-.
ney North Seyrnour, chairman of
capital investments; and $501,072 the board, Carnegie Foundation,
for RFE Fund, Inc.
former president, American Bar
?
Radio Liberty's annual budget_ Association; John W. Studebaker,
in recent years has ranged be-
former U.S. Commissioner of Ed-
tween $12 million and $14 mil- ucation; Reginald T. Townsend,
lion, according to Senator Chi:. vice-president, RL committee;
ford Case and the General Ac- William L. White, editor and pub-
counting Office. fisher, Emporia Gazette; Philip
RL-CIA has dispensed with L. Winkle, attorney; Mrs. Oscar
the elaborate scenery behind Ahlgren, former president, Gen-
which RFE-CIA received its eral Federation of Women's
funds from the CIA. RL-CIA has Clubs; John Ft. Burton, chairman
had no program for corporate of the board, National Bank of
funding, and during the decade Far Rockaway, New York; J.
1962-1971, it received only $20,000 Peter Grace, president, W. Ft.
in. unsolicited funds, or about Grace & Co., A major conglom-
$2,000 a year. crate; Allen Grover, former
The corporate existence of vice president, Time-Life, Inc.;
Radio Free Europe-CIA is Ra- Gen. Alfred M. Gruenther, ret.,
dio Free Europe, Inc. former Allied Commander in
The. RFE-CIA report says it is Europe (NATO); John S. Mays,
a "safe assumption that contact former U.S. ambassador to
between (the Central Intelligence Switzerland; H. J. Heinz, III,
Agency) and Free Europe, Inc., 'chairman of the board,. H. J.
was probably a major function Heinz ? Co., and Isaac Don Le-
of the Free Europe, Inc. corp- vine, veteran anti-Sovi,eteer.
orate headquarters." RFE-CIA operates also the
RFE's board of directors con- West ? European Advisory Group
sists of 19 persons under the ?of Radio Free Europe, a group
chairmanship of General Lucius of influential Europeans who
Clay. The fund raising conduit meet once a year with the. offi-
is Radio Free Europe Fund, Inc., cers and directors of Free Eur-
chaired by Steward S. Cort, ope, Inc., to exchange thoughts
chairman of the Bethlehem Steel about policy and .such. The West
Corp. ? Europe committee was estab-
Radio Liberty differs from Ra- fished in 1959. Its current chair-
dio Free Europe in the .struc- man is Dirk Stikker, Netherlands
ture through which CIA ?control capitalist, politician and one-time
is exercised. RFE's board of di- secretary-general of NATO. His
rectors has participated actively predecessors were Randolfo Pac-
in its affairs. ciardi and Paul van Zeeland.
Radio Liberty's board of trus- Pacciardi, former Italian De-
tees, embracing "leaders in the fense Minister, was accused in
American business community, 1969 of having been involved in a
former government officials and plot?for a Rightist coup in Italy.
military leaders, educators and Radio Free Europe, Inc.; is
publicists," is decorative and an outgrowth of the Crusade for
"passive." Former President Freedom, -organized in 1950 by
Harry Truman is honorary chair- Gen. Clay to support the counter-
man, a post in whichhe succeed. revolutionary Free Europe Com-
Hoover and Dwight Eisenhower. mittee.
(86/1). William. P. Durkee, formerly
tiskik kgrilf3716Asti-M141150PANKO ?AV CM CH -5
Free Europe Inc., and Radio
radio operation, and for what
Free Europe Fund, Inc.
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MAY 1972
11IXON'S
'PEACE'
in Europe.
? Upon returning to Bonn, Allardt paraphrased
some of the warnings the men in the Kremlin
have asked him to convey to the German leaders.
Before his departure, Allardt had met with
Leonid Brezhnev, the current Soviet No. 1, Pre-
mier Kosygin, Foreign Minister Gromyko and
President Podgorny.
Ominously, the Soviet leaders mentioned the
word "war" in expounding about what will happen
in the event the Bundestag rejects the Moscow-
Bonn and Warsaw-Bonn treaties recently negoti-
ated by the Government of Chancellor Willy
Brandt with the Kremlin and with the Soviet-
sponsored Communist Polish regime.
In his diplomatic parlance, Allardt stated that
the interviews were "friendly, but at. the same
time marked with a penetrating seriousness."
Henry M. Kissinger, White House foreign policy
mentor, has been giving "backgrounder" briefings
to elected commentators conveying the idea that
the Nixon Administration was alarmed at the
extent of the concessions made by the Brandt Gov-
ernment to the Soviets and their captive States.
Actually, in his desire to run as the "Peace Presi-
dent" in November 1972, President Nixon has let
the Kremlin leaders know that he is ready to grant
them?and to help them assert?suzerain rights
in all Western Europe, as well as in Germany and
in the Soviet-occupied countries of Central and
Eastern Europe. That is the meaning of the vocal
support which Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty currently are giving to Brandt's new Ost-
politik, and especially to the German treaties with
the Communist countries which the German Par-
liament will be asked to ratify early in May. Both
U.S.-sponsored radio networks are operated by the
Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA) which is now
under direct control of Kissinger.
The true intent of this Soviet-American accord
is difficult to infer from Soviet radio broadcasts
and publications, partly because of the exceeding-
ly obscure Marxist terminology. It is also difficult
to guess from the media, subjected to State De-
partment guidelines.
The retiring German ambassador in
Moscow, Helmut Allardt, has put
his finger on President Nixon's real
policy toward the Soviet designs
STATI NTL
But there is nothing obscure about the coming
new arrangement in Europe, as described in Com-
mentary, the monthly magazine sponsored by the
American Jewish Committee. In its January 1972
issue, after shedding crocodile tears over the fail-
ure of European leaders to implicitly follow the
Rothschild-Rockefeller Convergence scheme, Wal-
ter Laqueur reveals:
Western Europe would not be physically oc-
cupied by Soviet forces, but there would be Soviet
hegemony over the whole European Continent.
Moscow will not necessarily insist on the inclusion
of Communists in every European Government,
but ( as in Finland) it would demand that untrust-
worthy political leaders or parties be excluded
from positions of power and influence, and it
would expect a ban on any criticism of Soviet poli-
cies. Broadcasting stations critical of Soviet poli-
cies would be removed from the air as a danger to
European "security." All interference with the ac-
tivities of Soviet agents will be banned as a "hos-
tile act." In short, the part of Europe that is still
free will be readied for easy gobbling up by the
Soviets.
This is the deal Nixon is scheduled to sign in
Moscow this month.
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STATINTL
nayApp_roved For ReIMR819PggfOAL: citkcaliFack*MIR0
1, ivrz
ro-it. that the cold war with Russia and
Communist Countries is not
nr - ?
the bortthteer r naive for us to think that
a-
and peace are in the offing. I do not -
diwree with that.
We have many problems with Russia,
but I submit that one of the obstacles
to better relations with Eastern Europe
and Russia and most of those other '
countries?although I think our rela-
tions have improved over time--but in
any case, among the principal irritants
arc these broadcasts from Voice of Amer-
ica, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Lib-
erty. They contribute to keeping alive the
animosity and suspicion which exists be-
tween our country and Russia. I said be-
fore with retard to Radio Free Europe it
seemed to me with the President going to
Russia and having just been to China,
and having announced a policy of trying
to normalize and improve relations with
those countries that it is inconsistent to
" continue a propaganda program de-
signed to arouse the suspicion of the peo-
ple of those countries against their gov-
ernments.
I do not think it accomplishes our
purposes; it harms our relations. I can
, well imagine that there are people in "
. Russia who disagree with their leaders'
policy of meeting with the President of
? - the United States and who make the
Same arguments that are made on the
? floor of this body that there is no hope
? for. better relations with the United
States, or that they are kidding them-
selves to think they can do business with
? the United States. One of the things
they would point out would be the prop-
aganda we engage in.
It has always puzzled me why the
Russians have such suspicion with re-
gard to the SALT talks. They had one
meeting interrupted by the U-2 incident.
?Those not disposed to normalized rela-
tions with us can point to the Voice of
- America and Radio Liberty and say,
"They do not really. mean it, they are
kidding us. They continue the old war-
time programs of propaganda intended
, to undermine the stability of our gov-
ernment."
I ask very seriously on the merits
whether the program is well designed to
accomplish the announced purposes of
the President and what I believe to be
the overwhelming view Of the people of
the United States, and that is to bring
' about better relations with the people of
. Russia, China, and Eastern Europe.
It seems to me it is high time in this
world with nuclear weapons that some
other approach to the solution of these
? international differences be developed;
that greater emphasis be placed on co-
operation and discussion such as the
United Nations offers, than to keep alive
the traditional anticommunism which
we have been subjected to for so long,
to keep that alive by spending $200 mil-
lion in this case, and many millions of
dollars more in the case of Radio Liberty
and Radio Free Europe. I am not under
any illusion it is going to be easy, but I
think some different approach than the
the we have had is called for.
Mr. President, I referred earlier to an
article by Bruce J. Oudes, who, I see,
served with the USIA overseas from
1961 to 1965 and is now an International
reporting fellow at Columbia University.
So he speaks from substantial experience
in the USIA. ?
Mr. President, the article ntitled "The
Great Mind Machine" relates to the
problem I am talking about and that is
the value of the USIA itself.
Just to give a sample of the article,
I wish to read one part:
Much of the time there is a gnawing
suspicion that whatever the project of the
day might be, you're participating in a giant
charade, a hoax.
"What am I doing here?" Is a question
that often intrudes in the mind of the USIA
officer as he goes about his appointed rounds.
Why was I hauling those pamphlets across
the Sahara? In time the two of us delivered
our "freight"?the agency term for its mes-
sage?to the American Embassy in Nouak-
chott, and it was duly distributed to its
Mauritanian audience. Yet it is hard to
imagine that any minds were altered by
our pamphlets, either among the illiterate
nomads who make up most of the popula-
tion, or among the tiny literate ruling class,
whose ears are tuned to Cairo and Paris.
Certainly our message did not prevent Mauri-
tania's rulers from breaking relations with
the U.S. during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
And why was I hustling votes for Moise
Tshombe in the Congo? Tshombe won the
election with American help, but not because
of anything USIA did; the constituency that
mattered was the white mercenaries, who
voted with their guns, and the kind of U.S.
help that mattered was money and arms, and
planes supplied by the Central Intelligence
Agency. If we won any votes in Katanga,
which I doubt, they weren't counted?that's
not how power is won and lost in the Congo.
Thus the USIA officer's self-criticism centers
around feelings of futility; harmless in
Mauritania, but distasteful in the Congo.
?
USIA produces a lot of noise. Whether
that noise wins any hearts and minds- out
there is a question to which, fortunately for
tho agency, there Is no statistical answer?
for propaganda, unlike soap, cannot be meas-
ured in bars sold.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the full article by
Mr. Oudes. ?
' There -being no objection, the article
was' ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:, ?
THE GREAT WIND MACHINE
(By Bruce J. Oudes)
The sight of a wheel rolling off into the
desert- is of distinct interest if it Is one of
four carrying you to Nouakchott, the capital
of Mauritania.
It happened the visit was a goodwill, more
correctly a misguided will, mission. The oc-
casion, replete with rising sandstorm, pro-
vided time and conditions for a unique reas-
sessment of the heavy cargo, principally
hundreds of pounds of pamphlets explaining
the American way of life, which had con-
tributed to the breakdown.
My companion, who had been sent from
Washington to see if the United States In-
formation Agency (USIA) was hitting the
"target" in West Africa, blew the sand off
a brochure on the American economy, one
which described the marvelous Detroit motor
vehicle, and broke up laughing.
On another occasion, the scene was the
Congo and my companion was an American
newsmagazine correspondent. We spent a
rather wry afternoon driving around the
precincts of Katanga distributing a station-
wagon load of American-produced "get out
the vote" leaflets in Swahili in preparation
for an election which, to no one's surprise,
ratified orn e as ic =go s
Prime Min ster.
Any officer in USIA has a store of such
stories. They are rooted in the frustration of
determining the message, the audience, and
how the audience Is supposed to react to the
message. Much of the time there is a gnaw-
ing suspicion that whatever the project of
the day might be; you're participating in a
giant charade, a hoax.
"What am I doing here?" is a question
that often intrudes in the mind of the
USIA officer as he goes about his appointed
rounds. Why was I hauling those pamphlets
across the Sahara? In time the two of us
delivered our "freight"?the agency term for
its message?to the American Embassy in
Nouakchott, and it was duly distributed to
its Mauritanian audience. Yet it is hard to
imagine that any minds were altered by our
pamphlets, either among the illiterate
nomads who make up most of the popula-
tion, or among the tiny literate rulinu class,
tvhose ears are tuned to Cairo and Paris.
Certainly our message did not prevent
Mauritania's rulers from breaking relations
with the U.S. during the 1967 Arab-Israeli
war. And why was I hustling votes for Moise
Tshornbe in the Congo? Tshombe won the
election with American help, but not be-
cause of anything USIA. did; the constitu-
ency that mattered was the white merce-
naries, who voted with their guns, and the
kind of U.S. help that mattered was money
and arms, and planes supplied by the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency. If we won any votes
in Katanga, which I doubt, they weren't
counted?that's not how power is won and
lost in the Congo. Thus the USIA officer's
self-criticism centers around feelings of
'futility: harmless in Mauritania, but dis-
tasteful in the Congo.
The agency that sends its people on such
? missions is a I7-year-old cold war hybrid, the
descendant of the World War I George Creel
committee and then in World War II the
Overseas Operations Branch in Elmer Davis's
Office of War Information. At the end of
the war OWI was transferred to the State
Department where William Benton, the ad-
vertising man, later a U.S. Senator, nursed
it for two years. As the cold war got under-
way, Benton's office drafted a bill which be-
came the Smith-Mundt Act and put propa-
ganda permanently into the American de-
fense arsenal. Under the Eisenhower Admin-
istration in June, 1953, John Foster Dul-
les rid his beloved State Depadtment of the
dirty linen of propaganda work and the name
U.S. Information Agency was born. The USIA
budget passed the $100 million mark dur-
ing the Eisenhower years and floated up *to
its present $175 million mark during the two
subsequent Democratic Administrations.
Today USIA produces 66 magazines in 27
languages. Its Voice of America broadcasts
932 hours weekly in nearly three dozen lan-
guages using 104 transmitters with a total
of 19 ,million watts. It has assisted foreign
book publishers in-producing more than 120
million conies of over 14.000 editions since
1950. It operates more than 22 libraries vis-
ited by 20 million or more persons annually
(down from over. 31 million in 1935). It
radloteletypes abroad a 10,000-word daily file
of Administration statements and packaged
stories ready for foreign newspapers to lunk
In their columns. It does all this with a
staff of 2,139 Foreign Service personnel, a
total which will be reduced to about 1,760
by mid-year by Presidential order. Foreign
Service personnel, however, are substantially
outnumbered by the 2,410 permanent Wash-
ington-based employees who try to commu-
nicate America to a world they never see.
USIA produces a lot of noise. Whether that
noise wins any hearts and minds out there
Is a question to which, fortunately for the
agency, there Is no statistical answer?for
propaganda, unlike soap, cannot be measured
In bars sold. True believers in the agency pro-
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THE SOVIET NEW TIMES
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fr
COLD WAR
y..KUiNETSOV
TO BELIEVE official Washington, it
would be a, "tragedy" if the Amer.-
ican-financed ,Radio ?Free, Europe and
Radio Liberty in Munich went off the
air. A tragedy for whom? Do they
think in the United States that the so-'
cialist countries will miss them? The
two stations have already swallowed
up nearly $500. million and now cost the
American taxpayer nearly $40 million
a ,year?so it will hardly be a- tragedy
for him.- If anyone might suffer from
their closure, it is the . handful that
feed from its anti-communist propa-
ganda kitchen.
In any case, the word "tragedy" is
altogether' out of place Where it con-'
terns air polluters who subsist on pro-
paganda which at best is cheap. A
morn suitable word would be "comedy."
For what if not Comic Were the, Wash-
ington AdMinistration's claims that'
It had nothing to do with the two
stations, that they were depeqdent
..solely on "private contributions" and,
"dimes from schoolchildren"? Goveen-
ment officierr3 had good cause to pon-
der long on how to camouflage the
whole thing. ."Official government ra-
dios mist take care to avoid the charge
of interference in the internal affairs
of other nations," Assistant Secretary
of State Hillenbrand said in the Senate
Foreign Relations Cominittee?', on May
24, 1971. .
'The comedy flopped when Senators
Clifford 'Case and William ? Fulbright
openly charged that Radio Free Europe
and itadio Liberty were financed by the
Central Intelligence Agency. They thus
. confirmed what. had long been asserted
by .the Soviet Union and other socialist
countries, namely, that these Munich
stations Were subsidiaries of. the U.S.
Information Agency and the CIA, "It
was always ridiculous to pretend that
Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe
.had no connection, with U.S. govern-
ment agencies," Cyrus Sulzberger com-
mented In the New. York Times.
World public opinion now possesses
'enough facts, to form a clear idea about
these "free" voices of the "free world."
Newspapers everywhere printed ? the
revelations of -Captain Andrzej:Czecho-
'BALLAST
:????.; :f.1*
?- ?! r ? .???
? t,'
wuz
who ,worked for six , years at,
Radio .Free Europe. on . an assignment.
from. the Polish security service. Its.
output. -he wrote,' "has long been part,
and, parcel of -espionage and overt sub-.
'version ,against ,out 'countries..., The
two; political :,departments and all , the.
sections of the broadcasting station are,
headed; Thy . American intelligence
officers." .
Then there is the book "Hungarians
on,. P?dyrbll," just published `-?ift
Buda:pest: rlis author; journalist Istvan
Pinter,? spent fifteen years collecting
material about the subversive activities
of Hungarian emigres working for
Western Intelligence services and about
Radio. Free Europe and its sinister part '
in- the 'preparation' of the counter-
revolutionary putsch of 1956.
Lastly; there is the. new Soviet tele-
vision film about Radio Libeity pro-
vocateurs?an expose based strictly on
documents and affidavits.
But: perhaps the socialist countries
.are too prejudiced against Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty which, their
directors and patrons affirm, sow "seeds'
of truth, freedom and justice" and not
the poisonous seeds of anti-communism,,
hostility, distrust and international ten-
sion? Let 'us see what is said on this
score in Federal Germany and the,
United States. ?
?
"Anyone. whb wants to work for
Radio Liberty must be an anti-commun-
ist," a spokesman of this Munich broad-
casting station said in an interview with
Axel Springer's Die Welt. .And here is
the opinion of Senator Fulbright. The
two stations, he said. are "a product di
the U-2, Bay of Pigs and Tonkin Gulf
,mentality," a "part of a pattern?a pat-
tern of falsehood and deception?a pat-
tern of fraud and deceit?a 'pattern of
conspiracy to -mislead not only the
American but anybody else who was
willing to listen and follow." The
Washinglon:,Evening Star wtites . that
one can agree that the production ot
the Munich "voices" is nothing but,
official propaganda against the com-
munist countries. Both stations, writes
Bernard Gwertiman in the ? New York
.Times, "were set' up at the height of
.PROBLEMS AND OPINIONS
the Cold wax to broadcast news and '
commentary to the Soviet Union and
its .Eastern European allies."
The' cold war has been abating of
late, and this is recognized In the West
too. But what do the Munich "voices"
care about that? These offshoots of the
Cold war have not become wiser with
the years, they are still its troubadours,
They persevere in the "liberalization
of the Soviet Union" (New York Times),
In trying to "infitience people in the
Russian orbit at? the expense of the
communist governments" (New York
Post). While qualifying the two stations
as a "hangover of the cold war," the
New York Post 'intimates that the U.S;
government appears to have no inten-
tion of "kicking its long addiction to
anti-communist crusades at home and
abroad."
Are the present-day crusaders, one
may ask, not being too presumptuous
In venturing beyond their own borders,
even' if only on the air?
Senator Stuart Symington '.put the'
question bluntly during the discussion
of the State Department budget in the
, Senate. Didn't the .Secretary of State"
" think that the American broadcasting.
stations in Munich were interfering in
?the internal affairs of other nations, he
asked Rogers.
Rogers tried tO avoid giving a direct, .
reply. But 'the question cannot be.
evaded. The Munich broadcasts, the,
Washington Post wrote in one of its
editorials. were a form of interference
in the. internal affairs .of Eastern Eu-
rope and the 'SOviet Union.
In the recent U.S.?China com-
muniqu?the United States declared its
support for the principle of non-inter-
ference in the internal affairs of other
countries. How is one to interpret this:
as an empty Promise, a simple formality
or a. serious international commitment?
"How, it is asked, can that be squared
with further operations of Radio Free
. Europe and Radio Liberty?". the New
York Post _asks the Republican Admin-
istration.
It is noteworthy tha,t while formerly
Washington disowned these broadcast-
ing stations to avoid being rebuked for
Interiering in other. countries' affairs,
now?when the carefully concealed
links between the stations and the CIA
have been exposed?It is insisting on its.
"right" to poke Its nose where
shouldn't, and even on recognition of
this "right." This,ls implied' in?
the 'U.S. Adminisration argument
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..
'.ORANGE, N.J.
RECORD,
MAR 3 0 1972
WEEKLY ? 3,800
-
0 YZ
By Sen. Clifford Case
Last week the Congress
approved my bill to bring
into the open the funding of
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty which
broadcast to Eastern
Europe.
. I first introduced this
legislation in January 1971.
At that time, I decried the
fact that for over twenty
years the two stations had
been financed covertly by
the Central Intelligence
Agency LCJA1,,While such
'? funding might well have
, been justified for a few
years in the conteit of the
early 1950's, it seemed to me
.there was no reason to have
continued U.S. Government
contributions on a secret
basis for all those years,
particularly in light of the
hundreds of millions of the
taxpayers' dollars wnicii
were being spent.
. My purpose was not to end
the broadcasts of the
station*. It was simply' to
bring their financing out
into the open.
Our Constitution. states
that Congress shall ap-
propriate funds for
government purposes and
the: Congress had never
knowingly voted a penny for
either station. The money
had come out of that vast
intelligence budget which is
hidden in other ap-
propriated funds. Moreover,
in 1967 a high level govern-
ment study -pawl)
recommended that CIA
financing of activities such
as RFE and RL be ter-
minated.
I did not question whether
or not RE and RL were
doing a good job. Frankly, I
had no way of knowing,
since one obvious result of
the secret funding was that
neither Congress nor the
public had much idea what
the radios were doing. Tliere
were, of course, television
and magazine commerieals
for RYE, but they gave the
Misleading impression that
without private con-
tributions the stations would
not be to broadcast.
Hearings wei-e sene.uled
in the Senate For(_ign
Relations Committee en my
bill which, in effect,
authorized funds for ac-
tivities that were already
being paid for secretly by
the government. ?
For the first- time, we
received reasonably
complete information about
RFE's and RIA programs,
costs, assets, 7rtil i: abilities.
While the A. ininietration
did not object to open fun-
ding, it suggested that the
stations be In.r:led through
a - -public ccr:.oez ;lion. This
measure wai voten down in
the aif n Relations
' Committee, net the Com-
mittee and late:- the Senate,
adopted my original
proposal for ..cpen funding
through diecretary .of
States -
-The of
Represe t then
passed cn bi!,1- which,
while ac !'ti.rae the open
funding ? `,!, called for
a differc of structure
for the iwe stations.
A deadioek between the
House and the Senate then
developed when several of
my colleagues decided that
RFE and RL should be ?
discontinued entirely.
Happily, the impasse was
recently broken, and the
Congress as a whole has now
approved funds for BFE and
RL through the current
fiscal year. Thus, RFE and
RL have finally been put on.
the same basis as other
regular governmental
activities and programs.
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?17
THE CHARLESTON, W. VIRGINIA GAZETTE
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Editorials-
:
isn't There Criv
'Outcry Against
? Literate Americans know, but may not
? care, that a taxpaid government espio-
nage agency is waging a not-so-secret
war in Laos against Communist insur-
gents in that country.
. The administration cannot afford to
send military troops into Laos, for such
a inove would be interpreted as an
? escalation of the war?which it surely
would be..
In view of the mounting public distaste
for American military adventures in oth-
er people's countries, we cannot under-
stand why there is no outcry against the
use of civilian CIA "troops" in Laos.
If .more were known about the CIA,
-public indifference might change to out-
rage. Here are some episodes in which
the CIA was involved, each of which
,outraged us:
is-The CIA's spy plane over Russia
demolished President Eisenhower's sin-
cere efforts to improve relations with the
Soviets. How would you like it if Russian
'Spy planes were dispatched over Ameri-
ca?
is-The CIA conducted an armed inter-
vention in order to save Guatemala from
leftist political elements of which the
prevailing powers didn't approve. Inter-
nal politics in Guatemala aren't any of
America's business. How would you like
it if Guatemalan spies worked to discred-
it one of the American political parties?
Is-The CIA secretly financed Radio Free
.Europe, which many df us innocently
believed was supported wholly by private
"- contributions. The CIA's takeover of
.RFE! thoroughly stripped the radio sta-
tion of credibility. How would you like it
if a foreign spy network beamed radio
.messages into America under the cover
.of "information?"
Is-The CIA planned and directed the Bay
of Pigs fiasco. How would you like it if a
Man spy apparatus equipped an army
of disgruntled American exiles and dis-
patched them as an invasion force bent
:on the overthrowof the governmnt?
- 10-The, CIA conducted a military opera-
lion in the Dominican Republic to pre-
:vent a. rebellion which would have re--,
stored to power a president Whom righ-
tist forces had deposed. How would you
like it if foreign spies had intervened in
the American revolution, in support of
George III?
0-The CIA gave armed support to the?
overturn of a Congo government and had
a strong role in the overthrow of Dicta-
tor Diem of South Vietnam, an accom-
plishment which produced another dicta-
tor more pleasing to Washington.
? In none of these enterprises has the
CIA enhanced the name a the United'
States of America. To the contrary, it
has given support to the spreading view-
point that tlie United States is a med- ?
dling power which has contributed enor-
mously to the unsettled state of the:
world.
In all of these enterprises the CIA has
been answerable to no one except presi-
dents who, incredibly, had io compunc-
tion about conferring the power to make
War upon, an intelligence agency.
And, if we've got you to thinking about
the CIA, think about this: it has 18,000
, employes, 6,000 of whom ar6 working in
clandestine services, according to Victor
L. Marchetti, a former CIA agent, who is
writing a book about the CIA.' The CIA
budget, Marchetti maintains, is $6 billion
a year. -
Marchetti May be wrong on every
count. The number of CIA agents in-
volved in clandestine activities and the
annual CIA budget are "secrets" with-
held from the American people.
And one more observation: the admin-,
istration has obtained a temporary order
against publication of Marchetti's book.
Naturally.
STATI NTL
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Fulbright pr bes CIA propagan
By ERIK BERT
Senator J. W. Fulbright. chair-
man of the Foreign Relations
Committee, asked the Library of
Congress last June to furnish the
. committee with an analysis of
the operations. of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty.
The Librar:st of Congress re-
searchers completed their work
seven months later. in January.
The committee staff informed
the researchers about some al-
leged' deficiencies. Nevertheless,
the final LC reports were "sub-
stantially as the original drafts."
Senator Fulbright said.
Following receipt of the reports
by the committee, rumors were
circulated. in Washington charg-.
Ing that Fulbright was suppress-
ing the information or altering
its presentation. In response, Ful-
bright had the reports published
in the Congressional Record .of
March G. 1972. except for, he said.
several hundred additional pages
of appendices. which he said are
available to the public in the For-
eign Relations Committee office.
where the original draft reports
' can also be consulted. As it is.
the text of the reports covers
more than' 80 of the Congres-
sional Record's triple-column
pages.
In presenting the documents to
the Senate. Fulbright pointed out
that Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty "still refuse to
acknowledge publicly any ties to
the U.S. intelligence community."
The two enterprises are known
to be vehicles for the Central In-
telligence Agency.
The issue on which the RFE-?
RL problem arose was how to
switch them from under-the-
table financing by the CIA to
aboveboard funding by the Con-
gress. The CIA and the Nixon
Administration have resisted con-
gressional funding because that
could open the doors to congres-
' sional inquiry as to how the
money was being used, and the
CIA wanted none of that.
Fulbright offered a compromise.
possibly a tongue-in-cheek resolu-
tion of the problem. Ile told the
Senate he was "persuaded that
the Radios should be liquidated.
unless perhaps our European al:-
lies are willing to pick up their
fair share of the financial bur-
den." However, in a letter to Sen.
Charles Percy. which he inserted
in the Congressional Record with
the reports. Fulbright noted the
"lack of any apparent interest on
the part of our Western European
allies to help share the financial
burden imposed by the Radios."
" Fulbright recalled to the Sen-
ate that in 1970 the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee had obtained
from the Department of State a
"brief description of the arrange-
ments and mechanisms used by
the executive branch to maintain
policy control and direction of
Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty."
However. the Department of
State "insisted" that its informa-
tion be available only "on a class-
ified basis." Senators who wanted
to read it. Fulbright said, would
have to betake themselves to the
Foreign Relations Committee Cap-
itol office. S-116. ?
The Library of Congress report:
on Radio Free Europe was pre-
pared by James R. Price, .the
LC's analyst in national defense.
foreign relations division, and the
report on Radio Liberty by Jo-
seph G. Whalen. a 20-year LC
employee.
? Whelan ca:me to the Library .of
Congress from the CIA. accord-
ing to the bibliography accom-
panying his reports.
"In 1951, he was briefly em-
ployed by the Central Intelligence
Agency." That's the formal side.
It is an open question whether
he ever departed from the CIA.
The RFE and HL reports. al-
though formally prepared by the
Library of COngress for the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations Committee.
are in fact a CIA presentation.
Despite this fact they are quite
enlightening.
dl-
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25 April 1972 1AHNIL
'lough Of Covert Action
While the Administration has obtained a tern.
porary order against publication of a book on
the CIA by a former officer of it, Victor L.
Marchetti, the public has reason to be thankful
to the author. He has already provided outside
of book covers some valuable insights and corn-
Inents on an agency that. deliberately hides
from the public and Congress.
Without revealing any really hidden secrets,
the author uses published reports to note that
the nation's intelligence budget is 6 billion dol-
lars a year, that the Central Intelligence Agency
has 18,000 employes, and that 6000 of these
'are working in clandestine services, as opposed
,to intelligence collection.
As it is, however, the CIA is the President's
baby. ,Congress has proposed various control
measures, such as a limit on the CIA budget,
or requirements for clearer information about
'it, or Senator Cooper's present legislation for
'the CIA to give intelligence briefings to Con-
gress ?as well as the White House. Congress,
after all, foots the bill, but it does not know
for what.
CIA officials occasionally surface frdm se-
crecy to complain that critics concentrate on
CIA failures. If so, that is because -the public
only hears about the failures, and they have
to be, big ones at that. They always seem to
Involve those covert or "paramilitary" opera-
tions, which range from a most qualified suc-
cess in Guatemala to an unmitigated disaster
at Cuba's I3ay of Pigs. Mr. Marchetti says, "I
don't think we've had a successful paramilitary
operation yet."
The clandestine operations are worth review:
There was the U-2 spy plane incident that tor-
pedoed President Eisenhower's efforts to im-
prove relations with the Soviet Union. There
was the CIA's proud armed intervention to
"save" Guatemala from leftists, leaving the
country to, oppression 4nd terrorism. There was
the financing of Radio Free Europe Which, when
disclosed, stripped that station of every vestige
of freedom or credibility. And there was the
Bay of Pigs.
Then there was the CIA military operation to
save .the Dominican Republic from a ?zebellion
to return a democratically-elected president.
There was armed support for the overturn of
a government in The Congo. Of course, there
was the CIA's hand in the overthrow of the
Diem dictatorship in South Vietnam, opening
the way for another dictatorship more satisfac-
tory to Washington. And there is presently
war in Laos, which the CIA actively engendered
without any visible success for the American
position in Southeast Asia, much less for peace
and order. '
Aside from the fact' that so many of these
clandestine activities were inefficient and in-
effective, even aside from the fact that they
were bound to be failures for America's long-
range prospects and'reputation even if they did
succeed, the ability of the CIA to engage in
paramilitary functions represents a continuing
ability to start hostilities without the knowledge
of the people or Congress, and certainly with-
out, any declaration of war.
Author Marchetti is fair enough to say that,
so far various presidents have kept a measure
of control over such activities. That is no guar-
antee for the future, however, and it is Con-
gress, not the President, that is supposed to
make decisions on war. Consequently, Mr. Mar-
chetti recommends confining intelligence ac-
tivities to a small and highly professional group,
and eliminating the covert actions entirely.
Intelligence simply cannot work well when
governed by an agency equally interested in
activities ranging from propaganda to military
action; that is a conflict of interest. The nation
does need successful intelligence. It does not
need a publicly-uncontrolled and unanswerable
power to, make war.
STATI NTL
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Approved, For. Releas
J*iA
k''.?46
SUNDAY, APRIL 9, 1972
Right and Wrong
BRUCE HERSCHENSOHN is
? a brilliant movie producer who has
created two prizewinning documen-
tary films for USIA. He is also a ded-
t icated foe of Sen. Fulbright's efforts
? to gag Radio Free Europe, Radio Lib-
aft erty anirg-iii-OthCPOSIA:-programs.
? He has publicly attacked Ful-
bright, saying that the Arkansas sen-
ator's criticisms of U.S. presidents
"are only balanced by his words of
praise .for Ho Chi Minh and 'thrush-
chev and his defense of the doctrine
:of 'Wars of National Libergtion'
SI
a ? ? ?
- ? Furthermore, he has charged that
Fulbright's attempts to "downgrade"
the USIA information programs
"could be tragic for this nation and
a catastrophic for the people of other
nations."
We admire Herschensohn's good
Work for his country and share his
view of Sen. Fulbright's curious out-
look on the world. But in one aspect
? of his feud with Fulbright, we must
? regretfully agree with the senator, at
least in principle. In this case, it is an
?. important principle.
HERSCHENSOHN appeared on a
television show with conservative
4, Sen. James Buckley. On the same
? show, carried by 12 stations in New
s' York State, the producer's Academy
?'Award-winning documentary on the
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
was shown. This, despite Fulbright's
efforts to block the airing of the film
,
on grounds that it violated the con-
-gressional ban on the distributing of
such USIA films in this country.
a
Like Herschensohn, we find it
,.. difficult to believe that Sen. Ful-
bright's objections were Motivated
? by a high regard for the letter and
spirit of the law. Sen. Fulbright has
based his opposition to Radio Free
Radio Liberty and ?011i-er
such projects presumably because
ST TINTL
they tend to show the Sovlet Union
in a bad light.
Certainly there is no way that an
honest report of the Soviet Union's
invasion of a defenseless Czechoslo-
vakia could do otherwise.
Nev,ertheless, and in spite of any
such motivation on the senator's
part, Congress was right to forbid
the use of tax-supported propaganda
in this country. The senator's objec-
tion seems valid.
?
AND, REGARDLESS of the un-
biased honesty of the propaganda or
the acknowledged artistry of the
presentation, the danger that Con-
gress saw in this use of propaganda
is very real.
In this case, the moviernaker is a
conservative, the film itself is a rec-
ognized work of art and the events
portrayed are authentic history.
But what about next time? What
if government propagandists were
turning out hard-sell propaganda for,
let us say, the guaranteed annual
wage or forced busing or compulsory
birth controls? Would we want our
own tax dollars used by an incum-
bent administration to propagandize
us?
We think not. There is all too
much of this sort of thing done now,
under the guise of the bureaucracy's
various "information" programs.
But The News thinks that this
misuse of tax dollars is wrong and
should be stopped. We believe that
Congress was right in its ban on the
domestic showing of USIA films.
It is regrettable that Herschen-
sohn has felt that it is necessary to
quit the USIA in order to save it em-
barrassment, at a time when its fund
request is before Fulbright's commit-
tee. At USIA the film-maker has
served both his country and his art
well.
But in the matter of the film ban,
we think the senator is right, even if
he is right for the wrong reasons.
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thm rig:pattii
1O fflY, It R.
1.3.5,35$
APR 81.072
Keep These Sta.:ions et,eil
A
President Nixon the other day
signed legislation which allows the
continued funding of Radio Free
E_urope and Radio?Liberty until the
end of the current fiscal year on
June 30. But what happens then,
especially with the opposition of
Sen. -J. W. Fulbright?
We well recall in the depth of
the "cold war" how effective Radio
Free Europe was in disseminating
the real news to those millions be-
hind the Iron Curtain. Then there
was no question as to the value of
R.F.E. It was an essential as far as
? "our side" was concerned.
However, a little more than a
year ago, it was brought out that
both RFE and Radio Liberty re-
ceived most of their operating
funds from the Central Intel-
ligence Agency. This caused quite
a stir .and subsequently Sen. DA--
bright said they were relics of
the 50s.
The Arkansas senator has a lot
to say since he's chairman of the
foreign relations committee in the
upper house and he's against the
stations' continuance. He feels that
today the stations are an irritant
to the Soviet Union. So? Is that
supposed to scare us?
Despite the: rapprochement that
we're working on with Moscow, in
the wake of the Peking visit, Sen.
Fulbright is not on the right track
when he wants to close down these
stations because they're an irri-
tant. They, at least, keep the Rus-
sians- honest.
As evidence of the stations'
worth, the Polish press has as-
sailed Radio Free Europe in the
wake of the accord worked out to
give it funds to the end of June.
One article assailed "inane propa-
ganda made by liars for idiots."
now friendly can you get?
As far as we're concerned, both
stations are just as germane and
necessary now as they were at the
peak of the "cold war." Unless
you're against the broadcasting of
factual news reports to the peoples
in eastern Europe. Don't close
them down because of lack of
funds.
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TRENTON, N. J.
D, 81,855
By NICHOLAS DANILOFF
)(311 United Press International
? WASHINGTON ? The time:
the early 19C0s. The place:
Prague: The occasion: a state
visit to Czechoslovakia by
.Soviet Premier Nikita S.
?Khrushcbev.
. The rotund Soviet premier
'descends from his jetliner on
'arrival from Moscow and
lines up with Czech digni-
:!taries to review an honor
-guard.
.Suddenly, he notices one of
,his shoe laces is untied. He
stoops spontaneously to tie it.
? Rrarrip!
His trousers have .split dawn
the back.
;;'? In a? instant, an aide ap- -
pears at larushehev's side
with a freshly pressed pair of
trousers over his arm.
"But how did you know so
quickly that my pants had
split" Khrushchev inquires.
"Oh, I heard on Radio Free
Europe,", the aide replies.
No one pretends that really
happened, . but the story got
wide circulation ? and laughs
? in Eastern European court-
tries among listeners to RFE
who depended on it for accu-
rate, prompt, sometimes em-
barrassing and ? uncensored
'news;
This Was the kind of news
thatRFE and its sister outlet,
Radio ? Liberty, were created
in 1949 to broadcast to the
Soviet Union and other Com-
muniSt. countries behind the
Iron Curtain.
More Restrained
Twenty-three years later,
the times have changed. The
radios' brio.kftelsjA,W
? opinion ojr6h$11. Kr^Hdrci-D
penis, have become more re-
strained. But the prospects for
.. ? ?
The radios were established
in West Germany with secret
.financing from the Central
Intelligence Agency to counter
the highly controlled press
and radio of the Communist
governments. ?
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty made. it their
business to broadcast back to
Eastern Europe and the Sovi-
et Union information on
events which went unmention-
ed by the official Communist
media. They broadcast news
about unauthorized strikes,
intellectual ferment, natural
disasters. -
To help do this job, they
made use of radio monitors
?and research institutions ?
staffed partly by refugees and
partly by Western specialists.
The two radio stations pub-
lished their research papers
which were useful to scholars,
journalists and Western intel-
ligence.
From the U.S. point of view,
the radios were promoting the
free flow of information to an
area where information was
severely rationed. From the
Comnumist point of view, the
radios were and are an ilTi-
tunt; they were clearly sub-
versive and undermined Com-
munist authority; they consti-
tuted interference in the-inter-
nal affairs of the Communist
countries.
U.S. Dispute
These points of view ,-stem
from a fundamental ideologi-
- cal difference in Communist
and Western atitudes, but now
the matter of the operations
has blossomed into a trouble-
some dispute between Con-
' ?* President ? Nixon signed. -a
bill on March 30 to continue
financing the two radio ? sta-
tions until June 30. They are
beiog funded at $32 million a
year, down from $36 million.
The President had to. fight to
get the bill Out of Congress.
On March 11; in a special
White House statement, he
.said it would be a tragedy if
the radios were forced to
, close down.
., The President was primari-
ly countering the tough oppo.
? sition of Sen. J. William Ful-
bright, D-Ark., who questions
the value of the radios contin-
. tied existence. He would have
? them eliminated ?,-.or at least
financed at a far smaller level
by the United States.
"I didn't intend for this to
become a cause celebre," Ful-
bright said in an interview
with UPI. "Pm primarily for
cutting costs. Why, we in Ar-
kansas have difficulty in get-
ting $5 million for sewer and
water projects."
The Senator, who for weeks
created a parliamentary im-
passe which threw the future
a! the stations into doubt, does
not appear to be implacably
hostile to the continued broad-
cast operations.
"Pm not going to die if
these radio stations continue,"
he said. "I don't mind if the
United States shares the oper-
ating expenses with a? number
of Western Europr xi govern-
71"-ifs v7id ntv.
third or one fourth of the
costs."
But Fulbright does raise a
number of hard questions
about the radio stations.
? He calls them "relics of the
Cold War." Radio Free Eu-
rope has been accused of en-
couraging the abortive Hun-
garian rebellion of 195G and of
spreading unrest in Poland
during December, 1970,
demonstrations.
Fulbright notes that Soviet
leaders, on the eve of Presi-
dent Nixon's visit to Moscow
next month, still regard the
broadcasts as subversive.
To continue these broad-
casts, Fulbright says, is to
east doubt on the sincerity of
the United States in achieving
an East-West indente.
If the radios do perform a
useful function from the II.S.
. A numberl of - specialists
disagree, saying this would
lay the United States open lo
The charge of interfering in
the internal - affairs- of the
countries of Eastern Europe.
While RFE and Radio -Liberty
are regarded as semi-
independent, Voice of Ameri-
ca is directly government-
operated.
Fulbright's dissent has not
killed the radios. But it has
forced the administration -to
take a serious new look at
RFE and Radio Liberty, how
they perform, and what their
value is.
Officials are fond of com-
ments by Communist officials
which acknowledge the radios
provide useful information,
particularly in Eastern Eu-
rope.
Nobel Winner
. Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
the dissident, Nobel-Prize win-
ning Russian author, declared
in a recent outburst a(minst
the Soviet governmeid- that
Radio Liberty was one of the
few sources of true. informa-
tion in his country. -
The State Department is
now studying how best to fi-
nance the radio stations in the
future.
At Congressional hearings
last May and September, it
was suggested that a public-
private corporation be created
:to keep the radios going.
Possibly, West European
governments, which are in
closer geographical proximity
to the Soviet Union, might
chip in. It is felt here that
West Germany may have a
particular interest in shaping
the future of RFE and Radio
Liberty since they operate.
from that country.
Before approachin,g the
Western Europeans, the State
Department is sounding out
the mood in Congress. A first
step is quiet consultations
with Senate Republican Lead-
er Hugh Scott, of Pennsylva-
nia, Sen. Charles Percy, 11-
and Rep. Dante Fascell,
Percy sponsored a Sermte
resolution which won 07 votes
in favor of continuing the
gress and the Administration. noint .01.4w,A., ?FiAbujn.t..s1 radios. Fascell proposed. an
Releaqet20011103104 :0CIAIRLatitioggrv1111(0110007:00011.15ise bill which
,., -
continuing difficulty for top formed by the Voice of Ameri- ? would have financed the
..Aministration officials. . ca. ?. radios for two more years.
-
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PittsIggli Press
D.- 346,090 SUN. 744,732
APR 5 1972
The Nobel Crime
In a stupid and heartless move, the Soviet
? Union has reused an entry visa to the .
permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy,
7 Which awards the Nobel Prize for Literature.
The terrible crime he was planning was. to
,present, at an informal ceremony in a private
:apartment in Moscow. the medal and diploma
of the 1970 prize to -Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn,
. 'Russia's greatest living writer.
Because his novels depict the horrors of
Stalin's prison camps, which he survived, and
because he fearlessly speaks out against the
police-state aspects of modern Soviet life,
,-,-Solzhenitsyn is anathema to the ruling Cern-
'Munist Party.
?
:The cruel action by the party hacks in
heating Solzhenitsyn of the pleasure of re-
?,ittiving his award is sure to backfire against
them. It will only increase sympathy for the
:1-persecuted witer in Russia and abroad.
From anyone who values freedom, Solz-
henitsyn deserves respect bordering on awe-
-pot only for the uncompromising truth of his
,inovels but also for his personal comportment.
145L1- considerable risk, he is filling the role of
;iRussia's conscience.
He has long spoken against the trampling
-IA civil rights. Last month he went further by
circulating a "Lenten Letter." It accused the
hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church of
'.betraying its flock by acting as a tool of the
atheist state.
Instead of behaving like an unperson as an
011iCast should, Solzhenitsyn this week called
. two American news correspondents. He
boldly complained of harassment aimed at
? thwarting his work on a series of historical
novels.
tie is barred (torn using public achives
and forbidden to hire research assistants.
. v
Survivors of the revolution are intimidated out -
of sharing their memories with him.
His friends are followed and threatened, his
mail opened, his house bugged. His wife was .
fired from her. job to intensify financial
pressure on him.
In the interview, Solzhenitsyn made a
remark of special relevance to Americans. :
criticized the Soviet press' lack of fairness
and completeness and praised Radio Liberty, .
which broadcasts in Russian from WPI.t
Germany.
"If we learn anything about events in our
country," he said, "it's from there."
Like radio Free Europe. its sister station -
that broadcasts to the Soviet satellites, Radio.
Liberty is supported by Mel]. S. government.
Both stations are the target of a relentless
vendetta by Chairman J. W. Fulbright of the.
- Senate Foreign Relations Committee and will
go off the air June 30 if he has his 'way.
Radio Liberty is one medium by which the
thoughts. of Solzhenitsyn and other dissident
writers can reach broad audiences in Russia.
It also serves as his insurance policy: The
.secret police would drag him away in a minute
if they could be sure Radio Liberty would not
alert his admirers.
For brave men like Solzheniisyn, who risk
all for a decent future for Russia, Radio Liberty
is a candle holding back the totalitarian night. ;
Sen. FOlbright, for dubious reasons, wants to
snuff it out. He must not be permitted to do so.
? ?
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DAYTON DAILY NEWS
DAYTON, OHIO
D. 161,249 SUN. 215,360
APR 2 1972 sp_
(Fulbright: Censor
Sen. William Fulbright, who has been
trying to shut down Radio Liberty and
? Radio Free Europe which beam informa-
fibribehind. the: iron Curtain, has said the
details of the sta-
tions operations "in
many cases, are
still locked away,
- hidden I rom con-
gressional scrutiny
or public review."
- What S c n. Ful-
bright does not
.point out is that he.
? has been primarily
'responsible for hid-
ing some of this in-
formation, a.nd that proponents of the
:.stations ? an impressive list of liberals
and conservatives?want the whole story
brought to public light.
Fulbright.
When Sen. Fulbright ordered the Li-
brary of Congress to study the perform-
-, ance of the stations, Sen. Fulbright
obviously was disappointed to find the
report overwhelmingly favorable. The
- report was delivered to Sen. Fulbright's
office in mid-January. The Senator did
not release it until March 6 after he had
been accused of trying to suppress the
favorable findings.
? Less well known, however, is that Sen.
Fulbright censored the report before
releasing it, which is not out of line with
.* the senator's other .attempts to rewrite
history. The senator says the original
drafts of . the studies on Radio Free
Europe ,and Radio Liberty are available
at the office of the Senate Foreign.
Relations committee.
Since Sm. Fulbright is still bent on
closing down the stations and keeping the \
debate alive, he ought to demonstrate
enough integrity to publish the uncen-
sored report. in the Congressional Recordj
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-
The Houston post
D. 294,590 SUN. 227,167
APR A972 431.a.
'Stop it, you're disturbing tile relaxation'
?Behrendt, Het Pored (Amsterdam)
:..?- . ?
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"ftaifei;?4,
31.1trittintraut 3.\Trtmi
BIRMINGHAM, ALA.
D. 179,120 SUt4?, 219,330
MAR 3 1 1972 oga.
Don't Sacrifice Truth
There is an element of uncertainty
. about the future of Radio.Eree Europe
and Radio Liberty even though the
broadcasts have funding until June
.
O. Funding beyond that date has
? been blocked by Sen. J. W. Fulbrighl,
who has characterized the two .radios
as "relics of the cold war."
Although RFE-RL broadcasts once
-iollowed a cold war line, today it is
generally acknowledged, Sen. Ful-
bright notwithstanding, that the news
.the radios beam to the peoples in
.Communist countries is objective.
Rather than inciting the listeners
to rebellion, the broadcasts give the
- only reliable reporting on political,
ee0110MiC, cultural and sports events
? available to people who live in socie-
ties whose news media are carefully
....managed by the state.
It seems to a great many people in
Europe as well as in this country that
' Sen. Fulbright is overreacting in his
-stated desire to help foster a spirit of
detente.
? A reporter for the Christian Science
Monitor found nearly every major
'newspaper in Western Europe urging
the preservation of these media.
"Why," one European observer
was quoted as asking, "should the
radios be shut down simply because
they irritate the Soviets? Have the
Russians stopped building up their
1
military power because this alarms..
us?"
A Russian writer who escaped to
Britain, Anatoli Kuznetsov, said that
closing the two stations would be
cheered by the KGB, Soviet govern-
ment intelligence, as fulfillment of
, one of its most ardent wishes.
Kuznetsov said he and other Rus-
sian intellectuals depended on foreign
stations for honest reporting. And he
said of all the broadcasts, RFE-RL
alone are not devoted to building up
the image of the country sponsoring
the broadcasts.
. .
RFE alone is reported to have an
audience of an estimated 55 million.
. It is no secret that the Russians
would like to sec the end of the broad-
casts, especially since they go to con-
siderable trouble to try and jam the
broadcasts.
?
But detente at this point is an elu-
sive goal that will not be brought sig-
nificantly .closer by merely eliminat-
ing these radios. The stations are peb-
bles compared to the mountains that
obstruct progress toward detente.
.
The ? fact that the Soviets are so ve-
hemently opposed to the objective re-
porting of news to the Russian people
also says something about the nature
of the societies with which we are
dealing and chills prospects of the
two countries being able to resolve
their differences.
The Russian government still wants
to tell its people what it wants them
to know. This doesn't suggest that
Russia herself has moved away from a
cold war attitude.
We shouldn't have to make all the
concessions for detente and R.FE-RL
---- should not be sacrificed simply as a
polite gesture. Congress should insist
that the two radios have the funds to
continue beaming their messages of
truth.
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. .
cue Arin Arl5or News
ANN. ARBOR, t.i1C1-1,
.P. II,.5.59
MAR 2 9 1972
They've Earned A Reprieve
SEN. FULBRIGHT calls them
relics of the cold war and an irri-
tant to East-West relations, but.
-Radio Fr.ee. Enrope and Radio Lib-
. erTi ought to-be-allb-Wed to con-
tinue beaming their message to
:Eastern Europe. The reprieve re-
cently granted by the Senate ex-
pires in June.
The stations serve a useful pur-
pose. They counteract to some ex-
, - tent Soviet and Communist bloc
programming. When they play
the news straight without hard
' sell prOpagandizing, these stations
perform a service which contrasts
? remarkably with the state run ra-
dio of the Communist states.
Whether HEE has been ,used to
sem the interests of the CIA we
don't know. There ought not be
any link to the CIA. News of con-
ditions behind the Curtain is of-
ten passed on by recent arrivals
who have fled Eastern Europe.
When some of these help to staff
the stations, the anti-Communist
viewpoint understandably at
times becomes fairly strong. One
would expect this from those fa-
miliar with terror and repression.
By the same token, the word
of these brave souls may be more
accurate in some instances than
the more established sources.
When troops are cut back and
withdrawn, RFT and Radio Liber-
ty may be all that is left in this
part of the world. These voices
ought not be silenced yet.
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GAR GABRIEL, CALM
GAR GABRIEL: YA1LE6
TRIBUNE
D. 66,500 S. 68,000
MAR 2 5 1972
: .21 U F1: 1! t 4 ? Le,
r 1,1- i Ai -iuTiv
, J ....i. J.L7
Ztil -
U.S. Sen. J. William Fulbright is
elected by the people of Arkansas and.
held accountable at the polls only to
them. But, what he does often affects
us all. This consistent opponent of the
President's foreign policy is now in the
process of choking off the only voices
of freedom available to Communist-
controlled peoples.
. These voices are Radio Free Eu-
rope, which broadcasts messages of
freedom and. truth to people in Eastern
Europe, and Radio Liberty, which car-
ries the same message to people in the
Soviet Union.
' "Now after 20 years of such in-
'dispensable service," reports Rep.
Gene Snyder, "it appears that these
:two voices of liberty are going to have
'to shut down. .
- "But should these broadcasts cease,
It will not be because Congress has de-
cided they have become useless. On
the contrary, both houses of Congress
have already approved a continuation
of the programs. Since the bill passed
.by the House differed from that ap-
proved by the Senate, it was necessary
.,.. .
Voke of Fraidoni
to send the bills to a House-Senate con-
ference committee to reconcile the dif-
ference.
"It has been the opposition of three
of the five senators in that conference,
. led by Fulbright, that has led to the
present stalemate.
"Senator Fulbright, chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, -
has refused to accept any compromise. ?
"So the legislation is stuck ? and
without congressional authorization
and provision of necessary funds,
these two programs can not be contin-
ued," according to Congressman Sny-
der.
Thus it appears that Senator Ful-
bright and his allies have made good
their boast that they expiration of
the existing authority as an opportun-
ity to kill these programs. .
The senator from Arkansas, in so
doing, has -thwarted a program be-
lieved important to people in other
states. But, then Fulbright has to an-
swer only to the voters in Arkansas ?
and Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty aren't among their prime con- ,
cerns.
?
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PS,77,1.17fR,INSIe2
NI 4
SUBJECT;
eI 10/
Ii
;11 1.1
'.1EWO W WJA.
Shut Them Down?
72-31
BROADCAST: March 7, 1972
pfxkloopktmQ1 I 0011-70001=-5---
SAN f RAN(.1scocAtiroiNIAwn
PHONE 1,1151982-7000? CBS OWNED
This is one of a continuing series of KCBS Radio editorials on topics
of vital interest to the community. Responsible rept eserflotives of
opposing viewpoints are given the opportunity to reply on the cm.
If you missed the broadcast of this editorial, we hope you will read it
Your comments ore always most welcome.
Peter M. McCoy, Vice President, CBS Rocha Divisiqa
\14. :zar-Lits General Manager, KCBS Radio
AM: 12:15, 3:15, 5:15, 8:15 AM; 12:15, 4:15, 6:15, 9:15 PM
Repeated: Saturday, March 11, 1972 - 12:15 PM
Sunday, March 12, 1972 - 6:15 PM
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty are two of the most effective
weapons in the western arsenal. Neither can be stopped by bullets
or bombast. Unfortunately, Senator J. W. Fulbright doesn't share
that view.
Senator Fulbright contends both are relics of the "cold war." He
thinks they are no longer necessary. As a result, he has effectively
stymied further progress of legislation to continue financing of both
services. What jamming and bullets couldn't achieve, Senator Fulbright
may accomplish through fiscal strangulation.
In a nation founded on the principle of providing free and open speech,
such suggestions seem strange. Coming from a Senator, whose colleagues
pride themselves on their right and ability to filibuster, the.
pronouncement is incredible.
KCBS can't agree with Senator Fulbright's position. Rather than shut
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty down, we ought to expand such
services. A free idea is a very lethal weapon against demagogues
and dictators.
We are continually told that America is misunderstood abroad. To
eliminate a possible link with many parts of the world, where the lack
of free ideas have contributed to that misunderstanding, is not only
folly, but it strikes us also as rather poor foreign relations.
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translation
?
La Tribune de Geneve (Swiss daily -- Independent -- circ. 62,000)
April 14, 1972
editorial:
WAVES OF THE AIRWAVES
by Alexandre Bruggmann
"If we happen to learn anything about events in our country, it is
through Radio Liberty", said Alexander Solzhenitsyn recently. And he said
this after having criticized the lack of objectivity of the Soviet press in
which, what is worse, not much useful information can ever be found.
Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe are American radios sta
tioned in Federal Germany and directed toward the countries of Eastern
Europe. Their (future) existence is in doubt, assured only through June.
After that date, everything will depend upon the Nixon government's at-
titude in face of proposals coming from a group of senators headed by
Mr. Fulbright.
He and his friends, along with a handful of West German Social
Democrats, believe that broadcasting a program of information and com-
mentary in the languages of the East European is irreconcilable with a
policy of detente.
Created at a time when East-West relations were particularly bad,
Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe have had a double goal from the outset.
While, on the one hand, they were charged with the task of transmitting
information (otherwise) unavailable to those countries with a (state-) directed
press, they also had to make outright propagan.da.
It is undeniable that the two radios were partly responsible for
certain illusions about possible Western support in case of "rebellion", for
circulating rumors, notably, on the occasion of the workers' uprising in
East Berlin or on the occasion of what Moscow called the Hungarian "counter-
revolution" of 1956. The populations were incited over the (air)waves to
"shake off the yoke."
For over ten years now the broadcasts to Eastern Europe have lost
this dubious propaganda function. Even after the Czechoslovak events, no
one in Moscow or Prague sought to incriminate the radios which, after their
-grave initial errors, contented themselves with broadcasting and commenting
on verified information.
In those states (Eastern Europe), where the audio-visual as well
as the written press are direct voices of an all-powerful apparatus, there
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- 2 -
can no longer exist a question of information in the sense we understand
this term. Every news item published becomes an element of a certain
kind of opiate for the masses. This is why radio broadcasts coming from
another source make sense for the populations of the East. (Such broad-
'casts) enable them to keep alive the freedom of judgment which is being
throttled by unilateral information.
In private, high functionaries of this or that member country of
the Warsaw Pact readily admit listening to Liberty in order to know what
really goes on in the Soviet Union. Also, the East is far from being homo-
geneous, and the two threatened radios enable the very-much-alive national con-
sciousnesss to keep their reasons for existence: to this end, it is sufficient
to be genuinely informed.
At a moment when the clandestine press is getting such wings in
the Soviet Union, is it really necessary to cease giving, from the outside,
the kind of information to which the populations have a right? Does it mean
carrying on a cold war to give indispensable elements to the exercise (of
the right) of freedom of thought?
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translation
Pronouncement by West German Student Organization "RCDS"
April 13, 1972
NOTE: The Circle of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS), a student
organization loosely affiliated to the CDUonnounced in Bonn April 13
that its chairman, Gerd Langguth, had written to Chancellor
Brandt on the same date, expressing concern about the future of RFE
and Radio Liberty. (Despite its CDU ties, RCDS has often disagreed
with the Party! For example, it has expressed qualified support for the
treaties with Moscow and Warsaw treaties negotiated by the Brandt Govern-
ment. ) Following is a translation of the ?RCDS press release:
On the basis of letters from East Bloc students to the Ring
Christlich-Demokratis cher Studenten (RCDS), expressing concern, Gerd
Langguth, Federal Chairman of the RCDS, today addressed a letter to
Federal Chancellor Brandt. In this appeal, Chancellor Brandt is called
upon to use his influence on behalf of the maintenance of the two radio
stations Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe, since the cries of distress
from East Bloc students to the RCDS have shown that these two broadcasting
stations represent the sole possibility of contact with the Free West,
especially for many young people.
The letter added: it is precisely for this reason that we regard
it as more than regrettable that some SPD Bundestag deputies have urged
that the broadcasting licenses for these two radio stations should no longer
be renewed."
The RCDS would have especially welcomed action by Brandt to end
the speculation about these two radios, and to make clear the interest of
the Federal Government that inhabitants of the East Bloc should continue
to receive information from the Free West. "
In his letter to the Chancellor, Langguth also clearly endorsed
free expression of opinion for the two radio stations which - according to
several recent speculations - may possibly no longer be guaranteed, under
conditions of "political good conduct" which might be imposed upon them in
dealing with the policy of the Federal Government.
(Signed) Michael Lingenthal, Press Spokesman.
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Finanz und Wirtschaft (Swiss semi-weekly financial publication
Conservative -- circ. 15,000)
March 29, 1972
article:
FATEFUL MISTAKES
by Salvador Madariaga
Even the honest efforts of the most enlightened men in public life in
the USA were not able to save the operation of the two radio stations, Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty, from being silenced. Senator Fulbright
was not willing to grant them more than a grace period of a few months, and
thus the United States, should nothing happen by June of this year, will have
committed one of its most fateful mistakes.
Freedom Stations
It would be superfluous to point out these two stations' worthwhile
achievements. Their most important task consists in keeping alive, intel-
lectually and morally, millions of Europeans who otherwise would vegetate
aAgray in the enormous prison represented by the Soviet Union and its European
colonies. The two radio stations make it possible for these people to partic-
ipate not only in the daily life of the West but in that of the entire world --
including the Soviet Union, whose news service serves more to mask and
manipulate than to inform. This fact is so obvious that I do not wish to deal
further with it here, particularly because my topic today deals with another
question.
It is a matter of pointing out and investigating a noteworthy state of
affairs: namely, that the author of the plan to silence (the stations) mentioned
at the outset is in no way a fool, but rather an unusually bright man. Wherein
lies the explanation of such an enormous paradox? The answer will emerge
in the course of investigating the arguments which Senator Fulbright himself
advances.
The first argument says that no nation should interfere in the internal
affairs of another nation. Without a doubt, this has for ages been an excellent
principle for international behavior, but it long ago lost its effectiveness.
---
At the time when President (and) General Washington formulated it, it took
months for the ideas propagated in New York to reach Russia. Today, this
?
takes place in split seconds. The world has shrunk and its public opinion has
become a unified, entity. The main object of the contemporary battle is the
winning of hearts with the help of words.
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-2-
Senator Fulbright, however, appears to be of the opinion that it is
a matter of territory and weapons. That is the root of his error. By having
the two stations silenced, he disarms the nations of the West and discourages
the peoples of Eastern Europe. And he is not likely to consider the fact that
-- when he condemns Russia's intellectual breath to suffocation -- he is
interfering just as much in Russia's internal affairs as if he were not doing so.
In the final analysis, he would be doing so only to an even greater extent, for
speaking the truth does not represent interference for the country to which
it is directed; but to permit a nation to be misled represents interference in
the freedom of a people. Therefore, Senator Fulbright's first argument is
untenable.
The second reason that he cites says that the two stations are con-
tinuing a cold war which has already ended. Of all self-deceptions, this is
probably the most fantastic. For the rejection of the liberal system in the
West on the part of the Soviet Union is absolute, and the cold war can only be
ended in one of the following three ways: either through the conversion of
Russia to a form of liberal socialism or through the conquering of Europe
by the Red Army, which would force Communism on the West with gunbarrels,
or by a series of (more or less spontaneous) revolutions along Cuban or
Chilean lines, such as Berlinguer is preparing in Italy with his remarkable
imitation of Cavour. In the meantime, the Soviet Union protects its public
opinion from the consequences of the truth by locking up its dissidents and,
with the help of Fulbright, taking the air and the light of the West away from
its people. Thus, the second argument is untenable.
Stalin Refused
The third says that one should make concessions to the Soviet Union
and in this way contribute to detente. If, however, one were to ask Senator
Fulbright when the Soviet Union ever made a concession in the last fifty years,
he would find himself in a very uncomfortable pinch indeed. Besides, there is
tension from the East vis-a-vis the West. But from the West to East, there
is none.
When the USA called into being the Marshall Plan, it offered its benefits
to the Soviet Union as well. Stalin rejected this and in addition forced Czecho-
slovakia to turn down the assistance. The West has repeatedly shown that as
far as it is concerned no tension exists vis-a-vis the Soviet Union -- while
the exact opposite is true in the case of the Soviet Union, for it itself causes
the tension. The United States only armed itself because the Soviet Union
forced it to through its own collection of weapons.
And then there's still the iron curtain and the Berlin wall. What do
they prove? In the West, there is no tension vis-a-vis the East; any resident
of the West can go to the East through the curtain and the wall - assuming
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that he is let in. But the tension prevailing in the East against the West is
so strong that no one from the East zone is allowed into the West, and if he
goes anyway, he is shot.
Lack of Understanding
Therefore, Senator Fulbright's disastrous plan and his inflexible
blindness show a catastrophic lack of understanding of the true state of affairs:
- he thinks the cold war is over, while it is more alive than ever;
- he thinks it is (or was) a war in which the conquering of territory
by means of weapons was involved (which could, by the way, still happen),
while it is here a matter of winning hearts with words and brains;
- he thinks we should make concessions in the interest of "relaxation
of tensions", while there is in fact only one single tension, namely the one
which the Soviet Union purposely causes in its relations with the West;
- he thinks that the East in a homogeneous world, while it is really
divided: into an upper level of governments -- against the West -- and a lower
level of the governed -- with the West.
One can hut wonder how it is possible that a bright and honest man
can stray so far from the path of reality. Probably because there are many
people who permit themselves to be misled by the very clever campaign of
confusion with slogans like "cold war", detente, iron curtain, with this whole
pointless and meaningless language.
The Senator is in large, if not good, company, and the source of
confusion which led him not only to approve of but to encourage the intel-
lectual suffocation of the peoples of Eastern Europe is the same as that
which led Federal Chancellor Brandt -- another intelligent and honest man
to believe that, with those dubious treaties, he was working for peace.
In both cases, it is not the eyes, but the (good) sense which has been struck
blind.
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Approved For Releasil'21501NgiOr:s81A-RDgMAMR0
23 APR 1972,
atvland Evans and Robert Novak
Poles Aid Drive Against
THE PRESENT drive to
end vital U.S. government
subsidies for Radio Free Eu-
:rope (RFE) is being aided by
tt clandestine operation of the
Polish Communist Party, ac-
.cording to a confidential re-
port: from a reliable inform-
antlinside Poland.
This informant reports that
the now deposed regime of
-.then party boss Wladyslaw
Gomulka about two years ago
became dissatisfied with the
lack of action on RFE, the
Munich-based station which
beams broadcasts. to Poland
and other Eastern European
Communist states. Conse-
quently, it set up a secret
group to "systematically in-
stigate opposition tow ard
RFE", with $3 million funnel-
ed into Poland's Washington
embassy.
? In charge of the operation,
according to this report, is
Ryszard Frelek, a member of
the party secretariat. Besides
stirring up opposition, it was
:charged with responsibility
for supplying helpful infor-
mation to American foes of
-,RFE.
Serious American students
of the Polish -situation doubt
that anything close to $3 mil-
lion was appropriated for this
!purpose. However. the in-
formant's past record is good
enough to make the outlines
of the story credible.
? Actually, .anti-RFE opera-
tions in Warsaw remained
strictly secret until February
when rumors began pouring
out. "It is assumed that they
were started by former Go-
mulka men . who were re-
moved from this project," the
informant reports.
However, he adds that
there is divided opinion deep
inside the Polish United
Workers' Party?the coun-
try's Communist party?about
BEE. In party discussions, he
says, it is noted RFE not
only "creates many problems
for the party leadership" but
also provides some benefits.
Without RFE, almost all
seem to agree, Soviet instruc-
tions would , be more strict
and also there would be a
trend to fall in line with oth-
er Soviet republics," he adds.
A footnote: The informant
reveals that party secretary
Jerzy Lukaszewicz recently
called in the heads of Po-
land's newspapers and radio
stations to caution them not
to go overboard in praising
Sen. J. W. Fulbright's drive
against RFE. "The mass
media in Poland should use
only information from the
+
Polish press agency without
any embellishment of their
own," according to the in-
formant.
McGovern Dilemma
SEN. GEORGE Mc-
Govern, father of the re-
forms that have revolution-
ized the Democratic national
convention structure, is say-
ing privately that he does not
approve of efforts by his fol-
lowers to unseat the Chicago
delegates of Mayor Richard
J. Daley.
ironically, the Chicago
challenge is viewed nation-
ally by anti-organization
Democrats as a lest. case for
rigorous enforcement of dele-
gate guidelines adopted by
the McGovern commission.
But McGovern, now not
merely a reformer but a
front-runner ?for the . Demo-
cratic presidential nomina-
tion, does not wish to alien-
ate Daley.
The challenge against 53
uncommitted Chicago dele-
gates and six more in the
suburbs who were elected in
the March 21 Illinois primary
,is based on the charge that
they were hand-picked and
supported by the mayor's reg-
ular party organization in de-
fiance of McGovern commis-
sion guidelines. Alderman
William Singer; a McGovern
supporter who is heading the
challenge, was told by two
McGovern aides weeks ago
that he definitely would have
the senator's support.
They were wrong. Al-
though he has made no pub- .
lic declaration, McGovern
privately is inclined against
supporting the challenge be-
cause the Daley delegates
were elected by the public?
most of them 'without opposi-
tion from McGovern slates.
But beyond that, McGovern
hopes that Daley, whose dis-
taste for Sen. Hubert. Hum-
phrey is well known, might'
chose McGovern in a Mc-
Govern-Humphrey confronta-
tion. Such an endorsement
could erode anti-McGovern
feeling by other key party
regulars, such as Pete Camiel
of !Philadelphia.
However, McGovern now
will be pressured by his fol-
lowers to, publicly endorse
the. Chicago challenge. Their
argument: Failure to do so
would demoralize Democrats
around the country who, un-
like Daley, have scrupulously
and painfully followed the
McGovern commission guide-
lines. In effect, they argue,.
McGovern would be. destroy- ?
ing his own creation.
, Publishers-Hall Syndicate
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STATINTL
R1114[1E1'1 s 'Co 8' iln
?
By DUMITRU DANIELOPOL in the San Diego Union
. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
have been granted a stay of execution,
but their life hangs by a thread.
Their future, literally, is in the hands
of the A mericap people.
If by June 30 the public hasn't made it
quite plain by floods of letters and tele-
grams to their senators that they want
the two stations to continue to broad-
cast to the people behind the Iron Cur-
tain, the tWo major Western radio voices
will be silenced. It's as simple as that.
Without a masshe letter-writing
? effort, the Senate Iv ill not override
obstinate Sen. J. William Fulbright,
Democrat of Arkansas, who is deter-
mined to end the Munich-based op-
erations.
A tricky ? situation began to develop
last year when President Nixon made
public the fact that the Central Intel-
A massive letter-writing campaign
might well deter the Arkansas so/on
from carrying out his vendetta against
the free radio operations.
ligence Agency had been providing' most
of the money for the two stations. Since
then they have been funded publicly by
Congress. Now Foreign Relations Com-
mittee Chairman Fulbright has balked.
He has agreed to appropriate funds only
until June 30. ?
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
"are Cold War relics," Fulbright says.
They will continue to function after
June 30, he adds, over his "dead body."
The senator's attitude has caused a
furor not only in the United States,
but in other parts of the world. While
the Soviet bloc is overjoyed, the Con-
gressional Record carries page after
page of editorials and statements from
Western Europe deploring Fulbright's
stand.
President Nixon has expressed con-
cern.
A bi-partisan citizen's committee,
including leaders in the field of finance
and industry, former government of-
ficials and diplomats, teachers and labor
leaders has been formed to support the
stations.
Millions of ethnics, especially
those from the Eastern European
target area, have conveyed through
their leaders their pleas that the
broadcasting continue.
Some 57 senators have signed a reso-
lution presented by Sen. Charles Percy
(R.-Ill.) and Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey
(D.-Minn.) asking for the preservation
of RFE and Radio Liberty. This augurs
well, but any such action must go
through the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee.
Fulbright is not likely ? to change his
mind unless a massive outpouring of
opinion from every corner of the United
States makes the Senate conscious of
the public mood.
The time is short. ?
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STATI NTL
iuULiLIC
e 2oo1impf ApeepP80-01601'
STATNTL
Our Man Beelzebub-
ehlen: Spy of the Century
by E. H. cookkfidge
(Random House; $10)
The'General Was a Spy
by Heinz Tiohne and Hermann Zolling
STATINTL
(Coward, McCann & Geoghegan; $8.95). .
A year before Winston Churchill's "Iron
Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri,
which formally stated the theme of Act I
of the Cold War, a prologue was being
written and played backstage in Europe
by Americans and Germans. They had
already identified Soviet Communism
as Enemy Number One, not primarily
because Russia had Eastern Europe in
its grip, but because Soviet Commu-
nism was satanic and was set on con-
quering the world. And as Hugh Trevor-
Roper remarks in his introduction to"
The General Was a Spy, "it is legitimate
to use Beelzebub to drive out Satan."
Beelzebub was willing. Both these spy
stories describe how and why, with the
collapse of the German armies, the
Americans recruited Hitler's Chief of
Intelligence .against the Soviet Union
and underwrote his postwar espionage
operations.
Reinhard Gehlen was a professional,
an experiensed, single-minded anti-
Communist with exceptional contacts.
Those who hired him were not of the
breed of Henry Stimson, who once said
quaintly that gentlemen don't read
other people's mail. They were what
came to be called realists, and they
dominated US foreign policy for the
next quarter of a century. The US gov-
ernment secretly financed General Geh-
len to the amount of $200 million, and
when he finally left his American super-
visors and went to work directly for the
Bonn government, Mr. Cookbridge tells
us, Allen Dulles gave him "a golden
handshake in appreciation of the great
work he had done for CIA; a gratuity of
250,000 marks had been authorized.
Dulles added the not entirely seridusly
meant condition that Gehlen should
use the money to buy a fine house
somewhere in the Bavarian mountains."
For the $200 million,. CI& received
rnOunthiPPr9M#9.1 ASP FARIMsft 2
clandestine tips on Eastern Europe and
the USSR. Toward the end, it learned
that much of the information was use-
less; and it learned something more
disturbing: the Gehlen organization had
been penetrated by the Soviets. By the
early '60s, Washington's interest had
cooled.
The General Was a Spy is drawn from a
series of articles written by two German
journalists for Der Spiegel. Gehlen: Spy
of the Century is the product of a Euro-
pean educated British journalist who
was himself an intelligence agent in
World War II and was imprisoned by
the Gestapo. Hohne and Zolling offer a
more detailed and dispassionate ac-
count and focus more sharply on the
intricacies of the postwar intelligence
network inside Germany; they are less
revealing than Cookbridge, however,
on the American involvement and on
the Nazi backgrounds of Gehlen's
associates.
Gehlen served any master who served
his purpose, which was the undermin-
ing and the destruction of Communism.
When it could no longer be doubted
that the German armies were defeated,
Gehlen' turned to the Werewolfs, the
young terrorists .who were to carry on
after Hitler's collapse. The Werewolf
project had been discussed at one of
Gehlen's last meetings with the Fuhrer,
whom Gehlen found "most charming."
They had also discussed Hitler's order
that "gramophone records with sound
effects of combat noise and rolling tanks
. . . be distributed to front line com-
mands and played from dugouts as near
as possible to the Soviet lines." Hitler
was mad, Gehlen was not. Yet Gehlen
accepted this. order, as all the others,
knowing it was too late to stave off
disaster, but obedient to authority.
WO ? libleiZiWilooleryb
0 fib
part, in any German plot against the
Nazi leaders. He waited until the end
and then escaped to Bavaria, in early
1945, taking with him files he knew
would interest the Americans? to whom
he intended-to surrender at a price. He
met with Brigadier General Edwin L.
Sibert, senior intelligence officer of the
American Zone, who (report Hohne and
Zolling) "while fighting was still in
progress in France . . . had been pre-
Tared to make use of Adolf Hitler's
officers in the cause of 'American strat-
egy" and who "had a most excellent
impression of him [Gehlen] at once."
1
Sibert promptly took up with General
Bedell Smith, US chief of staff, Gehlen's
proposal to set up a German intelligence
service "financed by the US and directed
against the Soviet Union." Bedell Smith
"okayed" the project, according to
Hohne and Zolling, but did not inform .
Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander,
who had forbidden fraternization with
Germans. After lengthy interrogation
in Germany, Gehlen was flown to
Washington.
Though friendship with Moscow was
then 'official US policy, Cookbridge
points out, Gel-lien 'knew -that "many
generals, above all General George V.
Strong, the chief of G-2 army intelli-
gence, and Sibert, were very far from
regarding the Soviet Union as a future
ally. In fact, a vastly different vision was
taking place at the Third Army head-
quarters at Bad Toelz, near where he
EGehlen] had buried his... files. There
General Patton was drearning of rearm-
ing a couple of Waffen SS divisions to
incorporate them into his Third Army
and 'lead them 'against the Reds.'"
Said Patton: "We're .going to have to
thght them sooner or later. Why not now
while our army is. intact and we can
kick the Red army back into Russia? We
can ?do it with my Germans. . . . They
hate those Red bastards." %
That, of course, went way beyond
znything Gehlen's cAptors had in mind.
They wanted information; Gehlen had
$o, says Cookbridge, they treated
Lim with great courtesy, "wooing him
like a wayward lass who can bring a
large dowry to offset the blemishes of
hr past. ... Gehlen bargain'ed his.vvay
into the gray dawn of Cold War espio-
maze, conceding or compromising,, on .
smile points, using pressures near., to.
"blackmail to gain others. It says mi..1h ,
? . .r .
far his shrewdness, self-assurance- and.
persistence that he was able ,to take on ?
siinglehancied such an array of top-rank-
in: American experts." They agreed to
Z. 04071110014 autonomous ..
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS
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MildninemommimEOPMIcarssasems...
By JERRY GREENE
Washington, April 17 ? Neither Secretary of State
William P. Rogers nor the Senate Foreign Relations Corn-
.
mittee probed even once today on the basic reason for
bombing Haiphong and Hanoi?the necessity felt at the
White House to counter a new power thrust by Russia.
? As a revived sounding board for a thunderous blast at the
'administration's Vietnam policies, the committee session fell on its
face by comparison with the productions of earlier years.
? Rogers would not be cowed by Sen.
3. William Fulbright (D-Ark.), the
Bomb Message vitriolic chairman, nor would he back
off an inch to give aid and comfort to
Really Aimed _ Sen. Stuart Symington (1)-Mo.) in his
efforts to hang the President on the
campaign oratory of 1968. The corn-
?. At the Kremlin . mittee's war critics, a majority of the
membership, were subdued somewhat
.
after Sen. George Aiken (R-Vt.) de-
serted their ranks for emotional support of the President.
' The .Rogers defense, delivered off the cuff but obviously well
rehearsed, was along expected, oft-used lines: to protect U.S. troops,
to assure continued withdrawal of Gls, and to help the South Viet-
namese-protect themselves.
But Rogers did not, nor could
he have done so, as the nation's
chief diplomat, make any mention
of what for many months has
been the cause of principal con-
cern to the foreign policy experts.
This has been ?the open, almost
reckless, and certainly aggressive
inclination of the -government in
the Kremlin to push Communist
influence in any direction where
a weakness was spotted.
This Soviet policy, evident in
Egypt, in Syria, in India and the
Indian Ocean, in the eastern Medi-
terranean, seems to have escaped
the notice of Chairman Fulbright.
The senator, in commenting
on the bombing, told Rogers: "I,
for one, cannot possibly under-
stand what consideration war-
ranted these drastic measures."
? Fulbright, of course, has uni-
laterally declared the cold war
ended during his efforts to shut
down Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty; no such signs of
armistice have come out of Mos-
cow yet.
Rogers could have told the
committee under other circumstances, and the information is readily
available at several points in the capital, that Russia began deliver-
ing to North Vietnam the heavy and sophisticated arms required for
conventional offensive warfare just 12 months ago.
Sen. J. William Fulbright
The motive escapes him
Back during the air strike days of 1967-68 the Russians had
supplied Hanoi with powerful defensive armaments, surface-to-air
missiles and radar-directed automatic antiaircraft artillery. But the
heavy artillery, the tanks and the armored personnel carriers for
.frontal assault did not appear in Haiphong Harbor until early last
spring,
? , Caused Months of Worry
This development of an offensive conventional war capability
by the North Vietnamese has been a worrisome thing for the
American officials for many months. They had been expecting the
assault when United States ground troops were reduced to a small
forPA, ? 0.
s$e5cOuOrimillionT9V-4/ el3011160#04111M1Cf4
a,k.igIA-RDP80-01601.R001100070001-5
climbed back to $100 million in 1972.
? The Soviet push in tlia;Middle East and in India and Bangladesh
had been an unbroken stride by-the Russians as they continued the
preparations for the Hanoi offensive.
This Kremlin foreign policy movement, everywhere opportunity
presented itself, appeared to be reaching ominous proportions,
despite the simultaneous steps toward easier relations with the U.S.
and Western Europe.
What would appear to be a hopeless contradiction to a free-
world mind was a state of affairs quite acceptable to the Kremlin
Communists; Hanoi was quite clearly going along with the pro-
claimed doctrine of the late Ho Chi Minh that a time of negotia-
tions was the time to improve one's military position for a climactic
blow.
What They Need From West
Additionally, it is believed here that Russia, for internal rea-
sons, badly needs an accord with the West; the Soviets want an
easing of tension between East and West Germany; they want
urgently a trade agreement with the U.S., and, now that they have
parity or better in nuclear weapons, they want the strategic arms
limitation pact to cut the costs of the missile race.
As a specific example, Russia is woefully short of feed grain'
for livestock. Agriculture Secretary Earl L. Butz has been exploring
the possibility of selling $200 million a year worth of grain to the
Soviets, who quite naturally want long-term, cheap credit,
With President Nixon urgently in pursuit of peace through
summitry, with the election year hampering his reactions through
domestic pressures, the Russians felt smug and secure in promoting
the Hanoi plans for invasion and a Saigon knockout.
Thus, apart from the needs of the battlefield, the necessity for
smashing the supply dumps supporting the 12-division invasion,
Nixon became convinced that only a spectacular, dramatic response
would in turn impress the Kremlin with the seriousness with which
we regarded the Soviet play at brinkmanship.
Offie4als here believe the'tRussians are ?fgetting the message,
?1iwill leave it to Hanoi to salvage what it can Of the invasion
ainld,?geon ab,ou3 ?",their other business almost as if North Vietnam
did not 'exist. ' "t - ? ? t ? ? ,
?
MINNEAPOLIS MINN. TRTBUNE
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? "
ioTsjisi 3 4 n
c4 dons
?
Robert White's artitle on
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty was inter-
esting, and his advocacy of
continued funding for the
stations on the basis of
!good programming a n d
large audiences is under-
standable, but there are
questions more profound
that need to be asked.
?
Integrity of government in
dealing with its citizens is
also at stake, as well as the
Imore practical diplomatic
problem posed by Ameri-
can installations in friend-
ly foreign nations promot-
n g anti-Soviet propa-
ganda.
The prime grievance we all
should have against RFE
and RL stems from their.
'long deception of the.
American people. For more
. than 20 years the opera-
tions were billed as volun-
tary enterprises supported
? by the contributions of
Americans. Advertising,
: particularly by RFE, was
always urgently directed
. tciward Americans to help
bring "truth" to the pris-
oners of communism.
'Both organizations: we re
, set up as corporations with
big-name Americans- on
their letterheads as a blind
to hide their true source.of
:- ?
, .support. And while the
deception was an open
secret among well-in-
formed people, the conspir-
..sacy of political silence was
- total until Sen. Case
.dis-
closed their CIA funding.
-Another part of the decep-
tion has been the use of
-prominent American trav-
elers and scholars behind
the Iron Curtain as inform-
ants for RFE and RL: Many
such trips, supposedly in-
' nocent of espionage, were
sponsored by and paid for
. from CIA funds, using RFE
and RL as fronts for peo-
?t: pie doing "research."
A good deal of the scholar-
ship and research gener-
1.atecl1n support of RFE and
RL has always been CIA-
funded. I suppose that
many of the people who
performed the tasks were
not fully aware of the iden-
tity of their sponsors.
It is these peripheral ac-
tivities of RFE and RL I
believe to be the most cor-
rupting, because they
strike at the very root of
intellectual integrity.
It may be true, as White
says, that RFE and RL
have large followings be-
hind the Iron Curtain, but
they are not the only for-
eign broadcasters to ? the
Communist world, nor are
they necessarily the best.
VBC certainly was, and I
hope still is, .extremely
effective.
Another difficulty with
the two stations, now that
t:h e i r cover has been
"blown," is that they are
official foreign installa-
tions disturbing to the po-
litical sovereignty of the
host nations. When the
pretense could be main-
tained that RFE and RL
were private and not relat-
ed to the U.S. government,
host nations could ignore
Soviet protests. This they
now will find difficult.
RFE and RL are headquar-
tered in Munich, but some
of their transmitters are
located in places other
than West Germany. How
can such countries openly
accommodate those broad-
cast facilities, which are
so unremittingly hostile to
Soviet interests?
How would we feel if the
Soviets had a series of
powerful transmitters in
Mexico, spilling Soviet
propaganda into the Unit-
- ? 44: v6,4-7.1?:`4,!4
ecewe
-
ed States? Can West Ger-
many now continue to
permit those troublesome
installations to remain
within its borders when
the West German govern-
ment is trying to heal
some of the wounds of
World War 'II? Surely So-
viet negotiators have a
good argument in dealing
with German officials.
erica
I hold no brief for the So-
viet paranoia about free
circulation of news, but I
think that justification of
the expense of maintain-
ing RFE and RL is pretty
shaky, both in the light of
past ineffectiveness in al-
tering Soviet policy and in
the light of present availa-
bility of a great many pro-. ?
grams from the radio sta-
tions of other nations, in-
;eluding our own Voice of
America?Ervin J. Gaines,
director, Minneapolis Pub-
lic Library.
Editor's -note: Dr. Gaines
was on the administrative
staff of Radio Liberty
from 1952 to 1954.
STATI NTL
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U. S. Press - Editorials - Positive
ADDITIONS TO APRIL 13, 1972 LIST
No. of other
appearances
Journal (Winston-Salem, N. C.) - "Windows in the Wall" - Mar. 15
Broadcasting (Wash., D. C.) - "One-Man Rule?" - Mar. 20
News-Press (Santa Barbara, Cal.) - "East Bloc Depends on News
Flow" - Mar. 23
News (Hemet, Cal.) - "Senator Fulbright' s Cole War Relics" -
Mar. 23
Palladium Item and Sun Telegram (Richmond, Ind.) - "These Broad-
casts Needed" - Mar. 23
Jewish Week and American Examiner (D. C.) - "Immigrants Plead
for Radio Liberty" - Mar. 23
Lubbock Avalanche Journal ( Texas) - "Rebuff for Fulbright: Funds for
Freedom Radio Needed" - Mar. 27
Register (Richmond, Ky. ) "Fulbright' s Power" - Mar. 29
The Boston Herald Traveler - "Reprieve for RFE and RL - Mar. 29
Advertiser (Salisbury, Md.) - "Radio Free Europe" - Mar. 30
Arcadian Tribune (Rayne, La.) - "The Arkansas Statesman" - Mar. 30
The Plain Dealer (Cleveland) - "No U. S. Gag in World Debate -Apr, 1
Chicago Tribune - "Sen. Fulbright' s Latest Beef" - April 10
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MARTINSVILLE, VA.
BULLETIN
D. 15,500
S. 14,500
MAR 2 6 1972 OIL
NOTE: Both Communist and Western press
reports on Ahl ers' statement interpreted
it as saying there were new, active talks
,-underway betweern?--Wa.hingto4 and Donn
UUU C[IciTafilas ,co]
fie :;) Li Ci] Lj
-
Chicago Daily News .
BONN? RadioFree Europe
and Radio Liberty may be
ander fir4 from Sen. J. William
Fulbright (D-Ark.), West
German members of
parliament and communist east
i Europe, but officials here have
'clarified that there is no West
German-American plan to shut
the.stations down.
A misinterpretation,'
, however, has sprung up in the
'West German press over a
;statement by Bonn government
press spokesman Conrad Alders
' that the two governments are
"in contact" about the work of
' the stations, which broadcast
Into east Europe.
"I'm sure he meant we are in
Iconstant touch on the stations
and their operations," an
American embassy spokesman
said. -But we are not discussing
the question of opening or
closing the stations."
1 Ahlers explained today that
' ?he "never said they were new
contacts."
But that impression was
given following the
announcement that eight
members of chancellor Willy
, Brandt's Social Democratic
; Party had sent telegrams to
? Brandt and President Nixon
asking that the stations be
'closed down after June 30. That
' is the date temporary funding
for the former CIA-backed
stations ends.
? Sen. Fulbright has led the
congressional fight against
President Nixon's plans for
open government support of the
? stations.
The telegrams will fuel the
?Fulbright campaign, though .1
: '
they are an embarrassment to
.Brandt. The Bonn government
has supported the stations even .,
though they are sharply'
' attacked 'by the east European
.governments with whom
Brandt is trying to improve
relations through his ostpolitik.
"The Bonn government , I
/I
1
for the dissemination of free
information to the people in the
east bloc.," ,Ahlers said in his
statement. "On the other hand
'it is concerned that the
programs of the stations should
not set back the development of
West Germany's foreign
relations."
The. eight members of
parliament ? mostly young,
liberal and outspoken?argued
in their telegrams that Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liber-
ty, are a "stumbling block" to
German foreign policy. They
said the presence of the
American-controlled stations
"raises doubles about the
sovereignty" of West Germany.
They suggested that the stations '
be turned over to the Deutsche
We lie, a German international
broadcasting service.
Two stations operate on
licenses granted by the West
German government. Offices
?
and studios are located in
Munich and most of the
transmitter facilities are also
here in West Germany.
? The licenses are renewed
every year in July,
automatically unless one party
or the other raises an objection.
:And American embassy
officials say there has never
been any question raised about'
renewing the licenses. :
acknowledgesalia.tho
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the'importan6d ti ins
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SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
VETERANS NEWS
L 28.000 .
?? !. MAR 30 1972 Vt.&
Chief Supports
:.Rath.b. Freq. Europe ,
-
WASHINGTON, D.C. ? Mr.
: Joseph L. Vicites, Commander-
in-Chief of the Veterans of ,
Foreign Wars of the United
I, States, 'added the weight of the
; more than 1,700,000 members of
, the VFW to those who support the
? %. continued operation of Radio
? ?Free Europe and Radio Liberty.'
Nothing that "a small band of
willful men" were instrumental
in blocking US accession to the
post-World War I League of
; Nations and thus helped pave the
way for World War II, Mr. Vicites.
' called for a "fully funded and
,..unhampered operation by these ,
two radio systems whose ob-
i jectivity and technical com-
petence have just been re:
'verified by a comprehensive'
[Library of Congress Study."?
;
_
01R001100070001-5
41?
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t'ie fvoi ton 051
."frXIDAY, APRIL 14, 1972'
?Vargas Childs
roaidcasting
And Westpolitik
r?-?7
t.. ONE OF THOSE bones of
t'contention calculated to cre-
ate the utmost ill will is be-
fore the Congress with the
path to final decision sown
;with booby traps. The ques-
Won, is whether Radio Free
[Europe is a vestige of the
I Cold War that should be
closed out in light of the '
l:new Nixon approach to the
Soviet Union or whether it
Is an invaluable window to
the West for the peoples of
:the Soviet Union and East-
;ern Europe fed solely on
government propaganda.
. ?It is .an issue freighted
-with all the fears and suspi-
'cions of the past; the tra-
gedy of refugees who have
iseen their homelands turn-
led into prisons by Commun- ?
? ist walls. Passionate parti-
sans of RFE scoff at econo-
mizing by cutting off the s3p
million fo . rthe operaton.
? Their villain is J. William
? Fulbright (D-Ark.), chairman
of the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, who sup-
ported a bill providing
;funds for RFE only until the
June 30 end of the fiscal
year. After that date its fu- ;
!ture is uncertain, unless the
administration acts quickly
to push a new status for a
further appropriation.
Fulbright points out that
!,the cutoff date was ini-
? tiated by Sen. Clifford
Case of New Jersey, a ?
Republican member of the
Foreign Relations Commit--
tee. While Case is not enthu-
' siastic about RFE, he would
not oppose continuing it if
some new framezork could
be established.
Here, in my opinion, is an
example of-Ahtscistc,ofjail:
Approved For Release
ing to grapple with a long-
? ou_tmoded condition and
simply letting drift take
over. The Central Intelli-
gence Agency provided the
money for RFE for many
? years in a semi-secret fash-
ion, A facade that public
contributions supported
both RFE and Radio Liberty
was just that, since most of
the money came from the
? CIA.
THE . TIME had long
passed for the CIA to be in
the ? business of operating a
semi-clandestine propaganda
station based in Munich.
With the facts about the
CIA's involvement revealed,
. the moment was at hand to
? face up and ask Congress
for -a direct appropriation. .
The House Foreign Af-
fairs Committee initiated a
bill, later passed by the
House, setting up a semi-
governmental corporation to
operate the two stations for
. a trial period of two years.
That proposal died in con-
ference when the conferees
accepted the Case compro-
mise for a June 30 cutoff.
What is the value of the
broadcasts that RFE beams
to the Soviet Union and the
satellite states? Here intan-
gibles galore enter in. The
passionate partisans insist -
that. the broadcasts keep
? al.ve. the hope of dissent.
The legislative reference
? branch of the Congress
made a favorable report
? which Senator Fulbright put
in the Congressional Rec-
ord.
But doubters believe the
, broadcasts are an irritant
that stiffens the resistance
. of Communist governments
2001 /03/04 : CIA-RDP80-0
to any dissent and makes
the lives of the dissenters
even harsher than they
would otherwise be. When
Secretary of State William
P. Rogers was before the .
committee, Fulbright repeat-
edly sought to draw him out
on whether RFE and Radio
? Liberty were an impediment
to any understanding with
the Soviet Union. Rogers
. cited the series of agree-
ments currently in ? the
works, including the two-
year cultural agreement just
signed.
? THE CIA stopped funding
the stations July 1, 1971, and
the order from the top was
to have no further connec-
tion with their operation.
The CIA had done a study
at the request of the Office
of Management and Budget
in the White House dealing
solely with the cost of liqui-
dating the operation. This
would be considerable, since
RFE has 2,000 employees,
the Majority refugees and
many advancad in years.
Why shouldn't Germany
' Share a part of the cost of
, the 'stations that broadcast
' from German soil? Or
NATO?
There is a compromise
which might assuage the
partisan passions. That is for
Congress to vote funds for
an additional six months of
operation beyond June 30.
During that time a high-
level panel to be named by
the White House, perhaps
jointly with Congress. would ?
evaluate the broadcasts.
Hopefully, the panel's re-
port would take the whole
matter out of the shot and
shell of politics.
1601R06i12011betbbblYtica'e
John Chamberlain
'APPISeffatoffeW2941014
They call him "Fulbricht" in
Czechoslovakia, to rhyme with
EastGermany's formerStalinoid
dictator, the ineffable Herr
Walter Ulbricht. In Poland it's
"Fulbright-psubrat," or "Ful-
bright-scoundrel." This informa-
tion comes from a front-page
article in the influential Swiss
Neue Zuercher Zeitung written
by the paper's East European
correspondent, Alexander Korab. Korab thinks
the name-calling, which is reminiscent of some?
of the late Senator Joe McCarthy's cracks,
expresses the prevailing mood of the common
people of the "East Bloc," who are increasingly
hostile toward Sen. J. William Fulbright for his
efforts to kill Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, the two U.S.-supported stations that
broadcast the news to countries behind the Iron
Curtain.
e In his campaign to liquidate Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty as "relics of the Cold
' War," Senator Fulbright has said the two
broadcasting stations are incompatible with
President Nixon's new Chinese policy, which
would presumably regard a U.S.-supported
Radio Free Asia with a base on Taiwan as an
inconsistency. (There does happen to be a South
Korean-based outfit called Radio of Free Asia,
but it raises its money from private citizens in
,..the U.S. and hence is beyond Fulbright's reach.)
What Fulbright misses is that Nixon's
Chinese policy, which takes off from the basic
? affirmation that Taiwan and mainland China are '
parts of a single nation (both Mao Tse-tung and
,Chiang Kai-shek say so), could not possibly be
applied to Eastern Europe or to such parts of the
Soviety empire as the Baltic countries, the
? Moselm inner Asia region or even the Ukraine.
These are entities that once had their freedom;
in sponsoring broadcasts to them, our,
government is merely recognizing the doctrine
that separate peoples are entitled to a say in
their own behalf.
The animus against Fulbright in Poland and,
Czechoslovakia, as reported by Alexander
Korab, corroborates the idea it would take some
wrenching to turn Nixon's China policy into an
endorsement of the Brezhnev Doctrine that
Moscow has a right to send tanks into other
socialist nations for Soviet nationalist purposes.
If Fulbright can't see this, he can't see anything.
No wonder Fulbright now considers Ho Chi Minh
to have been a nationalist patriot, not a Marxist
zealot.
As a matter of record, a majority of
Fulbright's own colleagues in the Senate think he
gets blinder by the minute. Working on the
Senate floor when Fulbright began his recent
attack on Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty,
Sen. Charles Percy of Illinois soon had 20
signatures to a resolution supporting the two
broacasting stations. Sen. Hubert Humphrey put
his _name to the resolution as a co-sponsor, and
; the list was quickly enlarged to 57 Senators,
including all the then-current Democratic
candidates for the Presidential nomination with
the single exception of Vance Hartke, who didn't
happen to be around.
This was America, the land of _ethnic ?
minorities, speaking. With such opposites as
Birch Bayh and Barry Goldwater, or Mark
Hatfield and Henry Jackson, supporting the
resolution. Fulbright might have been expected
,to surrender-bis ounosition. But_radliala
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refinancing of Radio Free Europe and Radio
. Liberty will have to be discussed all over again.
CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
GREENWICH TIME
Established 1861
April 12, 1972
.Chamberlain
(Continued from Page 4)
campaign against Radio Free'
.Europe and Radio Liberty long
,after they had ceased to think in
terms of subverting socialism or
Communism by encouraging
revolution. It so happens th,..t a
group of Polish anti-Communist
emigrants has just addressed a
protest to General Lucius Clay
against the broadcasting
practices of Jan Nowak, the
director of the Polish section of
Radio Free Europe, on grounds
that he is much too conciliatory
toward Communism. They
accuse Mr. Nowak of blacklisting
all references to anti-Communist
Poles, and fo speaking of "the
necessity to reform the
Communist system but not of the
necessity to abolishiit."
Furthermore, so the anti-
Comm unist Poles say Mr.
Nowak's broadcasting practices
"are anti-German and not anti-
Soviet."Nowak's excuse for this
is that it is demanded by the
"American policy of 'building
bridges to the East.' "
Personally, I sympathize with
the anti-Communist Polish
emigrants, Janusz Kowalewski
and Juliusz Sokolnicki, in their
desire to see Radio Free Europe
broadcast their own
unreconstructed feelings about
Communism to their countrymen
? who hive not escaped to the
West. Yiut why Fullbright should
objirA to the present neutral
,?scie,to-the-news practices of
?11*o Free Europe and Radio
L:)., rty is beyond
? c.u.uprehension.
thina ie thnt Vulhriallf chnrtarl hie
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(144gq....0.0nue
Monday, Apr11 10, 1972
Sen. Fulbright s Latest Beef
In the dream world in which he
dwells, Sen. J. William Fulbright of
Arkansas, chairman of the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee, views Com-
munism as an inoffensive domestic
experiment, inclined to live and let live
in such places as the Soviet Union,
Cuba, China, and Eastern Europe. His
fantasy, therefore, is that the United
States should not abrade the sensibilities
of Communists.
Mr. Fulbright has taken a bead on
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty,
primarily funded by the American gov-
ernment, which broadcast news which
people behind the Iron Curtain other-
'wise would not hear. Their objectivity
has been commended by the Library of
Congress.
Fulbright was unsuccessful in trying
to cut off funds for the stations on the
ground that they were "relics of the
Cold War." They have been granted
enough funds to continue thru June 30
while Congress considers their future.
Balked on this front, Fulbright looked
around and discovered that Sen. James
Buckley, of the New York Conservative
Party, ran a short documentary film
on the Russian armed repression of
Czechoslovakia in 1968 as part of his
monthly television report- over a New
York channel. The film was produced
by the United States Information Agen-
cy and the senator obtained a copy from
the National Archives. The quality of
the film is attested by the fact that it
won an Oscar in 1969.
Sen. Fulbright immediately blew the
whistle, pointing out that the law ex-
cludes domestic exposure of official
overseas propaganda. Sen. Buckley,
however, had obtained an opinion from
the USIA general counsel that the in-
tention of the law [to prevent the USIA
from becoming a propaganda arm for
the incumbent political administration]
could hardly be considered applicable, in
that the film clearly would have no do-
mestic political impact.
The Arkansas senator's feelings were
ruffled further when Bruce Herschen-
sohn, producer of the film for USIA,
appeared on Buckley's program and, in
introducing the film, volunteered the
opinion that Fulbright was "very sim-
plistic, very naive, and stupid" in his
understanding of propaganda, and that
he was trying to "downgrade" the USIA
in his campaign against Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty.
This proved offensive to Fulbright
and his adjunct, the New York Times,
tho we do not recall that either pro-
tested when the USIA waived limita-
tions on domestic showing of "Jacque-
line Kennedy's Asian Journey." Mr.
Herschensohn has now resigned as di-
rector of the USIA motion picture and
television division, but says he believes
his characterization of Fulbright was
accurate. We wouldn't argue against it.
- ?
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TELEGRAM
(NEWARK-NYC MARKET AREA)
W. 3.500
APR 41972
RADIO FREE EUROPE
It seems a strange course
of events when our President
spends thousands of dollars
going to Communist countries
with a huge staff of advisors
on how to make friends and
influence people who now con-
duct their lives as they see
. tit, yet at the same time this
government is involved in ac-
tivities designed to undercut
the Communist form of governr
merit by baiting its citizens with
how good the life outside of the
Communist control can be!
The question uppermost in
the minds of foreigners, whe-
ther Communists or not, must
be, "can such friendship be
't trusted when the chips are
down?" No foreign country is
allowed the beam destructive
, radio messages to this country.
Should one manage to reach a
few radio Hams, Washington
would call out the Army, Navy
and ? Marines. The Air Force
? Is already tied up in battles.
Isn't it possible for this
? country to proceed full steam
ahead as a Democracy, with- 71
out spending millions of dol-
lars of the taxpayer's money
supporting subversive activ-
ities under the guise of giving .
- so-called non-profit, patri-
otic, organized effort the right
.:of expression, as set forth in
the Constitution? Our United '
States Constitution was never
intended as a cover for such
activities as are carried out by
the CIA, 13a_di_o_Free Europe
and other outfits financed here,
but operating abroad, at tre-
mendous cost! All too often
paying for these subversive
operations takes monies that
should pay for services needed
In our cities and rural areas.
Services these outfits brag ,
Aillaout but UagoSiVelitizens
? scale needed to relieve hunger,
? sickness and prevent crime.
a a ED !Th La
EVENTS
n n
Here & Elsewhere
By] Nana Page
-
The better part of Demo-
cratic action would be, to let ?
those who live in Communist
countries solve their problems
through pressure on their lead-
ers if they see fit. We have _
enough domestic problems of
our own without becoming
bogged down with foreign prob- ?
lems laid upon us by Washing-
ton adventurers, who dream of
personal empires gained by
manipulating bargains in Aid
in the name of the people, but ,
managed in the interest of hold-
ing companies in the little tax-
weary citizens know nothing
about and gain nothing from.
President Nixon has just
signed a bill authorizing contin-
ued Federal financing of "Rad-.
lo Free Europe" and "Radio
Liberty." There two meddle- "
some Mattie outfits were set
up iv Nthe CIA, and Operations
Based in Munich, 1n1950. Their
programs were beamed to Bus-
. _
sia and other Communist coun-
tries, urging insurrection.
Last week, after the expo-
sure of the United States intrigue, President Nixon ordered ?
the CIA to disassociate itself.:
This was a thin ploy. The
government is funding the op-
erations to the extent of thirty-
six million dollars to last just
until June of this year.
While Senator Fulbright
Insisted that the programs be
discontinued, there are those in
, both the House and Senate who
are of the opinion to hang on,
even having the stupidity to
I consider asking other coun-
tries to chip in. Apparently no
other countries now are as
Gung-Ho about Communists as
the United States. We can ex-
pect Munich to like the pro-
gram, since it brings most of
the operating cost smack dab
into the GermanCoffers. From
time to time now Germany
(West) tells us where to head
In, in no uncertain language.
President Nixon would hardly
remove the operations from
Germany. Especially not when
every suggestion he gets on
,foreign policy comes from one
. of his many German advisors
:based in the White House. One
advisor was active in the Hitler
Youth movement. According to
Anderson, Ex-Nazis have been,
guest of Nixon at the White
House. flow about that for
?Democracy.
Cr ? 4 ' ?
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FORT WORTH, TEXAS
NATIONAL CATHOLIC
MPG I STER
IRC.N.AVA IL.
PR 2 1972
a
-n
et ?
(7
a)
cf)
a
a
CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
Ramblin
Radio Free Europe fighting sound barritt
By Msgr. R. G. PierS
Radio Free Europe isjn
Jhe. news these days. Along
with Radio Liberty (which
broadcasts only to Russia) it
has for more than 20 years
been for citizens behind the
Iron Curtain the only real
..,source of information about
what goes on in the free
:world ? and even in their
:own countries.
f But the lives of both these
-stations are threatened. By
:the time this appears the de-
!bate may have been settled
one way or the otker. Last
year Nixon ended CIA fund-
ing of the stations and asked
-that a public-private corpora-
tion be set up to fund and run
'them.
Both the Senate and the
House voted emergency funds
lto tide the stations over until
'fsuch a program had been set
;up. But the two bills differ
Ion time, and Senator
,Fulbright has worked to pre-
vent compromise ? and by
such delay to kill the stations.
My own special interest
goes back to the day in 1967
` when I was fortunate enough
go get a special look at the
'Radio Free Europe headquar-
ters in Munich. (Tile' station
Is located there ? as are near-
ly a thousand of the 1,600 em-
ployees ? but the transmit-
ting towers are in Portugal,
a better spot for technical
purposes.)
? Some idea of the import-
.
ance West Germany sees in
Radio Free Europe is the fact
that it was allowed to build
its large headquarters in
Munich's sacrosanct English
Gardens (something like
building in Central Park in
New York).
We were allowed to sit in
on the daily policy session at
RFE that morning. It's a
round-table in which the heads
of the various national bur-
eaus and their advisors dis-
cuss current developments
and plan the angles they will
stress in their broadcasts.
Among the items covered
that day, for instance, was the
trend, backed by the Russian
paper, Isvestia, to have col-
lective farms promote pri-
vate initiative; and the fact
that Stalin's daughter, Svet-
lana, had turned down a quar-
ter of a million dollars in or-
der to appear on an educa-
tional TV program. This lat-
ter would be used on
all broadcasts to counter the
--
Russian charges of commer-
cialism made against her.
The completeness of the
RFE files was impressive.
There were 80 on the local
research staff, who interview-
ed refugees, monitored
broadcasts from Communist
countries, and also studied
about 2,000 publications, 850
of them Communist.
The result was the best re-
search center on Eastern Eu-
rope in the world ? and one
used by many other people
and organizations.
Most important was the
fact that, after an original
mistaken approach, RFE em-
phasizes evolution rather than
revolution in its broadcasts.
They continually, for exam-
ple, encourage regimes when
they make a democratic
move, and they make it diffi-
cult for the government to
take back freedoms once they
have been granted.
Typically, when an incen-
tive program worked in one
part of Hungary, RFE let the
rest of the country ? and all
Eastern Europe ? know about
it, thus building up the pres-
sures for economic reforms.
News makes up 10 minutes
of every RFE hour on t h e
air. And accuracy is what the
station has to sell. Iron Cur-
tain magazines have even
needled their own Communist,
broadcasts for omitting news
details that were then natur-
ally provided by RFE.
But, at that time at least,
25 per cent of the programs
was music, mostly popular.
But the future of those Iron
Curtain countries is in the
hands of the youth, and it is
at them RFE aims much of
its effort. The young people
seem to care not the least that
the music usually happens to
be in English.
Strangely enough, at that
time RFE was getting pleiQy
of mail from listeners fr-/
behind the Iron Curtain, m t
of it about the music. Itgs
figured that about one of 610
such letters gets through %o
one of the many disgui
mailing addresses RFE us
but in 1965 they totalled 13,09
letters.
Time magazine in a recet
story said RFE gets 78 eir
cent of all radio-listening
Poles, 81 per cent of the Hun-
garians, 77 per cent of ta
Rumanians, 78 per centsof
Bulgarians, and 60 per ci*It
of the Czechoslovaks.
Fulbright calls the Ai-
tons "cold war relics." Rat
Time suggests that, in t5b
light of the stations' modq:i
tactics, Fulbright's own
cism is a cold war relic. Eict-
er the Senator doesn't kngif
what's going on in such brag-
casting or he's fallen (harcar
likely) for the Commurug
line that the people have 01
the news.
If freedom of informatitra
is so important to us here 81
the free world (and this as
- what much of the headlirres
are about these days), haft
can we completely abandon
the even greater information
needs of those in Eastern
Europe? In an era when the
West has definitely given up
any hope of military inter-
vention, it is the one remain-
ing thing we can do for them.
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THE PLAIN DEALER
CLEVELAND, OHIO
D. 403,145 SUN. 533,828
PR t 1972 eicir.
' .
,No u.S. Gag 1n.WorId Debate
We see no justification for Sen. J. W.
Fulbright's attacks upon the U.S. Informa-
tion Agency and upon Radio Free Europe.
These attacks sound like backwoods, bush-
league thinking, though they come from the
tophisticated, chairman of the Senate For-.
eign Relations Committee. . .
Sen. Fulbright, D-Ark., accuses the
USIA of trying "to stir up trouble" for the
Soviet government by referring to its sev-
eral ethnic groups -- Ukrainians, Armeni-
ails, Russians.
i; '10 No doubt it irritates the men in the
cinIin to have any encouragement, from
the outside, of nationalities which are sell-
conscious culturally and in some cases
?.,;. ,f l
yarning for separate or autonomous sta-..
tue.,j11c example o Croatia in.Ysigosavia
must worry Soviet leaders, lest it become a
model copied within the Soviet realm.
? But Fulbright's position ,calls for gag-.
ging or censoring fact and opinion on this
subject. It would mean that the United
States, if not the whole of the West, ought
not to risk ruffling Moscow's feathers just
now when negotiations are going on toward
a possible detente.
Fulbright took the same line in trying
to choke off Radio Free Europe. He called
it an atavism, a relic of the Cold War.
But it is preposterous to think that the
United States should gag itself, and not
state its viewpoints while Moscow and its
sister Communist capitals keep dinning
their propaganda out incessantly..
East Germany. Poland, the tamed
Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union pour
out their picture of the West. their party
.line on detente, their standardized view of
the world. It would be naive to think they
would pull their punches at "U.S. imperial-
.,Ism" and its allies in return for a shutdown
:of U.S. information centers, or would can-
eel negotiations because the USIA said
'something Moscow did not agree with.
I Meanwhile ,brave thinkers who believe
In freedom, "and speak out for it within.
repressive countries, need as evidence and.
!encouragement ? all the news they can get
Ifrom the West. Such news strengthens the
West in its negotiations of a fairer kind of.
:detente, or arms treaty or peace. That is
h y we see the Fulbright approach as
Aveak,and ,wrong-headecl,_:d.
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ReleaSe 2001/03/04. - 0111001410047DPOrbrAr the stations
NEWS
CONGRESS ENDS FUNDING OF FREEDOM RADIO STATIONS
LC Evaluative Studies Had Supported the Outlets
Despite two Library of Congress studies recommending continued government fi-
nancing, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty have temporarily lost their
governmetiniThErig-Te?EaKirof'd dispute between the House and the Senate over two
proposals which might have kept the stations alive for another year. The Central
Intelligence Agency had secretly funded the outlets for 20 years, but that funding?
about 36 million annually?came to an end after Senator Clifford Case of New Jersey
disclosed the extent of the secret funding. Over the years,: Radio Free Europe has re-
ceived government grants of $306,890,469, and Radio Liberty's grant support has
totalled $158,830,637. Congress had passed an appropriation bill providing funds to
the two stations until June 30; however, this appropriation was contingent upon
congressional approval of an authorization bill which has not yet been enacted. The :
two stations have said that they would have to cease operation within a month if .
congressional authorization was not forthcoming.
Prior to the congressional stalemate, Senator William Fulbright had asked the Li- !
brary of Congress to conduct studies on the effectiveness of the two stations. Fulbright
had hoped that the reports would support his contention that the stations should "take
their rightful place in the graveyard of cold war relics." However, instead of urging
that the stations be disbanded, both LC reports strongly supported the stations.
In his report on Radio Liberty, Dr.
Joseph G. Whelan, a specialist in Soviet
and East European affairs, contended the government to oversee their opera-
that the station's basic policy has shifted tion. The House bill is closely aligned
from its early "liberation" approach to with the Administration position: it
the "liberalization" of conditions within would provide funds for two years and
Soviet society. He commended the staff establish a two-year study group. The
for their "professionalism" and he Senate bill, on the other hand, would
praised "the existence of an organiza- finance the station through the Secre-
tional spirit that seems to arise from a tary of State for only one year. Senator
conviction of participating in creating Fulbright has opposed giving the sta-
positive change in the Soviet Union." tions "a new lease on life" and he was
The reality of Radio Liberty, said Whe- influential in getting the Senate to pass
Ian, conflicts with its popular cold war the measure. Fulbright has questioned.
image. He maintained that the station the sincerity of the Administration's ex-
"accepts all Soviet institutions, though pressed desires to improve relations
not its ideology, and seeks to bring with communist countries in view of its
about peaceful democratic change from efforts to keep "this old cold war pro-
within." gram on the books."
Whelan warned that if the station Even if the House and Senate iron
were disbanded the Soviet people would out their differences and draft an ac-
lose "a free press for the inflow of in- ceptable compromise measure, the
formation." Ile added if this were to future of the two stations looks bleak.
occur the dissemination of "samizdat" Although spokesmen for the Adminis-
or underground writings?most of which tration have said that President Nixon
are made available to the Russian public was "personally" concerned over the
via radio?would be sharply curtailed plight of the stations, he has not spoken ;
"with the consequences that this liber- out strongly on the issue. Few senators
alizing movement will unquestionably have publicly voiced opinions in favor
receive a seriou-S setback." of the stations. With the change in po-
Similar praise for Radio Free Europe litical climate?from open hostility to
was expressed by James R. Price in his negotiation?it has been difficult to
Library of Congress report. generate enthusiasm for appropriations.
The Nixon Administration supports The recent expose on the Secret CIA
direct congressional funding of the sta- funding of the stations has made poli-
tionsAINANYVell fFrCecl4ei trafleaptietieSMilwaYOP*Rel Prit0a0t601 R001100070001 -5
nonproffir organiza ion in epen en o cep is as 'liberation and "liberaliza-
?as described in detail by the Library of
Congress--is one likely to be critically
examined by librarians concerned with
both intellectual freedom and the role of
libraries in the international scene.
LIBRARY JOURNAL
NEW YORK, N. Y.
SEMI-MONTHLY 46,000
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RkYNE, LA.
ACAD I AN TR I BUNE
W. 4,120
MAR 3 0 1972 131?4:'
Pie........00?11.????????,??????????.41N.R.????????????Ir
,
?
01R001100070001-5
The Arkansas Statesman
U.S. Senator Fulbright, who has
been a consistent obstructionist in
his chamber, now is in the process of
choking off the only voices of
freedom available to communist-
controlled peoples.
These voices are Radio Free
Europe which broadcasts messages
of freedom and truth to the com-
munist dominated peoples of
Eastern Europe, and Radio Liberty,
which carries the same message to
, people in the Soviet Union.
\ "Now after 20 years of such in-
dispensable service," reports Rep.
i Gene Snyder, "it appears that these
two voices of liberty are going to
I have to shut down.
"But should these broadcasts
cease, it will not be because
-Congress has decided ? they have
become useless. On the contrary,
- both houses of Congress have
already approved a continuation of
the programs. Since the bill passed
. .. 1 . ?
by the House differed from that
approved by the Senate, it was
necessary to send the bills to a
House Senate conference committee
to reconcile the differences.
"It has been the opposition of
three of the five senators in that
conference, led by J. William
Fulbright of Arkansas, that has led
to the present stalemate.
"Senator Fulbright, chairman of ,
the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, has refused to accept
any compromise.
"So the legislation is stuck ? and
without congressional authorization
and provision of necessary funds,
these two programs can not be .
continued. . . .
"As Senator Fulbright and his
allies have made clear, they view
the expiration of the existing,
authority as an opportunity to kill
these programs." ?Kentucky
Exclusive ,
I'd10
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SALISBURY, MD.
ADVERTISER
W. 3,785
MAR '3 0 1972
EDITORIALS I
Radio Free Europe
'here are some people (including Senator J. W. Ful-,
I bright) who would like to see_Radio Free Europe destroyed.
The Senator's position is that the .bi:oadcasts. are' irritants
to the developing entente between the United States and
Russia.
Radio Free Europe and its sister Radio Liberty were,
founded during the freezing darkness of the cold war to
give heat and light to the imprisoned people of East Europe.
With the years, the stringency of getting uncensored
news has passed these countries by. Governmental control-
led newspapers and broadcasting have taken a Milder tone
.and the people, better fed and better clothed, are no longer
as avidly hungry for personal liberty.
Yet there is something which Senator Fulbright does
; not take into consideration. The changes in the communist
countries are partly due to the influence of Radio Free
Europe, not only on the people themselves, but on the of-
ficials, who also listen in. If he would look at these voices
1 from a businessman's point of view -he would realize that
..)advertising is an absolute necessity in the selling of a pro-
duct. Ford and General Motors as competitors would find
, It hard going if they didn't continue to tell the people why
they should buy their cars.
Hanging on a thin thread, these voices of free enter-1
? fprise depend entirely on Federal appropriations. The Senate
:should do well to consider their value in the selling of free-
dom.- ? : ' . '
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TIE BOSTON HERALD
Erztuarr
D. 210,540 S. 260,961
MAR 2 9 1972
Reprieve for RFE and RL
Congress has given Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty another three months on the air, at
least, providing emergency funds to continue beam-
? Ing their broadcasts behind the Iron Curtain
? through June 30.
But Sen. J. William Fulbright, who has been
trying his best to do what the Communinsts have
failed to accomplish in more than two decades
.,of trying?i.e., silence these two strong voices of
; truth and freedom?has vowed to continue his
i campaign to shut off funds for RFE and RL in the
;ComiAg fiscal 'ear
Approved For Re
Fulbright says the stations are rusty relics of
the Cold War, and if they were really worthwhile
' the taxpayers shouldn't need to support them. The
Arkansas Democrat has never been known as a foe
of subsidies, and as one of our columnists recently,
remarked he has certainly never raised that par-
ticular point in reference to the funding of Fulbright
Scholarships. .
In any event, we hope that Congress has the
good sense to override Sen. Fulbright's carping crit-
icism, and provide the funds necessary to keep the
ttionon the air indefinitely ..
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hicaloND, Kr. 1
REGISTER
D. 6.000 _
MAR 2 9 1972 44.
FULBRIGHT'S POWER
01R001100070001-5
Senator William Fulbright, Chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, seeks to
close Radio Liberty and Rado FEep_EArgpe by
blocking action on long-term funding of these
Munich-based stations.
Fulbright sees the stations, which beam
messages to communist Europe, as relics of the
cold war. Critics have in the past charged their
broadcasts stir unfounded hopes among captive
communist peoples, that they helped instigate
the hopeless, post-war uprisings in East Ger-
many, Poland and Hungary. The Russians
have long viewed the stations as provocations.
Yet for many Europeans under communist
domination the broadcasts of these stations are
'a valuable source of truthful news and in some
cases the best surce--although the Russians
have in the past jammed their broadcasts with
Varying effectiveness.
If the policies and operations of the stations
leave much to be desired, the remedy would be
reshaping operations and policies to best serve
the purpose of tese outlets-- the truthful
dissemination of news to communist Europe.
Chairman Fulbright, who is entitled to his
opinion, is in this instance seeking to shape
foreign policy by forcing the closing of the
"stations?constitutionally the responsibility of
;the President; in this maneuver he is almost
certainly acting contrary to the wishes of the
tri.olor,ity of. Americans.
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?
Lubliock Avalanche Journal
LUBBOCK, TEXAS
17, 62,050 SUN. 73,263
MAR 2 7 1972 ikiltr,
:REBUFF FOR FULBRIGHT
Funds For Freedom
i;
CONGRATULATIONS go to the U.S.
Senate for its rebuff to Sen. S. William
Fulbright in the matter of Radio Free Euro_p_e
Land Radio Liberty.
The chairman of the Foreign Relations
'..Committee a n d several fellow neo - isola-
.tionists and. pacifists conducted a long and
:bitter campaign to deny funds for the two
stations. Both operate in Munich. Radio Free
'Europe broadcasts in native languages to
.five Soviet bloc Eastern European nations.
Radio Liberty beams information in 17
languages to the Soviet Union.
They have offered to these people their
?only chance to receive accurate information,
or any information at all, about events of
worldwide importance. Often, they provide
the only source of news from within the
'countries themselves.
The only criticism of any importance
advanced by Fulbright & Co. has been that
the broadcasts are "Cold War relics,"
;unsuitable in this "Era of Negotiation." '
,However, they still are needed, for good
reasons. One is that truthful news is desirable
;to counteract vicious propaganda still directed
against the U.S. from behind the Iron Cur-
tain
. ? .? A ? ?;?;1'.
?
Recently, for example, Moscow television
aired a "documentary," titled "America-
Autumn '71," designed to (picture the U.S:
the worst posible light; It showed Klan
meetings, Times ? Square prostitutes and
American Nazis as "typical" of American
life.
AccusatiOns that the radios broadcast pro-
paganda are phony. Both stations have earned
virtually unanimous praise for broadcasting
objective news and impartial analysis.
Most importantly of all, the broadcasts
?provide, at relatively modest cost, ? a service
to people in the captive nations who yearn
" for knowledge. As Sen. Charles Percy says,
"It is a sad fact that a man in Leningrad.
may not know of a major news event in.
Kiev or Prague or Paris or New York unless:
Radio Free Europe or Radio Liberty informs
him." ?
Fulbright tried to use his "power of
? ar-
rogance" to silence them. It is true that.
Congress has appropriated funds only. for
? the next three months. However, the Senate
vote of 65 to 6 is a strong indication that
more favorable action will be taken later
in the year. It sho betakn.
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tretrinZ/3`tly!",\Wailla
TULSA, OKLA.
D. 1O9469 SUN. 176,258
MAR 2 6 1972
rFulbright Defended
, I believe it was the March 4th edition of
the Tulsa World, editorial page, that an
article by Roscoe Drummond reported
Sen a tor F ulbright of Arkansas as
recently putting forth an effort by him to
kill all financial assistance for Radio'
Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
As you will discover, by the enclosed
copies of a personal letter from Senator
Fulbright and a report of the above men-
tioning. Fulbright claims he said no such
thing. He also backs up his statement by
offering documented evidence from the
Library of Congress.
Senator Fulbright does favor dis-
continuation of both Radio Free Europe.
and Radio Liberty. He bases his opposi-
tion on several points ? most notably: 1.
Our tax money "was being secretly used
to support these radio services through
the Central Intelligence Agency," not
from "the dimes of school children and
voluntary gifts from concerned citizens,"
as is the populhr belief . . . not to forget
mention as being advertised as such: 2.
Fulbright brought out the realization that,
while $36 million of our tax money was
being secretly used for the Radios, Ar-
kansas was able to receive only1'$5 million
?
for much needed water and sewer sys-
tems. The $36 million for both Radios. in-
cidentally, is in addition to the $41 million
budget for Voice of America, the "sane- ,
tioned overseas broadcasting service of
our government."
After studying the report, perhaps
ator Fulbright may really have some-
thing on his last point ? "If the need for
,RFE and RL is as clear as adminis-
:tration officials claim, why isn't there
'some interest on the part of our NATO
llics ? who are much closer to the situ-
ation than we are? None of the European
countries contributes to the cost of the
Radios.' Why support something that the
'people it is supposed to help have no in-
? terest in?
I hope, in all fairness, you might pre-
sent my Senator's side of the story.
Siloam Springs, Ark, Gary D. Darling
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V
,
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oRthimo,FiL
sumva
D. 113,000 S. 146,000
MAR 24 1972 QV.
ssi n's Cl
1
01R001100070001-5
ndes tine Letter Begs For .a-acac
?
1-7? MOSCOW (Reuter) As
Congress debated in
Washington whether to
Continue- funding two radio
etations beamed? at .the
Soviet Union and eastern
Europe, voices were beingl,"!
aised -here, too for andl
. .against.
One was the voice of the
Soviet government, whose.
daily newspaper Izvestia
l.this week published the
latest of its frequent at-,1
:tacks on Radio Liberty and
Radio Free Europe,:
:7deriiniiielfig?the in?at" 'main-7
'Stays of '"American
Communist propaganda."
t BUT ANOTHER voice
iwas that of a single listen-
er to the Russian language ;
,broadcasts of Radio Liber-
whose appeal against
proposals to close the sta-
tions has been circulating
ntypescriptamonga';
number of Russians..;:
.. The. official view here is
1S1ose to lhat...of _Sen,
erty To Continue
.:. i,., ..o.,, it., ...,...Cf. 1. i?....4,,,:..,,4, ..,"..-.,..._...,..:.. , . I ...........;
I
,
,
Fulbright
'(D-Ark.) ? that the sta-
;tions are a cold war relic'
and that U. S. funds for
'them should be cut off if.
.there is to be detente in:
Europe.
FOR LISTENERS like
ithe author of the appeal,
Which usually reliable,
sources attributed to a ?
Muscovite named Dzher-
!I men Smirnovsky, nothing
could be further from the ,
truth. .
ei
0 "For Russia to lose Ra-
il
dio Liberty means to lose 1
the little freedom,left to us
... the freedom to get
truthful information about
I our country. ... if you want
to fight against the cold
'war, Mr. Fulbright, you,
are welcome ? fight.
(Together with Radio Liber-
;ty, together with all" our'
!. .
people," the letter de
dared -
,
2
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LETHBR I D-CE, CANADA
HERALD
. 4 0,4 93
MO 2 3 1972.4
'
Viaeut quarrel over, situation
0
-
Radio voice of 'freedom faces
By SEAL ASCHERSON
Lot n Observer Service .
LONYDDN ? The violent guar-
7e1 ov the future of _Radio.
.opes_ touched off by
;enato Villi am Fulbright's
>ropes hat the United States
ihould Ot ff its funds, has be-
ona of bar-room brawl
or intaectuals of the entire
Vesterrldvorld.
Not fe. many years have so
nany pitminent men called so
nany '91her prominent men
'appeaUs," or "soft on Coro-
aur.Lsm> or "incurable Cold
Carrio "
Radio ee Europe, which
roadca to Eastern Europe,
ad Ra Liberty, which broad-
asts incRussian and a multi-
.:de of &per languages to the
niet I;aion. were set up in
tunichg 1950, in what was
en th American - occupied
)ne of7Test Germany. They
ere finalced, through various
evices,Qy the Central Intelli-
Ence rAncy until last year,
hen tic) American Adminis-
ation tall- on the burden of an
;timatefa336 million a year.
heir olitonal purpose, strong-
suppoCbd by many of the
r.igres 2ho were collected to
aff thei station, was to sub-
01
vert Communist regimes, but to
this approach was severely in
modified after 1956, when Radio
Free Europe was charged, jus-
tifiably, with having encour-
aged the Hungarians to take up
arms against the Russians.
CAUTIOUS POLICY
Since then, the policy of both
stations has been more cau-
tious. In principle, they claim
to provide Eastern Europe and
the Soviet Union with objective
world news and with news
about events within the listen-
ers' own countries which might
not be available to them
through the Party - controlled
media.
Radio Free Europe's staff of
1,530 people, of whom 1,140
work in Munich, produces some
560 hours of programmes a
week for Poland, Czechoslova-
kia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ro-
mania (Czechoslovakia receives
some 20 hours a day, followed
by Poland and Hungary which
receive 19). There is also a re-
search service, which issues ex-
tremely full and reasonably fair
accounts of events within these
countries, and their neighbours,
and summaries of their Press:
this service is also distributed
journalists and
the West.
Those who are protesting-
against the close - down of the
stations ? which will happen in
June if no further money is
voted by the U.S. Senate?argue
that the Cold War is still very
much a reality and that the
need to provide "objective"
news for East Europeans is as
strong as ever. .The other side
consider that the existence of
the stations, bitterly resented
by the Soviet and East Euxo-
pean governments, is in con-
tradiction to the whole spirit of
detente in Europe and threat-
ens to compromise not only
Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ost-
politik but bilateral plans to
improve Soviet - American rela-
tions, and in particular might
affect President Nixon's visit
to Moscow in May.
Travelling in Eastern Europe,
one gets the impression that
RFE's effectiveness varies con-
siderably. Its main success is
the Polish service, which is
heard by a large proportion of
the population and ?.privately
?by many Party and Govern-
ment leaders. Its intimacy with
Polish life, ? and its cautious
agreement with the regime on
shutdown
academics what Polish patriotic interests
and limitations are, have estab-
lished a sort of symbiosis of a
very unofficial kind with the
Warsaw leadership, although it
is hotly denounced on Polish
radio and television.
The listener figures estimated
by RFE itself, based on rather
unreliable sampling, suggest
that around half the population
of Eastern Europe hear RFE at
one time or another in a year.
But listeners in countries other
than Poland sometimes com-
plain that programmes are pro-
duced by emigres of the older
generation who are stiffly anti-
Communist and who have lost
touch with the realities of their
own societies. This has been a
0m21a in t, for instance, in
Czechoslovakia.
WEST ROW
The row in the West has a
certain unreality about it. The
party most intimately involved
?the West Ger m an Govern-
ment ? keep an embarrassed
silence. There is no doubt that
it is an obstacle to Brandt's
Ostpolitik to have an Ameri-
can propaganda station of this
kind lodged on West German
territory, and many leading So-,
cial Democrats privately wish
that it would move out. Its pres-
ence during the Olympic Games
in Munich this summer is al-
ready drawing protests from
East European capitals. But the
Brandt Government, with its
tiny majority in the Bundestag,
cannot afford to make any ges-
hire which would be interpret-
ed by right-wingers in the coal-
ition as "truckling to Commu-
nist pressure."
The alternatives under dis-
cussion- in Western newspapers
?continuation in Munich or to-
tal shut - down ? are in fact
incomplete. There are several
other possibilities. One would
be to withdraw RFE and Radio
Liberty from West Germany
and base them where they real-
ly belong: in the United States.
RFE is transmitted mostly on
short-wave, but there is also a
medium - wave transmitter
which would not operate over
such a distance. Conceivably,
if the Senate changes its mind
and decides that RFE must con-
tinue at full strength, medium-
wave equipment could be.
mounted on a ship in interna-
tional waters, or a satellite
could relay the programmes in
a sort of "informational bom-
bardment." - . .
The principle here would be
the "nationalization" of the sta-
tions. Their vulnerability comes
from their pseudo - internation-
al status. Most East European
1 nations operate multi - language
external broadcasting stations
which are extremely critical
and sometimes hostile about the
Internal affdirs of Western 7
tions, but these stations are t
official voices of the States
which they stand. The decisi
about RFE's futur should
an American dze" , in
way involving ot \Vests
countries, and, it isaid, if
is to continue it shoI do so
an unmistakably A rican
dio station based in e Unit
States.
The other possib. , whi
should be confront by thc
who deplore the thrpe. to Rf
and Radio Libertain th
presen form, is thattothe ext
nal broadcasting ofstern r
tional stations shoulet, ? stetpp
up as a substitute. ,
There is somethi.46disinge
uous about lament' .0 the fa
of RFE if the lammter is r
prepared to argue Ulla his ON
country should preSede ext
money to bring the Vast Eu
pean services of thrBBC, t
French ORTF or theZest
man Deutsche WelWup to
similar volume Oprograi
ming. All three areugarved
funds, although the* eputati
for detachment --Tf.Specia]
that of the BBC elOrnal
vices ? is usually legher th
that uf the Americatbor Am(
ican-financed station0_
It is a condition o2 urope
security today, win ?er t
Russians and Arne,' ans li
it or not, that no cg? ?ernms
may use either forcar infla
matory propaganda afornen1
violent change of regittne in a
other country. Withe"that Ii
itation, there is no,4.son w
the radio stations obcountr
with different soci systei
should not describe nd cr
cize each othe r' societii
There will always protes'
some Governments have th
ner skins than others. But
obvious targets like the "int
national" status of Radio F.
Europe and Radio Liberty we
removed, this would become
custom which both halves
Europe might eventually lea
to live with.
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Cong. Ancher Nelsen Reports
F re:g
The history of foreign aid
has been stormy, and this
year has proved no excep-
tion.
We didn't get around to
clearing the $2.9 billion for-
eign aid bill for the fiscal
year that ends this June
until this March. In other
words, eight months of the
fiscal year was, aiready
over before Congress com-
pleted action.
Obviously, as our col-
league John Anderson of Il-
linois noted recently, "for-
eign assistance is still a
weak bird with a broken
wing 'flying against the
wind in the middle of a
storm."
Part of the reason the
foreign aid program seems
in constant trouble is that in
the minds of many Ameri-
cans, myself included, at
least part of it has been
spent wastefully or in ways
that even seem to hurt our
own national interest. Also,
it represents a nagging
drain on taxpayers when we
have many urgent needs
here at home.
Take just one example.
Many of us believe the
United States contribution
to the United Nations is far
too big and should be re-
duced. Originally, the
House did, manage to cut
back our contribution to the ,
United Nations Develop?,
ment Fund by $100 million.
Unfortunately, however, a
conference committee lat-
er restored $86 million for ,
this U.N. Fund, and that
decision now stands. Such,
questionable items tend to.
Aid Program StiN in
discourage support for any
foreign aid at all.
THIS IS unfortunate be-
cause the foreign aid pro-
gram is directly related to
our own national security
and to the securing of world
peace. For example, the
measure recently passed
contains economic and mil-
itary assistance to permit
the President's Vietnami-
zation program to continue
.so that we can get our re-
maining troops home from
Southeast Asia. This aid is
vital to ending American
involvement in this tragic
war.
The aid bill also contains
needed help for Israel and
other allies, that we have
encouraged to stand on
their own feet. And it
makes possible the contin-
uation of efforts like the
Peace Corps, which surely
has been one of our more
successful overseas pro-
grams.
I might add that the
Peace Corps budget was
regrettably cut back by
Congress this year well
below what the Nixon Ad-
ininistrtion had requested...
? The reduction was thought
to threaten a curtailment in
operations in some under-
developed countries badly
in need of American techni-
cal know-how. We under-
stand now, however, that a
compromise has now been ;
' worked out that will restore
'some of the cutback and
.ease the Corps' financial
headaches.
THE LATEST foreign
1. policy furor involves the
F' future of Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty. As
you may recall, Radio Free
Europe has been broadcast-
ing to Eastern Europe ever
since 1950 and Radio Liber-
ty started reaching millions
of listeners in the Soviet
U ?
mon a year later. They
have proved enormously
successful in enabling un-
censored news and views
I. from throughout the world
to penetrate behind the Iron
,
Curtain in the native Ian- ;
. guages of the people who so
; eagerly listen to them.
Criticism developed be- ,
4cause these operations
, were mainly financed coy-
ertly by the CIA. So Con-
gress agreed to fund them
' openly. Both House and
Senate have voted to contin-
ue these operations, a deci-
sion I support. But, in spite ?
of this clear expression of
Congressional will, both
radio operations may well
Approved For Release 2001VO4e,dt194e-RirrOL01601R001100070001-5
arch uecause jus t r e
:senators, led by Senator
Trou
Fulbright or Arkansas,
appear determined to kill
them.
They argue the broad-
casts are relics of the old
Cold War days and only irri-
tate the Communist leader-
ship, so they are refusing to
cooperate in working out
final details of a bill in a
conference committee.
In my qwn view,, killing
these,,programs means
victory for the Soviet bl
hard-liners who hate t
radios as allies of libel
and progressive elemen
It will be tragic if tht
misguided senators fri
trate the majority will
Congress and accompli
for the communist leadl
. that total news suppress
they were never. able
accomplish for themselv+
CHASKA1 MINN.
SUN
vr. CIRC.N.AVAIL.
MAR 2 3 1972 VI"-
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HERALD
W. 2,993
MAR 2 3 19 4144-
1-
?Acecirding To Tom
by Tom W. Gerber
Over-Kill in Triplicate
Most Americans have heard about the Voice of America,
the world-wide radio arm of the U.S. Information Service, which
14roadcasts news from 108 stations in 35 languages to people
In every 'part of the world who are equipped to pick it up.
It is a comPlex electronic set-up which operates on a 1971-
7.2 budget of $41,000,000.
; Not so well known is the fact that the U.S. government for
quite a few years has been operating two other multi-language
radio networks, aimed at specific countries, and ,designed to
give the American viewpoint on news events.
?: Radio Free Europe is one of these which was well-publicized
about two decades ago when the late Drew Pearson, columnist,
4alled for public contributions to support the enterprise, and,
perhaps, to create a yearning for "the American way of life"
specifically in the five border countries of Europe: Bulgaria,
czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania and Hungary. Possibly Radio
Free Europe helped fire up the Hungarian rebellion of 1956,
'taut the U.S. was unable to do much about it, and Soviet tanks
tippressed the uprising quite bloodily.
'The other U.S. network is Radio Liberty, which is aimed
stlirectly at the people of Soviet Russia, and which broadcasts
In 17 different languages or dialects.
; Since it started, Radio Free Europe has cost American
taxpayers $306,890,469 and Radio Liberty, a more recent
enterprise, has cost $158,830,637. Their expenses for many
i'ears have been covered in the blanket budget of the Central
:Intelligence Agency (CIA) which doesn't have to account to Con-
gress for expenditures.
Times have changed over the years. Points of view are chang-
Ing all over the world. Propaganda, if that is what the last-
tiamed agencies have been dishing out, loses its effectiveness.
-The U.S.S.R., we have heard, no longer "jams" the RFE and
III, networks electronically. Yet they continue to operate ex-
pensively.
,4 Now Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty no longer are un-
tier the wing of CIA and Senator James W. Fulbright, chairman
vf the Foreign Relations committee, proposes to cut off their
appropriations after June 30, 1972. It would seem to this
Pld codger, a bit of a veteran in the communications business,
that the useful duties of the latter two agencies could be taken
over by Voice of America. Or, we might Abolish all three.
Intorchange of news reports, I understand, has been re-es-
tablished between the Tass Agency in Soviet Russia and the
;Associated Press and United Press in the United States.
If Propaganda is the objective of the U.S,-operated networks
it is high time we abolished them. It isn't effective any more.
)t's a terrific waste of money and brains. But President Nixon
pas asked Congress to appropriate money for RFE and RL.
The Soviet Union has no free press anyway, and we are merely
)vasting time and money trying to force our point of view on the
people of their countries. It is doubtful if our broadcasts have
? any Significant body of listeners in real communist countries.
They would be risking their necks if they were caught tuned to
,,our hoop-la, and the truth, if important enough, will get through
to them sooner or later. When they find out that their own country
has been lying to them, or keeping secret from them important
events they should know about, they may change their minds
'about their own brand of government.
I understand that Pravda, Russia's principal newspaper, printed
only two brief ,sentences about President Nixon's trip to Pc-
in z then later printed editorial comment tending to belittle
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But Mr. Nixon wasn't expecting to win many votes in Moscow,
and probably not in Peking, either. Certainly he will not get
ww6nv in g'aiwan but somebody in the Aleutian Islands might
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4",
WASHINaTON, D.C.
JEWISH WEEK AND
AMERICAN EXAMINER
MARYLAND VIRGINIA AND D.C.
, EDITION
W. 24,763 ?
?
MAR 2 3 197
41,0?????????????*???????????????I
71
.1 Immigrants plead
for Radio Liberty
TEL AVIV -- A delegation often Jewish
immigrants who arrived from the Soviet Un-
ion during the past year met with United
States Ambassador Walworth Barbour at the
US Embassy here and asked him to convey to '
thc US Senate their support of Radio Lib-.
erty. Radio Liberty is one of two private
American broadcast services which beams
short wave programs behind the iron curtain ?
and which are threatened with closure by the
withdrawal of government support.
Avraham Shifrim, who headed the delega-
tion, told Ambassador Barbour that Radio
Liberty which broadcasts exclusively to the
Soviet Union "brings a breath of freedom
into our lives." The other threatened service
is Radio Frec Europe...which broadcasts to
EiisTrtiroiGn Communist bloc countries.
The interview with Ambassador Barbour was
conducted in Russian with embassy first sec-
retary Walter Smith serving as interpretenk
Smith previously served in the US EmbassY
jr! Moscow. .
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RICHMOND, IND.
PAILADIUM ITEM AND.
SW MEGRAM
D. 30,000 SUN. 31,000
MAR 23 1972 gyia
These Broadcasts Needed
For almost 20 years Radio_Free Europe,.'
(RFE) and Radio Liberty (RL) have broadcast
'unmanaged news of the world to countries be-
hind the Iron Curtain. Radio Free Europe broad-
casts to five East European nations in native
languages and Radio Liberty broadcasts to Rus-
sia in 17 Soviet languages.
?. The operating budget for both broadcasting
r.stations is $36 million and is used to maintain
transmitters on Taiwan, in West Germany and
Spain and pays a staff of employes which in-
cludes 250 Soviet defectors.
The effects of these broadcasts have been al-
most unanimously approved and endorsed. But
? despite this fact RFE and RL will cease oper-
ations within the next few months due largely to
;the myopic tactics of one misguided American:
'Sen. J. William Fulbright.
Fulbright has called the radio stations "cold
war relics" and continues to maintain that they
endanger American relations with Communist
countries. As chairman of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee he has singlehandedly
blocked legislation which would allow appropria-
Ltions to continue beyond June 30.,
Fulbright's intransigence indicates that once
his mind is made up he has a fear of being con-
fused with the facts -- a malady which he has
suffered from, most painfully, ior a number of
years.
It was Fulbright, for example, who asked for
a special Library of Congress study to evaluate
RFE and RL.
When the study was completed Fulbright re-
fused to release the findings. Only recently after
intense pressure from all areas of the political
spectrum did he agree to release the study.
To Fulbright's everlasting embarrassment
the results of the study concluded that RFE and
RL were very good indeed and worth continuing.
But all this made no difference to Fulbright..
He still refuses to allow extended funding for the
stations.
Evidently there is nothing wrong with RFE
or RL except Fulbright's fear of the free flow of
:ideas between nations. Perhaps when the sta-
tions fall silenthe will be capable of realizing
".- precisely what his fear has done.
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MET, CALIF.
NEWS
DAILY 6,500
Wkit 23 1972 va.
a", ?
RllA,S
Senator Fulbright's Cold War Relics
A th th th f lif i th
? no er ree mon s o e s e
prognosis for Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty. Tlie?fOrmer broadcasts in native
? languages to five eastern European nations.
? The latter broadcasts to Russia in seventeen
Soviet languages. The broadcasts are
scheduled to die not because of their own
weakness, but because of the political
malaise of Senator William J. Fulbright. He
believes the stations are relics of the cold war
which should be discarded because tensions
have eased.
Until last year, there had been govern-
mental pretense that the stations were
? financed by private subscription, while in fact
' they were supported by the -Central
Intelligence Agency. Just why that deception
was considered necessary remains a
mystery. There has never been an
ac-
companying pretense that the CIA withheld
from other anti-Communist operations.
Despite that recognition of the CIA's role,
there is no evidence that the agency ever
? interfered with program content, nor has
there been any charge that the stations in-
dulged in propaganda for propaganda's sake.
? Former Polish Ambassador John Gronouski
praised the accuracy and detail' of Radio Free
' Europe's coverage of the 1968 Polish
; uprisings which were ignored by the Polish
press. Both Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty were factual in their coverage of
events such as the ouster of Khrushchev, the
Cuban missile crisis, and President Nixon's
visit to China.
To end the CIA tieup, President Nixon has
proposed that the stations be financed by
Congressional appropriations and run by an
, eleven member non-profit corporation in-
dependent of government control. Although
both House and Senate have passed differing ,
authorization bills, Senator Fulbright has
defeated any attempt to resolve the dif- ?
ferences by conference.
He maintains that the stations are no longer
justified because tensions have eased bet-
,., ween the United States and its ideological
antagonists. There is reason to suspect,
however, that at least part of that change
may be a result of the work of the stations.
They have made possible a flow of ideas to
peoples across borders that are closed to
other means of communication. There is
, merit to the theory that even a dictatorial
government must respond in some degree to
what its people know.
e. ? ?
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"
SANTA 'BARBARA, CALIF.
NEWS-PRESS
1), 38,000 EVENING ,
MAR 2 3 1972 Q.
? f.
East Bloc Depends:on News Flow,
The future . of Radio Liberty and alysts and virtually every West Euro-
Radio Free Europe, which beam news? pean newspaper, into lifelines of objee-
to the Soviet Union and East bloc na- ?tive reporting on political, economic !
is threatened by a congressional and cultural happenings of vital impor-
`f cutoff of funds.
tance to peoples behind the 4-on Cur-
, ,
r:.? Sen. Fulbright, chairman of the tam.
:-Foreign Relations Committee, consid- 'A noted Soviet refugee author, for
ers them "relies of the Cold War" and example, says the closing down of
proposes ,their shutdown. He is blocking ? these stations would fulfill the most ar-
t- .further financing beyond June 30 if dent wishes of the Russian intelligence
Congress does not override his wishes. network. The broadcasts, he says, are
According to major newspapers in depended upon for truthful reporting
West Europe and Great Britain, howev- that "give hope" to the people.
er, the stations are very much more The Guardian in England edi?
than the "relics" the senator deplores torialized recently that to silence the
'and constitute channels of vital public stations "would confirm and condone .
!.? information to Soviet bloc peoples. Bul- the suppression of free speech in Rus-
, garians, Romanians, Poles, Hungarians sia and the rest of the Soviet bloc. No
and Soviet citizens have come to trust. wonder the Soviet leaders are using
the broadcasts to deepen their under- such diplomatic levers as they have at
!, 'standing of world And home events. hand to bring this about..
Granted, the stations until recently. Congress, we believe, should con-
t were financed by the U.S. Central In- tinue its contributions to these sta-
, telligence Agency, a point that Sen. tions, pending a program of joint sup,
rFulbright is emphasizing. But they , port with other West European coun-
t',: hav9 gY.91v,ed,.a,CcoYclin..t9 Yelsteril..an7
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BROADCASTING
WASHINGTON, D. C.
W. 28,000
MAR 20 1972
ftlietads
One-man rule?
For the past several weeks we have reported the sad state of
affairs surrounditig continued underwriting of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, the U.S.-operated radio-broad-
cast services programing into the Eastern European nations
under Soviet domination and to the USSR itself.
Now a temporary accommodation has been reached to
continue these vital services for three months. Senator James
Fulbright (D-Ark.), who wields enormous power as
_chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, has stub-
bornly argued that these medium and shortwave broadcasts
are "relics" of the cold war. We disagree.
4 To discontinue these stations would silence truthful and
respected voices that are now penetrating the Iron Curtain
with authentic news of the outside world. They monitor the
Communist news media to cqunter the anti-American prop-
aganda, and do this in the native languages of the five East-
ern European satellite nations, reaching 31 million?more
than half of their population over 14?regularly. Radio
Liberty's native-tongue transmissions into the Soviet Union
likewise have been a thorn in the Soviet's side.
President Nixon, backed by a solid House majority and a
? seeming majority of the Senate, wanted financing through
June 30, 1973. The compromise forced by Senator Fulhright
leaves just one ray of hope?agreement to consider a bill
that would provide funds for the fiscal year beginning July I.
The administration bill carried an appropriation of about
$35 million for the two services, as a direct fund supplanting
imoney heretofore provided secretly through the Central In-
telligence Agency and some public contributions.
If Chairman Fulbright persists in his stand in defiance of
overwhelming congressional and administration views, it is
bound to stir more opposition to an archaic' system that
invests autocratic power in committee chairmen who achieve
exalted status through seniority alone. -
_
?
?
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WINSTON-SALEM, N. C.
JOURNAL
D. 7,8,000 '
MAR 1 5 1972 V'
Windows in the Wall
?;.pADIO Free Europe and Radio
-1-1-LibeRnie-fa11en out of favor in
recent months, and by June 30
Congress must decide once and for all ?
whether it Will go on supporting these
"cold war relics" or abandon millions
of people in East Europe and the
Soviet Union to a steady, unvaried diet
of state-approved radio fare.
Relations between the U.S. and the
Soviet bloc have certainly improved
since the period at the end. of World
War H when the stations were
established. The broadcasts are a
continuing source of irritation to the
Russians and could conceivably be an
embarrassment to President Nixon
when he visits Moscow.
Moreover, the stations have been
damaged by the discovery that they
are supported mostly by Central In-
telligence Agency money rather than
by voluntary contributions, as we have
been led to believe for so long. This _
association is a sour note in the minds
of some people at home and tends to
;. make more credible the long-standing
Soviet charges that the broadcasts are
used to foment insurrection in the
-.satellite nations.
But even as old tensions relax
between the governments of the West.
and the Soviet bloc, an estimated. 30 '
million people behind the Iron Curtain
continue to rely on these stations as
their sole source of uncensored news
and entertainment. The citizens of
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
Romania and Bulgaria are still kept
largely ? in the dark by the Soviet
masters of their regimes, and the very
fact that massive efforts a r e
? constantly made to jam the broadcasts
? (with little apparent success) is proof
that they are still important and:
necessary.
This nation is long on talk of "corn-
'if mitments" to other peoples; such a
commitment is at stake here. Until .1
? news and information are permitted .
:? to flow freely within the satellite na-
tions, we should continue to supply
them from outside. -
If the government is going to
? support these stations, it should do so
openly, through existing channels of
cultural and information exchange.
The connections to the CIA should be
severed. Current legislation to cut .
them should be considered seriously .
by the Congress.
' Most important, we must first ,
resolve not to wall up these cracks in '
the Iron Curtain, but to keep open.
?1. these tiny windows at which 30 million? :
,people gather, to listen for the truth..
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1
STATINTL
WA7STI I iiG TON Eon
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a Aric 19/c
?
Marquis Childs
roadeastin. g
And Westpolitik
ONE OF THOSE bones of
contention calculated to cre-
ate the utmost ill will is be-
fore the Congress with the
4.path to final decision sown
'With booby traps. The ques-
tion is whether Radio Free
'.--Europe is a vestige of the
.? Cold War that should be
cloSed out in light of the
new Nixon approach to the
, Soviet Union or whether it
Is an invaluable window to
, the West for the peoples of
the Soviet Union and East-
ern Europe fed solely on
? government.propaganda.
? It is an issue freighted
with all the fears and suspi-
' *dons of the past; the tra-
gedy of refugees who have
7 seen their homelands turn-
ed into prisons by Commun-
Ast walls. Passionate parti-
sans of RFE scoff at econo-
- mizing by cutting off the
million for the operation.
Their- villain is J. William
F,ulbright-(D-Ark.), chairman
of the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions; Committee, who sup-
ported a bill providing
, funds for RFE -only until the
June 30 end of the fiscal
year. After that date its fu-
? ture is uncertain, unless the
administration acts quickly
? to push a new status for a
further appropriation.
Fulbright points out that
the cutoff date was ini-
tiated by Sen. Clifford
Case of ' New Jersey, a
Republican member of the
Foreign Relations Commit-
tee. While Case is not enthu-
siastic about RFE, he would
not oppose continuing it if
some new framework could
be established.
? Here, in my opinion, is an,
example of the cost of fail-
ing to grapple with a \long-
outmoded condition and
simply letting drift take
over. The Central Intelli-
gence Agency provided the
money for RFE for many
years in ,a semi-secret fash-
ion: A facade that public
s
THE TIME had long
passed for the CIA to be in
the business of operating a
semi-clandestine propaganda
station based in Munich.
With the facts about the
CIA's involvement revealed,
the moment was at hand to
face up and ask Congress
for a direct appropriation.
The House Foreign Af-
fairs Committee initiated a
bill, later passed by the
House, setting up a semi-
governniental corporation to
operate the two stations for
a trial period of two years.
That proposal died in con-
ference- when the conferees
accepted the Case compro-
mise for a June 30 cutoff.
.What is the value of the
broadcasts that RFE beams
to the Soviet Union and the
satellite states? Here intan-
gibles galore enter in. The
passionate partisans insist
that the broadcasts keep
alive the hope of dissent.
The legislative reference
branch ? of the Congress
made a favorable report
which Senator Fulbright put
Into the Congressional Rec-
ord.
But doubters believe the
broadcasts are an irritant
that stiffens the resistance
of Communist governments
to any dissent and makes
the lives of the dissenters
even harsher than they
would ' otherwise be. When
Secretary of State William
P. Rogers was before the
committee, Fufbright repeat-
edly sought to draw him out
on whether RFE and Radio
Liberty were an impediment
to any Understanding with
the Soviet Union. Rogers
cited the series of agree-
ments currently in the
works, including the two-
year cultural agreement just
signed.
' THE CIA stopped funding
the stations July 1, 1971, and
the order from the top was
to have no further connec-
tion with their operation.
contribution supported
both RFE and Radio Liberty The CIA had done a study
a th
was theintil(ske pal/vitt Revi re
se Asilbaeliiceec IA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
t
in the White House dealing
solely with the cost of liqui-
dating the operation. This
would be considerable, since
RFE has 2.600 employees,
the majority refugees and
many advanced in years. .
Why shouldn't Germany
share a part of the cost of
the stations that broadcast
from German soil? Or
NATO?
There is a compromise
which might assuage the
partisan passions. That is for
Congress to vote funds for
an additional six months of
operation beyond June 30.
During that time a high-
level panel to be named by
the White House, perhaps
jointly with Congress, would
evaluate the- broadcasts.
Hopefully, the panel's re-
port .would take the whole
matter out of the shot and
shell of politics.
c 1972. Unite.d Feature Syndicate
WASHINGTON STAR
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AFK 1
The Herschensohn Flap
/ Bruce Herschensohn, the USIA offi-
41a1 who resigned Monday, probably was
wrong to describe some of Senator Ful-
bright's views as "very simplistic, very
naive and stupid," particularly when
Pr'ulbright's Senate Foreign Relations
Committee was about to consider the
Information agency's $200 million au-
thorization request for fiscal 1973. Mis-
ohlevous and wrong the senator fre-
quently is; but naive and stupid, seldom.
The flap, of course, came in connec-
tion with the showing by Senator Buck-
ley on 12 New York television stations of
a USIA film on Czechoslovakia, which
ends with Russian tanks rolling into that
unfortunate country in 1968. The film
? has won several awards and has been
well-received by audiences abroad.
There is, however, an implied ban in
the enabling act establishing USIA in
1948 'against the dissemination of the
agency's material in this country. There
is a certain logic in that, the logic being
that such films are propaganda and
should not be used to influence the
thinking of the people who have paid for
their production.
At least two exceptions have been
made, the most recent of which was
the 1965 release, specifically authorized
(over Republican objections) by act of
Congress, of the film "John F. Kennedy:
Years of Lightning, Day of Drums," an
uncritical analysis of the late President's
brief administration. The proceeds went
to the Kennedy Center.
Acting Attorney General Klein-
dienst's ruling that Buckley could use
the Czech film because USIA material is
open to congressmen "for examination"
was, to say the least, somewhat strained,
if only because the New York senator,
clearly is a political figure and was using
the film for a political purpose.
The fact remains, however, that
there should be some mechanism short
of a specific act of Congress to make it
possible for USIA films of merit to be
seen by domestic audiences. The Czech
movie apparently was such a film and
had its showing not been related to a
specific political figure there seems no
reason why it should not have been
shown. Clearly, there would be few such
worthy exceptions to the rule and a bi-
partisan review board could be set up to
Identify them and make recommenda-
tions.
As a result of this little imbroglio,
USIA has lost a talented albeit conserva-
tive executive, Herschensohn has lost a
$36,000-a-year job, Fulbright has lost his
never very frigid cool (he threatens to
attach an absolute ban on such showings
to USIA's authorization) and the infor-
mation agency may lose the money
needed to fund two worthwhile insti-
tutions already under fire from Ful-
bright, Radio Liberty and Radio Free
Europe.
In our view, which we hope is neither
simplistic, naive nor stupid, this was a
hassle nobody needed. Steps should be
taken to clarify the issue and to make it
possible, from time to time, for the
American people to see USIA films of
merit under conditions which would not
provide partisan 'advantage to any polit-
cal, party or personality.
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, STAT1NTL
April A!3191.Med For ReleM3RN9Mili
V----"IMPACT OF RADIO LIBERTY ON
RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Mr. McGEE, Mr, President, the Wash-
ington Post of Sunday, April 9, 1972,
contains an interesting analysis of
Radio Liberty and its impact on Russian
society. The article was written by Susan
Jacoby, a former reporter for the Post,
who returned to this country in 1971
after a 2-year stay in the Soviet Union.
The important aspect of the column is
that the author is presenting a perspec-
tive of Radio Liberty based upon her per-
sonal experiences in Russia and the value
the broadcasts of this station have for
the people of that country.
I believe it worthwhile to read this
excellent presentation of Radio Liberty
because it comes from all individual who
was in a position to rationally and real-
istically analyze the impact of the sta-
tion on Soviet society?a person whose
observations are not tied to personal
prejudices.
? I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticle be printed in the REcoRa.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington Post, Apr. 9, 19721
RADIO LTDERTY AND THE RUSSIANS
(By Susan Jacoby)
On a snowy day during the winter of 1971,
an unidentified young man 'from a small vil-
lage arrived at the Moscow apartment of An-
drei Amalrik, author of "Will the Soviet
Union Survive Until 1984?" and "Involuntary
Journey to Siberia." The young mass had
heard on the radio that Amalrik had beets
sentenced to three years in a labor camp, and
he wanted to do something to help.
Because Amalrik canted comments from
readers, his home address had, been broadcast
several Months earlier when his books were
read over Radio Liberty. The young man
knocked on the door and presented a sticky
honeycomb to Amalrlk's wife, Gyusel. lie told
her she must take it to her husband in camp,
since honey would help a prisoner keep up
his strength. Then he disappeared, leaving no
name or address.
The young stranger is one of the many Rus-
sians who listen to Radio Liberty. (It is ins-
possible to determine how many listen, al-
though millions of short-wave sets can re-
ceive the broadcasts despite intensive jam-
ming.) What these Russians hear and how
they react are questions that Sen. J. William
Fulbright (D-Ark.) has never answered in
his fight to close down both Radio Liberty
and Radio Free Europe as 'Cold War relics."
Nor ? have Supporters of the two stations
shown much awareness of what the broad-
casts really mean to people in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe.
Radio Liberty means different things to
? different Russian listeners, depending on
their interests and political orientation. Alex-
andria I. Solzhenitsyn, Russia's greatest liv-
ing writer, said recently, "If we ever hear
anything about events in this country, Ws
through them." Solzhenitsyn, who made the
statement In an interview with Moscow Cor-
respondents of The Washington Post and
The New York Times, had just heard a Radio
Liberty report of an attack on him by Yaro-
slay V. Smelyakov, an official of the writers
union which expelled the Nobel Prize-win-
ning novelist in 1969.
- The Smelyakov letter was an indirect offi-
cial response to a sad and stinging lament
Solzhenitsyn had, written in memory of his
friend and former editor, Alexander Tvardov-
sky. It was published in the West and broad-
cast back to the Soviet Union by Radio
Liberty. The exchange, a minor literary quar-
rel from the vantage point of an American
audience, is highly significant to Russians
who care about literature?and most of the
people who listen to foreign radio stations
care a great deal. Smelyakov implied that
Solzhenitsyn, as a writer proscribed by the
authorities, had no right to eulogize Tvardov-
sky, who received many official honors during
his lifetime. The attack neglected to men-
tion that Tvardovsky was forced out of his
job as editor of the magazine Novy Mir pri-
marily because ho championed Solzhenitsyn
.so steadfastly.
LETTER FRONI A LISTENER
To many Soviet listeners, Radio Liberty is
simply a source of outside information with
which they may or may not agree. One man
wrote Radio Liberty a letter vigorously dis-
puting the station's assertions that collective
farm workers have a low standard of living
in the Soviet Union.
- "My brother works on a ko/k.hos as a ma-
chine operator," explained the letter, which
was addressed in a chatty tone to a female
broadcaster. "He receives 120 rubles, his wife
80 rubles and his mother a pension of 30
rubles. Ile personally owns a, large garden,
two cows, two piglets, sense birds, chickens,
ducka, geese and 15 bee-hives." (One ruble
equals approximately 91.11 at the official
exchange rate.)
While Radio Liberty seldom receives let-
ters praising Soviet life, its audience does not
consist entirely of people who are deeply dis-
satisfied with their country. A professor of
French literature at a Moscow university once
told me, "I don't always agree with these
broadcasts, but I do believe it's important
to hear other views of the world and of life.
I think it is sod that we don't have these
different views in our own newspapers, be-
cause I believe this kind of discussion would
strengthen rather than hurt our society."
Radio 'Liberty attempts to provide a wide
variety of news about the Soviet Union and
the outside world that IS not available in
the Soviet. press. However, broadcasts of clan-
destinely published Sami72dat literature anger
the authorities more than news broadcasts.
Lengthy novels arc read in half-hour install-
ments over a period of several weeks: The
radio thus enables a widespread audience to
hear literary works it cannot read because
of Soviet censorship.
All of the best RITSSiRll novels and non-
fiction works of the 19603 have been read or
discussed extensively on Radio Liberty. They
include all of the Solzhenitsyn novels banned
by Soviet authorities since 1964: "Cancer
Ward," "The First Circle" and "August 1914."
Other major works read over the air have
included Nadezhda Mandelstam's "Hope
Against Hope," which describes her life with
the poet Osip Mandelstam until his death
in a prison camp in 1938; Vastly Cirossman's
"Forever Flowing," which deals with the feel-
ings of a camp supervisor who returns to the
outside world; both Amalrik books, and the
uncensored version of Anatoly Reuznetsov's
"Babi 'Var."
"Babi "far" was originally published by the
Soviets in censored form in 1966, The uncen-
sored version became available only after
Kuznetsov defected in London in 1369. Rus-
sians who listened to the broadcasts of "i3abi
Yar" say they were particularly dramatic be-
cause the originally published portions were
read in a flat announcer's voice and the parts
cut by the censor were read by Kuznetsov
himself. The censored paragraphs, which
snake up at least a third of the present book,
dealt with subjects ranging from Ukrainian
collaboration with Nazi occupiers during
World War II to continuing anti-Semitism
in the Soviet Union.
ARGTIME.NTS WI-I'll TI-SE PRESS
Radio Liberty also broadcasts many Semis-
dot works by Ukrainian writers in the Ukrain-
ian language. They are not as well known
in the West as Russian Samizdat writers hut
are even more important to the 49 million
Ukrainians who make up the second largest
ethnic group (after Russians) in the SoViet
Union.
The station broadcasts 24 hours a clay in
Russian and intermittently in 18 other Ian- .
guages spoken by different nationality groups
within the Soviet Union, Radio Free Europe
broadcasts to Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hun-
gary, Poland and Rumania. Radio Liberty
now has a yearly budget of $12 million and.
920 employees; Radio Free Europe has a $21
million budget and approximately 1,600 em-
ployees.
Radio Free Europe is better known in the
United States than Radio Liberty because It
still commands political loyalty and some fi-
nancial support Irons Americans of East Eu-
ropean ethnic origins. The two stations have
completely separate business and editorial
operations, through their funding is a single
Issue in Congress. Differences between their
programming are substantial, and they re- .
fleet different political conditions in the So-
viet Union and Eastern EuroPe,
Radio Free Europe tends to engage in run-
ning arguments with the official press in
countries like Hungary and Poland, and the
official newspapers often answer the broad-
casts. Such dialogue is possible because the
press in Eastern Europe is censored with a
much lighter hand than the Soviet press.
Russian newspapers and radio stations
sometimes attack Radio Liberty, but they do
not mention specific broadcasts: Any dis-
cussion of specifics would help spread news
the Soviets want to keep quiet,
Radio Liberty devotes about a third of its
coverage to international affairs and two-
thirds to Soviet domestic issues. There is
some overlap in international coverage, since
the station often broadcasts Western wire
service accounts or its own analyses of events
that have beets reported by official Soviet
papers or the news agency MSS.
A DAY TN MARCII
_ On March 1, an ordinary news day, both
Radio Liberty and Pravda covered the arrival
of Sheikh Mullin's' Rahman in l'.1escow to
seek ald for the new stale of Bangladesh. An-
other event reported by both sources was
the killing of two Ulster defense regiment
soldiers in Belfast. Radio Liberty generally
devotes only brief commentary to news stories
that are non-controversial enough in the
Soviet Union to be reported in straightfor-
%yard fashion by the official press.
On the same day, Pravda ran a Tess story '
Irons Washington reporting President NiY.011:5
return from Peking; it was based mainly on
American press commentaries. Radio Liber-
ty aired a nine-minute world press review of
the Nixon trip, giving more prominence to
Western European press reactions. Another
world press roundup dealt with new .devel-
opments in the Middle East: Radio Liberty
generally attempts to offset the Soviet posi-
tion 'that Israel is the only aggressor.
News items reported by Radio Liberty that ? ?
were not covered in the March 1 Pravda in-
cluded:
Announcement of new exchange of scien-
tist-lecturers between the Soviet Union and
the United States.
Reaction by black Rhodesians to the pro-
posed agreement between Great Britain and
Rhodesia.
Introduction of food rationing in Chile.--
Authorization of Soviet border guards to
detain people in border regions for up to 10
days without giving official cause. The move
ViRs seen as an effort to stop border traffic
in Soviet Central Asia, where the frontier is
less closely guarded than the Soviet Union's
western borders.
The showing of a Romanian film In Bu-
charest about life during the Stalin-era.
A scheduled meeting between British Prime
Minister Edward Heath and French President
Georges POTIlpid011,
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
.1.4????????????????
IVAS1-1:11:-aTON POST
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 :
Asrz
80-0
tO"'People in the Soviet Union an
Eastern Europe.
Radio Liberta means different things
toe different Russian listeners, depend-
ing On their interests and political
orientation. Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn,
Russia's greatest living writer, said
recently, "H we ever hear anything
about . events in this country, it's
through them." Solzhenitsyn, who made
. the- statement in an interview with
' Moscow correspondents of The Washing-
ton Post and The New York Times, had
just heard a Radio Liberty report of
0 . an attack on him by Yaroslav V. Smel-
v., an 71 a.-71 cvn 6-11, -ri/T, yakov, an official of the writers union
which expelled the Nobel Prize-win-
ning novelist in 1909.
The Smelyakov letter was an indirect
. official response to a sad and stinging
lament Solzhenitsyn had written in
memory of his friend and former edi-
tor, Alexander Tvardovsky. It was pub-
lished in the West and broadcast back
to the Soviet Union by Radio Liberty.
The exchange, a minor literary quar-
rel from the vantage point of an Ameri-
can audience, is highly significant to
Russians who care about literature ?
and most of the people who listen to
foreign radio stations care a great deal.
Smelyakov implied that Solzhenitsyn,
as 'a writer proscribed by the authori-
ties, had no right to eulogize Tvardov-
flev, who received many official honors
duting his lifetime, The attack neg-
lected to mention that -Tvardovsky was
forced out of his job as editor of the
magazine Novy Mir primaeily because
he 'championed- Solzhenitsyn so stead-
fastly.
?
LOW Front -a Listener -
rO MANY SOVIET- listeners, Raffle
Liberia' is simply a source of out-
ride infermation with which they .may
or may not agree. One man wrote Ra-
dio 'Liberty a letter vigorously dis-
puting the station's assertions that
collective- farm workers have a low
standard of living in the Soviet Union;
"My brother works on a kolishoz as
a machine operator," explained the
letter, which was addressed in a chatty
tone to a female. broadcaster. "He re-
ceives 120 .rubles, his wife 80 rubles
and his mother a Pension of 30 -rubles.
He personally owns a large garden,
two cows, two piglets, some .birds, chick-
ens, ducks, geese and 15 bee-hives."
(One ruble equals approximately $1.11
at the official exchange rate.)
While Radio Liberty seldom receives
letters praising Soviet life, its audi-
ence does not consist entirely of peo-
ple who are deeply dissatisfied with
App roatediE OA Re leaseaMinn vp
iotite,r qtteloqivetwi#10
of the two stations shown much aware- ? lo c r
eaa I a
told me, -"I don't a always eagaree with
By Susan Jacoby
?The writer, a former reporter for
:The Washington Post, returned in 1971
? from a two-year stay in the Soviet
Union. She is also. the author of the
? forthcoming book, "Moscow conversa-
tions: Friendship and Fear."
(IN A SNOWY DAY during the win-
ter.)- of 1971, an unidentified young
, man from a small village araivcd at
the Moscow apartment of Andrei Amal-
? rik, author of "Will the Soviet Union
Survive Until 1984?" and "Involuntary
Journey to Siberia." The young man
had heard on the radio that Amalrik
had been sentenced, to three years in
a labor camp, and he wanted to do some-
thing to help. ?
'Because Anialrik wanted comments
from readers, his home address had
been broadcast several months earlier
When his books were read over Radio
Liberty. The young man knocked on
the door and presented a sticky honey-
comb to Amalrik's wife, Gyusel. He
told her she must take it to her husband
in camp, since honey would help a
prisoner keep up his strength. Then he
-disappeared, leaving no name or ad-
dress.
The young stranger is one - of the
many Russians who listen to .Radio
Liberty. (It- is impossible to deterinine
how amany listen, although millions of
abort-wave sets can receive the broad-
casts despite intensive jamming.) What
' these Russians hear and how they re-
act are questions that Sen. J. William
Fulbright (D-Ark.) has never answered
in his fight to close down both Radio
'Liberty and Radio Free Europe as
neep of what the broadcasts really mean
these broadcasts, but I do believe -it'
Important to hear other views of th
world and of life. I think it is sai
that we don't have these differen
views in our own newspapers, beeaus
I believe this kind of discussion woul
strengthen rather than hurt our sc
cletYaCil
Rio Liberty attempts to provid
a wide variety of news about the Si
viet Union and the outside world thn.
is not available in the .Soviet pees.
However, broadcasts of clandestine]
published Samizdat literature zing(
the authorities more than news broac
casts. Lengthy novels are read in hal
hour installments over a period c
several weeks: The radio thus enable
a widespread audience to hear literar
works it cannot read, because of Sc
viet censorship.
All of the best Russian novels an
non-fiction works of the 1960s hay
been read or discussed extensively o
Radio Liberty. They include all of th
Solzhenitsyn novels banned by Sovic
authorities since 1901: "Cancer Wmal,
"The First Circle" and "August 1914.
Other major works read over the al
have included Nadeahda alandelstant
"Hope Against Hope," which deaf:1-.03e
her life with the poet Oaip Mandelst
until his death in a prison crew i
1933; Vasily Grossioanas "Foreve
Flowing," which deals with the far
ings of a camp supervisor who return
to the outside world; both Aratini
books, and the uncensored version n
Anatoly Kuznetsov's "Bahl Yar."
"Babi Yar" was originally publiehe?
by the Soviets in censored form i
190. The uncensored version beeern
available only after lauznetaov deace-
ed in London in 1909. laussians wh
listened to the broadcasts of "Bal
Yar" say they were pardeularly
matie because the originally publadie
portions were read in a fad announcer
voice and the parts cut by the cense
were read by lauznetsov himself. Th
censored paragraphs, which make u
at least a third of the present bool
dealt with subject; ranging fro)
Ukranian collaboration with Nazi ca
cupiers during Woraa War II to col
tinning anti-Semitisna in the Sova.
Union.
Arguments With the Press
ADIO LIBERTY also broadcast
many Se in isdat works b
Ukrainian writers in the Ukrainia
language. They are not as well know
in the West as Russian Samini ii
writers but are even more importar
to the 49 million Ukrainians who mak
omileoeibort largest ethnic grou
IRWIN EVENTS
Approved For Release 2001/d330:ak-FUFAM01601
AIM
Why Radio Free Europe
Must Not Be Silenced
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the two-
American stations which broadcast uncensored news
and views to more than 350 million people behind
the Iron Curtain, are in danger of drowning beneath
a new wave of unilateral concessions to the Soviet
Union.
Last week's 654o-6 Senate vote providing funds
for the stations through June 30 was only temporary
relief. Whether they will obtain enough funds to op-
erate much beyond this date is still problematical. -
The threat to the existence of RFE and RL?
looked to by people under Communist rule as their
only "tree press"?emanates from three sources:
? Sen. J. William Fulbright (D.-Ark.), the power-
ful chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, who has relentlessly campaigned to close
the stations down because he believes they block bet-
ter relations with Moscow. ? ? ?
? President Richard M. Nixon, who had been
standing firmly for the stations, but now appears
to be wavering as his journey to Moscow draws
nearer and his desire for accommodation with the
Russians grows more intense.
? West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, who is
anxious lest the forthright broadcasts of the M unich-
based stations offend the Kremlin to the point where
his own drive for d?nte with the Soviets will be
detoured. ? -
Aware of President Nixon's capacity for
stir-
pvse ntoNes (and concession...), proponents of the
two stations will not breathe easils Until all the
results from the Nixon Moscow mission are in.
However,. far more worrisome to them is Willy
Brandt, whose government holds license renewal
power over the stations, which must apply for new
licenses in April. Already in a somewhat euphoric
state over his Cistpolitik. Brandt is under tremendous
pressure both from the East European and Russian
Communist leaders and from the far-left wing of his
own Social Democratic party to refuse new licenses.
In a recent development, eight far-left Social Dem-
ocrat parliamentary deputies sent a telegram to Pres-
ident Nixon, calling RFE and RL "a stumbling
block" and urging that they be closed down.
Brandt's chief spokesman, Conrad Ahlers, followed
the telegram by noting in a low-key way that his
government recognizes the stations' "significance"
but weal) ligtaVACItlFechrtRiThitOrnel)2a0v1A3104
East.
This has caused an uproar throughout West Ger-
many, where the public is growing increasingly un-
easy over Brandt's wooing of the Kremlin. "The
readiness of some Social Democrats to demonstrate
Bonn's good will to the Soviet Union and the East
European regimes obviously knows no limits," re-
marked the conservative Munich daily, Muenchner
Merkur, calling moves against the radio stations
"a characterless, pitiful policy of favoritism toward
the Kremlin." ?
?
But the potential inclination of the President and
the wavering of the present Bonn government only
serve to reinforce the most formidable opposition to
the stations: Sen. Fulbright.
He has been battling the stations ever since the
1970 revelation that they were funded mainly by the-
CIA (hardly a startling revelation to those who had
long seen the radios as unique instruments of Ameri-
can policy whose combined budget of $36 million a
year had not come from just public contributions).
Rebuffing Fulbright, journalists, scholars and
diplomats loudly hailed the stations for their ob-
jective reporting, informed commentary. indepen-
dence and candor. The stations were further praised
for helping preserve the cultural heritage of peoples
behind the Iron Curtain, who have endured a pro-
nounced and vigorous "R ussifica Lion" over the
years.
More importantly, RFE and RL have provided
the best insurance that the common man in the Com-
munist domain does not look upon the West as a
gang of capitalist Neanderthals bent only upon club-
bing him to death. That, in the long run, is the only
real assurance of possible d?nte.
However, none of this has deterred Fulbright
from his well-publicized death wish for two insti-
tutions he calls "relics of the Cold War." During the
past year he tried to financially strangle the radio
stations by delaying even non-CIA funding. Then
he made a clumsy attempt to withhold from his col-
leagues highly laudatory Library of Congress studies
of the two stations, an exercise in petulance that
earned him a sound thumping from the Washington
press corps.
Fulbright's efforts to torpedo the stations
reached its most ludicrous stage when he con-
vened Foreign Relations Committee hearings on
the matter. So absolute was the concert of expert
opinion for the stations that the Arkansas sen-
ator could find no witnesses of any stature azainst
: QiAnRDP80-01601 R0011000700101-5
rt'ttat
2
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He summoned an unknown but seit-prociaamen
"student and practitioner of international broad-
casting" from Fresno. Calif., to criticize the stations
but this testimony Was greeted with bemused in-
difference. Always. demanding full disclosures and
unshrouded facts from those who appear before
him. Fulbright elicited a wave of snorts and guffaws
with his next effort at testimony:
To counter the persuasive' pro-RFE-RL testimony
of men like Yale political scientist Frederick C.
Barghoorn and MIT political scientist William E.
Griffith, the senator later produced a letter on the
Senate floor which he said was written to him from
a retired lower-echelon State Department officer
who, he claimed, could not be identified.
.*It Seems clear to me where there is no RFE or
Radio Liberty now in existence," wrote Fulbright's
mystery 'supporter, "that nobody would suggest that?
this would be the time to establish such a station."
Upon finishing reading this letter, Fulbright in-
toned gravely, "This is a very perceptive observa-
tion," ? _ _
The senator, hoWever, had not commented on what
seemed the infinitely more perceptive observation
of another retired State Department office' who did
choose to be identified. Foy D. Kohler, former U.S.
ambassador to the Soviet Union, wrote Fulbright:
"I strongly support Western radio broadcasts into
the Soviet bloc, and consider the services of RL
and RFE to be especially important.... i also be-
lieve that continuation of these two broadcasting ser-
vices is fully compatible with the long-range stability
of our relations with that area.......
The penultimate result of all Fulbright's maneu-
vering was the recent vote on a compromise measure
to keep the radio stations going. Although many
saw the 65-to-6 vote as a victory for the stations.
it merely set the stage for the real battle later this
spring when Congress must decide on a permanent
method of funding.
? Fulbright would like to see the stations
dead. Most proponents would like to have RFE
and RL operate out of an autonomous government-
funded foundation, similar to the one under which
the British Broadcasting Corp. operates.
Those who stood with Fulbright in the recent vote
constitute a predictable handful of senators whose
sanguinity regarding Moscow seems to lead them
into, as the British newsweekly The Economist puts
it. "doing the Communist governments' work for
them." Voting with Fulbright were: Alien J. Ellender
(D.-La.), Harold E. Hughes (D.-Iowa), Mike Mans-
field (D.-Mont.), William Proxmire (D.-Wis.) and
Stuart Syniington (D.-Mo.). ?
"The stand of _Fulbright and his little band has
of course not been lost on Moscow. Pravda and
Radio Moscow are duly commending him." says The
Economist. The Eastern European correspondents
of seyeraAin rj.mo?- Cr Fele Ora g 6(1 00 IYO'S /04 nA
on WabjeJS.tlIC rej2Wling_Cloilthe two sta-
Q-K?MithiRUall-M-0709 a5
has gone out to Communist bloc embassies in Wash-
. .
bit of information helpful to him in his fight against
"the capitalist pirates of the airwaves."
The citizens of Eastern Europe take a different and
somewhat dimmer view .of the affair, having heard
of Fulbright's opposition over RFE and RL (which
have given the senator's side equal time). He is now
referred to behind the Iron Curtain as the "Arkansas
Fellow-Traveler," or "Fulbrightov," or "Senator
Fulbrightovich."
And in a withering telegram from London, Oleg
Lenchevsky. a Soviet scientist and party member
who defected in 1962, suggests a "cure" for Ful-
bright and his followers:
"[Letj them live the very midst of my hapless
fellow countrymen totally deprived of any sort of
truthful information, vegetating on a rickety diet
of chronic lies from Radio Moscow and Pravda."
Heinz Barth, Washington correspondent for Ham-
burg's influential daily, Die Welt, observed dryly
in an article widely quoted in Europe: "If thank-
fulness were a characteristic of the Soviets, they
would put up a statue to the senator in Red Square."
Moscow's delight with any progress Fulbright
makes is indicative of the effectiveness of the sta-
tions. The Soviet youth newspaper Kontsomolskaya
Pravda noted ruefully last year that Soviet propa-
gandists "should draw serious lessons from the work"
of RL.
Because their large audience (estimates range
from 30 to 70 million) treats them as a trusted
home senice, speaking to them in their own lan-
guage and even dialects, RFE and RL arsjaak.._-
fished as a part of the daily life behind the Iron
Curtain.
It must not be forgotten that they are equally im-
portant to the West for several reasons.
First, they inform the Communist public about
news in both East and West. In doing so they force
the Communist governments to confront issues they
would otherwise prefer to hide from the public. Much
of the world pressure against Moscow on the issue of
Soviet Jewry has come about because Radio Liberty
has continued to broadcast news of trials and per-
secutions and petitions for succor.
Second, and this is closely connected with the
first, the stations have become a kind of sounding
board or clearing house or priceless information
on what's going on behind the Curtain. This infor-
mation has often. served to delineate the reality of
the "workers' paradises" for people in both East
and West.
For example, it was RFE which broke the news
of the December 1970 price riots in Poland which
eventually toppled the Gomulka government. Polish
state radio was keeping a tight lid on news of the
bloody rioting in the streets of Gdansk until RFE
began broadcasting news bulletins which alerted the
Western news media.
use therrMr-S0191 roor4eliRge e 3ogi/ovo r o
ispaipglp-e
m . enry laV sloVo n
0 1 t'lh Oe Ob 7c Om0a ;e5t
Direcki, director of the Cultural Exchange Depart-
.
for as high as $140.
ment of the Polish Foreign Ministry for eight
years before his defection in 1968, reports:
"RFE news and commentaries are topics of daily
discussions at all levels, including members of the
Central Committee.. .and the governmental of-
ficers."
In Prague each morning, members of the Presid-
ium, top government officials. and newspaper editors
receive a thick bulletin marked "Secret" printed
on red and blue paper containing digests of the latest
RFE broadcasts.
By simply telling the truth, by simply broadcast-
ing facts, the stations provide a constant embar-
rassment to the Communist governments. The Li;
brary of Congress report on RFE transmits the cha-
grined reaction of a minor Polish Communist of-
ficial Stanislow Mialkowski:
"...Members are influenced by the hostile pro-
grams of 'Free Europe.' We activists are [therefore]
not always able to adopt the right attitude to some
matters. For instance, we only learned about the
regulations of wages and prices very late, while peo-
ple in the street talked about it several days before."
Writing from the Ukraine, a listener to RL thanked
the station for its floW of information and castigated
his own government for its "cowardly silence and
wish to hide a pig in a poke from their very own
people." In an apologetic manner the Ukrainian
listener continued:
? "I only regret that I am a Russian and still live
in this wretched Russia and have to write in shame-
ful block letters like an illiterate at a time of free-
dom of the press and speech" (presumably he Was
referring to efforts to disguise his handwriting). In
an eloquent denunciation of Moscow's stranglehold
on freedom of information the writer noted:
"...To our shame and regret we have to learn
the truth not from the voice of the public, but from
abroad. And all this serves only to undermine more
and more [Moscow's] authority.... Let me express
over and over to you my acknowledgement that you
have been able to open my eyes and broaden my
horizon."
Particularly embarrassing and infuriating to the
Russians is the fact that RFE and particularly
RL have become the rallying point and "bulletin
board" for the extensive dissident movement in the
'Soviet Union. The movement encompasses a wide
spectrum of Soviet life but is particularly concen-
trated among the intellectuals.
The chief manifestation of this movement has been
the much-heralded samizdat, or self-published
writings of protest which, though banned by the
Kremlin, are quoted widely by listeners of RL.
Writings by men like Marchenko, Pasternak, Sen. Fulbright remains unmoved by any testimony
Solzhenitzyn and Platinov are familiar staples on the of this sort. As Die Welt correspondent Barth says,
RL airwaves. The Russian people eagerly (and il- "One does rut, LIAa.L.,
?
legally) tapAtindvedc et
lksrtRgaisiEfriteel. O3 eQL
fiVi glitgli#CsilMi
areas where heavy 'jamming precludes reception. munist countries."
In addition to these more prominent works of pro-
test, RL broadcasts the appeals of religious and eth-
nic groups seeking freedom of worship or simply
freedom from government harassment. These broad-
casts often force the government to confront the is-
sue, however obliquely, to answer public opinion.
Public opinion was a phenomenon the Kremlin had
hoped it could do without. But that was before RL.
RFE and RL broadcasts have ignited the desire
of untold thousands of people to leave the East bloc
and come to the West, bringing skills and valuable
information with them. Nuclear scientists, literary
figures, artists, a wide intellectual spectrum, have
"testified with their feet" to the awakening provided
by these two radio stations.
A poignant example of this was provided by Dr.
Alexey Vasilovich Levin, a former nuclear physicist
whodefected from the USSR in 1968. Testifying before
the Flouse Foreign Affairs Committee, he said that
were it not for Radio Liberty he might well have
been "sitting in a Soviet tank in Czechoslovakia,
or being expelled from the Sudan as a Soviet ad-
viser implicated in an attempted Communist take-
over or fulfilling some other imperialist role."
Dr. Levin praised the "information which seeps
into the Soviet. Union from abroad. It was only be-
cause of that uncensored information that I stopped
to think about the reality of Soviet life around me."
Explaining the effect of RL broadcasts on himself
and fellow intellectuals, Levin said, "It was like
circles on the water. One listener was like a stone in
the water, in my case because the opinions and in-
Sen. Fulbright wants to curtail the anti-Communist
radio broadcasts in the belief that they harm U.S.-
USSR relations.
formation of Radio Liberty so stirred me inwardly
that I got excited about it?this opinion, this infor-
mation that I could never receive from the Soviet
media. So, I had an impulse to share my opinion,
my analysis of this information with my fellow stu-
dents, or with the young scientists with ?whom I
worked."
. s
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
The Arkansas senator maintains firmly, that the do well to recall the friendly crowds that greeted
stations' alleged policy "to stir up trouble in Eastern him on his trip to Poland in 1959 and his trip to
Europe and Russia is contrary to the President's Rumania in 1971. Expert observers agree that it was
own policy." Yet President Nixon himself, in a letter the announcements of these trips over Radio Free
to REE last December said: Europe that caused the big turn-out.
"The free flow of information and ideas among
nations is indispensable to more normal relations
as between East and West and to better prospects
for an enduring peace."
The Belgian Socialist newspaper le Peuple has
commented:
The disappearance of RFE would permit the
Communist parties perceptibly to improve their con-
trol of the population, and by this increase their
level of security. Viewed in this manner the closure
of RFE would certainly contribute to detente;but can
one really plead for a detente which n. ,nifestly goes
against the interests of the inhabitants of Eastern
Europe?"
Interestingly enough. it is the intellectual com-
munity, the "thinking elite behind the Iron Curtain,
which appears to be most strongly for the stations.
Many bubbling Galbraithians believe those intellec-
tuals hold the key to change in the Soviet Union and
the East Bloc. But they often fail to realize that much
of the . hope and inspiration for these intellectuals
has been provided by the two radio stations.
"I well remember," says Soviet emigre Natalia
Belinkev, wife of the late well-known Soviet literary
critic Arkady Belinkev, "the efforts made by my
friends to hear, despite difficulty,. the unfettered word
filtering through jamming.
**My invalid husband would spend hours sitting
tensely before the radio, operating the volume and
tuning controls with both hands. We saved our
money, and even went without necessities, in
order to buy the most sensitive receiver.... The
ending or altering in character of Radio Liberty
broadcasts would be a major catastrophe for the So-
viet opposition."
Russian author. A. Anatoli Kuznetsov, winner of
the Stalin Prize, joined eight other exiled scholars
and writers to report:
"When we listened to Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty their programs were for us a sub-
stitute for a free press non-existent in our coun-
tries.... To speak the language of a free press
and not of the government propaganda...makes
[RFE and RLI so attractive to their audiences.
To deprive them of that life-line would be indeed
a crime against liberty."
It may be difficult for Sen. Fulbright, who recently
characterized the concentration camp-cum-secret po-
lice regime of Joseph Stalin as "rather unreason-
able," to comprehend the idea of a crime against
liberty. He is still opposed to the stations and seems
satisfied to leave the people behind the Iron Curtain
in darkness.
Lest RiqvitispedrporRefleageonoimio4 : C IA-RDP80-01601 R001100070001 -5
Kremlin this ay, begin to think likewise, he would
WitSiiIiiCTON DAIL? NI"4.3
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!) APR 1972 STATINTL
( West German governments- nay chip
tree s
By NICHOLAS DANILOFF
, By United Press Iniernotional
The time: The early 1960s. The place:
Prague. The occasion: A state visit to Czecho-
slovakia by Soviet Premier Nikita S. 'thrush-
chev.
De terminated?
area where information was severely rationed, cast doubt on the sincerity of the United State
From the communist point of view, the radios in achieving an East-West entente.
were and are an irritant; they were clearly
subversive and undermined communist author- If the .radios do perforin a useful functioi
from the U.S. point of view, Sen. Fulbrigh
ity; they constituted interference in the inter-
nal affairs of the communist countries; suggests that their job be performed by 01
Voice of America. ,
: The rotund Soviet premier descends from his JUNE 30 DEADLINE
A number of specialists disagree, saying thi,
jetliner on arrival from Moscow and lines up .... .
. with Czech dignitaries to review an honorThese points of view stem from a fundamen-
would lay the United States open to the charga
guard. : . . tal ideological difference in communist and of interfering in the internal affairs of tip
Suddenly he notices one of his shoe laces is western attitudes, but now the matter of the countries of Eastern Europe. While RFE an
.
untied. He stoops to tie it, operations has blossomed into a troublesome Radio Liberty are regarded as semi-independ
dispute between Congress and the Administra- ent, Voice of America is directly government
Rrrrrrip!
tion. The dispute promises to be of continuing operated.
His trousers have split down the back. difficulty for top Administration officials. Sen. Fulbright's dissent has not killed tIT
i In an instant an aide appears at 'thrush-
President Nixon signed a bill on March 30 to radios. But it has forced the Administration t(
chev's side with a freshly pressed pair of trou-
continue financing the two radio stations until take a serious new look at RFE and Radii
-sers over his arm.
June 30. They are being funded at $32 million Liberty, how they perform and what thei
"But how did you know so quickly that my a year, down from $36 million. The President value is,
pants had split?" Krushchey inquires. ' had to fight to get the bill out of Congress. On PROOF OF VALUE
? "Oh, I heard it on Radio Free Europe," the March 11, in a special White House statement,
aide replies. . he said it would be a tragedy if the radios fist officials which acknowledge the radio
No one pretends that really happened, but were forced to close.down. provide useful information, particularly 1
the story got wide circulation ? and laughs ? The President was primarily countering the Eastern Europe.
in Eastern .European countries among RFE tough opposition of Sen. J. William Fulbright, Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn, the dissident, Nc
listeners who depended on it for uncensored D-Ark., who questions the value of the radios' bel Prize-winning Russian author, declared
J news. continued existence. Ha would have them elim-
\I a recent outburst against the Soviet govern
This was the kind of news that RFE and its mated ? or at least financed at a far smaller
,
ment that Radio Liberty was one of the tm-
sister outlet, Radio Liberty, were created in level by the United States, sources of true information in his country.
1949 to broadcast to the Soviet Union and other "I didn't intend for this to become a cause
communist countrie behind the Iron Curtain. celebre," Sen. Fulbright said in an interview. The State Department is now studying TIUS
best to finance the radio stations in the future
RESTRAINED NOW "I'm primarily for cutting costs. Why, we in
Arkansas have difficulty in getting $5 million At?congressional hearings last May and Sc
T w e n t y -t h r e e years later, times havefor sewer and water projects." tetnber, it was suggested that a public-privat
changed. The radio's broadcasts, in the opin- corporation be created to keep the radios go
The senator, who for weeks created a parlia-
ion of diplomats and experts, have become ing. .
more restrained. But the prospects for 'their mentary impasse which threw the future of
the stations into doubt, does not appear to be P o s s ib 1 y, West European gevernment
,-future are murky, to say the least.
immplacably hostile to the continued broad- which are in closer geographical proximity t
The radios were established in West Ger- the Soviet Union, might chip in. It is felt her
I many with secret financing from the Central cast operations. : that West Germany may have a particula
`J Intelligence Agency to counter the highly con- "I'm not going to die if these radio stations interest in shaping the future on RFE and Ra
trolled press and radio of the communist gov- continue," he said. "I don't mind if the United dio Liberty, since they operate from that cour
ernments. . Slates shares the operating expenses with a try.
number of Western European governments
? Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty made Before approaching the Western Europeans
and pays, say, one third or one fourth of the
it their business to broadcast back to Eastern the State Department is sounding out the nioo.
costs."
Europe and the Soviet Union information on in Congress. A first step is quiet consultation
events which went unmentioned by the official But he does raise a number of hard ques- with Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott, c
communist media. They broadcast news about tions about the radio stations.- Pennsylvania, Sen Charles Percy, R-Ill., a n,
unauthorized strikes, intellectual ferment, na- He calls them "relics Of the cold war." Ra- Rep. Dante Fascell, D-Fla. .
tural disasters. dio Free Europe has been accused of encour- Sen. Percy sponsored ? a Senate resolutio
To help, - they made use of radio monitors aging the abortive Hungarian rebellion of 1956 which won 67 votes in favor of continuing th
and research institutions ? Staffed partly by and of spreading unrest in Poland during De- radios. Representative Faacell propoec an or
.refugees and partly by- western specialists.- cember, 1970, demonstrations. ? successful house bill which would have fi
The two radio stations published their re- Sen Fulbright notes that Soviet leaders, on nanced the radios for two more years.
search papers which were useful to scholars, the eve of .President Nixon's visit to Moscow Once the extent of congressional support l
journalists and western intelligence. next "month, still regard the broadcasts as sub- estimated, the State Department will bogi
From the U.S. point of view, the radios were versive. . , contacting West ,Germany and other nation
promoting the free flow of information. to an To continue these broadcasts, he. says, is to about supporting the two stations. . .
.. . ... ., . . . .
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TNE FaCNMOND. NEWS LEADER
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STATINTL
Ask Chiang
Last ? Week , President Nixon
signed a three-month reprieve for
'Radio Liberty and Radio Free Eu-
613e, the Munich-based stations that
broadcast, respectively, to the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe. ? The ap-
Propriations ? bill provides enough
tooney to carry the stations through
to the end of this fiscal year, at which
;(time Congress will consider a new 'Ad-
ministration request for funds?that is,
4f the Administration bothers to make
'Stich a request.
Each day, the odds grow slimmer,
'and not, strangely, because of the sta-
tions' most vocal opponent, Senator J.
William F'ulbright. To be sure, the
Chairman of the Foreign Relations
-Committee has led the charge against
the stations, whooping that they
'should take their "rightful place in
the graveyard of cold-war relics."
And the bill that the President has
just signed does represent a victory
....for the Senator, who vowed to hold up
all legislation on the stations until the
Potomac parted, rather than agree to
long-term funding. Nonetheless, not
even Senator Fulbright can write the
death . sentence on RFE. and Radio
Liberty.
No, that dubious distinction could be
'., claimed only by President Nixon, who
?1 must choose whether to circumvent
.1 the ,Fulbrights of the world. In the re-
cent battle over the stations, the Pres-
ident did little more than slough the
`[.entire issue, notwithstanding his
longtime pledges of support for the
stations. There will be Moscow in
May, and the President must not be
too bold in such trivial but sensitive
matters as straight-talking radio
stations.
That is why disc-jockeys in Munich
these days are reading want ads.
Since 1950, RFE and Radio Liberty
have passed truth over the Iron Cur-
tain to millions of grateful listeners
who could get- it no other way. Des-
pite excesses during the Hungarian
Revolution and despite past support
by the Central Intelligence Agency,
the two stations have consistently of-
fered objective and non-inflammatory
programming from news to music. No
Tokyo Roses, no Lord Haw Haws, no
Hanoi Hannahs. Just the straight
stuff.
As a result, the Kremlin has de-
spised the stations from the start:
Propaganda can be countered by
truth far more easily than the other
way around'. So when the President
goes to Moscow, the Soviets undoubt-
edly will suggest to Mr. Nixon what a
nice gesture it would be if RFE and
Radio Liberty were sent to the guillo-
tine. Mr. Nixon just might say yes,
and tell the nation upon his return
that?in Senator Fulbright's words?"I
find it incomprehensible after these
years of direct contact with the Soviet
Union, that we must continue to sup-
port (these stations)." Anyone doubt-
ing such a possibility should address
all inquiries to Generalissimo Chiang
Kai-shek.
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1-1
VATION
Approved For Release 20010/414-61A- RUATAT
CIL: TM-, 17,1 IPITZE7-3- ED17,1',711"El
Incrort MALICIMTTI
Mr. Marchetti was on the director's stall of the CIA when
he resigned from the agency two years ago. Since then, his
novel The Rope-Dancer has been published by Grosset &
'Dunlap; he is now working on a book-length critical analysis
of the CIA.
The Central Intelligence Agency's role in U.S. foreign af-
fairs is, like the organization itself, clouded by secrecy
and confused by misconceptions, many of them deliberately
promoted by the CIA with the cooperation of the news
media. Thus to understand the covert mission of this
agency and to estimate its value to the political leadership,
one must brush myths aside and penetrate to the sources
and circumstances from which the agency draws its au-
thority and support. The CIA is no accidental, romantic
aberration; it is exactly what those who govern the country
intend it to be?the clandestine mechanism whereby the
executive branch influences the internal affairs of other
nations.
In conducting such operations, particularly those that
are inherently risky, the CIA acts at the direction and with
the approval of the President or his Special Assistant for
National Security Affairs. Before initiating action in the
field, the agency almost invariably establishes that its oper-
Ational plans accord with the aims of the ?administration
and, when possible, the sympathies of Congressional lead-
ers. (Sometimes the endorsement or assistance of influen-
tial individuals and institutions outside government is also
sought.) CIA directors have been remarkably well aware
of the dangers they court, both personally and for the
agency, by not gaining specific official sanction for their
covert operations. They are, accordingly, often more care-
ful than are administrators in other areas of the bureau-
cracy to inform the White Hous,e of their activities and to
: seek Presidential blessing. To take the blame publicly
for an occasional operational blunder is a small price to
pay in return for the protection of the Chief Executive and
the men who control the Congress.
The U-2 incident of 1960 was viewed by many as an
outrageous blunder by the CIA, wrecking the Eisenhower-
Khrushchev summit conference in Paris and setting U.S.-
Soviet relations back several years. Within the inner circles
of the administration, however, the shoot-down was
shrugged off as just one of those things that happen in the
chancy business of intelligence. After attempts to deny
responsibility for the action had failed, the President openly
defended and even praised the work of the CIA, although
for obvious political reasons he avoided noting that he had
authorized the disastrous flight. The U-2 program against
the USSR was canceled, but work on its follow-on system,
the A-11 (now the SR-7I,) was speeded up. Only the
launching of the reconnaissance satellites put an end to
espionage against the Soviet Union by manned aircraft.
The A-11 development program was completed, neverthe-
less, on the premise that it, as well as the U-2, might be
useful elsewhere.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04
? After the-Bay of
feel the sting of Pre:
the agency had its
because it failed in
overthrow Castro. C
the top of the agenc
committee, which til
tration, the agency
tices. Throughout th
tine operations again
the same time, and
agency deeply invol%
ing regimes in Laos
When the Nationi
the CIA in 1967, s
exposed the agency'
labor and cultural (
funding conduits, ne
tried to restrict the
Senator Fulbright's a
trol over the CIA h;
was siMply told by P
and get on with its b;
formed to look into
Secretary of State, th
of the CIA. Some
because they had be
-longer thought worth
continued under improvea cover
operations went .on under almost
Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty
examples. And all the while, the
$500 million-a-year private war in
assassination programs in Vietnam
. A tew ot the larger
open CIA sponsorship,
and Air America being
CIA was conducting a
Laos and pacification/
The reorganization of the U.S. intelligence commu-
nity late last year in no way altered the CIA's mission as
the clandestine action arm of American foreign policy.
Most of the few changes are intended to improve the finan-
cial management of the community, especially in the mili-
tary intelligence services where growth and the technical
costs of collecting information are almost out of control.
Other alterations are designed to improve the meshing of
the community's product with national security planning
and to provide the White House with greater control
over operations policy. However, none of that implies a
reduction of the CIA's role in covert foreign policy action.
In fact, the extensive review conducted by the White House
staff in preparation for the reorganization drew heavily on
advice provided by the CIA and that given by former
agency officials through such go-betweens as the influential
Council on Foreign Relations. Earlier in the Nixon Admin-
istration, the Council had responded to a similar request
by recommending that in the future the CIA should con-
centrate its covert pressure tactics on Latin American,
African and Asian targets, using more foreign nationals as
agents and relying more on private U.S. corporations and
other institutions as covers. Nothing was said about reduc-
CIA-I-RDP80-01601 R001100070001 -5
rtc
STATINTL
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NEW BRITAIN, CONN. .
HERALD ApR 3 1972
E 33,321
Radio Free Europe
,.?should be maintained
Dear Editor:
if Senator Fulbright has his way, RadiO
! Free Europe will cease broadcasting this
month. Funding ran out Feb. 22 following
a charge by Mr. Fulbright, that RFE was
being financed in part by the Central In-
telligence Agency. He failed, however, to
mention that constant monitoring of RFE
programs revealed unbiased news report-
ing and straight commentary similar to
that supplied by the three major ne-
tworks. Our own republican representa-
tive, (Robert Steele) has demanded that
Fulbright release two favorable and sub-
stantial reports on RFE to the public.
Ironically the reports were ordered by his
' own committee on Foreign Relations, of
which he is chairman:
Radio Free Europe stations broadcast
to eastern European nations including
those behind the 'iron curtain. Thus they
are a potential threat to the soviet form of
tyranny which has enslaved millions and'
prevented men and women from learning
anything save "the party line." Why then
does Senator Fulbright want RFE muz-
zled. Are we to believe the sole justifica-
tion is association with the
There are thousands of Mgarians,
Luthuanians, Czechoslovakians, Ruman-
ians, Latvians and Bulgarians located in
? this state. Are they going to allow Mr.
Fulbright the opportunity of shutting
down RFE? Will they permit his ending,
perhaps for all time, the one contact that
? keeps hope alive in the hearts and minds
? of relatives and friends behind the barbed
wire of the USSR? I think not. Please
write or telegram representative Steele
, so that he will know you care. Do it for
those you love, do it for RFE, but do it.
DOUG WARD WELL
74 Sylvan Rd.
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t'Angi 1:GT EOST,
Approved For Release 200vcipfp197p1A-RDP80-01601
Mr. Kleindienst, Meet Mr. Shakespeare
The current flap over whether it is appropriate
for a USIA film to be shown on Senator Buckley's
TV show, designed for constituent consumption,
contains a lot of legal analysis, high drama and
low comedy. Lurking in the background is a con-
tinuing conflict between Senator Fulbright and the
USIA over the value and the merit of sonic of that
agencies efforts, most notably, Voice of America,
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Ami some-
where in the foreground- is a statement by a USIA
official on the taped Buckley show to the effect
that the foreign policy views of the Chairman of
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee are "naive
and stupid." And right in the middle is a large
question of law and policy about whether it is
either lawful or wise for the U.S. information
agency to make its output, originally designed for
use abroad, available here at home through a polit-
ical figure, or through anyone else for that matter.
When the press reported that the taped Buckley
show existed, Senator Fulbright? ignoring the ref-
erence to him, asked the Department of Justice to
restrain its release on the ground that the USIA
was not authorized by law to distribute its material
.domestically. At about the same time, USIA Direc-
:tor Shakespeare issued a statement acknowledging
past difficulties with the senator, but stating the
hope that "future discussions . . . will be conducted,
as they have been heretofore in a courteous and
respectful manner." ?
Then, Mr. Shakespeare sent the senator a formal
apology repeating the tone of his earlier statement
and commenting on the issue at hand: "There is
also a question in my mind as to the propriety of
the national archives release of a USIA film to a
political figure for use on a domestic TV program
. . . I can well see that the use of the film by a
political figure, even on an educational program,
is of questionable validity." He informed the sen-
ator that he had asked his general counsel to in-
struct the archives that such use of film does not
eonform to the agency's judgment of the propri-
eties involved and thus that such material was not
to be used in that manner in the future.
At this point it seemed that those who fear the
development of a governmental domestic propa-
ganda capacity could all relax. But it was not to be.
On Friday, Acting Attorney General Kleindienst
sent over his answer to the senator's request to
stay USIA's hand. Astonishingly, he found that
words in the act establishing the USIA were in-
..
STATINTL
tended to permit USIA materials to be made avail-
able to the American public through the press and
through members of Congress.
This analysis is remarkable in view of the lan-
guage of the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 creating the
USIA. As we read it, this language speaks only of
the promotion of understanding of the United
States and her people "in other countries" and to
'that end of the "establishment of an information
service to disseminate abroad" information about
the United States. When, in 1965, there was strong
public interest in a USIA film on President Ken-
nedy, the Congress passed a special joint resolution
to permit the agency to release the film to the
American public. During the debate on the issue,
Senator Mundt, one of the authors of the original
USIA bill, said, in an executive session of the For-
eign Relations Committee, that during the original
debate, one of the most hotly contested issues was
whether the Congress was creating a "domestic
propaganda agency." He added: "We Put in a?sec-
tion specifically to prevent it."
The Foreign Relations Committee Report on the
Kennedy film resolution contained the following
language: "It is the further sense of Congress that
the expression of congressional intent embodied in
this Joint Resolution is to be limited solely to the
film referred to herein and that nothing contained
in this Joint Resolution should be construed to
establish a precedent for making other material
prepared by USIA available for general distribu-
tion in the United States." Now that seems pretty
clear. Yet the acting attorney general found
otherwise.
The dangers to a free people of a creeping prac-
tice of governmentally developed propaganda ma-
terial being broadly disseminated to the American
public are too obvious for extended analysis, par-
ticularly when the first instance of such dissemina-
tion is through a political figure of the same
general political persuasion as the administration
in power. We think that Mr. Shakespeare's instincts
and judgments were correct and that Mr. Klein-
dienst was wrong on both the law and the policy.
Fortunately, sources within USIA express an inten-
tion to adhere to the limitation in Mr. Shakespeare's
letter. But we think that that limitation should be
broadened. It should not simply apply to dissem-
ination through public figures, but to all dissemina-
tion to the American public.
Finally, it is only fair to say that Mr. Fulbright,
far from being either stupid or naive on this mat-
ter, was eminently wise.
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7-7 kiAPOLIS, MINN. TATILITL
TRI VritcSIP-111A oo
.fra 1N^ For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-Avou-uib01
M ? 240,275
S ? 674 p302
By Robert J. White
Of the editorial page staff
Radio Free Europe and Radio LibertY. have an assured
future of three months. Unless Congress overcomes the
objections of the powerful chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, two decades of broadcasts
by RFE and RL to Communist countries will end.
That is what Sen. William Fulbright hopes will happen.
The two Munich-based stations are, he says, "Cold War
? relics," vestiges of an outdated, evangelical foreign poli-
cy assumes others "will act like we want them to
act if we only tell them how." .
The Nixon administration, and even many who have
been criticizing RFE-RL past practices, believe that the
/stations still play a neceSsary role. After Sen. Clifford
4 Case blew their CIA "cover' a year ago, he and others in
.1- Congress pushed?legislation that would openly fund
.RFE and RL and continue their operations. The adrninis-
'? tration, differed on details, but agreed in principle.
But with Fulbright's hand on the legislative brake, an im-
passe' developed in February that threatened momentari-
ly to extinguish the stations. A brief reprieve came
March 11 in a compromise for funding until June 30.
The short-term agreement gave President Nixon the op-
, portunity to reaffirm his support for REE and RL as a
"vital source of. uncensored news and commentary for
ttens of millions of people."
- '
. "Cold War relic" or "vital source"? The view offered
here is that Mr. Nixon's statement comes closer to the
vmark than Fulbright's. That conclusion is based on three
, arguments: First, RFE and RL are not the deterrents to
detente they are sometimes made out to be. Second, the
stations are carrying out, a positive purpose that might
be pursued by other means ? but no other means are in
sight. Third, the stations are effective at reasonable
:I?cost.
But Brandt's ostpolitik is now jeopardized more by fal-
tering support in his own parliament than by Communist
intransigence. And last. fall's four-power agreement on
'Berlin, Which only dedicated optimists had thought even
remotely 'possible, .would surely not have been reached if
RFE and RL were the impediments to detente Fulbright
believes them to he.
STATI NTL
It's not enough, of .course, to say-merely that RFE and
RL do no discernible harm. Another important question
is whether they serve a positive purpose. On Fulbright's
\
'premise, the answer is no. On the other premise -- that
the Cold Wm' has changed, not vanished ? the answer is
yes.
It is true that the Cold War produced RFE and RL. The
? Cold War also, produced NATO, the Warsaw Pact, the
Berlin Wall and various other "relics" that are still
??' around. It is true, too, that a whole series of East-West
negotiations, in process or imminent, depend on a good
working relationship between Moscow and Washington.
-.'Arms limitation, European security, Middle East, trade
all are on the agenda, and the President's forthcoming
-tap to Moscow gives special urgency to preserving an
.7 atmosphere in which negotiations are possible.
?
But to argue that RFE and RL are barriers to such nego-
tiations is to overlook the East-West negotiating prog-
ress already made, despite attacks on the stations. RFE
I came. under particularly heavy Communist criticism last
.year after it gave early and extensive coverage to the
'December 1970 riots in Poland. At the same time,
Communist governments complained to West Germany
that allowing the stations-to broadcast from Munich was
at odds with Chancellor Willy Brandt's ostpolitik, or ne-
gotiations with the East.
, . . .
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Unlike the- 1950s and '60s, the 1970s are providing abun-
dant, signs that East and West want to expand their con-
tacts, prevent great-power confrontations and promote
political stability in -Europe. The least change is in the
unfashionable, but nevertheless real, area of ideological
differences,
Party Secretary Leonid Brezhnev last month promised
6,000 Soviet trade unionists that improved East-West
relations will not bring a relaxation in the "ideological
struggle." President ? Nixon sounded the same theme in
February, saying of the Soviet Union, "We are ideologi-
cal adversaries and will remain so." Each is stating the
belief ? as are other leaders, East and West that peo-
ple in antithetical political systems can coexist without
forfeiting their ideological principles.
A fundamental principle of the Soviet ideological strug-
gle is restraint of the free flow of ideas and information.
A fundamental principle of Western ideology is precisely
the opposite. And there is a further distinction.
"Struggle," to the Soviet Union and allied countries, also
means spreading their political viewpoint abroad. Radio
Moscow and Radio Peace and Freedom (the latter a theo-
retically "independent" station) broadcast about 1,900
hours per week outside the Soviet union in 80 foreign
languages. Another 1,900 hours per week of external
broadcasts come from East European stations; Radio
Prague, for example, includes programs in Spanish, Ital-
ian and German.
The distinction between these and Western programs de-
signed for Eastern audiences is both quantitative and
qualitative. The weekly hours broadcast by Voice of
America, RFE and RL combined are about the same as
the foreign - language broadcasts from the Soviet Union
alone. But that does not mean a superpower parity in
propaganda. ,
of America, which -Secretary of State Rogers de-
scilb-n?as 1The principal interpreter of U.S. domestic
and foreign policy to the peoples abroad," clearly prom-
otes the American viewpoint. But only 40 llercent of its
041:6[CttAulit3 PU411 6 OIROSII NO.701:101e,51s
win be demonstrated, by no reasonable definition can
. RFE and RL be considered propaganda stations. If they
Approved For Release 2001/03
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Correspondence
Foreign Broadcast
Sirs:
As an admirer of the quality of your
editorials and original research, I was
disappointed with your March 4 "En-
lightening the Natives," advocating th'at
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty be
shut down. ? _
First, you imply that; since Radio Free
Europe (RFE) and Radio Liberty_ (RL)
are subsidized by US government
funds, they could not .be more "inde-
pendent" than the Voice of America.
The VOA broadcasts official views but
does not broadcast views of the domes-
tic affairs of the countries to which they
are talking. (Radio Free Europe not only
talks about events in Poland, but gives
extensive information on sports, agri-
cultural developments and cultural
events in the West as they relate to
Poland.)
Second, the editorial says the purpose
of the stations is "not merely to give the
news, but to encourage, perhaps to in-
cite, change inside Communist coun-
tries." Of course it encourages change.
Isn't that the object of a liberal foreign
policy? The stations give facts, alterna-
tive information people can use. Amer-
ican liberals long have been pointing to
the fact that there is a Sino-Soviet split,
but it was Radio Free Europe that first
made extensive broadcasts on these dif-
ferences in 1962 and helped give Ro-
mania and other countries more room
in which to maneuver in ttie schism.
Third, the editorial says; the Bul-
garians, why not the Spaniards and the
South Africans and the Brazilians," etc.?
Since it is not fashionable in liberal cir-
cles to be disturbed over Soviet hege-
mony, it at least ought to be recognized
that the last two world wars began in
this area and it remains in a highly un-
'stable equilibrium. Let's face it: the fate
of the Brazilian indians, however un-
just, has not yet become a serious chal-
lenge to the survival of the West.
Fourth, your editorial says, as a
matter of national policy, we doubt the
efficacy of the attitude that we know
what's good for them." The radios aren't
operating under that assumption.
Rather they operate on the assumption
that the more information people have,
the better they can decide how they
want to run their lives. Your editorial
implies that RFE broadcasts to people
whether they like or not: it is their gov-
ernment that may not like it, but sur-
weys show the broadcasts are widely
received among the people in Eastern
Europe and that Radio Liberty is a ctu- ?
cial support to liberal elements in the
Soviet Union who hunger for a substi-
tute free press.
Fifth, your editorial says the money.
ought to be used for American broad-
casts instead. You should know such an
either-or argument isn't necessary.
Hap Cawood
Dayton, Ohio
STATI NTL
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3 1 MAR 1972
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An Underground View of Radio Liberty
By DEAN MILLS
, Moscow.
There is no way of gauging
public opinion in a country where
the government owns the press
and all the research institutions.
No one, Westerner or Russian, can
guess with any accuracy how
much of an effect Western radio
stations have upon Soviet audi-
ences.
But Westerners living here do
know, from limited firsthand con-
tact with Russians, that many of
them listen regularly to the BBC,
Voice of America, Radio Israel,
or Radio Liberty. Members of the
constituency have included the late
Nikita Khrushchev (reportedly a
Voice of America fan) and Alek-
sander Solzhenitsyn (BBC).
A 3,000-word essay is now circu-
lating in the Moscow underground,
attacking United States Senator J.
William Fulbright for trying to cut
off funds for Radio Liberty, the
station which devotes the most
time to the Soviet Union. (Radio
Free Europe, another of Senator
Fulbright's targets, broadcasts
only to the other Eastern bloc
countries). The writer of the essay
is reliably reported to be a physi-
cist, German Smirnovsky, who has
never been active in the dissident
movement.'
? ? ? , ?
?
The language is at times intem-
perate, in the style of most Rus-
sian political tracts. And the
straight-forward anti-communism
of the writer is almost certainly
shared by no more than a small
minority of his countrymen. But
the essay gives some rare insights
Into the Russian's ear view of
Western radio broadcasts. And it
Js 'a reminder that there are peo-
ple here, however small their
number may be, who do not ac-
cept the Pravda interpretation of
,Western radio stations, or of any-
thing else.
Here are excerpts from the essay,
entitled "Whose side are you on,
Mr. Fulbright?":
!`The city sleeps. At least so it
seems to the policemen who patrol
the frozen capital. The sound of
the snowstorm muffles the clank-
ing of their hobnail boots on the
pavement.
"But what is this? In Moscow
apartments, villages on the
steppes of Central Asia, in the
Siberian Taiga a voice is heard, a
human voice, speaking in Russian,
so unlike the official ravings of the
Soviet language.
"'This is Radio Liberty.' "
? ? ?
"It penetrates every remote cor-
ner of the country and finds a
response in the heart of every
decent person in Ruskia. And the
super-jamming, for wch taxpay-
ers every year put up to a million
rubles, does not help. Nor do the
snoopy neighbors?KGB agents
who expose those who listen to
Western stations (God knows how
much our people pay this bunch of
informers), nor the slanderous ar-
ticles in the official press. Commu-
nism, with its anti-human face, is
powerless against the free world.
"The closing of Radio Liberty
would have terrible consequences
for our country. And if Fulbright
succeeds in closing the radio sta-
tion, then the question automati-
cally arises: Where will this Rus-
sophobe turn next? Perhaps to the
Russian section of the Voice of
America?
"Not one of the other Western
radio stations could replace Radio
Liberty for listeners in the Soviet
Union. Let us consider the more
popular stations:
"Voice of America: The usual
.length of broadcasts in the Rus-
-
sian language is six hours in the
evening and two in the morning.
When the government was not
jamming foreign government
broadcasts, Voice of America en-
joyed great success in the most
varied circles of society. In the
apartments of many of my ac-
quaintances, particularly among
youth, the station was heard from
7 o'clock in the evening until 1
o'clock in the morning.
"The news on the hour (still) is
popular. After that, radio listeners
generally turn to other stations.
Few people. want to listen to sto-
ries about how some farmer in
Iowa had a huge corn harvest or
about some famous American
woman Negro athlete who is com-
pletely unknown here.
"BBC?This radio station broad-
casts in Russian five hours a day.
In Russia, there is a widespread
feeling that the most objective,
'disinterested' news is broadcast
by the BBC. In fact, it almost fully
corresponds to the news given by
Voice of America. The station is
jammed in all of Moscow much
more strongly than the broadcasts
of its American colleague. It de-
votes a great deal of time to
events in Ulster and Malta.
? ? ?
"Radio Israel?It is also popular
in Russia, but mainly among Jew-
ish circles. I am struck by the
abundance of Jewish information
from Russia that is broadcast by
the station. Many letters, petitions
and telegrams are read on the
radio the same day they are writ-
ten in the Soviet Union.
"The party 'brothers' ... also
broadcast full programs in Rus-
sian?Radio Peking and Radio Tir-
ana. They are popular in certain
circles of workers who, like all
people. are displeased with the
party bosses. Like those of Radio
Belgrade, they are intended for
Communists. But there are few
such people in Russia, Commu-
nists of conviction rather than con-
venience, and for the rest these
broadcasts are simply not interest.
ing. ?
? ? . -
"However, when one succeeds in
receiving Radio Liberty, absolutely
everyone listens to it. In addition
to giving its listeners truthful in.
formation and preserving Russian
cultural values, Radio Liberty
tries to. educate listeners as deceni
people, to correct moral .cripples
after 50 years of Communist tyran.
ny, to combat the pettiness formed
in the minds of the people.
"It is difficult to convey the NI
significance of Radio Liberty fox
Russia. One can learn things tlu
party bosses concealed from Hit
people in .the course of their rule:
The truth about the political trial:
of the ?Thirties, the true face o
Lenin and his supporters, and the
great heritage in literature, philos
ophy and social science which ix
hidden away in the locked rooms
of libraries:
"To lose Radio Liberty mean:
for Russia losing freedom, the lit-
tle left to us, in the literal sense 0:
the word. The freedom to get ti
information about our count: y
Not one Western radio static):
gives this so well, with the under
standing of the needs of Russia, a:
does Radio Liberty.
"Fulbright and his supporters
say that Radio Liberty is a relic o
the Cold War. Consider thi:
phrase: How stupid it sounds 13:
itself. No, Radio Liberty is not a
relic of the Cold War, but of tit(
human necessity to end the mora
murder of 250 million people. A:
for the Cold War, it continues.
From one side. From the side 01
the Kremlin rulers ..."
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Confiden-ee Vote
Foreig.tittiderit
opuldion Grows,
?
.,.13y ? Stephen S. Rosenfeld .
-7 THE NUMBER of foreign students at
'-American universities has been growing at a
rate. described by the State Department,
which is not normally given to unrestrained
language, as "spectacular." 34,000 in 1954.
82,000 in 1965. 145,000 in 1971. Though rising
costs, open-enrollment, "Americans first"
pressures and the buildup of facilities back
home may . now be cutting off further
growth, the figures are indeed spectacular,
not to say intriguing and quietly cheering:
They seem to say something about America
that, for a change, most of us can agree is
nice to hear.
. The figures are, first of all, evidence of
:the most compelling sort of the attractions
which , education and experience in the
United States have around the world: 37 per
cent of foreign students come from the Far
East, 20 per cent from Latin America, 13
. from Europe, 12 from the Middle East; 9
from North America, and 6 from Africa.
(Overall, three of four are men.) Students
' began coming in numbers in the 50s. That
? was understandable because their choices
were limited and, to many, the American
ciream was still bright. Rising appetites for
education and the stimulus of a certain Sovi-
,et-American rivalry for the allegiance of the
world's young, thought to be a key group,
brought more students in the 60s.
But the 70s, when supposedly Vietnam had
proven beyond any innocent's doubt that
America was over, turned sour, a crass out-
of-control machine; when word about our
failings had supposedly filtered back to the
remotest third-world village and slum . . .
Well, here are 145,000 foreigners, most pre-
sumably from their homelands' elites, cast-
ing by their presence what yon might call .a
'vote of confidence in the United States.
cis) ? "
1
, .
you inay say, they're Merely gritting
Itheir teeth, exploiting our naivete and our
superior educational plant, and hating us
The more for knowing us when they finally
'go home. Perhaps. Reliable follow-up attitu-
?dinal studies are scarce. Yet too many of us
have met and known too many foreign stu-
dents to really believe that, I would guess.
They may be "expoiting" us but we?espe-
cially our students?are ."exploiting" them
'too. To know us may not be to love us but
surely to know us is at least to pause and
consider our complexities before rendering
verdict, however harsh.
. You may also suspect that our govern-
ment is out there buying up unaware or des-
perate young people in order to "influence"
them or to prevent the Russians (or
-.Chinese) from winning a crucial battle for
hearts and minds. But less than one in 20
foreign students is supported by the govern-
ment, and' then customarily only in inade-
ttuate partial meast....Some 37 per cent of
tothi 'are selfSUPPOrting; 32 per cent's
support is unknown; most of the rest are
carried by American organizations?univers-
ities, foundations, and the 'like. It is not by
-official government policy but by individual
foreign choice and; beyond that, by private
voluntary American demand that foreigners
study at our campuses.
This is an interesting point to ponder at a
moment when predictions of a national slide
toward neo-isolationism are widely in vogue.
Not only are foreigners evidently not fed up
with us; we evidently are not fed up with
them. It is the decision of hundreds of uni-
versities and other groups to contribute to
foreigners' and their own enrichment by
'maintaining and expanding these very tangi-
ble continuing ties.
"The government" in its various aspects
is important. For instance, the 25-year-
old Fulbright-Hays program has . brotight
140,000 foreigners scholars here. Senator
Fulbright hailed his brainchild just the
other day "because it leads to the civilizing
of our people so they don't engage in peri-
odic blood-letting." (He contrasted Ful-
bright-Hays, by the way, with Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, whose "propa-
ganda" broadcasts he hopes to terminate; al-
though just why it's fine to let a foreigner
see us close up with his own eyes, but not to
hear us from a distance with his own ears, is
not obvious.) ? '
Mr. Nixon's own attitude can perhaps be
fairly indicated by the fact that, as Vice
President in 1958, he made a rare appear-
ance before the Senate Appropriations Com-
mittee, testifying for, if you will, Fulbrights
Hays. In his administration, the State De-
partment's budget for foreign-student serv-
ices has increased: back-home counseling,
on-campus orientation, travel. (State per-
suaded the National Association of Motor
Bus Owners to facilitate "See America" tour
tickets), etc. The department feels that em-
phasis on these auxiliary programs aiding
-individual students is all the more impor-
tant now that the international youth and
student organizations of the '50s and '60s are
pretty much spent.
?.
THE rationale for official interest is dis-
played by the title?"Leaders for Tomorrow,
A Review of U.S. Programs for Foreign Stu-
dents"?of the last annual report of Assist-
ant Secretary of State John Richardson Jr.
"No one can say with assurance what spe-
cific education and experience produces a
leader," the report says. "But it's a certainty
that more and more of tomorrow's leaders
here and elsewhere will be drawn from those
who study outside their own country, .or have
had some opportunity to observe other- na-
tions and peoples." To observe not as sol-
diers or tourists or emigrants, it might be
added, but as individuals who come for a
peaceable purpose, stay long enough for
deep exposure, and go home. -
Foreigners' study here, the report con-
cludes, "makes them members of the new in-
ternational fraternity, the transnational
'community of the concerned.' It is this
group in each country which is most likely
to develop new forms of international coop-
era ion, and to work consciously among
themselves and other nations, inch:Wing -the
United States, to solve some -of mankind's
common problems. To the extent that we as
American individuals, communities, institu-
tions or public or private agencies, help
them build ties with U.S: classmates, friends
and professional colleagues, we contribute
towards this long-sought international part-
nership for peace." Amen. .
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Government Deceit
STATI NTL
? Deceit in government has no place in an America
that reveres its first President for his declaration, can-
not tell a lie."
But deceit has been rotting America's government
in recent years, so much so that nearly half the Americans
questioned in a 1970 survey said they no longer believed
what their government told them.
Americans had new reason for their distrust this
week, when Administration officials and Congressional
aides worked out a way to continue government financing
of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty until June 30.
?They were reminded that these radio stations have
? been financed to the tune of $500 million by the_Qp
and they remembered those stirring television corn-
mercials through the years that urged them to con-
tribute their gifts to Radio Free Europe to carry the truth
behind the Iron Curtain, when all the while their con-
tributions were ,not needed.
Americans have a degree, of sophistication. They
- understood, when they found out a couple of years ago
? that Radio Free Europe would not die if they stopped ,
- sending contributions, that its effectiveness among its
European listeners might have been diminished if they ,
A had known the broadcasts were really U.S. government
,
broadcasts.
But AmeriCans still do not like to be duped by
anybody, much less by their own government.
And they could well wonder, now that the world
has known for a couple of years that these radio stations'
, are government financed, why the government is so ,
eager to continue them if that knowledge has rendered
their words suspect.
Those words need not be suspect. Governments ;
can tell the truth. Governments can demonstrate in- :
'tegrity, and when they do they find that they are more
powerful at home and throughout the world because 3
. they can be trusted.
Paul Joseph Goebbels, propaganda chief for Adolph
Hitler, lamented in his diary because the German govern-
ment had lied to its own people but Winston Churchill
had told the truth to his, Churchill could inspire more
_ determination and enthusiasm among the British by
announcing a defeat than Hitler could inspire among ,
the Germans by -announcing a victory.
Let Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty go on, and I
let them tell the news with a candor and honesty that
cannot be challenged, and let the government of the
United States treat its own citizens with the respect owe
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3 0 MAR 1972
Lette-r's to the Ed to
'The, Orange Card'
SIR:: The gratuitous criticism in your March 25
editorial,. with respect to my position on Northern Ire-
land ignores an obvious fact. The new peace initiative
announned last week by Prime Minister Heath coin-
cides almost precisely with two of the most important
'provisiQns in the resolution I introduced in Congress
last October with Senator Abe Ribicoff and Congress-
man Hugh Carey?the promised phase-out of intern-
ment, zind the institution of direct rule of Ulster from
, Westminster:
My only real regret is that the initiative was so long
delayed in coming, and that so many innocent lives
" Were lost before Britain decided to act. All of us hope
and pray that the new policy will be successful in halting
the killing and violence. Simple humanity requires us to
. continue to speak out to insure the earliest possible end
to the tragedy.
One other point should be made about your editorial.
' Anyone familiar with Ulster history must wince at the
obvious blunder in your use of the famous expression
"Playing the Orange Card" to describe Prime Minister
. Heath's initiative. Lord Randolph Churchill coined the
phrase in the 1880s and played the card in opposition to
Gladstone's Home Rule Bill. As Churchill wrote to Lord
Justice Fitzgibbon in 1886:
"I decided some time ago that if the COM (Grand
Old Man, Gladstone) went for Home Rule, the Orange
Card would be the one to play. Please God, it may turn
okt the ace of trumps and not the two." '
Ever since, the phrase has been used to denote
rttempts to stir up the Orange Order in Ulster and other
Protestant opposition to British policy. The phrase can
tardly be used to describe a progressive British initia-
tive. For nearly a hundred years, British policy toward
3reland has been paralyzed by fear of the abominable
Orange Card. Now, Prime Minister Heath has faced the
thallenge, and for that he deserves great credit.
Edward M. Kennedy,
U.S. Senator.
?
? Radio Free Europe
SIR: Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty are very
Important means of communication with the captive
nations in Eastern Europe. People behind the Iron
Curtain deserve hearing news and information from the
''ree World. Any dollar we spend for this cause is worth
It from the humanitarian point of view. If present
conditions are such that we cannot help them otherwise,
the least we can do is to extend them unbiased informa-
tion..
I oppose Sen. J.W. Fulbright's attempt to discontin-
be funds for Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
Closing of these broadcasts would be a service to the
International communism.
John B. Genys,
President, Lithuanian-American Community of Greater
' Wadlington?
_ t
STATI NTL
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2 9 MAR 1972
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DESPITE PRESIDENT
Nixon's total support for
continuing Radio Free Eu-
rope (RFE) and Radio Lib-
erty (RL) broadcasts to
Communist Eastern Europe
and the Soviet Union, hard-
line skeptics are fearful his
policy of detente with the
Communist world is subtly
undermining freedom of the
two radios to keep operat-
ing.
Subterranean signals that
some Nixon advisers may be
having second thoughts
about the kwo radi os
beamed to the Communist
heartland were evident in
the toned-down statement
he belatedly put out March
it That statement, asking
Congress to break its long
deadlock on financing the
two radios, was issued only
later the deadlock' had in ef-
fect already been broken.
? Thus, there must be a
slight amendment in the
over-all picture of Sen. J. W.
Fulbright of Arkansas sin,
gle-handedly defying con-
gressional and public opin-
ion in his fanatical cam-
paign to silence RFE and
?RL, by far the most honest
sources of news available in
Eastern Europe and Russia.
While his lobbyists battle
Fulbright to keep the radios
alive, hard-liners believed
Mr. Nixon?so deeply in-
volved in detente?shows
signs of ambivalence. .
Rowland Evans and Robert Novak
etente Versus E
For example, his March 11
statement was not issued
until - the nationalities divi-
sion of the Republican Na-
tional Committee reported
to the White House the out-
rage among East European
ethnic groups over presiden-
tial silence.
One early plan for the
presidential statement was
to include strong language
on the vital importance of
people-to-people contacts,
using quotations from Mr.
Nixon during his visit to the
Great Wall of China Feb. 24.
None of that survived the
editing. The final version of
the statement, while putting
Mr. Nixon strongly on the
side of continuing the broad-
casts, was routine.
There are other signs Mr.
Nixon's spectacular move to-
ward detente with the Com-
munist world is subtly un-
dermining the freedom of
U.S.-controlled broadcasts
beamed to that world.
A costly Voice of America
film on the plight of Tibetan
refugees who fled after the
Chinese takeover of Tibet
has been banned by the
White House. The film, enti-
tled "The Man From the
Missing Land," was finished
in late spring, 101. It was
ordered locked up until
after the President's trip to
China.
Since Mr._ Nixo.n.'s return,
- repeated efforts to get
White House clearance. to
send the film abroad have
met a stone wall. The reason
privately given: to air the
film .now, on the eve of the
President's Moscow visit,
could embarrass Peking.
THAT SAME problem of
potential conflict between
Mr. Nixon's foreign policy
and RFE-RL is now arising
in West Germany, where
left-wing members of Chan-
cellor Willy Brandt's Social.
Democratic Party are press-
ing him not to renew the li-
cense for the Munich-based
radios. -
Partly as a result of that
domestic political pressure,
Brandt's government has
quietly informed the Nixon
administration that there
will be no license renewal
unless the U.S. agrees not to
follow a line on RFE-RL
that might "undermine"
Brandt's Ostpolitik, epito-
mized by his new treaties
with Warsaw and Moscow.
The first sign of West
German hesitation over the
impact- of the radios on
Brandt's Ospolitik came al-
most two years ago. At that
time, Mr. Nixon assured
Frank Shakespeare, director
of the United States Infor-
mation Agency, which in-
-eludes the Voice of America, ,
and William F. Buckley Jr.
then a member of the USIA
Advisory Commission, that
he would not permit RFE-
RL to die.
Tell the Germans, 1?11.
Nixon said, our troops in Eu-
rope and our radios in Mun-
ich go together. Two years
later, with his own Ostpoli-
tik in full bloom, that mood
of the President appears
slightly abated. :.
it is against that back-
ground that opposition to
RFE-RL funding for the
year starting July I must be
examined. With their financ-
ing now on a routine cycle
of annual authorization and
appropriation in Congress,
Fulbright as' chairman of
the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee has enor-
mous influence over author-
izing the broadcasts for an-
other year. Fulbright, over-
.riding a strong majority on
his committee, insists with
the passion of the ideologue
that the broadcasts so ea-
gerly awaited by the citizens
of Eastern Europe are an-
achronistic relics of the cold
war.
President Nixon flatly dis-
agrees with Fulbright's
dogma, publicly and pri-
vately. But hardliners insist.
that the heady and domi-
nant fragrance of detente is
subtly undercutting his posi,-
tion.
, Rul*shers-Hall Syndicato
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MEMPHIS, TENN.
COMMERCIAL APPEAL
MAR 26 1972:
M ? 219,462
? 268,338
Blanton Backs
Radio Stations
ram The Commercial Appeal
?shim:Atm Bureau
WASHINGTON, March 25. ?
Representative Ray Blanton
(D-Tenn.) Saturday dismissed
as "hogwash" arguments by
Senator J. W. Fulbright (D-
Ark.) that Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty irritate So-
viet Union leaders and prevent
a detente.
, "While I have never voted
for a foreign aid program,"
Blanton said in his weekly
newsletter, "I believe Radio
Free Europe is a worthy com-
mitment for this nation."
The two Munich-based sta-
tions, operated by the Central
Intelliegence Agency, beam
broadcasts to the Communist
countries of Eastern Europe.
Fulbright has been leading a
drive to have the stations ter-
minated on grounds they are
'axpensive irritants and "rem-
ants of the cold war."
"I would rather see our tax
money spent for a good pur-
)ose such as this," Blanton
said, "than in trade with Com-
munist countries or aid to
ountries who couldn't care
ess what happens to American
n the hng run. What the sena-
ors are suggesting is that we
abandon any efforts to allow
he people of captive nations to
now the real truth about the
ree world.
"I (147. Vt think Congress will
abandon the free world.
"I don't think Congress will
abandon Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty. The spe-
:ious arguments used against
them won't convince the ma-
ority of the Congress to drop a
?rogram which has been most,
effective."
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NEW YORK IMES MAGA ZINE
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0
, LIT,st 1712 022 Eladrio L%Erce 175zrzon.mtalir
w
5,EaT:1
t,'
LL
?
"Mr. President, I submit that these
radios should be given an oppor-
tunity to take their rightful place in
the graveyard of cold-war relics."
,?SENATOR J. W. FULBRIGHT, speak-
ing in the Senate on Feb. 17, 1972.
"It happens quite often that I am
unable to hear your station because
of the jamming. At such moments I
feel like smashing the radio, as if
the wooden box were to blame, and
I almost cry in helpless rage. It
seems to me that somebody wants to
tear me away by force from my
good friends. Be with us, as we re-
main with you."
?"YOUR LISTENER FROM CHRUDIM,"
writing to the Czechoslovak De-
partment of Radio Free Europe on
Sept. 27, 1971.
0 doubt the Senator from
Arkansas is right. Radio Free
Europe began broadcasting to
five countries of Eastern and Central
Europe at the height of the cold war,
not to mention a hotter one raging
In Korea, on July 4, 1930. But just as
surely, the lady from Chrudim is
right. She is just one of millions in
her own Country, Poland, Hungary,
Rumania and Bulgaria who believe
that their own newspapers, television-
and radio 'tell them lies, that noth-
ing available to them is quite so
reliable as Radio Free Europe.
As Chairman of the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee, Fulbright
prevented all Congressional attempts
to renew funding?for Radio Free Eu-
-rope and its sister station, Radio
Liberty, which broadcasts to the So-
viet Union, before their ? last appro-
priation expired Feb. 22. Despite a
House bill proiriding new funds
'through June- 30, 1973, and a Senate
measure guaranteeing funds through
next June 30, Fulbright has kept the
stations living on borrowed time by
blocking any compromise bill. The
House will no doubt accept the Sen-
ate version (which the Administra-
r
t 7) 17P ri (77
Ltj Li Li 6
'
the stations from dying before June
30, but there is still pessimism here
about its prospects. At a time when
President Nixon will be preparing to
visit Moscow, the pessimists ask,
what chance is there for the passage
of a measure to continue a service
that has been a thorn in the Soviet
side for many years?
The disclosure that Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty operated on
funds secretly supplied by the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency set off 'in
tile United States a heated debate on
the propriety of continuing to pre-
tend that they were private institu-
tions supported. by charitable contri-
butions, and that debate ultimately
led to Fulbright's stand. But the dis-
closures and, the debate caused no
concern among the stations' listen-
ers. They continue to tune in with
as much faith as an American might
bring to a' newspaper that has a de-
cent record for factual reporting and
an editorial policy with which he
agrees more often than not. Their
devotion . is almost unmatched in
countries that offer more than one
credible
source. of news.
T takes a while for
to the countries of the
being surprised when
Rumanian friend says,
a newcomer
East to stop
a Polish or
"I heard on
the radio last night . . ." and relays
a bit of news that the Polish or
Rumanian radio would announce
only if its management, the Govern-
ment, were to repudiate everything
it stands for. "The radio" means
Radio Free Europe; the Warsaw or
Bucharest stations are more likely to
be discussed as "they."
Despite its cold-war origins and
C.I.A. sponsorship, Radio Free Eu-
rope's listeners consider it not a
propaganda station, but the anti-
propaganda station that adjusts the
one-sided view of the world laid
down for all domestic media by the
information department of the cen-
k.2.1
STATINTL
sny LIENZIlr rtztrzra
ern Europe are sophisticated enough
to know that Radio Free Europe is in-
terested in influencing their minds,
but they seem to feel that its methods
do less violence to their intelligence
than do those of the state media.
"We don't project one point of
view, but the diversity of freedom,"
said Jan Nowak, the head of Radio
Free Europe's Polish service.
Although it is an American sta-
tion, recognized by its audience as
such despite its neutral name, its
programs do not reflect a specifically
American point of view. The bulk of
its news report is drawn from four
news agencies, of which only one,
United Press International, is Amer-
ican. The others are Reuters, of
Britain; Agence France - Presse, and
Deutsche Presse Agentur. More Eu-
ropean newspapers of all political
persuasions than American are cited
in the press reviews that form an
essential part of the programing.
Unlike the three other foreign
broadcasters with large audiences in
Eastern Europe?the British Broad-
casting Corporation, the Voice of
America and the West German
Deutsche Welle?Radio Free Europe
is not regarded as an official station
pushing a government point of view.
In countries in which only govern-
ment views are broadcast and there
is a deep audience skepticism toward
all official views, Radio Free Eu-
rope's quasi - private sponsorship
gives it a great credibility edge.
"The programs of the B.B.C. or
the Voice of America are welcome
but they bear an official stamp,"
said Karel Jezdinsky, one of the
most popular and politically influ-
ential commentators of Radio Prague
when that station found its long-
muffled voice for a few glorious
months in 1968. "Their news pro-
grams are limited to news from a
national point of view. The rest are
nonpolitical programs of no basic
interest to the listener. They can
tral committee of each country's get some nonpolitical news on life in
tion has relkictantly backaRi) toaicau
prp p FOVA r gife120040318)4itecialaikkRDREW-060111R00440007?0001n-aheir
,401.4
HENRY KAMM is a correspondent of
The New York Times based in Paris.
L' 1. .1,V141.
2 6 MAR 1972 STATINTL
ved Forfir lease -2001/03/04 : CIAIDP80-01601
hiy
# Tell
Ot' , unwholesome enterprise. Other Western
,nations engage in similar operations
but meet with jamming interference
from Soviet and other Cwamunist sta-
tions as "indirect imperialist sub-
version."
.. During IThrushchev's regime, the So-
TheTruth? viet Union ceased jamming but inter-
mittently
his downfall this has been
. resumed. People caught
' By C.' L. SULZBERGER listening to blacklisted stations are
subject to punishment and Moscow
One curious aspect of the new stubbornly campaigns to stifle foreign
isolationist mood among so many transmitters.
Americans is their hostility toward the This diplomatic campaign empha-
relatively modest U.S. propaganda sizes West Germany, which is told
apparatus. Ever since it was quite that harboring stations like Radio
properly disclosed that some funds Liberty and R.F.E. is a hostile act
/ from the C.I.A., there have been supporting Radio Free Europe came
- not consonant with Chancellor Brandt's
efforts to achieve d?nte. It seeks
mounting signs of distaste for the very to exploit American public distaste for
Idea of explaining America's viewpoint propaganda, labeling it variously as
.to citizens of countries where there is C.I.A. "agitation" and "Zionist."
no freedom of expression.
The intensity of these endeavors'
Even so worldly a man as Senator seems to confirm the broadcasts' ef-
Fulbright Opposes the idea of rearrang- fe.ctiveness. More than half the adults
log R.F.E. finances on a new basis to of Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Czecho-
secure its continued operations. Radio slovakia and Bulgaria listen to R.F.E.
Liberty, which broadcasts to the Almost 30 million radios in the U.S.S.R.
U.S.S.R. in seventeen of its many
are capable of receiving Radio Liberty's
languages, has increasing difficulty in .
shortwave broadcasts.
supporting itself. The Voice of America,
representing the U.S. Information It is difficult to understand what is
wrong with using modern communica-
Agency, faces a thin budget.
Sending ideas abroa is not an Sur
These services differ in all aspects
tions to tell people what is going on?
savepeople whose own governments prefer
cial and global in concept. Radio
for money trouble. V.O.A. is off people
hide pr distort the truth. There
'Liberty focuses on the Soviet Union's
can never be international understand-
many republics and has transmitters ina without more open exchange of
in Lampertheim, West Germany, as ideas other than those permitted by
well as Spain and Taiwan. R.F.E. has totalitarian systems.
Moreover, Americans who pretend
embarrassment because we are
unabashedly engaged in the propa-
ganda business should realize that the
transmitters objected to by Moscow
and its allies are in fact imitated by
them and their imitative broadcasts
are 100 per cent official and biased
in presentation of news, often de-
liberately seeking to stir up trouble.
Thus Radio Prague specializes in
Italian and Spanish programs designed
to create unrest among foreign work-
ers in Common Market countries. The
U.S.S.R., for its part, has added a
copy of R.F.E. to Radio Moscow's
regular setup. This is the allegedly
nonofficial and independent radio
Peace and Progress. If that is an
independent enterprise, it is the only
one in the Soviet system.
Moreover, its transmissions tend to
be far more hostile and unrestrained
than those of Radio Moscow itself?
especially broadcasts in Chinese, aimed
at mainland China, and in Indian lan-
guages, which provoked a protest from
the New Delhi Government last year.
Moscow answered with the excuse
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
'There can never be inter-
national understanding
without more open
e>thange of ideas other
than those permitted
by totalitarian systems.'
?.tiao.unitteis in Holzkirchen and Biblis,
West Germany, and in Portugal, aim-
? Ing at Russia's East European allies.
It was always ridiculous to pretend
that Radio Liberty and R.F.E. had no
connection with U.S. Government
agencies. Yet, while it was wise to
? sever. links with the C.I.A., it would
be folly to terminate operations of
these semiprivate propaganda enter-
prises. After all, like the V.O.A., they
that it had no "influence" over the
explain what is happening in the
nUnited States. a.1 thevorld to popilla- "independent" station.
ARP EctifRadicaroKNease0200 1/03194"h CRIptsgt&410 R001100070001-5
even hough c
Western nations, including the
U.S.A., have at least as much right to
tell their story to muffled populations
as Communist stations have to paint
their own picture in the free air and
press of the democratic world. It is
folly for any Americans to have an
inferiority complex about telling things_
as they are,
apparatus of totalitarian regimes.
Map TRIBUN
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001MAYAR: NA-RDP80-01601R
Letter from Moscow
'To.
-CD iii)a(rd1.11.
By Gherman Sinirnovsky
This is excerpted from a letter provid-
ed by Soviet sources who identified the
author as Ghcrman Stnirnovsky, a Mos-
cow intellectual and physicist not previ-
ously linked with the Soviet dissent
movement. In this open letter to Sen.
J. W. Fulbriyht ID., Ark.], who seeks
to cut off congressional funding of
Radio Liberay and Radio Free Europe,
Smirnovsky stresses Radio Liberty be-
cause R. F. E. broadcasts only to East-
ern Europe, not the U. S. S. R.
MOSCOW?The city sleeps. At least it
seems so to militiamen who patrol the
frosty capital. Their hobnailed knee
boots clatter on the cobblestones above
the noise of the snowstorm...
..The night has come, but what is this?
In Moscow apartments, rural huts, in
the steppes of Central Asia, in the Sibe-
rian taiga, a voice is heard, a human
voice speaking in Russian, which dif-
fers so much from the official ravings
in the Soviet language:..
"Radio Liberty speaking." ?
Reaches Every Corner
_It reaches every remote corner of the
country and finds a response in the
heart of every honest man in Russia.
Superpowerful jamming, for which tax-
payers pay one million rubles a. year,
will be no help. Pushy neighbors ?
K. G. B. agents who expose listeners to
the Western stations [God knows how
much our people pay to feed this hunch
of informers]?also will be no help, nor
will slanderous articles' in the official
press.:. ?
..Communism, with its antihuman face,
is helpless against the free word...
..The West addressed the Russian peo-
ple by radio for the first time on the
day of the German invasion in 1911.
Churchill's address was broadcast by
the B. B. C. in Russian. In 1943, they
began to beam regular programs of the
Voice of America and the B. B. C. to
the U. S. S. R... ?
Witnesses remember the horrible
times of the Stalin era, and the impres-
sion made by Western radio programs
was like the blast of an, atomic bomb.
It was a? 'sappEQvAtCliEso Roles
and did not trust their ears. At last:
II ball
? ' ? ? ,:.-, ::??? '
Sen. Fulbright
tyranny, the people heard a human
word. The people learned what really
was happening in the world- and in their
own country . . .
.."Several days before the death of the
dictator [Josef Stalin] on March .1, 1953,
a new radio station, "Liberation,"
came on the air. It immediately gained
wide popularity in our country altho the
tone of the broadcasts did seem to
some to be rather sharp in relation to
the regime...
Quiet Justified
..But it was quite justified by the most
horrible model of Communism?the So-
viet. autocracy. Later, in the course of
the thaw, this tone moderated. The
s2O1VO3G4 s:telAwIRDP8434 1
to some extent and it was renamed
Thrtt so many years of total Communist Radio Liberty... ? ??
t:\
?Jamming started immediately after
the station began its work . . . it con-
tinued Until 1956, when it stopped in the
summer for several months. But after
suppression of. the Hungarian revolu-
tion, jamming resumed until 1963...
...In that year, Khrushchey decided to
leave Western government radio sta-
tions alone. But Khrushchev's "amnes-
? ty" did not extend to Radio:Liberty.
..Nevertheless it was a victory, tho not
a complete one. Free, independent, ob-
jective information triumphed over the
narrow ideological propaganda of Com-.
munism . . '
..From 1963 until the resumption of
'jamming after the occupation of Czech-
oslovakia on Aug. 21, 1968, a close spir-,
itual tie was established between the
peoples of Russia and the free West.
Western radio stations played an ex-
traordinary role in that process.
..The people learned all that had been
hidden from them by the Kremlin
ruler: The cruel court reprisals against
Sinyaysky and Daniel, and later against
Ginzburg and Galanskoy. .
They Could Not
..No matter how party propagandists
tried to blacken these people, . they
could 'not.
Truthful information about the laW-
lessness of the regime was broadcast
over the radio . . . and influenced sam-
izdat [dissident .materials, .circulated
clandestinely], which was becoming
stronger at the time.
The agitation to make things public,
folerssccivhilanrcieghot, fsappcwouldar hingaiv h
if this
thiasd much
i
i.
ty had existed only in the closed circle
of political dissenters, but with the aid
of Western broadcasts, the facts of vh,..
lations of human, rights in the U. S. S. It.
were reported to the whole country and
the whole world.
The biggest influence in this has been
that of Radio Liberty.
But our country does not need only
the naked facts. After the Bolshevik
seizure of power, culture completely
disappeared in the country. Russia has
been cut off from the best liiteraz
gP.S11. aintld?iTien thrl3NR:r"t. n t
Aout blazed
INAW-iiiujl 1'061
Approved For Release 2001/03a :1EFA14P80-0160
Clayton Fritchey
STATI NTL
alng+;v? Of the Col
:a IN ? THE LIGHT of Mr.
Nixon's trip to Peking, and
his coming one to Moscow,
undertaken to relax cold
war tensions, advance tie-
'tenth and promote co-exist-
ence and co-operation with
the Comnmnist world, it
might be thought that the
? U.S. government was on the
point of kicking its long
--addiction to anti-Communist
? crusades at home and
Abroad.
Easier said than done. Old
habits are hard to break,
even when they no longer
seem appropriate to a na-
ton's new mode. A few
weeks ago, for instance,
there was an argument in
Congress over giving addi-
tional money to that relic of
the McCarthy era, the
House- Un-American Activi-
ties Committee. The com-
mittee hasn't caught a Com-
munist in 20 years, if ever,
?but no matter. It's now
? called the House Internal
Security Committee, and it
has just been given $525,000
more to waste.
THIS IS tip money, how-
ever, compared to the $33
million a year in tax funds
that the President and Con-
gress want to give another
hangover of the Cold War?
/Radio Free Europe and
v -Radio Liberty, which for
many years were presume-
., . . , ?
?
bly financed by private con-
tributions, but actually were
secretly subsidized by the
CIA with public money.
Sen. 1 W. Fulbright (D-
Ark.), chairman of the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, has made a deter-
mined but lonely effort to
put a stop to this expendi-
ture. He had temporarily
succeeded in heading off an-
other appropriation for 1973,
but most or his colleagues
shied from voting against
anything that has an anti-
Communist label on it, re-
gardless of bow -anachro-
nistic it may be.
Both Radio Free Europe
(RFE) and Radio Liberty
(RL) were established over
20 years ago at the peak of
the Cold War to beam news
and propaganda into Russia
and its Eastern European
satellites. The stations oper-
ated under the camouflage
of private sponsorship but,
unbeknown to the American
public, were financed by
the CIA at a cost of about
$500 million over the years.
Backers of the stations
contend their broadcasts are
now "objective" and no
longer dedicated to "roll-
backs" or "liberation" or
stirring up internal opposi-
tion to the Communist gov-
ernments of Europe. But
U.S. citizens are already
being taxed $41 million a
year to enable the Voice of
America to provide the
world with "objective" news
coverage. The Voice, which
has 103 transmitters around
the globe, broadcasts in 36
languages, devoting 40 per
cent of its air time to audi-
ences in Communist coun-
tries.
Neither RFE or RL, of
course, could get a dime
from Congress if they were
not primarily engaged in
trying to win friends and in-
fluence people in the Rus-
sian orbit at the expense of
the Communist govern-
ments. However desirable
this may have been some
years ago, does it, on bal-
ance, serve the best inter-
ests of the United States
and the Free World at a
time described by President
Nixon as the "new era of ne-
gotiation" rather than "con-
frontation?"
THE STATIONS have in-
furiated the Soviets, which
may please some Americans,
but, as Mr. Nixon prepares
for his Moscow trip, should
we be engaging in activities
which might make it more
difficult for the United
States to gain its major Rus-
sian objectives, such as nu-
clear disarmament, stablili-
zation of the Middle East
and better security arrange-
ments in Eastern Europe? .
It shouldn't be hard to im-
agine what the U.S. frame
of mind would be if Russia
were to establish Radio Free
America in Cuba, and start
broadcasting around the
clock its view of the world
to American listeners. As
justification for such an op-
eration, the Soviets no
doubt would quote Vice
President Agnew's charges
that the U.S. press can't be
trusted.
In any case, the new US.-
China communique, signed
by Mr. Nixon in Shanghai,
pledges the United States to
support the principle of non-
intervention in the internal
affairs of other countries.
How, it is asked, can that be
squared with further opera-
tions of RFE and RL?
Finally, if they are to be
continued, why shouldn't
they be directed at all the
totalitarian nations which
are without a free press?
Why not Radio Free Pe-
king? Or Radio Free Greece
?or Spain or Portugal or
Brazil, or Argentina?to
name only a few? Sen. Ful-
bright has the answer.
These radios (meaning RFE
and RL), he says, "should
take their rightful place in
the graveyard of cold war
relics."
es 1972, Lo Angeles Tilos
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ru
Approved For Release 2001_105/VV: 15U-Rop8o-VerTiKb11000
_
ill Clears F
For Padio Europe
By Spencer Rich
Washinirton Post Staff Writer
Funds to continue Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Eu-
rope through June 30 won
final congressional approval
yesterday as the Senate com-
pleted action on an authoriz-
ing bill, 65 to 6.
The bill authorizes $36 mil-
Fulbright, Mansfield and
others had argued that, while
the stations admittedly now
are less aggressively "cold
war" oriented than in the past,
they constitute an expensive,.
unnecessary irritant to East-
West relations, costing as
much as the whole U.S. cul-
lion for the two stations, tural relations program.
which beam news and corn-
The administration backed
ment into Eastern Europe. .
the House version of the bill,
However, the stations will ac-
continuing the stations until
tually get only $32 million be- June 30, 1973, and setting up a
cause a separate bill appropri_ commission to study whether
*ling funds?contingent upon they should continue.
final enactment of the authori- Fulbright,. arguing that the
zation?carried the smaller commission would undoubt-
amount.
edly be shaped so as to recom-
/ Voting against the authori- mend continuing the stations,
insisted instead that the au-
t.'. zation were Senate Majority
Leader Mike Mansfield (D- thorization expire this June 30
Mont.) Foreign Relations and that the State Department
? Committee Chairman J. W. be required to justify contin-
Fulbright (D-Ark.), Appropria- nation beyond then. He also
tions Chairman Allen J. Ellen- favored putting the stations
Oer (D-La.), Harold Hughes under U.S. Information
(D-Iowa), William Proxmire Agency or State Department
(D-Wis.) and Stuart Symington control, so that the U.S. diplo-
(D-Mo.). ? matic agencies would be di-
All Maryland and 'Virginia recty responsible for them.
senators voted to contihue the Faced with a total cutoff of
stations except J. Glenn Beall funds when House-Senate con-
(R-Md.), who was absent. ferees couldn't agree, the ad-
Yesterday's action temporar- ministration yielded and
fly ended a severe congres- agreed to a continuation to
sional battle over whether the June 30 only, extracting from
two 'stations, which up to now Fulbright a pledge to consider
have been covertly financed any ? request for future fund-
by ,the Central Intelligence ing,
Agency, should be abolished George D. Aiken (R-Vt.), the
or allowed to go on. But a new senior Republican on the For-
fight. is almost certain if the eign Relations Committee,
administration?as expected? said yesterday that he would
asks Congress to provide au- do his best to assure a fair
thprizations for future years.. hearing for any such request.
?
, Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R001100070001-5
111511-iirCI'QN STAR
Approved For Release 20640%419.781A-RDP80-01601
rIN CONGRESS
Radio Free 'Europe
..M-epsure Is Passed
? The Senate has passed and
sent to the White House a bill
to keep Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty in operation
for the next three months.
The Senate vote, 65 to 6,
authorizes $36 million in feder-
al funding for the two stations
for the 12 months ending June
30. Most of the money already
has been spent under emer-
gency appropriations.
The House earlier this week
yielded to the insistence of
high-place senators that the
stations ? which long had
been financed secretly by the
Central Intelligence Agency ?
should be openly financed by
the government for only one
year instead of two.
Doubt about the future of
the stations after June 30 was
emphasized yesterday by the
votes of influential senators, in
effect, to shut clown the
stations immediately by deny-
ing them money. Voting
against funding even for the
next three months were Sens.
Mike Mansfield of Montana,
the Senate Democratic leader;
J. W. Fulbright, D-Ark., chair-
man of the Senate Foreign Re-
lations Committee; and Allen
J. Ellender, D-La., chairman
of the Senate Appropriations
Committee.
Other negative votes came
from Sens. Harold Hughes of
Iowa, William Proxmire of
Wisconsin and Stuart Syming-
ton of Missouri, all Demo-
crats.
In a months-long campaign
to end taxpayer support of the
stations, Fulbright called them
"relics of the cold war" and a
continued thorn in East-West
relations.
Some senators have said
they want the stations termi-
nated and others want them
continued only if they are sup-
ported by other partners of the
United States in the North At-
lantic community. ? AP. .
knee transmitted into Ameri-
can homes.
Sen. John Pastore, D-R.I.,
issued the call for a "violence
index" yesterday after taking
four days of testimony on the
effect televised violence has
on children. The hearings
were directed at childrens'
programming, but the survey
will cover all phases of televi-
sion.- Pastore is chairman of
the Senate Communications
Subcommittee.
The annual report will be
made by the U.S. Surgeon
General's Office in HEW in
conjunction with the Federal
Communications Commission.
Although network executives
testified that they are reduc-
ing the incidence of violence,
especially in childrens' pro-
grams, most public and pri-
vate witnesses told ;the sub-
committee there is too much
violence and predicted even
more in years to come.
"Ten years from now the
networks will have far less
control over these things than
they do now," said Douglass
Cater, a White House adviser
in the Johnson administration
and a leader in the creation of
educational television. Cater
said the proliferation of chan-
neLs :through cable television
and growth of regular com-
mercial television will make
regulation more difficult in the
future.?UPI.
STATI NTL
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Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R00
ANCHORAGE, ALAS.
NEWS
KR 2 4 19T2.
- 11,056
S - 12,970
Financing the radios
Sen. J. William Fulbright of Arkansas,
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, is obsessed with the need to
MOdernize America's obsolete cold war for-
eign policy. There is no doubt that change
? is necessary in many areas (as President
'Nixon's dramatic turnabout on China has
- .demonstrated). But Sen. Fulbright's obses-
?-sion, like many another, has led to some
bizarre abberations.
Consider his determination to close
.down Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
because they are "relics of the cold war"
which the Soviet Union doesn't like.
If Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty were, in fact, the blatant propaganda
outlets Mr. Fulbright seems to consider
them, there might be some foundation for
lie belief. The senator no doubt recalls that
during the Hungarian revolt of 1956 RFE
recklessly implied that American aid might
forthcoming for the insurrection. And he
was irritated a couple of years ago when
.
long-standing suspicions were confirmed
ad the Central Intelligence Agency ad-
mitted vrtrriling 141oianheirteiwy.-nkeded
to keep the stations going.
;- But there is every reason to believe that
RE learned its lesson in 1956. Since
then, its news broadcasts,' beamed to mu-
lions Of listeners in Eastern Europe (and
, those of Radio Liberty, which are broadcast
to the Soviet Union) have been notable for
their objectivity and balance. The Soviet
_ .
-Union objects to the stations not because
what they say is inflammatory but because
they provide a much more complete and
truthful picture of the world than what is
available in the rigidly controlled Comm-
nist press.
And regardless of what pique Mr. Ful-
? bright and his colleagues may have felt at
:the clandestine CIA financing of the sta-
tions, that episode, too, is in the past.
The question now ought to be whether
? it is we for the United States to invest
$35 million-$38 million a year in providing
an estimated 300 million listeners in Russia
..
: and Eastern Europe with a relatively un-
`;. biased alternative to the utterly biased,
t! dogmatic party press. We believe it is. -
And we hope the wilfully obstructionist,
and so far quite successful, tactics of Mr.
' Fulbright, which could cut off fundhig for
, the stations June 30, are replaced by ton
mon sense.
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onn, Aides: Close'
?
dio Free Europe-
.,?
BY ALICE SIEGERT
? ' [Chief of Bonn Bureau]
(Chicano Tribune
BONN, :March 23 ? Eight
deputies of Chancellor Willy
Brandt's Social Democrat Par-
ty asked in a telegram pub-
lished today that President
Nixon close down the Munich-
based Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty.
The legislators said the two
anti-Communist stations were
a stumbling block to improved
East-West relations. They said
the stations' existence in West
Germany has raised doubts
about the Bonn government's
sovereignty. .
The West German move co-
incided with passage of a bill i
by the United States House of !
Representatives yesterday to
extend financing of the stations
until June 30.
Heard in E. Europe
Radio Free Europe and Ra-
dio Liberty beam news and
commentaries to listeners in'
?
Eastern Europe. The two out-
lets came into the limelight
jest year with the disclosure
that they were being financed
by the. ?Central Intelligence
Agency.
'Sell: J. William Fulbright
[D., Ark.] demanded that their
operations be discontinued be-
cause they were "relics of the
cold war" and barred efforts
to achieve detente with the So-
?viet Unoin.. . . ?
o ?
The Social Democrats asked
.Nixon to recommend to Con-
gress that financing of the sta-
'tions be terminated June 30.
They asked his consent that
the Bonn government cancel
,operating rights on that date.
Heretofore, operating licenses
were renewed automatically on
a yearly. basis.
Press Service]
Brat* Gets Request
The deputies addressed a
similar request to Brandt, ask-
ing that he use his influence to
stop the radio activities.
Conrad Ahlers, chief govern-
ment spokesman, said the is-
sue was being discussed by the
West 'German and American
governments...
Radio Free Europe has been
broadcasting to Eastern Eu-
rope for 21 years. Radio Liber-
ty directs its programs exclu-
sively to listeners in the Soviet
Union.
? ?
Russ Voices Heard
Moscow, March 23 [Reuters]
?Voices are being raised here
for and against the continued
operation of Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty.
The Soviet government's daily
newspaper Izvestia this week
published one of its frequent.
attacks on the stations. It de:,
nounced them as mainstays of
"American a nti -Communist
propaganda."
An appeal against proposals
to close the stations also was
being circulated in typescript
'among a small number of.Rus-
sians. The author of the appeal
was said to be a Muscovite. He
asserted: For Russia to lose
Radio Liberty "means to lose
the little freedom left to us
. . the freedom to get truth-
ful information about ,:+ur coun-
try."
STATI NTL
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2 4 MAR 1972
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011R0
SIAM IL
By WILLIAM J. PfiSIEROY ?
LONDON, March 17 (By mail)?The recent moves led by Sen. William Fulbright
to slice away the U.S. funds that have financed that fountainhead of subversion known
as "Radio Free Europe," along with its sinister sister "Radio Liberty," have brought
protests from none but the most ardent hate-merchants and Neanderthal cold-war
. propagandists.
The London Times, seeking to
whip up backing for these cold-
war instruments, opened its letter
columns for opinion on the matter,
but only one Briton replied, and
he expressed the belief that "the
West, and particularly America"
had been trying for too long to
Impose its ideas on the socialist
countries.
Otherwise the Times has had to
content itself with dredging in
and holding up for view some
strange fish indeed.
? ? Defector's letter
One of the smelliest of these is
the former "Soviet novelist," An-
atoll Kuznetsov, who defected a
couple of years ago for monetary
rewards from anti-Soviet publish-
ing houses. Periodically, Kuzne-
tsov is dragged forth from his
hiding place near London to ut-
ter the most' absurd statements
about "the lack of freedom un-
der socialism." Recently he sol-
emnly proclaimed the authenti-
city of an anti-Soviet pornograph-
ic comic-strip allegedly pro-
duced in the Soviet Union, which
turned out to be the fabrication
of another "artist" defector.
In a letter to the Times signed
by Kuznetsov we find this gem
of a paragraph:
"I was working on my novel,
'Crucifixion,' which deals with
present-day life in the Soviet
Union. By chance I was actually
describing an episode in which
people are listening, through the
din of the jamming, to `Radio
Liberty.' The episode is auto-
biographical: I, a Soviet writer,
like all Soviet intellectuals, had
for many years learnt the truth
from one source only?foreign
broadcasts. They told the truth
and gave hope."
The Times also printed a letter
from a certain Stefan Korbonski,
who represented himself as chair-
man of "Assembly of Captive
European Nations" based in New
York. Korbonski also was de-
pressed by the thought of "Radio
Free Europe" losing its boice,
but he had prospects of hope for
"the peoples of Bulgaria, Czech-
oslovakia, Hungary, Poland and
Rumania":
Mao to the rescue
"Surely," he wrote, "it would
not kill their striving for inde-
pendence but, paradoxically,
might result in shifting their
hopes towards the People's Re-
public of China, which alone of
the great powers shows some
interest in East European coun-
tries regaining their independ-
ence. This interest was demon-
strated by several announcements
of the Peking Government and,
not so long ago, by the vehe-
ment condemnation of the Soviet
invasion of Czechoslovakia by the
present Chinese delegation to
the United Nations. It is also be-
ing demonstrated by Radio Pe-
king broadcasts to East Europe."
So now we have it, from the
mouth of the CIA-supported anti-
Soviet emigre gangs, the pro-
fascists whom the people of
Eastern Europe are glad to get
rid of: the logical successor of
"Radio Free Europe" is seen by
them as Radio Peking.
c
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VASE: N; TON pco.t STATINTL
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Around the World
?
U.S. Radio Stations
BONN? Chancellor Willy
Brandt'q government an-
nounced that it is conferring
with Washington on the fu-
ture of the American broad-
casting stations in Munich,
Radio Free Europe and I
Radio Liberty.
The announcement fol-
lowed a call for the closure
of the stations by seven par-
liamentarians of Brandt's
Social Democratic Party,
who said the stations' exist-
ence raised doubts about
West German sovereignty. T
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TI-ST:AN SCI:17CT
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STATINTL
? ? ,A;AV:' 4:eagaa4i.nrWZMAZUNO ATECAM, ira:MWMannMagra4r4VMN
Oonuna. laWagrinfinnetton teacillo tailks
, By the Associated Press
Bonn
Chancellor Willy Brandt's government says itis conferring with Washington
On the future of the American broadcast stations in Munich: Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty.
Government spokesman Conrad Ahlers says Bonn recognizes the significance
of the U.S.-financed radio stations in providing information to the people in
the Soviet bloc. But at the same time it wants to avoid possible harm to the
"foreign relations of the federal West German republic." '
The problem is that the Soviets take a dim view of the stations ? and have
said so during recent negotiations over roadblocks to East-West detente in
Europe. ?
Mr. Ahlers was commenting on a call for the closure of the stations made
In telegrams to President Nixon and Chancellor Brandt by a group of seven
parliamentarians of Mr. Brandt's Social Democratic Party.
The U.S. House of Representatives has voted funds to keep the two stations
going through June 30. The bill has been sent to the Senate, where Chairman
J. W. Fulbright of the Foreign Relations Committee has been leading a cam-
paign against the two "relics of the cold war."
The telegrams called on Mr. Nixon to halt financing of the stations after.
June 30 and make their frequencies available to the Cologne-based "Deutsche
.Welle" station, which they .said could just as well provide "realistic re-
portage" to the Soviet bloc.
At the same time, they said it could not be denied that both radios hail
abandonedthe policy of disseminating "unmistakable anti-Communist propa-
ganda" they had followed during the cold-war days of the early 1950's.
fmz'xs'eeo:',.e''MPMM,;'mmszzmsmmmw.e../mtrmszamn.S.wzm,tnm.wsze.m.mmaimm.mimozm.,?x
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23 MAR 1972
'U.S. radio-broadcast funding STATINTL
By Paul Wohl
Written for The Christian Science Pefonttor
, Sen. J. W. Fulbright's efforts to block
the funding of Radio Free Europe and Ra-
dio Liberty, the two Munich-based American
radio stations, have severely shocked many
people in .Russia and Eastern Europe.
A recent visitor from Poland reports that
the irdminent closing of "Warsaw Four,"
as Poles call Radio Free Europe, is the
main subject of political discussions in War-
saw's _caf?
? Not even Communist dissenters want the
-West to revert to cold-war politics. But
every indication of Western determination
to defend its rights and values is applauded
In the .East.?
Castro vs. Battista
This writer remembers how, during the
Cuban Crisis, educated East Europeans ex-
pressed their satisfaction over America's
stand.
These people preferred -Fidel Castro to
Battista and Communist to capitalist ways.
But they were weary of Russian heavyhand-
edness. They did not want to be compressed
into a monolith.
Deep in their thoughts was the old fear of
the Russian steamroller, ever ready to flatten
any kind of nonconformism.
As long as the West, and especially Amer-
ica, stood firm, the steamroller) they felt,
was stalled.
The occupation of Czechoslovakia really
shook most East Europeans, including party
members. The trauma still lingers.
This may explain why politically alert
East Europeans reacted bitterly to the news
that Radio Free Europe is likely to be
closed down. ?
Uncomplimentary names
In Czechoslovakia, Mr. Fulbright has
been referred to as "Fulbricht" ? which
brings to memory the name of East Ger-
many's Walter Ulbricht. Poles use a play
on words which makes Mr. Fulbright's
name sound like a vulgar Polish epithet.
To emphasize how much the Senator's policy
favors the not overly popular Russians,. his
name also is russified into Fulbraitov.
The Soviets, on the other hand, are satis-
fied. A 225-page book by the Arkansas
Democrat on "The Arrogance of Power"
was brought out in Russian in 1967. Toward
the end of last year the Moscow publishing
house "International Relations" published a
271-page Fu/bright biography by V. B.
eners criticize
Vorontsov under the title "The Senator from
Arkansas."
Privately the Communist leaders are
elated. According to a report from dissent-
ing Communists, a recent ideological con-
ference in Moscow devoted to fighting anti-
communism concluded: "We do not have
to do anything right now. Leave it all to Ful
-/
bright." ,
Grain's of truth
While there can be no doubt that most
East Europeans and Soviet dissenters, in-
cluding many rank and file Communists,
are disappointed', there is nevertheless more
than a grain of truth in Senator Fulbright's
contention that the two stations are popu-
larly identified with some of the grimmest
phases of the cold war.
Actually they have long ceased to be cold-
war propaganda outlets 'and have become
information niedi,a of a special kind which
keep their walled up audiences alert.
The fact is that they are not official gov-
ernment stations. Though under Washing-
ton's general political supervision, they
have enough leeway to be flexible and
enough autonomy to call a spade a spade.
And this fact enhances their plausibility.
Some observers say much of the cold-war
sting would be removed if the two stations
were given less innocuous names. Radio
Liberty already is an improvement over
its original name, "Radio Liberation."
? Latvian born Arsene Eglis, who has long
been connected with Radio Liberty, sug-
gests combining the two stations under the
name of "Radio West."
Merger possibility
A merger of the two stations, of their re-
search staffs and of their broadcasting fa-
cilities, would mean substantial savings.
Yet it is doubtful whether the two can be
combined.
Radio Free Europe appeals to East Euro-
pean audiences, is manned by seasoned spe-
cialists for the various East European coun-
tries, and broadcasts in East European
languages,
Radio Liberty employs, as consultants
former Soviet citizens, especially from na-
tional minorities. Its broadcasts are in Rus-
sian and in Soviet 'minority languages.
If Radio Liberty is to be maintained, as .
most Americans with firsthand knowledge
of Soviet and East European conditions
hope, there is good reason to urge that its
name be changed to indicate that the West
has effectively abandoned a cold-war ap-
proach. The present name?in many East
European eyes?somewhat arrogantly im-
plies that there is complete political liberty
in the West and that liberty does not exi
at all in the East.
One suggestion is an invocation of the is
of the three rallying slogans of the Frem
Revolution ? Liberty, Equality, Fraterni?
? by changing the name of Radio Liberty ?
"Radio Brotherhood."
Broadcasts of Radio Free Europe, on tt
other hand, might sound less condescem
ing if they went under the name of "Rad:
West" or "Inter-Europe Radio."
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STATI NTL
GRANPVIEW, MO.
JACKSON ADVOCATE
MAR 23 1972
WEEKLY ? 7,353
? 5redideif
SPeaiiig
By
THOMAS F. EAGLETON
U.S. Senator?Missouri ,
??11.????????????????????
. The Congress of the United
States is an oft-misunderstood
institution. The recent working
of a House-Senate Conference
'Committee on legislation to de-.
ride the fate of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty have s
certainly not made Congress any
easier to understand. .
The, Conference Committee
was deadlocked on the question
; of how long to fund both radio
networks. The House side wanted
. to provide funding for a two-
year period and the Senate in-
issted on approving funding only
through this fiscal year ? which
ends June 30. Neither side was
willing to compromise.
The Senate conferees showed
little inclination to yield to the
House because of the conviction
of some that Radio Free Europe
and, Radio Liberty are tolls of
; the Cold War and now strain
our relations with the Soviet
? Union.
I disagree with this assess-
ment. 1 believe it is important
' for those living in totalitarian
societies to hear uncensored
news reports and other programs,
characteristic of a free and ?pert;
society.
Radio Free' Europe and Radio
? Liberty have, over the years, built
up large followings, the former in
Eastern Europe and the latter
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These broadcasts ?in. most
cases represent the only link the
people of these nations have,
not just with the free world, but
also with the events occurring
within their own countries. We
have ? an obligation to maintain
this Jlink.
Of course Congree also has an
obligation 'to give funding re-
quests for all federal programs
careful scrutiny.
In the past no specific fund-
ing action for Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty was required
on the part of Congress. Both
networks then were run by the
Ce n t rgintelligence Agepc.y4rp?
funds in the CIA budget, a raZt
which. surprised and shocked a
large seg,thent of the public when,
it was revealed last year.
Now both radio networks are
under the control of the State
Department ? a much more
proper arrangement, I think. We
do not, need a covert intelligence
agency to sell America to the ?
community world. America can
sell itself openly, without em-
barassment. We have nothing. to
hide . . just a great deal to
offer.
.Last week, after much wrang-
ling, the Conference Committee
finally agreed to fund the two
networks through this fiscal year
and to require annual appropria-?-
tions for their operation in the .
future. ?
The reason for this require-
ment was the Committee's belief
that these radio stations, like all
other federal programs, should
be fustified to Congree on the
basis of each year's performance..
Of eourse we should demand con-
tinued excellence from our main '
voices to the community world.
A
STATI NTL
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MEMPri S, T NN.
COMMERCIAL APPEAL_
MAR- 23 19TZ
m ? 219,462
? S ? 268,338
_
'I House Vote Extends Life Of Freedom Radios'
By MORRIS CUNNINGHAM
? Pram The Commercial Appeal
Washington Bureau
WASHINGTON, March 22.?
A bill that would continue Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty in operation through
June 30 Was approved by the
House Wednesday by a voice
vete.
. ? Senate leaders scheduled the
measure for consideration Fri-
day and passage in that cham-
ber is regarded as certain. It
would authorize 35 million dol-
ars to finance the stations.
\ Chairman Thomas E. Mor- ?
gan (D-Pa.) of the House For-1
eign Affairs Committee told!
the House the three-months ex-1
tension was the most he could
extract from Senate confr rees,
Chairman J. W. Fulbright
(D-Ark.) of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee opposes
continuing the stations, but has
agreed that his committee lat-
er this year will consider legis-
lation continuing them for a
longer period.
The two stations, based in
Munich, Germany,.were estab-
lished after World War II, and
have been operated and until
recently secretly financed by
the Central intelligence Agen-
cy.
casts
-
casts to the people of Soviet-
block countries in Eastern Eu-
rope. Radio Liberty beams its
broadcasts to the people of the
Soviet Union.
Firlbright has called the sta-
tions unnecessary, expensive
"remnants of the Cold War"
that irritate efforts to reach a
detente with the USSR Howev-
er, in testimony this week, offi-
cials, qf the United States
Through June 30
formation Agency, which oper-.
,ates the Voice of America,1
have warmly praised the work
of RFE and RL and, while
opposing consolidation of the
stations with VOA, have urged
that they be continued. - As of now, no legislation to
continue RFE and RL beyond
June 30 is pending in Congress,
and the administration has not
yet come forward with a pro-
posal.
Earlier the administration
supported a two-year financing
extension the House had ap-
proved, but which House con-
ferees were forced to abandon'
in favor of the three-month-ex-
tension in the face of what
Morgan called the "tdtal
in-
transigence" of some senators..
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1117 YORK 'MIES
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9
House Votes Stopgap Funds
For U.S. Radio in Europe
WASHINGTON, March 22
(Reuters)=The House passed
compromise legislation today
providing funds for Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty until
June 30.
The Senate is expected to
complete Congressional action
on the bill tomorrow.
The funding for the United
States radio stations, which
broadcast from West Germany
to Eastern Europe and the So-
viet Union, expired on Feb. 22.
The original House proposal,
backed by the Nixon Adminis-
tration, would have provided
funds for the stations until the
middle of next year.
Fresh funds were delayed in
the Senate in a fight led by
Senator J. W. Fulbright, chair-
man of the Senate Foreign Re-
lations Committee, who de-
scribed the stations as relics
of the cold war. -
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CURT.I.ITIAN SCIENCE MONITOR ?
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STAT I NTL
AlTied backers plead
r Free Euro
By Harry B. Ellis
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
Munich, Germany
Virtually every major newspaper in West-
ern Europe, including Die Welt of Hain-
- burg, Le Monde .of Paris, Switzerland's
Neue Zuercher Zeitung, and the Times
' of London, editorially urg,.-!-, -the retention
of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
Radio Liberty beams news and comment
almost around the clock to the Soviet Union.
.RFE does the same to the other nations
? of the Soviet bloc. Together the stations,
which were founded in the early 1950's and
are based here in Munich, broadcast in more
than 20 languages. ?
Thousands of East bloc listeners have
written to Munich to say that the two radios
represent the letter writers' only source of
,unbiased information on developments with-
in their own countries.
The government of Chancellor Willy
? Brandt continues to voic'e support for the
stations,. despite Communist demands that.
the two stations be expelled from West Ger-
man soil.
Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D) of Arkansas,
however, describes the radio stations, which
1,/until recently were financed by the U.S.
-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as "rel-
ics of the cold war," and urges their shut-
down.
Senator Fulbright has blocked further fi-
nancing of the stations, which employ more
than 2,000 people, including many East bloc
emigres, beyond June 30, while -Congress
debates their future.
"Why," demanded a European observer,
"should the radios be shut down, simply
because they irritate the Soviets? Have the
Russians stopped building up their mili-
tary power, because this alarms us?"
A West European advisory committee of
RFE, headed by former NATO Secretary-
General Dirk Stikker, now is exploring
whether Europeans governments might
'help finance the stations.
Hundreds of interviews conducted over
ithe years by Western analysts confirm that
.ordinary Poles, Hungarians, Romanians,
:Bulgarians, and Soviet citizens listen to
? RFE and Radio Liberty more often and with
? greater trust, than to the Voice of America
(VOA), Deutsche Welle, Radio Paris, Radio
Vatican, and other official stations. RFE
alone has an estimated audience of 55 mil-
lion.
Anatoli Kuznetsov, a Russian writer who
fled to Britain, wrote to the London Times
that closing down the two stations would
fulfill one of the most ardent wishes of the
KGB, the- intelligence organ of the Soviet
Government.
He, like other Soviet intellectuals, Mr.
Kuznetsov wrote, depended on foreign radio
stations for truthful reporting that "gave
hope."
"VOA, Deutsche Welle, even the BBC,"
declared an analyst, "aim at promoting the
image of their country of origin."
Policy changed
He meant that VOA expresses an official
American point of view. Deutsche Welle
does the same for the West German Gov-
ernment; and even the BBC, the analyst
said, reflects a British outlook.
"RFE, on the other hand, takes an active
Interest in East European countries and peo-
ples ? identifies with their aspirations.
"Where Radio Free Europe is unrivaled,"
the expert went on, "is in'detailedreporting
on events within Eastern Europe."
. Station officials agree that in the early
1950's when U.S. State Department policy
under John Foster Dulles was keyed to a
Communist "rollback," the two stations
stressed a cold-war line.
Then came the abortive Hungarian re-
volt, which, as one official put it, "taught
the West that communism _could not be
rolled back by words alone."' ?
Since then the tone of the two radios
has evolved, until today the thrust of their
programming is objective reporting of
political, economic, cultural, and athletic
events behind the iron curtain. Library of
Congress studies say of Radio Liberty, for
instance, that it is neither "a cold-war
operation nor is its staff a group of cold
warriors."
The Soviet Government, analysts report,
makes it harder for Soviet citizens to hear
Radio Liberty by jamming its broadcasts.
RFE programa are jammed in Czechoslo-
vakia, Bulgaria, and Poland, but not in
Hungary or Romania.
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, STATINTL
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1 Li kz,:j
By TIM WHEELER
WASHINGTON, March 18 ?
"Radio Free Europe" extorts free
poster space on buses and sub-
ways across the nation to plead
for the nickels ? and dimes of
school children to keep alive its
broadcasts to socialist countries.
But Senators J. W. Fulbright
(D-Ark) and Clifford Case (R-
NJ), in speeches in Congress,
revealed that "Radio Free Eur-
ope" and its partner, "Radio
Liberty," are wholly olimed sub-
sidiaries of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, which wallowed
in $480 million in taxpayer ap-
propriations in the past 20 years.
Senator Case introduced legis-
lation to prohibit the CIA from
continuing its secret funding of
RFE and RL and to require
that all future U.S. appropriations
for the networks be a matter of
public record.
Senator Fulbright, chairman of
the Foreign Relations Committee,
went further. He proposed out-
right liquidation of the stations,
and cited President Nixon's com-
munique from. Peking extolling
"non-interference" in the internal
affairs of other nations, lie wryly
noted that Nixon shuns the idea
of a "Radio Free China." .
RFE and RL, said Fulbright,
are "based on nothing more than
an arrogant belief that people
around the world will act like
we want' them to act if we only
tell them how."
One-year fund voted
However, Fulbright, Case and
others yielded this week to the
cold warriors and agreed to a
one-year U.S. appropriation of $36
million for RFE and RL ? the
first time since 1950 that the
U.S. appropriation for these sta-
tions has been a matter of pub-
lic record. RFE and RL had
asked for a two-year appropria-
tion.
"They will have to come back
next year," said an aide to Ful-
bright. "They are going to have
to erase some doubts before these
Programs are going to be re-
:r1
I'L9 ,40,
newed. It. is incomprehensible
how the U.S. could give away
$480 million over a 20-year period
for these radio stations."
Fulbright inserted in the Con-
gressional Record separate re-
ports on the two stations written
by Joseph C. Whelan and James
-
Robert Price, anti-Soviet experts
on the payroll of the Library of
Congress. The reports sing praises
to the two stations, but biogra-
phies of the two authors appended
to the reports indicate why: both
are CIA agents. Whelan, the re-
port on RL declares, was "Brief-
ly employed" by the CIA in 1951.
Price, author of the report on
RFE "was employed by the CIA"
from 1950-1857. . . .
'Sam izdat' opera tion
Whelan defends "Radio Liberty"
as the main instrument for pro-
moting "liberalization" in the So-
viet Union. His booklength report
dwells for several chapters on
"Sarnizdat," the anti-socialist
writings of disgruntled Soviet
"liberals" which are circulated
in manuscript form because their
authors are unable to find pub-
lishers.
Whelan's report describes Ra-
dio Liberty as "the principal
source for disseminating "sami-
zdat" throughout the Soviet
Union."
In a chapter titled "Main De-
pository of Sarnizdat," Whelan
declares, "For RL samizdat is
the beginning of a harvest after
years of labor sowing the seeds
of democracy in the Soviet Union.
"RL has the largest-deposit of
samizdat in the world to draw
upon for its programming. and
its archives are growing daily.
What RL does is magnify the au-
dience from .what would ordi-.
narily be a small network to
embrace a national constituency.
"In so doing, RL has become
a prime source for uniting the
disparate elements of samizdat
producers. Thus, by becoming a
prime transmitter of samizdat,
RI, has contributed substantially-
to this self generating phenorne-
Interventions cited
' The "abortive" rebellion in:
East. Berlin in 1953, Price de-
clared, caused RFE "to develop
a technique of 'chipping away'
at Communi,st power structures.
Frontal attacks against the Com-
munist regimes were downgrad-
ed in favor of progress designed
to encourage long range and sub-
tle attitudinal changes among the
listeners until objective condi-
tions favoring -a radical change
are established."
He explains how RE used this
technique to promote and guide
the anti-socialist crisis in Cze-
choslovakia in 1968. Instead of
promoting open, armed counter-
revolution. RFE urged ideological
and political sabotage from within.
Whelan confirms that this tac-
tic was employed by RL as well.
"Guidances were planned and
formulated as the crisis gather-
ed momentum," he- declared.
"Monthly and daily guidelines
provided continuing ad hoc guid-
ance, with caution the key word.
Contingency plans for program-
ming were made on July 30, well
in advance of the crisis of Aug.
21, the day of invasion."
Adopted socialist mask
Whelan reports that Radio Li-
berty assumed the guise of. a
partisan of socialism "with a hu-
man face;" and that it bemoaned
the intervention of the Warsaw
Pact in Czechoslovakia as a "loss
of moral, ethical and practical
positions for. the Soviet Union . .
the damage to the cause of so-
cialism and of liberalization at
home; and the irreparable split
in the world Communist move-
ment."
Price reveals that RFE has a
full time staff of 1,611, of whom
211 are U.S. citizens and the re-
mainder anti-Communist emi-
gres. The costs of the station in
1971 were $22,356,876.
Both RFE and RI? Price de-
clared, "had hitherto ostesibly
been supported by private funds
but had actually been largely
funded by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
"Although the author of this I
port did not interview offich
of the CIA it is a safe as.sun
tion that' contact between ti
-agency and Free Europe In
was probably a major function
the Free Europe, Inc. corpon
headquarters,"- Price conclud(
The officials ib charge of RE
the report states:- are Stem.
S. Cort,. chairman of the Beth
h2n1 Corp., and retired Getiel
Lucius D. Clay.
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'1,1ulbriht;* Stance on Pr6pcigar.t a
:By Dorothy McCardle tionalist China joined the
program.
Sen. J. William Fulbright, "We don't know what will
chairman of the Senate For- happen now," said Ful-
eign ? Relations Committee, bright.
explained to Fulbright-Hays Fulbright was in a hurry
scholars yesterday why he is to get back to Capitol Hill
critical of such propaganda where, he said, he would "be
agencies as the United voting for the Equal Rights
States Information Agency,
Radio Free ' Europe and
Radio Liberty.
? "These programs keep
alive the cold war," Ful-
bright told scholars at a
lunch at the Ken t2.dy Cen-
ter on the first day of a
three-day conference here.
.. "These programs are not
presented to promote under-
standing or compassion."
? Fulbright said that he has
no objection to a modest in-
formation program which is
ot based on the assump-
tion of infallibility on our
part."
He praised the Fulbright-
Hays exchange-of-scholars
program which he helped
start 25 years ago as a "gen-
eral cultural exchange and '
not propaganda."
He said that the 140,000
Fulbright-Hays scholars edu,
cated in this country for
short and long terms in the
past 25 years have under
scored' ,the better under-
standing for which the
United Nations stands.
Many of these scholars have
gone on to become the diplo-
matic, political, scientific
and, business leaders of their
countries, he said.
program had a $40
million budget last year,
which will have to be upped
to $53 million for next year.
"We don't know if the
United States can go up to
.$53 million for this pro-
gram," he said. "We need
some kind of cooperative ef-
fort on this.
"But this program is so
-important because it leads
?to the civilizing of our peo-
ple so they don't engage in
periodic blood-letting. A suc-
cessful program of this kind
is the best possible way to
educate people away from
their biases and prejudices."
The first country to sign
up for the Fulbright pro-
gram in 1949 was mainland
-China, which later withdrew,
he said. After that, Na-
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Amendment for women."
The scholars arriving yes-
terday included 57 men and
seven women from 28 .for-
eign countries.
Mrs. William J. Rogers,
wife of the Secretary of
State, Mrs. Walter Washing-
ton, wife of the Mayor, and
Mrs. Hugh Scott, wife of the
minority leader of the Sen-
ate, received the scholars at
a morning coffee at Merid-
ian House. Their morning
speaker, Hugh Sidey, of
Time-Life, spoke on the con-
ference topic," The Ameri-
can Presidency."
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Mirror of opinion
No yielding
Reputedly Radio Liberty is providing an:
alternative. free radio- program for Russiari
listeners, and has become, with a large
audience, a channel for broadcasting back
, to Russia what the dissident Russian writ-
ers and intellectuals are prevented from
publishing in their country. To silence those
stations would confirm and condone the sup-
pression of free speech in Russia and the
rest of the Soviet bloc. No wonder the Soviet
lead-2rs_are using such diplomatic levers as
they have to hand to bring this about. . .
There should be no yielding. For if, as a
matter of diplomatic tactics or supposed
principle, Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty are to be stopped, then the BBC's
external services, it might be argued, should
be muzzled too. In any event, the BBC ser-
vices, excellent and important as they are,
need to be augmented by broadcasts such
as those put out by Radio Free Europe.
Similarly, the Voice of America broadcasts
are a more distant link with the outside
world, whereas Radio Free Europe has been
able to establish a more informal relation
with an eager audience using medium wave-
lengths. Have the- American congressmen
really taken these factors into account??
The Guardian (England)
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it formati
WASHINGTON ? .(AP) ,
While Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe fight for survival
in Congress, this country's third;
and largest propaganda agency,'
is aliv.e, and busy, selling the;
American Way of Life from 1776
Pennsylvania Avenue and a half;
a dozen other Washington'
buildings.
1.
?
The U.S. Information Agency
is, in fact, so busy that in the' I
days of federal belt-tightening it;
is asking Congress for more'i
rioney, not less.
USIA wants $198 million for
fiscal 1973, a $2 million increase,'
to' continue cranking out
stream of books, magazinesd
5amphlets, films, radio broad-
casts, TV programs and to
maintain outposts in such
!remote spots as Luluabourg in
; the Republic of Zaire and
!Maser* Lesotho.
?
THE MILLIONS' of words and
!pictures flowing daily through
IA's printers .and transmit-
twrs carry one continuous
; message; chiefly to Iron Curtain
'countries:
No matter how turbulent
American society may seem
because of riots, assassinations,
plots and bombings, life in the
United States is better than
anywhere else.
? Item: Although USIA reported
every known detail of last fall's
Attica prison Uprising . during
which 90 convicts and hostages
died, it managed in the course of
a special series over Voice of
America to convey 'the iny-
presslon that life here is better
even in prison.
For example, the VOA found a
' California professor who said
Americans invented ?modern in-
carceration which he describes
nAp.ency Fights
C,
One who does not in USIA'si
chunky boyish-looking director,'
Frank Shakespeare Jr., 45, whoi
next week must go before a'
skeptical Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee to 'defend his
.budget requests.
"A ? major world power,
which we are in this moment in
history, must have a mechanism
by which it attempts to com-
municate what it stands for to
people throughout the world,"
the ex-television executive said.
In past years, USIA has had
little trouble obtaining its budget
requests from Congress because
the law required it to appear
only before generally sym-
pathetic appropriations com-
mittees.
'UNDER A RECENT
legislative reorganization act,
however, USIA must appear for
the first time before Foreign
Relations,.headed by Sen. J. W.
Fulbright.
USIA officials are understan-
dably nervous. The Arkansas
Democrat ha S just won the first
round in a battle with the ad-
ministration that could end
government financing for Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Europe
which have been beaming prop-
aganda to' the Soviet Union and
its East European satellites
since the peak of the Cold War.
"These radios should be given
an opportunity . to take theirl
rightful place in the graveyard
of Cold War relics,': 'said
Fulbright, who contends U.S.
propaganda acts as an Irritant,
delaying arrival of Nixon's "era
of negotiation instead of con-
frontation."
FULB RIGHT WAS out of town
and unavailable for comment.
as just locking people up and not But an aide, saying the corn-
locking them up and beating on mittee was approaching the
them, too. " hearings with an open mind,
CITING a general easing of also said the senator could be
world tensions, some in Con- expected to remain consistent
gress ? argue that hard-sell with his stated desire to see a
no longer is lowering of the U S profile
necessary, ailkiptObtibtidOW'Rbibase 2001/03/04
abolished. ?
propagandau. s.
The effort to scuttle the two I
radio stations began last year
with disclosures in the Senate
that they were being supported .
secretly by the Central In-
telligence Agency.
For years there have been
rumors USIA, too, is linked with
CIA:
Questioned by Fulbright on
possible links with CIA at a 1970
hearing, a USIA officer said any.
comment would have to cotyle
"in' executive session from ap-1
,propriate other officials."
. EVEN PRIVATELY, USIA!
officials are unanimous in
denying any link with the CIA.'
"Look," ? commented o n e
young officer, "the CIA is the)
best run agency in town. If they
ran us we wouldn't be so fouled
up."
While there is some talk on
Capitol Hill of doing away with
USIA entirely, serious debate
centers on the agency's size. Its
9,881 employes are more, ac-
cording to a former USIA offi-
cial, than those employed full-
time on propaganda by all other
nations combined.' Its role in
U.S. foreign policy, and the tone
and quality of its product will?
also be questioned.
"USIA has been a puzzle to
policY makers ever since it
began back in World War II,"
said one 28-year-old empioye.
I "Hell, it's had half a dozen dif-
ferent names.
"EVERYTHING this agency
does is based on the idea we've
got something the Zambians
want. Well, maybt they don't
want it."
veteran. UA employe who
thinks the agency is too big said,
"Look at this, we have a guy in
Lesotho. I don't even know what
they do there. But I do know
that whatever they do in
Lesotho, there is no way it can
.It'atIA-g6kb
The most talked of alternative!
to aboliihing USIA is returning!
it to . the State Department
where most of its programs
were lodged from 1946 to 1953.
State, indeed, Would probably
like to have control over the
agency, now legally bound only
to listen to the State's policy
guidance.
BUT SHAKESPEARE, has
pushed hard to give USIA a
higher positron in the policy
to get
? P , specifically
'it back on the National Security
Council from which President ,/
Nixon excluded it three years
ag6 in a streamlining eff.y,t.
"If you are going to ef-
j.t? ctively promulgate a program!
Von a worldwide basis it is
necessary to hav.? the deepest
possible understanding of the
nuances," Shakespeare in an.
-interview said.
1 Because Shakespeare was and
I is an outspoken anti-Communist,
I there was open speculation in
I Washington that USIA would
speak more stridently after he
took over. The official line,
however; has not grown per-
ceptibly harder.
"Mr. Shakespeare is as firmly
anti-Communist as he ever
was," said one top-ranking
agency official. "But I think he's
more subtle than when he first
came here. That's because he
has traveled and has a better
understanding of world affairs.
It was inevitable."
SHAKESPEARE ALSO went a'
long way toward improving
strained agency morale by en-
couraging young officers to form
a grievance committee which
can see him at. a moment's
notice. The consequence of that:
A dearth of serious grievances.
As for the. agency's products,
Bruce Herschensohn, head of the
film service said: "We are
trying to build a climate of
eililgit%1 States
IdlreVriect for
tOainuad
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Communist countries and unless
a film serves one of these puf-
poses USIA doesn't use it." .'
? Under Herschensohn, the
agency has turned out films on
Vice ? President Agnew; the
"Silent Majority," and Honor
America , Day. It spent $250,000
on a Vietnam war documentary
so blatantly one-sided that only
three of USIA's 106 posts would
accept it.
AT THE SAME .t i m e,
however, the agency has pro-
duced three films in the past
three years that have either won
or been nominated for an
Academy .Award.. A documen-
tary on the Soviet invasion of
Czechoslovakia won an Oscar.
The other two dealt with life in
this country. ?
The agency's magazine sec-
? tion continues to publish itS
flagship periodical, "Problems
of Communism." But it also
produces, along with dozens of
other pamphlets and magazines,.
a ? slick-covered Russ fa n
language number call4d
' "America Illustrated." A recent
edition was devoted to dissent in
the United States and quoted
altn0 every notable from .osie
end of the political spectrum- to
the other.
I ? The unspoken message was
that the United States is an open
!society that tolerates dissent.
MOST OBJECTIVE of USIA's
divisions is the Voice of America
which uses 109 transmitters to
broadcast straight, factual news,
plus music,. features' and
generally noncommittal com-
mentaries in 35 languages.
Although VOA personnel ?con-
sider themselves professional
newsmen and take great glee in
ignoring policy directives, the
division gets an occasional
nudge.
During Nixon's Cbina visit,
according to one VOA officer,
writers and reporters got swept
away in the "euphoria" and had
to be reminded to emphasi7e
o f
Chinese life. ye aspects o
sme of the negative aspects
FULBitIGHT-
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LONDON DAILY TELEGRAPH
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RADIO FREE
EUROPE
REPRIEVED
By RICHARD BEESTON
in Washington
,RADIO FREE EUROPE
and its sister station
Radio Liberty, which are
:threatened with closure,
hav,e?? won -a short new
lease of life from Congress
. and the prospect of longer-
term Government financial
backing. ..
? --??
? At the 'same time the arch
,enemy of the two stations, the
chairman of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee, Senator
William Eulbright, has shown
signs of softening his oprrosition.
Senator Falbright originally
,called for an end to the two
;stations which he called "relics.
of the Cold War " and his
op-position caused. a deadlock
between the Senate and the
House of Representatives over
the question of. further financial
aid. .
? A -conference of representa-
?tives of both House of Repre-
;sentatives and the Senate has
'now. reached a compromise to
.continue' financial support until
.the end of June. Before that
-date it will ;hold meetings to.
;discuss the question of providing
government aid after June 30
:on a more permanent basis.
This agreement followed a
.personal appeal to Congress last.
week by President Nixon who
stated that he was "deeply con-
cerned about the imminent pros-
pect that they may be compelled
to shut down.
" With the support of the
American Government and
people, these two unique voices
of freedom have for many years
been a vital source of uncen-
sored news and commentary for
tens of millions of people in
'Eastern ;Europe and the Soviet
.Union," hc said. ?
Financed by CIA
Sen. Fulbrig.ht said originally--
that a? Bill for another year's -
financing of the stations would
have to be passed "over his
dead body."
Since then, 63 of the 100
American senators have co-
sponsored a resolution to keep
the stations going.
These include nine out of 10
members of Sen. rulbright's
own Foreign Relations Corn-
,
-mittee.
)Sen. Fulbright has now said
that if some Western Turope.n
countries would he prepared to
..make a contribution to the sup-
port of the stations most of his
doubts would be removed.
The two stations broadcast to
Eastern European countries
and -Russia and in past years
were largely financed by the
American spy network. the
Central' Intelligence Agency.
When the CT A support
ended it was replaced on an
annual basis by a -direct Govern-
ment grant authorised by
Congress,
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20 MAR 1972
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LETTERS
Radio Free Europe
I would like to emphasize that the liqui-
dation of Radio Free Europe (INTERNA-
TIONAL, March 6), would be interpreted
by the peoples of Bulgaria, Czechoslo-
vakia, Hungary, Poland and Rumania as
final recognition by the United States of
the permanency of the Soviet rule in East
Europe. Surely it would not kill their
striving for independence but, paradoxi-
cally, might result in shifting their hopes
toward the People's Republic of China,
which alone of the great powers shows
some interest in East European countries
regaining their independence.
STEFAN KORBONSKI
Chairman
Assembly of Captive European Nations
New York, N.Y.
? The fact that Sen. William Fulbright,
so often portrayed a a defender of indi-
vidual liberties, could "liquidate" Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty is almost
totally unbelievable. If these stations pro-
vide Eastern Europe with its only recep-
tion of objective news they should be
continued regardless of who is funding
them. At least, the people should have
the opportunity to hear something other
than a censored Communist press.
? The initials CIA may often be associ-
ated with political intrigue, but in light
of the favorable reports given to RFE
and Radio Liberty by various sources
both in and outside the Communist bloc,
the good senator has definitely aimed his. .
sights at the wrong target.
JOSEPH BERTOLLO III
Hawthorne, N.J.
? Senator Fulbright is one of the few pol-
iticians I admire because of his ability to
see things as they really are. Radio Free
Europe belongs in the museum of cold-
war relies.
.As an ex-Czechoslovakian, I would
like to inform your American readers
what Czech people- think about RFE.
Today only a very few people listen to
RITE because there has been a good deal
of misinformation based on anti-Commu-
nist propaganda. Strangely enough, peo-
ple feel there is not too much difference
between propaganda from any source,
and RFE definitely has done damage to
listeners' morale and faith. As a source
of objective information, RFE is today
considered as reliable as Radio MOSCOW.
MILAN REZABEK
Vancouver, B.C.
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rETTERS TO THE TENIES,
Can't Afford to Let
Radio Free Europe Die
I would like to reinforce the state-
mints you made in an editorial
(Feb, 24) on Radio Free Europe. I
in very familiar with that organiza-
tion as in 1963 I took a two-year
leave of absence from my company
:to work in Munich as deputy to the
director of RFE appci later extended
the leave two more years because of
the tremendous value of what they
.,.are doing.
I ani deeply shocked by the at-
tempt of Sen. J. William Fulbright
..(D-Ark.) to kill both FIFE and Radio
;Liberty. They are indeed, as he says,
"relics of the cold war" but this im-
plies that other relics of the cold ?war
.--particularly the denial of basic
Totalitarianigin's Little Helper
freedoms to the people of Eastern
Europe?no longer exist, And that is
Patently untrue. It also implies that
these two radio groups operate with-
in cold war concepts. Also quite
untrue.
The fact is that for many years
both organizations have had to-fight
the charge of simplistic Americans
that they have "sold, out" to liberal
forces within their ranks because
they have not engaged in cold war
tactics. Instead of name-calling and
finger - pointing (I suspect most
Americans are convinced this still
hagoess been to Approve on) their task for many y r.-
Ie W TttrAM/FiTItki
flk,400-01601R001100070001-5
paganda spread within the regimes dfor
wav, good or bad." Less than four.
and give their listeners a true per- years after the occuPation of Czech-
spective on (a) what is happening in
their own country, (b) what is hap-
pening in the rest of the world.
The statement made- so often that
the Voice of America and the BBC
can give them news of the world is
true. No other group, however, can
interpret internal bloc de v el o p-
ments as quickly and responsibly as
can RFE. They peg the lies, distor-
tions and party fulminations as soon
as they erupt, this because over the
years they have assembled the most
extensive library on Communist
countries existing anywhere.
A letter writer to your paper
(March 7) describes these operations
as "self righteous ' meddline.." On
that basis we are also "meddling" in
Peking, the Middle East, Africa,
South America and Asia. As are the
Russians. And the Chinese. Operat-
ing in this very real world, we had
better continue to "meddle."
GORDON DAVIS
. Los Angeles
101 . , ?
?
If there is one thing that is likely
-to reduce the, threat to us in West-
ern Europe and ultimately to you
Americans it is change within the
Soviet Union and increased internal
pressure on the Russian leaders to
change their policies. Since World
War II both Radio Liberty and Ra-
dio Free Europe have been broad-
casting across the Iron Curtain with
just this aim in mind.
I understand that Radio Liberty
alone has an estimated, audience of
31 million in Russia, but now the
work that they are doing is threa-
tened with extinction.
The cost of running a radio station
Is hut, a small fraction of the cost of
maintaining a modern army, but the
benefits can be much greater.
JOHN HARVEY
Swansea; England
. .
The objections to The-Times' edi--
torial position on Radio Free. Eu-
rope voiced by Cleorge Holmes and
Frei Warner Neal (Letters, March
7) are, in my view, unfounded. In re-
sponse to the former, RFE"aims pre-
oslovakia, it hardly needs to be re-
peated that the peoples of Eastern
Europe do not presently enjoy this
right. RFE. provides an ersatz
domestic communications medium
for societal forces in Eastern Eu-
rope seeking evolutionary political'
liberalization, national affirmation,
and in time relaxation (not abolish-
ment) of Soviet control over the area
and supersession of the artificial
partition of Europe.
Professor Neal depicts RFE as
broadcasting cold war propaganda
which lizt no impact on the East Eu-
ropean populations. This is to over-
look overwhelming evidence to the
contrary. Continued jamming is per-
haps the best indication that, for the
East European Communist lead-.
erships, more is at stake than false
hopes of -Communists and,
curiosity about rock music. I know.
the Polish case best; I have yet to
meet a foreigner who has resided in
Poland?governrhent official, jour-
nalist, or student?who has not tes-
tified to the impact of REE in Po-
land and the esteem in which its
broadcasts are generally held. ?
A. ROSS JOHNSON
. Santa Monica'
The writer was assistant for Po-
lish affairs at RFE front 1966-1969
?Ed.
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More on Radio Free Europe
,4:Coexistence, or detente, or
whatever it happens to be called
at the moment, must not be mis-
understood to mean an end to the
conflict of ideologies. Communism
uses the press and broadcasting to
manage public opinion in the inter-
ests of the state. One of the funda-
mentals of a free society is that
people should be free to think and
say 'what they want, and should
have the communications media
open to them to do so. There
should be no yielding here."
The lines above are taken from
an editorial in the Manchester
Guardian weekly suggesting that
the United States should continue
the operation of Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty, transmit-
ting news and opinion from a free
society into the closed society of
Eastern Europe and the Soviet
Union. Government funding of the
stations now is hung up in a?con-
ference committee in Congress;
the proposal of the Nixon adminis-
tration and the House of Repre-
sentatives to appropriate money to
maintain the stations is being
resisted by the Senate Members of
the conference committee led by
Senator Fulbright.
Mr. Fulbright and the senators
who share his position hold that
the .broadcasts, which in the past
were covertly financed by the
CIA, are relics of the cold war and
irritants in the way of better rela-
tions with the Soviet Union. The
Guardian puts the subject in a
truer perspective when it says:
"To silence these stations would
indeed remove an irritant, but it
would confirm and condone the
suppression of free speech in
Russia and the rest of the Soviet
bloc. No wonder the Soviet leaders
are using such diplomatic levers
as they have at hand to bring this
about."
4
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STATINTL
covINGApipraved.For Release 2001/0/04 : CIA-RDP.80-01601R0
LEADER
tIAR 1. 697a
WEEK Y ? ,
? ? ? ? ? ?
r FULBRIGHT AGAIN!
, ?
Sen. J. William Fulbright of
? 'Arkansas, who has been
demanding the scuttling of
Radio Free Europe, has drawn
fire from an esteemed in-
ternational correspondent of the
Copley Press, Dumitru
Danielopol.
This writer's attack is
.squarely on target, and I pass it
'on to you because you should
know what one United States
Senator is doing to a proven
'effective anti-corn munist effort.
Sen. J. William Fulbright's
stubborn determination to
dismantle Radio Free Europe
? and Radio Liberty brings to
mind Malcolm Muggeridge's
.theory of "the great liberal
death wish." ?
The well-known British
newsman, writer, TV and radio
; commentator sees the Free
'.World threatened not so much
by communism, but by the
4'death wish" of the left. wing
enunciated by liberal
Politicians, commentators and
authors who find "our enemies
are always right and our friends
are always wrong."
Much of the comment on
.? that people's paradise called
'Red China follows this line.
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty, two
organizations created in the
early 50s to beam true in-
formation into eastern Europe
.and the Soviet Union are ob-
vious targets. They are
'American, therefore, they must
' be bad, or at least ineffectual..
Never mind the fact that
their existence and American
, backing has been a great in-
spiration to people behind the
Iron Curtain. Never mind that
they are a daily proof that the
people of America have not
forgotten those snared into a
communist.i3PL Aad-
mind that t i,p
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'erroneous information about ,
by wayne robbins
the United States from Com-
munist propaganda machines.
Fulbright says that they are
useless and must go. The
financing of the two stations for
years was handled mostly by
,i'La'eaNba'ais it to be public. The
"House is in favor of continuing
the operations. In the Senate the
decision rests with the Foreign
Relations Committee, chaired
by Sen. Fulbright, D-Ark.
He is adamant. The stations
are an "anachronism" he says.
"They are cold war relics." ?
They will continue only over his
"dead body." The cold war is
over and we plat aren't smart
enough to know it.
I have often been a critic of
RIFE operations, I say now that
on every count Fulbright is
wrong. The cold war is not over.
It goes on more furiously than
ever.
If the cold war was over,
why do the Soviets make every
kind of propaganda to disband
NATO, to promote a phony
European Security conference,
to bring about the disrnem-
berment of Yugoslavia? Use
every means to push the United
States from Europe, the :
Mediterranean and North
Africa? Why do they support
every kind of subversive, anti-
capitalist group in the Free
World?
Moscow and other Com-
munist capitals in Eastern
Europe have been ranting for
years against RFE and Radio
Liberty. They even threatened
not to send teams to the
Olympic Games in Munich in
1972 unless theaatakipns there
,?;, ?
were silenced.' -
Now the blOmcomes from
Washington. The silencing of
these two voices 'would?in the
opinion of this correspondent?
be the greatest cold war victory
that the Communists ever won.
It would tell their subjugated
onle that Soviet. rule was
iie'itoble?endless.
''.he prestige of' our country
Let, i eal the- Iron a Curtain and.
air ea exiles and refugees. in
Europe would :sink
freee .aaht.
It is ironical to find' that
Fulbright wants to strike such a
blow at a moment when Red
China is bidding for the support
of the captive peoples and the
ethnics abroad to form a
common front against Russia.
The Senator may say his
own "mea culpas," but he has
no right to chant them for
people who want to live. e
11.1-1ES
Athbkk
a ,zz ?
VI30 CONMEre 20011,014 : 19LAA-RDP80-01
'Viin United States government
funds secretly through the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency.
But after the agency's role
became public knowledge, the
Administration agreed that the
stations would have to be sup-
ported openly by Congress. Thel
Administration has sought
RADIOS IN EUROPE
House and Senatagree on
f
f Funds Till June 30 for
? t and Radio Liberty
f'
By BERNARD GWERTZMAN
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, March 11?
Faced with an imminent shut-
down of Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty, the Admin-
istration dropped today efforts
to secure long-term funds for
the American-run stations and
agreed r'w a plan to keep them
alive for at least three more
months.
about $35-million a year for the
two stations.
Mr. Nixon's statement said
that "with the support of the
American Government and peo-
ple, these two unique voices of
freedom have for many years
been a vital source of uncen-
sored news and commentary
for tens of millions of people.'
An aide to Senator Fulbright
said the Presidential statement
originally was much sharper
and appeared to be aimed at
Senator Fulbright, but was
toned down in order that the
The arrangement worked out agreement could be reached.?
this morning by Administra- Under the arrangement
tion officials and Congressional worked out, the House confer-
ees, led by Representative
aides was clearly a victory for Thomas E. Morgan, Chairman
Senator J. W. Fulbright, Chair- of the Foreign Affairs Commit-
man of of the-Foreign Relations tee, will accept the Senate bill
Committee, who ?had resisted for funds through June 30.
'pressure to agree to an Admin-
The only oncession made by
the Senate side was to agree to
istration-backed bill voted by consider later a bill which
the ,}Jouse that would have would provide funds for the
'provided funds through June fiscal year starting July 1.
30, 1973, and created an inde- Senator Fulbright was out of
pendent body to administer the town, but aides said they were
station. sure he would remain opposed
to continuing the life of the
M. Fulbright had held out stations beyond June 30.
for acceptance of a Senate bill Senator Fulbright has said
that provided funds through he ragards the stations as irri-
.'June 30,. to be administered by tants to the Soviet Union, ob-
stacles to better relations be-
the State Department.
tween East and West, and
An impasse had developed "relics of the cold war." The
between Senate and House con-,Arkansas Democrat has also
ferees and payments stopped!ins'sted that United States al-
on Feb. 22. Both stations i?IiCs in urope pay a part of the
formed the Administration that!uptc..eep for the stations, which
are based in Munich, West
they would have to begin cls- Germany.
ing down on Monday if new
funds were not available.
President Nixon, who had re-
mainned silent about the sta-
tions, issued a statement this
afternoon at about same time
the agreement became' known.
He said? that he was "deeply
concerned" at the prospect of
the ? radio stations' closing
down. He said it would be "a
tragedy" if they did not con-
!
ue.
Both stations were set up at
the tleight of the cold war to
broadcast news and commen-
tary to the Soviet Union and its
Eastern European allies. Be-
cause their material often in-
cluded items not available .in
the strictly controlled Commu-
nist media, the stations have
long been attacked by Moscow
and other Communist govern-
STATINTL
meats. ,
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Columbia Journalism Review, March/April 1972 (Vol X, No 6), p.
STATINTL
news media begin to move toward solutions. Not
all of them will necessarily survive, but they and
their successors should lead to an improved at-
mosphere for those now entering the profession.
More monitors
Cities that still lack journalism reviews are ac-
quiring them at a rapid rate. Three more are
appearing this spring:
?Buncombe: A Review of Baltimore Journal-
ism, led by staff members from the Sunpapers,
but covering all media. The first issue is being of-
fered as an insert in The Paper, an alternate-media
periodical, but it Will be separate thereafter. [Bi-
monthly; sample copy, 25 cents. Address: 2317
Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, Md. 21218.]
?TCJR: Twin Cities Journalism Review be-
gan bimonthly publication in February. Its first
editor (editorships will rotate) was Robert Protz-
man of the St. Paul Dispatch. Robert Sylvester of
the Catholic Bulletin is president of the sponsor-
ing Twin Cities Media Project. [Individual copies,
50 cents; annual subscription, $3. Address: Box
17113, St. Paul, Minn. 55117.]
?The George Washington University chapter
of Sigma Delta Chi has set a Washington journal-
ism review for April publication. [Address: Dan-
iel M. Larson, executive editor, 2121 N Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20037.]
Meanwhile, journalists in Buffalo, N.Y., and
Boston, among other cities, have begun prelimi-
nary planning for local reviews. An honorable old
title, CBS Views the Press, has been revived on
CBS radio?though programs are aired only twice
a week for four minutes. And Prof. William L.
Rivers of Stanford, one of the most prolific writ-
ers on the mass media, is now conducting a regular
column in the Progressive: MONITORING MEDIA.
Darts and laurels
Laurel: to Dan Rather of CBS, for asking real
questions in his Conversation with President Nixon
on Jan. 2, and overcoming the ever present temp-
tation to be merely chummy or respectful.
Dart: to the New Orleans Times-Picayune, for
establishing the curious policy of dropping most
racial identifications except for stories of "signifi-
cance" such as crime reports involving two races.
Laurel: to the Minneapolis Star for its continu-
ing consumer series, "Your Dollar's Worth."
Among the series' services was a microscopic ex-
amination of the area's hamburger meat at mar-
kets and hamburger stands?down to the last
bacterium and insect fragment. In each case, the
seller was identified by name and address.
Dart: to the Newspaper Guild, for calling on
Congress to continue funding for Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty. A Guild resolution
says that the two projects "seek to lessen tensions
between the peoples of the East and West." In fact,
they are official propaganda agencies, and the
Guild's continuing interest appears to be a hang-
over from the days when the Guild itself was in-
volved in Central Intelligence Agency funding.
Radio Free Europe employs 284 Guild members.
Laurel: to WNET, New York, for its week-long
series, A Murrow Retrospective, bringing back to
the screen the cream of the Edward R. Murrow-
Fred W. Friendly documentaries of the 1950s.
The showings were confirmation that, indeed,
See It Now had a special freshness and energy
now rarely attained in TV's riper years?and the
time to show them.
Dart: to the same WNET, for its curious post-
script to the Murrow-Friendly documentary on
Annie Lee Moss, the code clerk accused of Com-
munist affiliations. Without explanation or re-
buttal, the station brought on Roy Cohn to state
that charges against Mrs. Moss had been affirmed.
Laurel: to the Wall Street Journal, for alertly
reprinting [Jan. 191, with approval and full credit,
Alan Weitz's comprehensive and thoughtful sur-
vey of the heroin problem from the Village Voice,
ancestor of the underground press.
March/April, 1972 0 7
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;,4v,?!,),On-.0.4
WASHINGTON POST
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Nixon Urges
Hill to Save
RFE Funds
Associated Press
esident Nixon appealed to.
Congress yesterday in a last
ditch administration attempt
to .keep alive two radios that
!beam broadcasts beyond the
Iron Curtain.
Unless they have assurance
of more U.S. government'
funds, Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty have served no-
tice that they intend to start
shutting down operations this
week.
Mr. Nixon's statement came
as the administration put for-
ward a compromise offer in its
dispute with the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee
chairman, Sen. J. W. Fulbright
(1)-Ark.), who wants to end the
two operations.
"I am deeply concerned at,
the imminent prospect that
Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty may be compelled to
shut down," Mr. Nixon said in
Et, statement put out by the
White House.
Stating that the American
people and an overshelming
congressional m aj orit y
strongly back Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty, the
President said, "It would be al
tragedy if their light should I
now be extinguished because
of a parliamentary impasse be-
tween the two Houses."
State Department off.icials.
said that in the hope of quick-
ly breaking the Senate-House-
conference-committee dead-
lock over continuing the life
of the stations, this admini-
stration compromise offer has
benn put forward.
The Senate-passed bill
which would carry on the ra-
dios until the end of June 30
would be accepted by the con-
ferees instead of the House
measure which would continue
the operations for another two,
Yeats. ' ,...?
? 'Both houses *mild agree
to consider a separate meas-
ure which the administration
would submit for running the
radios in the 1973 fiscal year
starting July 1. ?
In the three months time
bought by the proposed com-
promise, the State Department
would see whether America's
EuiOpean allies would help
pay the radios' approximately
$40-million-a-year cost.
It was understood that Sen. ' /
George Aiken (R-Vt.) would I
make a move Monday to ac-
cept the administration's pro-
posed compromise in the ab-
sence of Fulbright, who was
reported out of town.
Rep. Dante Faseell (D-Fla.)
was reported ready to accept
the administration offer on
the House side.
Mr. Nixon's statement was
issued by the White House
yesterday at a time when the
President himself was at his
Camp David retreat in Mary-
land, preparing a statement of
policy on school busing.
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HUMAN EVENTS
? 11 MARCH 1972
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Radio Free Europe Soviet Onion, these stations irritate the
? Communist leadership and undermine
By REP. PETER FRELINGHUYSEN efforts at d?nte. I disagree. President
? r?E t Nixon's visit to China demonstrates that
mutual understanding comes with a free
? exchange of ideas. Similarly, these radio
? Radio Free Europe and Radio Libert, stations bring needed information to the
appear on the verge of leaving the air
Communist world.
Beginning in l90,
Radio Free Europe 4 If three senators should be successful
has been broadcasting in killing these programs it will have
each day to Eastern been because of their manipulation of the
Europe, while Radio legislative process, in defiance of the
Liberty a year later expressed desire of both the Rouse and
started reaching mil- the Senate to have these programs con
lions of listeners in the tinue. This is most unfortunate.
? Soviet Union. In my?opinion the senators' refusal to
Should these broad-
seek a compromise is irresponsible, and
?
casts cease, it will not be because Con- a reflection on Congress itself. This
gress decided they have outlived ?their willful frustration of the will of Congress
usefulness. To' the contrary, both houses will have immediate and adverse reper-
of Congress have already approved a
cussions abroad, and will show the in-
continuation of these programs. Sin ability of Congress to see that its own
ce
the hill passed by the House differed decisions are carried out.
? from that approse.el h the SenAe. it u as Over the years the Soviet Union and
ileec.sary to send the hills to a con- her allies in Eastern Europe have spent
ference committee to non out the dif- millions in efforts to stop Radio Free
ferences. Europe and Radio Liberty from reaching ?
It has been the oppt sition of three their citizens. There is something seri-
al the live senators in that conference, ously wrong ? when three United States
led by J. Vs'illiam Fulbright of Arkansas, senators can accomplish this for them.
? that has led to the present stalemate.
Sen. Fulbright, chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, has re-
-fused to accept any compromise. And
without congressional authorization'
and .provision of the necessary funds
.
these programs cannot be continued.
As a House conferee, I can report that
the deadlock is in no way the fault of the
House. We earnestly sought agreement.
The differences between the bills passed
by the House and Senate were not funda-
mental and could have been reconciled,
had good will been shown and reasonable
concessions made by ? both sides. All
that was at issue was how long the pro-
grams should continue, and how the
funding should be handled.
But as Sen.. Fulbright and his al-
lies have made clear, both publicly
and privately, they limed the expir-
ation of existing authority as an op-
porttinity to kill these programs. By
their refusal to seek?let alone reach
?A compromise, they may hale
acted within their rights, but by their
actions they unquestionably used the-
legislatiie process to further- their
? own political convictions, rather than
the expressed decision of the Senate.
They. argue' that Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty are .relics of the Cold
War and that by aiming broadcasts at
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STATI NTL
R?adio Free Europe 'news by switching on their transistors,
Shall not nation
speak unto nation?
Senator William Fulbright's campaign
against Radio Free Europe, the
Munich station that has broadcast to
eastern Europe since the early 1950s, is
liable to have very unfortunate
effects. Mr Fulbright, the chairman of
the Senate's foreign relations com-
mittee, claims that the station and its
twin, Radio Liberty, which broadcasts
to Russia, are cold war relics and
obstacles to detente. He is pressing to
have their State Department grant
cut off in June (until last year they
were ?financed by the CIA). If he is
successful?and it now looks as if he
might be?the Administration in
Washington will suffer only a small
political pinprick, but the one in
Moscow will be handed a major
propaganda victory on a plate.
The communist governments'
standard complaint against these
stations is that they represent unwar-
ranted interference in their internal
affairs. What really upsets Mr
Brezhnev and his colleagues is that
western broadcasts are popular among
listeners in communist countries, and
'especially among party members and
intellectuals. So long as these listeners
can get alternative versions of political.
they can free themselves from their
governments' monopoly of information.
The Munich stations, in particular,
have annoyed the communists because
they have been more outspoken than
most other western stations. It was
their original ambition to broadcast
to eastern Europe the sort of things
that a responsible opposition would be
saying if it were allowed to exist there.
Most of their strident anti-communism
of the 1950s and early 196os is now
gone, and Radio Free Europe could
not now be accused of making inflam-
matory appeals for revolution, as it
was during the 1956 Hungarian revolt.
Now MB Fulbright looks like doing
'the communist governments' work for
them, and Pravda and Moscow radio
are duly commending him. But the
continuation of broadcasting to the
east remains an essential western
interest. It is not a liberal action on
Mr Fulbright's part to try to silence
this part of it ; and it casts further
doubts on his understanding of inter-
national issues. If the Americans
fail to provide alternative ways of
financing the Niunich stations, others
should step in to fill the gap. Britain
might well increase its grant for the
hard-pressed BBC external services,
which enjoy a high reputation among
listeners in the communist world.
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a
'1;" ?
ChICAGO, ILL.
TRIBUNE jr
M - 767,793
. S 11916,275
MAR 9 1972
'iron Curtain Broadcasts
CHAMPAIGN, Ill.?I commend your
. editorial "Penetrating the Iron Curtain"
larch 4] for its frank putdown of Sen. '
zlbright and his views on Radio Free
rope and Radio Liberty. How he
uld be so naive, I can't imagine.
As you ,mentioned, nearly one-third
[250 out of 800] of the workers and staff
of Radio Liberty is composed of Soviet
,-defectors. If, as Fulbright puts it, Radio
;.". Free Europe and Radio Liberty were
pure 1311.4. propaganda, then why do
these people who Ithe listened to the
k? .broadcasts, and had a chance to find
out the truth after having defected, go
there to work after their achievement
= of freedom?
? They know what it means to not know '
what is going on in the world. They
know also what propaganda is, having
lived with it while in the Soviet Union.
. As one example, when Khrushcher
died one would 'expect the people of
the Soviet Union to hear about it im-
mediately, as America did when Presi-
dent Kennedy was assassinated. How-
. -
ever, this was not the case. For those
who had no access to the Radio Liberty
broadcasts the news was days late. For
those who did have access to these .
broadcasts, the news was known im-
mediately.
The subjugated people of the Soviet
Union have learned to rely on these
broadcasts as.a source of hope for bet-
ter things to come. If these broadcasts
r
are cut off, the effect can be totally
demoralizing and disastrous. '
arasDrozd n
STATI NTL
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ROGERS DEFENDS
ASIAN ALLIANCES
.1 1" ? H
Rejects Senators' Proposal
That Pacts Be Reviewed in
Light of China Contracts
By BERNARD GWERTZMAN
specie to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, March 8 ?
Secretary of Stat William P.
'Rogers rejected a suggestion
Itoday that because of the cur-
rent improvement in relations
?
,with China, the United States
should re-examine its need for
military alliances in Asia.
Testifying before the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee,
? Mr. Rogers said it would be
? "irery unfortunate to leave the
hripression that, now that the
visit tb the People's Republic of
China has taken place, we are!
thinking of treaty revisions'
:with countries who have based
their foreign policy on such
treaties."
Panel Might Take on Task
The Secretary was urged by
Senator Frank Church, Demo-
.rat of Idaho, to undertake the
review of American alliances,
such as the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization, which
were originally set up in the
nineteen-fifties to counter pos-
sible Chinese expansionism in
the wake of the Korean war and
the French Indochina war.
? Senator Church said that if
the Administration would not
undertake a eview of the for-i
mal defense commitments, thei
Foreign Relations Committee
should.
' Mr. Rogers seemed disturbed.
at the timing of Mr. Church's
suggestion. The Administration
has gone out of its way to
assure its Asian allies that the
China trip would not under-
mine ties.
This was Mr. Rogers's first
public appearance before the
committee since October. But
the committee members seemed
almost uninterested in ques-
tioning him on such major re-
cent developments as the China
trip, the forthcoming Presiden-
tial visit toappco,vteottior
on strategic arms, the Middle
East, Vietnam .or any of the
other problems that have re-
ceived public attention. .
Senator J. W. Fulbright, the
chairman, and Senator Stuart
Symington, Democrat of Mis-
souri, devoted a considerable
amount of time to bickering
with Mr. Rogers over the value
of Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe, two American-run
radio stations in Munich whose
future depends on further ap-
propriations from Congress.
Senators Stress Opposition
The two Senators stressed,
their opposition to the stations;
with Mr. Fulbright at one point
asserting that an agreement on
a limitation on strategic arms
may have been delayed be-
The Now York Timis
William P. Rogers, Secre-
tary of State, testifying
before the Senate For-
eign Relations Conunittee.
This morning's session opened
three days of hearings on
the State Department's reques
for $563-million in the fiscal
year starting June 30.
Change in Procedure
This is the first time that the
'department has had to 'apnea
before the Foreign Relations
Committee for authorization.
Previously its budget requests
were handled solely by the Ap-
propriations Committee, with no
requirement for separate au.
thorizing legislation.
Mr. Fulbright and several
other Senators questioned Mr.
Rogers on his role in pol-
icy formulation, with Mr. Ful-
bright suggesting that the Sec-
retary had let Henry A. Kissin-
ger, President Nixon's assistant
for national security, dominate
foreign policy.
But Mr. Rogers repeated In
essence what he said at a news
conference yesterday ? that he
was "perfectly satisfied" with
the curent division .of respon-
.sibility. ? . '
In answer to a question from
Senator Jacob K. Javits, Repub-
lican of New York, Mr. Rogers
said it was doubtful that the
President would go to Japan.
this year because he has "otheri
things.to attend to" ? an allu-
sion to the forthcoming cam-
paign. Emperor Hirohito has
said he would be ver pleased
if Mr. Nixon visited Japan.
Despite the fact that mem-
bers of the committee have oft-
en criticized the Administra-
tion's foreign policy, most of.
the members at the hearing
personally praised Mr. Rogers
for his work.
4
STATI NTL
cause of such irritants to the
Russians as Radio Liberty,
which broadcasts to the Soviet
Union news and analysis not
available from Soviet sources.
Senator John Sherman Coop-
er, Republican of Kentucky,
disagreed with Senator Ful-
bright over the effect on the
arms limitation talks. He said
that he understood that con-
siderably progress had been
made and that a first-stage
agreement would be reached by
:the time Mr. Nixon visits Mos-
cow late in May.
Mr. Rogers, asked for com-
ment, said he was optimistic
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Letters o 7fr e Edi or
r rr
On Radio Free Europe
In connection with the uncertain fate of
Radio Free Europe I would like to empha-
size that its liquidation would be interpreted
by the peoples of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
?Hungary, Poland and Rumania as the final
recognition by the United States of the pres-
ent status quo and of the permanency of
the Soviet rule in East Europe. Surely, it
would not kill their striving for independ-
ence but, paradoxically, might result in
shifting their hopes toward the People's Re-
public of China, which alone of the great
powers shows some interest in East Euro-
pean countries regaining their independ-
ence. This interest was demonstrated by sev-
eral announcements of the Peking govern-
ment and, not so long ago, by the vehement
condemnation of the Soviet invasion of
Czechoslovakia by the present Chinese dele
gation to the United Nations. It is also being
demonstrated by Radio Peking broadcasts tc
East Europe and by Radio Tirana broadcast!
to Poland.
.1 In addition the closing of Radio Free Eu
rope would represent an unwarranted gift tc
Soviet Russia which through her own am
satellite facilities pours "hate America'
propaganda 900 hours daily in 78 languages.
STEFAN KORBONSKI,
Chairman. Assembly of Captive European Nations.
New Yott.
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iVA'SHINGTON POST' ?
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v.
ers Defens State tIearbnen
ey R Senate Hearin
. By Murrey Marder
. Washington Post Staff Writer
'Senate concern over the
rosion" of the State Depart-
ment's theoretical primacy in
foreign affairs was disputed
and ' brushed aside yesterdaY with the President." as the government of the
by Secretary of State William 1 "The system is working very 'United States?to 44 coun-
P. Rogers. well," Rogers inSisted. "The tries."
"I : am perfectly satisfied foreign policy is very effec-
tive." Rogers also was challenged
witfi the way it P.> operating,"
by Fulbright and Sen. Stuart
'said Rogers. The State Depart- R
Ment is "happy to play a role" l Rogers also came under! symington (D-Mo.) on adminis-
questioning yesterday tration. support of funds until.
In foreign policy, and "Mr. close
,...iout the need to jettison June 1973 for Radio Free Eu-
Kissinger has a role," said Rog-
what several senators called rope and Radio Liberty. They
era, but "the people elected f
remnants of the cold war, were previously financed coy-
the President" to "make for-
Sen. Frank Church (D-I-, ertly by the CIA. The dispute :
? eign policy." daho) commending the Presi... is in a Senate-House confer- i
Rogers refused in that fash-1 ,
1 dent's China trip, said it is ence, with the Senate favoring;
. lion, to debate whether he is time to eliminate all vestiges 'funding only until June 30 of
'being overshadowed by presi- of the "China demon fixation"1 this year.
dential security adviser Henry in U.S. policy. Church said ?The U.S.-China commu-
'
A. Kissinger. That conformed there is "no relic" that more
. ' nique, pledging peaceful co-ex-
about having State Department ous" and would suggest "a
positions lost in the National 180-degree turn" in U.S. p01-
Security Council staff machin- icy.
ery that Kissinger controls. If Church countered that since
anything develops "contrary ancient Rome, "no other coun-
to what I think should be try in history has undertaken
done," said Rogers, "take it up so many formal commitments
bright suggested various ap-
proaches for strengthening
the State Department's posi-
tion in foreign affairs, includ-
ing a "unified budget for for-
eign affairs." Rogers said that
would be "too complex." Ful-
bright noted that other agen-
cies, including CIA and De-
fense, haVe "seven or eight
times as many people in our
embassies as the State Depart-
ment does.'" Rogers said State
has only 16 per cent of its own
employees in embassies over-
seas, and State's total employ?
-
ees were listed at 13,236
Rogers disagreed, however,
with Fulbright's claim that the
growing, National Security
Council structure, which Kis-
singer beads, has overstepped
its intended authority.
with his insistence on Monday deserves being "tossed in the
that, "I didn't feel excluded at ash can" of history than the istence, Fulbright said, "is
all" during the President's Southeast Asian Collective De- quite inconsistent with what
trip to China. fense Treaty of 1954. you are doing in Russia." The
As a result, Rogers' words
deflected the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee yester- abandoned by France, Britain
day from its own groping ef-
forts and Pakistan: invoked as '.an grams created at the begin-1
to enhance the State De- ? , ning of the cold war, at the
after thought to help justify
ing foreign policy.. . L.S. involvement in the n o- riod."
I chinabut now deserving
S ? . J. W*11* ., . decent to avoid use in
Ark.) held its first hearing.; other entanglements.
The SEATO treaty is "a
corpse," said Church, long
broadcasts beamed into the
Soviet Union, said Fulbright.1
continue "old, obsolete pro-1
' I d height of the McCarthy pe-
partment's' share in formulat?
The committee, he by ' ? burial"?d ? Fulbright claimed that con-
on $563 million requested in ; Rogers, however, told
authorization funds for the Il Church "your timing is partic-
. State Department as required- ularly unfortunate."
by a rider it attached to last 1 Following the President's
year's foreign aid act. A major , China trip, said Rogers, the
purpose, as Fulbright noted United States is now reassur-
i yesterday, is "restoring Con- ing its Asian allies that it will
gress' proper. role in the mak- abide by all -its "e o m m i t-
T
? " o a
tinuation of such broadcasts
could result in "a lack of cred-
ibility" about U.S. intentions
to negotiate in the strategic
arms control talks (SALT) and
to reduce tensions. Rogers dis-
agreed. He said he sees the
radio as no "interference in
the internal affairs of other
countries," and he expressed
ing of foreign policy." ments. bandon the
optimism for a SALT agree-
With Kissinger beyond ?the ? SEATO treaty now, said Rog- ment this year.
ers, could be "quite danger- ?
, official reach of the committee - - ? During the hearing, Ful-1
became he is a White House
adviser, Fulbright Fulbright and other
senators hoped Rogers would
,join in seeking to strengthen
:State's hand in policy making.
In theory, that would
;strengthen the role of Con-
..gress, because State is obliged
to be more resonsive to Con-
gress than is the White House..
Rogers, however, pro-
nounced himself quite satis-
fied with the status quo.
He disclaimed , any concern
?
?
STATINTL
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DAM ViORLD
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Financing more cold war
The resolution introduced in the Senate last week by
50 Senators urging U.S. government financial support for
Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe is admittedly a
"cold war" resolution.
? ? In introducing the resolution Senator Charles Percy
said, emphatically, that the term "cold war" is "valid"
in respect to the ."Soviet Union and... the other countries
of Eastern Europe."
? That is the viewpoint behind which Goldwater and
Buckley, Eastland, Thurmond, and Jackson, on the one
hand ? and Kennedy, McGovern, Muskie, and Stevenson,
on the other hand ? are united.
? Their excuse? That the two CIA radio stations are, in
the words of Senator Percy, purveyors of "objective
news." ?
Expert witnesses testifying before the Congressional
Black Caucus Monday showed that the domestic U.S. com-
munications system is racist in orientation, hiring prac-
tices, and ownership: That is the background for the two
CIA stations the Senators would save.
STATI NTL
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BALTIMORE EEO AURICAN
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6,8 Senators Sagne .
adio Free Europe
Funds in Support
By DAVID BARNETT
News American
Washington Bureau
WASHINGTON ? Growing
support for Radio Free. Europe
and Radio Liberty appeared to-
day to have blunted Sen. J.
William Fulbright's drive to
silence the two controversial
stations.
Scott Cohen, executive assist-
ant to Sen. Charles Percy, R-11
Ill., said 58 senators had signed ,
up as sponsors of the Percy- !
,Humphrey resolution expressing
the intention of the Senate toi
continue funding the stations. !
The formation of a national bi-
partisan committee of 60 former
high government of ficials,
, diplomats and labor and
'business leaders to support the
.stations was announced yester-
day.
INTERIM federal financing
for the overseas broadcasting
operation ..expired Feb. 22 and
House and Senate conferees are
deadlocked on a bill authorizing
funds for the stations. The units
have enough money on hand to
continue operating for about two
Mote weeks.
Fulbright, fl-Ark., 6airman
of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, told the Senate Feb.
17 that the stations "should be
given an opportunity to take
their rightful place in the
graveyard of Cold War relics."
The senator putinto the Con-
gressional Record yesterday
Library of Congress studies
generally favorable to the sta-
tions. He reiterated his convic-
tion that the stations should be
silenced but added, "unless
perhaps our European allies wilil
help pick up the costs."
The House bill, passed Nov.1
19, provides $36 million for thei
current fiscal year, ending June!
30, and $38.5 million for fiscal!
1973. It also creates a presiden-
tial commission to study the sit-
uation and to run the stations in
the meantime.
The conference committee toi
iron out the differences last met:
Feb. 23.
HOUSE Foreign Affairs Com-
mittee Chairman. Thomas E.
Morgan, D-Pa., said the Senate
conference, headed by
Fulbright, refused to make any
compromise, making it apparent!
they "favored abolishing the two
stations."
For 20 years, the stations have
been financed covertly by the
Central Intelligence Agency and
by private contributions. The
private funds amount to about 1E
per cent of the total.
! The citizens' committee,
!which includes all living former
i U. S. ambassadors to the Soviet
!Union, said in a policy state-
) ment that to shut down these
"valuable instruments of 'com-
munication" without careful
! consideration "would be an ir-
!1responsible action contrary.r to
the best interests of the Amen-
can people."
.STATINTL
A SUPPORTER of the opera-I
tion said he was sure the Euro-
peans would help ikeep the stal
tions alive, if asked.
? ' The Senate last Aug: 2!
authorized $35 million for fiscal!
1972 for Radio Free Europed
which broadcasts news, corn-1
mentary, music. and sports 161
?mclato_five countries in!
Liberty, which broadcasts 241
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hours a day to the Soviet Union.!
?? _ thrroloh
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BALTIMORE, MD
SUN
? 164,6
E ? 189,871
B ? 323,624
MAR 7 1972
STATI NTL
t f ,t. t ri*Ti
all urges continued support
f' or 2 U.S cold war radio stations
PETER J. KUMPA
Washingt2FIriereau of The Sun
Washington?A committee of
60 prominent foreign policy ex-
perts of the past three decades
yesterday urged Congress to
continue the operation of Radio
bk? Free Europe and Radio Liberty
;11ntil 'a future presidential com-
Qmission study is completed.
Speaking for the committee.
...was George W. Ball, former
.1
sunder secretary of state and now
; 'a partner of Lehman Brothers,
'a New York investment banking
firm. ?
Its target was Senator J. Wil-
? liam Fulbright" (D., Ark.),
/,chairman of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee, who has
, refused any compromise be-
tween Senate and House 'ver-
sions of funding legislation for
. the two semi-official radio sta-
tions.
Mr. Fulbright wants the radi-
os Closed as "relics of the cold
war."
? :? Kept the pressure on
Mr. Ball argued instead that
The stations kept pressure on
the Soviet government while
. promoting an East-West de-
tente. He maintained that the
Kremlin was no longer imper-
vious to public opinion within
the Soviet bloc.
? "If we are seriously for nego-
tiations for a detente," Mr. Ball
explained, "it is best to open
doors and windows to, Eastern
Europe and let some fresh
breezes blow in."
Mr. Ball spoke at a news
conference here on behalf of a
committee that includes the
three living former United
. States ambassadors to the
Soviet Union, Charles E. Boh-
? len 'UT .,,,A
Harriman and
Europe and Radio Liberty," also
includes the president emeritus
of the Johns Hopkins University,
Dr. Milton S. Eisenhower, and
such leading figures of past
administrations as Clark Clif-
ford, C. Douglas Dillon, John J.
McCloy and William Benton.
. The committee's policy state-
ment supported the House con-
ferees' solution for the two ra-
dio stations. The House would
finance the stations until June
of next year while a White
House commission studies their
future.
Senator Fulbright, heading
the Senate conferees, would let
the radios exist until this June
?but not beyond that date.
Mr. Ball said he could not
understand the Fulbright posi-
tion?how the Soviet' 'Union
would be moved to a detente
when its own people and the 85
million people of Bulgaria, Cze-
choslovakia, ? Hungary, Poland
and Romania would be de-
prived of independent news of
the West and their own sys-
tems.
Radio Free Europe estimates
that its audience includes
slightly over half of the Eastern
European populations over the
age of 14. Radio Liberty broad-
casts to the Soviet Union.
Committee aides estimated
that the radio stations will have
to close down in two weeks if
funds are not made available.
With them will go the research
staffs that support the broad-
casting of news, political com-
mentaries and press reviews.
Mr. Ball admitted that the
former secret financing of the
stations by the Central Intelli-
gence Agency we'!' "mis-
takeL?But he urged that the'
"sins of the father!' not be
"passed on to the sons." Het
asked that the stations be
judged on their merit for, in'
the committee's words, "an ir-
responsible action" would result
from their closure."
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? The group, called 'the
Citi-
zen Committee on Radio Free
102 /?iLZS1:1.1.33
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? -7 MAR 1972
Letters to The Times
Fulbright Is Right
on Ridio Free Europe
Sen. J, Fulbright (D-Ark.)
Is right again, and you are wrong on
Radio Free Europe (Editorial, Feb.
24). We have finally learned some
humility through the Vietnam: fias-
co, but apparently: ??we - still have
many- things to learn. When will we
realize that though - we are the
mightiest country, and in Many
ways the best, nobody elected .us to
run the rest of the world.. ? -
Just imagine if the Soviet Union
had a Radio Free America stirring
up disaffection against our govern-
ment, using bases in Canada and
Mexico! There will be no real peace
until we grant others the right we
Insist upon for. ourselves, the right
to live their own way, good or had,
without our self-righteous meddling.
? ' ? ? GEORGE IIOLMES
? ?
Long Beach
STATI NTL
I would like to express, as strongly
as possible, my support for Sen. Ful-
bright's efforts to eliminate federal
funds for Radio Free Europe- and
Radio Liberty, two government' out-
lets for cold war propaganda:
? Radio Free Europe was long a se-
cret ? CIA-financed operation?con-
ducted by anti-Communist emigres
--;-aimed at creating unrest in East-
ern Europe. Radio Liberty was a si-
milarly financed activity aimed at
the Soviet Union. These two rem-
nants of the cold? war have never
had significant impact other than to
Interfere with improved relations
between the United. States and the
Soviet Union, except, perhaps, that
Radio Free Europe played a minor
role" in the. disastrous Budapest
uprising of 1956. That either of these
two radio propaganda activities
has ever been important?let alone
now?is a fantasy fostered primarily
by our propaganda bureaucracy for
Its own ends:
. .Radio Free Europe?aimed at
Eastern Europe?doubtless fosters
false hopes among small anti-Com,
munist groups and intrigues a limit-
ed number out of curiosity and in-
terest in American rock. music. Ra-
dio Liberty's target is ?the Soviet
Union, ,where its audience is even
more minuscule.
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7 WAR 1972
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?
Fulbright, Citing China.,-Deplores Any Aid
By BERNARD GWERTZIVIAN
Speclat to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Mara 6?
Senator J. W. Fulbright said
today that the Nixon Adminis-
tration's pledge not to inter:
fere in China's internal affairsp
made continued support of Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty incomprehensible.
The two-decade-old stations,
privately run by Americans
with United States Got,,rnment
issistance, view their pur-
pose as the liberalization of
the Soviet Union and members
Df its bloc.
,The comment by the Arkan-
rai-Democrat, who is chairmanl
of the Senate Foreign Relations i
Committee, was included in a'
statement affirming his view'
that the stations should be liq-
uidated. He has asserted that
he believes they hurt the
chances of improving relations
with Moscow and should be
discarded as "cold war .relics."
Government funds for the
stations ran out on Fb. 22,
unless Senate and House con-
ferees overcome the difference
between their bills, the stations
will close in about two weeks.
Until last year they had been.
assisted secretly by the Central
Intelligence Agency.
The impasse has been caused
by the refusal by Mr. Fulbright,
as the chief Senate conferee,
to approve financing beyond
June 30, as provided in the
Senate bill. The Administration-
backed House bill would pro-
vide funds until June 30, 1073.
To put pressure on Mr. Ful-
bright to change his stancin 57
senators introduced a joint re-
solution last week expressing
their support for the two
stations. But the resolution,
which must be approved by the
Foreign Relations Committee, is
not expected to be brought to
to Radio Free Europe l STATINTL
a floor vote soon. Only six of
the committee's 16 members
joined in the resolution, which
was broadly interpreted on
Capitol Hill as a rebuke to Mr.
Fulbright.
Today George W. Ball, a for-
mer Under Secretary of State,
held a news conference here to
announce the formation of a
bi-partisan citizen's' committee
in favor of the house bill. Mr.
Ball said that he believed de-
tente in Europe could be fos-
tered by continuation on the
stations, which he said keep
Eastern Europeans informed.
The House bill would set up
:a special committee to admi-'
!ister the stations independent
of the Government. The Senate
;version would fund them di-
rectly through the State De-
partment. The Administration
has opposed State Department
control, arguing that the sta-
tions, which beam news and
views about internal develop-
mentsin the Communist bloc,
should be independent.
Senator Fulbright, quoting
from the communique issued in
Shanghai, noted that the United
States supported the principle
of nonintervention in other
countries.
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STATINTL
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RadkE?iope
Studies Cited
By Fulbi'ight
Senate Foreign I Relations
Committee Chairman J. W.
Fulbright ? fD-Ark.), stung by
criticism that had sup-
pressed two Library of Con-
gress studies fiivorable to
Radio Free Europe and Radio
.Liberty, read both reports into
the Congressional Record yes-
terday after noting that he
Itad received the final versions
only last Friday afternoon.
Backed by all four other
Senate members of a House-
,Senate conference ,on a bill to
-eentinue the two radio sta-
tions, ? Fulbright has been in a
dispute with the -House For-
eign Affairs Committee over
how long the stations should
'be funded.' .? ,
:Senate conferees favor fund-
ing only through June 30 of
, this year, with the State De-
partment required to justify
Anything beyond ? that. House
conferees are holding out for
June 1973. Meanwhile, regular
congressional financing, in
place of the former covert
CIA funding, expired Feb. 22.
? Fulbright considers the sta-
tions, which broadcast into
Eastern Europe, a provocative
irritant to East-West relations
Whose cost isn't justified.
Some defenders of the sta-
tions Aay they simply broad--
cast primarily' truthful' news
to Eastern Europe. But Ful-
bright said the Radio. Liberty
study makes clear . that that
station's aim is to influence
'Political. g3rents. 4
He quoted the Li rary of
Congress study as saying that
Radio Liberty "identified with
'what it believes to be th,e best '
interests of the Soviet peoples
and speaks in their, behalf, ?
hoping that in the long run
this effort will contribute to
those forces seeking to bring
about a democratic transfor_.
mation of Soviet society. For,
RL's ultimate goal is the
peaceful democratization cif
the Soviet Union; and it holds
Ito the belief that the best as-
surance for peace with Russia
is sovtiherto ut ogthalitthaeriadniimsminuatinodnhoef
,growth of democracy."
Meanwhile, a newly formed
committee of scholars and for-
mer government leaders is-
sued a statement Calling for
continued congressional sup-
port of the stations "pending a
full and fair examination of
their effectiveness." The'
group's spokesman is former
Undersecretary of ,,State
George w: Ball.
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STATINTL
Approved For ReftsGeRN9A3B4liatzBDPALK lieb01R0
S 3428 r t, u,
and the general lack of reliable, objective
information.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As a point of departure, we must recog-
nize that the Soviet hostility toward public
opinion research, the campaign conducted
against Radio Liberty, and the retaliation of
the Soviet authorities against Soviet citizens
are real. The political proscription and perse-
cution the citizens may be exposed to are
too severe to be ignored. The citizenry, living
in the heavily controlled social environment,
Is fully aware of the possible consequences
and carefully avoids unnecessary risks. Nor
could Radio Liberty survive if it did not pro-
ceed with caution and responsibility.
Just what the proper level of caution
should be in the present period is not easy to
tell. The number of Soviet travelers has in-
creased, cultural contacts are generally on
the ylse, and Soviet citizens may move some-
what more freely or at least more frequently
abroad.
Simi)ar but probably more articulate de-
velopments were recognized and used by RFE
for the institution of public opinion research
activities founded on scientific principles.
Parenthetically mentioned, this work requires
a' careful reconciliation of ideal criteria and
diverse, situational constraints. Nonetheless,
as a result of its audience research, Radio
Free Europe is now in the position to docu-
ment the size of its audiences and the di-
mensions of its impact.
The value of this knowledge is consider-
able and it bears both methodologically as
well as substantively on the larger issue Sen-
ator Fulbright has clearly articulated in re-
cent hearings on the role of social sciences
in U.S. foreign policy and international rela-
tions. Ih our atomic age a better understand-
ing of the Communist powers, their percep-
tion of the world, arel the psychological fac-
tors Influencing their decisions represents a
matter of human survival, Senator Ful-
bright expressed surprise at how little re-
search is presently being conducted on this
issue.'
Both RFE's and RIA research is closely re-
lated to this issue. RFE has set the example
that empirical research in this domain is not
a hopeless enterprise. Even though Radio Lib-
erty. operates under more restrained condi-
tions, Radio Free Europe's success suggests
that it would be worthwhile to explore the
applicability of new approaches under the
present, partially changed situation. Just as
it would be wrong to overestimate the
changes in their dimensions and conse-
quences, it would also be wrong to miss the
opportunities these changes may offer for re-
search. There are three main developments
which suggest taking a fresh look at this
problem.
a. There are some indications of freer criti-
cism in the U.S.S.R. and a lessening of fears
and inhibitions of the Soviet citizen to meet
foreigners and to talk more openly.
b. Recent years have shown an increase in
the number of Soviet tourists, especially
travelers on scientific and business missions
to the West.
o. Radio Liberty has shifted its institu-
tional status from a situation of confiden-
tial, undisclosed sponsorship to an open in-
Hearings before the Committee on For-
eign Relations, U.S. Senate, psychological As-
pects of Foreign Policy, U.S. Government
Printing Office, June 1969.
stitution with responsibilities and informa-
tion policies exposed to public control.
This partially changed situation may not
warrant a public opinion research matching
Western polls in size and style but may pro-
vide for a gradual introduction of scientific
methods on a modest scale and carefully ad-
justed in approach.
The groups interviewed presently from
year to year are large enough (N=500) to
warrant statistical treatment. By a certain
standardization of the interview procedure,
the comparability of the individual inter-
views may he substantially increased. By fo-
cusing the interview on predetermined cate-
gories of information, opinion profiles may
be derived and trends analyzed.
It appears to be advisable to retain the
present distinction between program evalua-
tion by panel and audience research by in-
terviews. Because it is especially important
for the panel members to be articulate and
up-to-date, the use of recent emmigrants
may be useful. For audience research in order
to increase the representativeness of the in-
terviewed samples, RFE's policy of using
travelers exclusively may be adopted.
Similarly, it may be recommended that
Radio Liberty explore the possibility of
adopting the RFE approach of contracting
out the interviewing to independent national
public opinion and market research orgae
nizations. The language is a problem here but
these national firms may hire Russians as in-
terviewers just as RFE's contractors hire
Eastern Europeans. The uSe of these inde-
pendent business organizations offers an ef-
fective method of demonstrating that the
surveys involve public opinion research with
no relationship to intelligence and espionage
work.
In order to reduce the problem resulting
from a lack of experience with social science
and survey methods, it is desirable to explore
alternative methods in the administration
and form of the interview to adapt it to the
Soviet samples.
Here preference may be given to projec-
tive techniques which show people's percep-
tions and attitudes without forcing them to
make statements on topics which may be
judged sensitive or political by Soviet stand-
ards. Similarly, tasks of obviously mechanical
nature (checkmarking, rank ordering of
given alternative choices) may be used ef-
fectively to underscore the statistical, imper-
sonal nature of the interest in contrast to
the more personal nature of interest sug-
gested by direct questions.
While some of these ideas may fail, others
may work better than expected in the present,
situation which does suggest certain ele-
ments of change. After all, some of the pre-
sentday RFT research would have appeared
unthinkable five or ten years ago.
Finally, because the Soviet public opin-
ion data bear on a critical information gap
which has important political as well as sci-
entific relevance, and because this informa-
tion is essential to provide for an educated
U.S. public opinion instead of being kept
confidential, it should be given the necessary
publicity.
JOSEPH G. WHALEN
Joseph G. Whalen, presently a twenty-year
employee of the Library of Congress, was
born in Olean, New York, on January 1, 1921.
He entered the U.S. Navy immediately after
Pearl Harbor and served in the Pacific Thea-
ter, participating in the capture of Iwo Jima
and the occupation of Japan. He graduated
from Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut,
In 1918, with honors in history, and won the
Ph.D. degree in history from the University
of Rochester in 1959. For Ave months in 1916
he was employed by the State Department
on the staff of the Far Eastern Commission.
From 1918 to 1951 he was a graduate student
and an instructor in history at the Univer-
sity of Rochester. In 1951, he was briefly em-
ployed by the Central Intelligence Agency
prior to accepting a position on the staff of
the Foreign Affairs Division of the Legisla-
tive Reference Service (now the Congres-
sional Research Service) of, the Library of
Congress.
Dr. Whalen is a member of the American
Historical Association, the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Slavic
Studies, and the American Political Science
Association (Washington Chapter). Since
1966, he has been a regular participant in the
Inter-University Research Colloquium on
Russia and Eastern Europe, Institute for
Sino-Soviet Studies of the George Washing-
ton University.
He has written, or helped prepare, the fol-
lowing:
1. U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee
on Communist Aggression. Baltic States: A
Study of their Origin and National Devel-
opment: their Seizure and Incorporation into
the U.S.S.R. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print.
Off., 1954. 537 p. ?
[Prepared Chapters III and IV, re-wrote
Chapter II, performed coordinating and edi-
torial tasks for Committee.]
2. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Foreign Relations. Tensions within the Soviet
Captive Countries. Hungary. 83rd Cong., 1st
seas. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1954.
pp. 173-206.
[Prepared study on basis of first draft by
Dr. Bela T. Kardos.1
3. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Un-
American Activities. Who Are They? Wash-
ington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1957-1959.
[Prepared biographic studies on Janos
Kadar of Hungary, Part 4; Tito of Yugoslavia,
Part 5; Enver Hoxlia of Albania and Gheorghe
Gheorghiu-Dej of Ru:mania, Part 9; and Karl
Marx, Part 10.]
4. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the
Judiciary. The Soviet Empire: Prison House
of Nations and Races. Prepared for the In-
ternal Security Subcommittee. 85th Cong.,
2nd seas. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Oils
?1958. 72 p.
5. World Communism: A Selected Anno-
tated Bibliography. Prepared at the request
of Senator Edward Martin and Senator
Joseph S. Clark, Jr. of Pennsylvania and pub-
lished by the Department of Public Instruc-
tion, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harris-
burg, 1958. 20 p.
6. U.S. Congress. Senate. Khrushchev on
the Shifting Balance of World Forces: A
Selection of Statements and in Interpretive
Analysis. A special study presented by Sen-
ator Hubert H. Humphrey. 86th Cong., 1st
Bess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959.
13 p.
7. Soviet-American Relations, 1933-60:
A Brief Selective Chronology with Interpre-
tive Commentary. Washington, Legislative
Reference Service, Library of Congress, 1960.
Published in, The Congressional Record by
Senator Everett M. Dirksen, July 1, 1960, pp.
112238-142254 (Daily edition).
8. U.S. Congress. Senate. Khrushchev's
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maAppit9vfiNkf or ReleaseaOMMIN\RHWR950_1?K1519411111111111111P
quirements for broadcasting through the ap-
propirate telecommunications authority in
the host country for notification to the ITU.
What is important about this arrangement
is that the frequencies are registered with
the ITU in the name of the country filing the
notification, that is, the host country. This
action neither confers nor implies any vested
rights to the individual franchised user of
that frequency but only priority rights
granted by the country of notification, that
is, the host country. 33 Dependency of AL on
the host country for its license to transmit
is, therefore, great, and as RL's network chief
George Herrick said in commenting on the
precarious nature of licensing and frequency
allocation, "the loss of frequency and license
is an irreversible loss; it can't be negotiated
as an economic matter; the right to operate
and the right to frequencies can't be.
bought." The matter of licensing became a
serious question for RL in the spring of
.1971 when its license to transmit in Germany
same up for renewal. The Soviet bloc exerted
great pressure on the West German Govern-
ment not to renew the license, but the West
Germans resisted, and RL was given a new
lease on life in Munich and Lannas
B. Research facilities
1. Overview of Resources
RL's broadcasting operations are support-
ed by a research effort that is impressive both
in quality and in quantity. To keep abreast
of internal developments in the Soviet Un-
ion and .to know what gaps to fill in their
' programming, RI., researchers, programmers
and other staff read and process more than
250 Soviet newspapers and journals in addi-
tion to an equal number from the West. The
. annotated bibliographic notes prepared on
the basis of this press screening have fur-
nished vast and unique archives containing
more than one million separate items of in-
formation.
In addition to this. RL monitors listen to,
tape, and partially or fully reproduce the
texts of from 80 to 120 hours of Soviet
broadcasting a day, including the gist of the
columns which Soviet citizens are reading in
their daily newspapers.'a
Moreover, RL libraries in New York and
Munich provide extensive coverage of recent
periods of Soviet history and up-to-date in-
formation on current Soviet affairs. The
library collection in New York consists of
14,000 books, subscriptions to 200 Western
-and 220 Soviet periodicals and dailies, 2,500
Microfilms, and extensive files of archival
Material as well as a record and tape library.
In Munich, researchers and programmers
have available a library collection of 65,000
books, subscriptions to 291 Soviet periodicals,
including 59 newspapers and 232 magazines
and scholarly journals. The library also con-
tains documents, reports, pamphlets and
microfilms. Published materials are supple-
mented by a large achive of in-house mimeo-
-graphed research materials dating back to
? 1951.35
? Presently, RL has under consideration the
- problem of maintaining a vast samizdat col-
lection which increases with each passing
week. Scholars regard RL as the largest
archive for this valuable raw research mate-
ria1.33 In collecting semizdat, and in repro-
clueing an extra copy for broadcasters, RL
has found itself performing a major service
to a small circle of Western specialists; but
now It is faced with the problem of whether
a similar service should be performed for a
larger outside circlea, Recently a decision
Was reached on releasing sainizdat, and the
mechanism for making it available to the
Scholarly world is now being explored. Ne-
gotiations are underway to have duplicate
copies of the material deposited in the Li-
? brary of Congress so that scholars will have
ready access to this rich bank of research
material,
2. Research Resources at RL's Munich
Headquarters
Both New York and Munich maintain sep-
arate research facilities to support their own
individual programming operations. The
main research effort is, however, in Munich.
There, the division of labor and allocation
of research resources seem to be structured
generally to suit the particular needs of the
organization as it has taken shape over the
years. Dispersion, therefore, characterizes the
informational side of RL's operations.
Formally, the primary research base within
RL is the Research Department. Efforts have
been made to integrate policy and research
so that policy can have the assurance and
support of solid underpinnings of data and
analysis. Thus, the Research Department
falls administratively within the responsi-
bility of the Director of the Program Policy
Division. The Research Department also acts
as an i formatioaal conduit for programmers
through which up-to-date information is
channeled. In brief, the Research Depart-
ment seeks to establish an inter-relationship
- with both policy arid programming.
In large measure it one of the principal
support units of 11,L's broadcasting opera-
tions. Research staff maintain individual
sources of information. A remarkable bank
? of data, on the Soviet Union called "the Red
Archives" is at their disposal. Since the Re-
search Department has become the primary
depository in RL for the processing of samiz-
dat and feeding it into programming, re-
searchers have this wealth of new material
to enrich their research product.
The library acts as a broad base archival
support for RL's operations. In addition to
the general services that a library renders to
a research organization, libtary staff provides
RL researchers and programmers with bibli-
ographic information on such matter as new
acquisitions and on projected subjects for
broadcasting set forth in the Monthly Guid-
ance. Library staff also maintain a close
"inter-library loan" relationship with the
Bavarian State Library in Munich where they
can draw on its highly commended "East
European Collection."
Programmers also have their own inde-
pendent sources of information, in addition
to what is available in the Research bepart-
ment. This is especially the case with the
Nationalities Service. Owing to their special-
ized interest in the non-Russian Soviet na-
tionalities and to the heavy emphasis on
strictly Russian materials in RL's research
resources, staff of the Nationalities Service
have had to develop their own sources of in-
formation. In fact, the programmers in both
the Russian and Nationalities Services, spe-
cialists themselves in their own fields, have
acquired a finger-tip sensitivity to develop-
ing events and thus often rely Upon their
own resources rather than the lengthy,
scholarly-oriented studies from the Research
Department, sometimes too indigestible to
suit their immediate needs. The program-
ming effort is essentially a journalistic oper-
ation; it is "history in a hurry", as one senior
staffman said; it is an "integrating process"
of past knowledge with unfolding contempo-
rary history in which speed is vital. Hence,
the need for this special source of informa-
tion within immediate reach and in a read-
ily uneasable form.
Other sources of data are available in the
Information Center and Music Library
which are administratively under the .Pro--
gram Operations Division. The Information
Center maintains ready-reference material
such as reviews and periodical literature,
along with a 10-day deposit of RFT daily
news budgets. The Music Library maintains
an extensive record and tape collection.
Tus. RL has substantial resources of in-
formation and research data. available for
staff; but it is widely dispersed throughout
the organization. This development seems to
,
have been dictated by the special require-
menti of the various departments in research
and programmiag. As a result, the library
seems to have takemon the form of an archi-
val center rather than that a of a nerve cen-
ter for a research organization, at least in
? the American sense. Whether or not disper-
sal or centralization of research?resources in-
to a central library is the most effective and
efficient mechanism of organizing RL's infor-
mational data may well be a question for -
future consideration.
3. The Institute for the Study of the USSR
The Institute for the Study of the USSR
was, until recently, another support serv-
ice available for RL staff in research and
programming. The Institute was an entirely
separate operation from RL's broadcasting.
functions, and administratively it was re-
sponsible directly to the President of the
RL Committee. However, the Institute was
located in Munich. and its research resources
were available to RL.
The Institute's library of 75,000 volumes
constituted one of the richest specialized
collections on the Soviet Union in Europe.
It concentrated on the acquisition of Soviet
materials, particularly current periedical.s
and newsnaners. It also contained a large
number of books and periodicals not now
available. Such basic research materials as
the comnlete sets of Pravda and Lzvestia
since 1917 were available on microfilm. In
addition, the Institute in.aintained an ex-
tensive biographic file of more than 130,000
leading Soviet personalities. One of .its many
publications was the standard reference '
work, "Who's Who In the USSR." 3.
The main effort of the Institute was in
the realm of publications, notably of peri-
odical literature which focused mainly on
Soviet interest in the underdeveloped areas
of the world. However, the Institute also
published books based on conferences and
symposia in which leading Soviet specialists
in the West participated. A recent book in
this series is, "The Military-Technical Rev-
olution", published by Praeger, edited by
John Erickson, and containing chapters on
Soviet defense matters by leading specialists
In the West. In addition, the Institute spon-
sored a 6-week Soviet Area and Russian
Language Summer School conducted by .the
University of Oklithema.40
Thus, the Institute served varicais pur-
poses for RL staff: it provided library ma-
terials that supplemented collections in their
own library, it brought together specialists
on Soviet affairs in conferences and sym-
posia, thus enabling It,L staff through con.;
sultations and informal associations to gain
other perspectives on the Soviet reality; and
finally it published data that was available
for immediate staff use in research.
4. Availability of RL's Research Resources
and Output to Scholars
RL's research facilities are open to scholars
and researchers. Moreover, RL makes many
of its research products available to a wide
range of specialists on Soviet affairs. Thus,
RL is able to serve two functions: it is able
to maintain its important connection with
specialists in the scholarly community in
the West to whom it Often turns for advice
and counsel on programming and policy
It is also able to infuse up-to-data informa-
tion and important emerging ideas into the
mainstream of Western thought on devel-
opments in the Soviet Union.
A major effort is made by RL to keep So-
viet specialists informed on current hap-
penings in the USSR. It does this by dis-
tributing free-of-charge its publications to
650 specialists in North America who have
regularly asked to receive the material.
EL publications include RL Dispatches on
current affairs analysis, issued several times a
week; RL Research Papers, providing more
extensive, background information; and RL
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CONGRESSIONAL KEcoKu ? stiN A t
translations of significant articles from the
Soviet press. (For examples of RL's publica-
tions, see Appendix 22.) The latter two pub-
lications are issued on an ad hoc basis."
RL research facilities have, therefore, not
only provided support for RI, programmers
and broadcasters, but, as a spin-off of its pri-
mary activity, namely, broadcasting, it has
also provided an important service to spe-
cialists in academia, the government, and the
mass media who are concerned with con-
tempary Soviet affairs.
A measure of the value of ILL's research
materials to Western scholarship can be seen
in the appraisal by Prof. Leonard Schapiro
of the London School of Economics. Prof.
Schapiro wrote that he has followed the work
of RL "very closely" for over 15 years and
that "the products of the research in which
it engages, and on which it broadcasts are
founded, have been closely studied by me
and by my colleagues in my department for
many years." "I have no hesitation in stat-
ing," Prof. Schapiro went on, "that the qual-
ity of' this research has been consistently
high and that it has proved of inestimable
value to those who, like ourselves, are con-
cerned with the study of the Soviet Union." "
The tone of this endorsement of RL's re-
search products along with others reproduced
in Senate Foreign Relations Committee hear-
ings and in RL's statement to Congress have
the flavor of excessive testimonials; but this
judgment must be balanced by an awareness
that the writers are eminent scholars in the
field of Soviet studies, and speak with some
authority.
5. Importance of Research in RL's Operations
The quality of research done by RL,
whether it be in the Research Department or
among programmers, and the availability of
input source material, whether it be in the
form of books, periodical literature, the press,
radio monitoring or even word of mouth, is
vital to RL's broadcasting operations. For
the quality of information derived from re-
search sources, along with the daily input of
news (which is essentially part of the re-
search process), deterniines in large measure
the degree to which RL is achieving its stated
goals and purposes as a surrogate "Horne
Service" for the Soviet people. By the nature
of things RL must operate from the premise
? that its audience suffers from large informa-
tional gaps which it seeks to fill.
RL tries to give the Soviet audience a rea-
sonably complete picture of reality as any
Soviet citizen would perceive it had he access
to free information as in the West. And this
can be done only by research, analysis, and
a highly rational selection of news?in brief,
only by hard intellectual effort.
VI. mamma: SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY
? In recent years RL's annual budget has
ranged between $12 to $14 million. According
to Senator Clifford P. Case (R-N.J.), the op-
erating cost of RL for FY 1969 was $12,887,-
401.a According to a GAO estimate, RL's
budget for 1971 was about $13,700,000at
Formally, these funds were apparently sup-
posed to have been provided by private
sources in RFE/11L's capacity, in the State
Department's words, as "private broadcas-
ters." a However, according to the SFRC re-
port, the "gap between private contributions
and actual budget expenditures ... has been
filled by funds from the Central Intelligence
Agency. ..." a According to the State Depart-
ment, I'M has no program for corp-orate fund-
ing, such as that for RFE." (During the de-
cade 1962-1971, ISL received about $20,000 in
unsolioited funds.) The SFRC report stated
that the ". . . Executive Branch officials re-
fuse publicly to acknowledge the [Central
Intelligence] Agency's participation or role
in maintaining and operating the two
Radios."
Accordingly, "the Department declined to
supply additional financial, data for this re-
port on Government funding of RFT and
RI,."
FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on For-
eign Relations. Public financing of Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Hearings.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print, Off., 1971; p.
5. Hereafter cited as, "SFRC, RFE/RL Hear-
ings."
When the press reported that the Library
of Congress and General Accounting Office-
were going to prepare studies on RFE/FaL for
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Mr.
Howland IL Sergeant, President of Radio
Liberty Committee, wrote Dr. L. Quincy
Mumford, the Librarian of Congress: "Radio
Liberty is now completing its second decade
of uninterrupted broadcasting to the So-
viet Union. I would like to assure you that
?
Radio Liberty programs and documentation
relating to these broadcasts are freely avail-
able to the Library of Congress in carrying
out its assignment from the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee. I offer our fullest coopera-
tion and look forward to hearing from those
in charge of the studies as to how we may
be most helpful." (Sergeant to Mumford,
Radio Liberty Committee, July 26, 1971.)
Documentary material provided by RL is
deposited temporarily in the Foreign Affairs
Division, Congressional Research Service,
Library of Congress. Citations to sources re-
fer to particular documents as filed accord-
ing to volume. For the most part material
drawn from interviews is not cited in the
footnotes.
4 Radio Liberty:' An Historical Sketch.-Sep-
tember 2, 1971, p. 1. (RL, V. IV, pt. 1)
9 Evolution of Radio Liberty Policy: 1952-
1971, p. 1. (EL, V. IV, pt. 2)
6Ibid., p. 2.
Robbing. Enna. Radio Liberation Speaks
for the Silent. The New Leader, v. 41, Oct.
6, 1958: 21-22, and Petrov, Vladimir. Radio
Liberation. The Russian Review, V. 17, April
1958: 110.
8 In a critical appraisal of RL, Erik Barnouw
observed in his history of American broad-
casting that RL had begun broadcasting two
months after the inauguration of President
Eisenhower, and he went on to say: "Al-
though plans for it had been made earlier,
Radio Liberation became the epitome of the
foreign policy of the following years, a pol-
icy dominated by John Foster Dulles of the
Department of State and Allen W. Dulles of
the Central Intelligence Agency?two re-
markable and complex men, differing yet
working in harmony. They made a fateful
impress not only on American diplomacy but
also on its broadcasting?at home and
abroad." (The Image Empire: a History of
Broadcasting in the United States. New
York, Oxford University Press, 1970, v. III,
p. 92)
9 Evolution of Radio Liberty Policy: 1952-
1971, p. 2-3. (RL, v. IV, pt. 2)
10 Ibid., p.4.
13- Dr. Pet?rov made these observations on
RL's conduct during this critical time: "This
lack of clarity in political matters RL's
policy] is an obvious shortooming. It was
clearly demonstrated during the Hungarian
crisis in November 1956, when RL didn't
know what to say. Actually, some foolish
things were said. For example, appeals were
made to the Soviet soldiers not to shoot the
Hungarians because they also were building
socialism; regrets were expressed because
'our' brave soldiers murdered Hungarian
women and children; appeals were made to
the members of the Communist Party and to
the 'politrabotnikr of the Army to stop the
mass slaughter of the population." (Petrov,
op. cit., pp. 112-113)
" Writing in 1958, Dr. Petrov commented:
"Since most of the policies of RL consist of
'don'ts' and since the writers and editors are
reduced to platitudes, RL suffers from a dis-
tinct lack of character." (Petrov, op. cit., pp.
110-111). However, in a commentary on the
effects of the Hungarian crisis on RFE/Rls
David Binder of The New York Times recent-
ly observed; "The crushing of the Hungarian
uprising in 1956 by Soviet armor also led to
the crushing of cold-war agitation by Radio
Free Europe and, in less dramatic form, at
the Munich station aimed at the Soviet Union
and then called Radio Liberation. At Radio
Free Europe .commentators and policy ad-
visers were dismissed or shifted to innocuous
jobs. Radio Liberation changed its name to
Radio Liberty and gradually toned down its
more aggressive commentators." (Binder,
David. Embattled Radio Free Europe defends
role. The New York Times, March 15, 1971, p.
10)
18 Ibid., pp. 4-5.
Ibid., p. 5. .
15 Ibid., pp. 5-7. The moderation of ILL and
Its commitment to the principle of evolu-
tionary liberalization were evident in the fol-
lowing six "Immediate objectives" cited in
the 1965 Policy Manual:
"1. to encourage practical, democratic po-
litical alternatives to Soviet practices;
"2. to encourage more rapid social and eco-
nomice reforms and allocation of more eco-
nomic resources for the benefit of Soviet
consumers;
"3. to reassure listeners that democratic
powers want peace and eschew aggression,
but will defend themselevs against aggres-
sion;
"4. to encourage the view that the Soviet
Government should abandon world revolu-
tionary aims and work more actively for
peace and international cooperation;
"5. to undermine Communist ideology,
showing that it does not promote the wel-
fare of the peoples of the USSR, and to show
that history points toward progress in free-
dom of all peoples; ?
"6. to encourage cultural diversity and
freedom of exchange of ideas and travel."
CFRC, RFE/RL Hearings, p. 27.
Artem F. U.S. Radio in psycho-
logical warfare. Moscow, International Re-
lations Publishing House, 1967. (Excerpts
and bibliography translated by Radio Lib-
erty)
18A recent pamphlet published by RL
listed the following as members of the Board
of Trustees: Henry V Poor, Assistant Dean,
Yale College of Law; Howland H. Sergeant,
President, Radio Liberty Committee and
former Assistant Secretary of State; Whit-
ney N. Seymour, Chairrnon of the Board,
Carnegie Endowment and former President,
American Bar Association; John W. Stude-
baker, former U.S. Commissioner of Educa-
tion; Reginald T. Townsend, Vice President,
Radio Liberty Committee; William L. White,
Editor and Publisher, Emporia Gazette, and
Philip L. Willkie, Attorney; Mrs. Oscar Ahl-
gren, former President, General Federation
of Women's Clubs; John R. Burton, Chair-
man of the Board, National Bank of Far
Rockaway; J. Peter Grace, President, W. R.
Grace & Company; Allen Grover, former.
Vice President, Time-Life, Inc.; Gen. Alfred
M. Gruenther, U.S.A. (Ret.), former Allied
Commander in Europe (NATO); Hon. John
S. Hays, Communications Specialist and
former U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland; H.
J. Heinz II, Chairman of the Board, H. J.
Heinz Company; Isaac Don Levine, Author
and Specialist on Soviet Affairs.
" U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on For-
eign Relations. Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty. Report. 92d Congress, 1st Session.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., July 30,
1971. Report No. 92-319, p. 2. Hereafter cited
as "SEEC, RFE/RL Report."
,0 The special role of RL's New York opera-
tion, Oct. 1971, pp. 1-3. (RL, v. XII, pt. 3)
SFRC, RFE/RL Report, p. 2.
" Radio Liberty. Guests in the Soviet home,
?1970, p. 10. And, RL letter and telex, Nov. 12,
1971.
"Radio Liberty Visual Exhibits, Illustra-
tion 24. (RL, V. V, pt. 11.)
i4 Binder, David. Embattled Radio Free
Europe Defends Role. The New York Times,
March 15, 1971, p. 10.
a Radio Liberty: An uncensored informa-
tion medium for Soviet citisena, Juno 14,
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March 6, 1972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?SENATE
1971, p. 11. (EL, v. I.) Hereafter cited as,
Radio Liberty Statement, June 14, 1971.
"In FY 1971, RL expended $50,900 for
training purposes. (Chart XVII, Training Ex-
penditures. RL, V. V, pt. 12, P. 16)
EL: Programming-language personnel.
Total staff by prime language vs. current ex-
tended personnel plus retirement 1972-76,
October 1971. The present strength of the
Russians is 168; Ukrainians, 20, Belorussians,
12; Armenians, 7; Azerbaijanians, 7; Geor-
gians, 8; Karachay, 1; and Tatar-Bashkir, 8.
The anticipated percentage loss from retire-
ment during the period 1972-76 is 27.9 per-
cent for the Russians; 20.0 percent, Ukrai-
nians; 33.3 percent, Belourussians; 14. 3 per-
cent Armenians; 14.3 percent Azerbaipanians;
a
37.6 percent, Georginas; 100 percent, Ka-
rachay; and 12.5 percent, Tatar-Bashkir.
"According to David Binder, "the average
age of the Radio Free Europe employees is 45.
It is perhaps a bit lower at Radio Liberty,
where the director, Kenneth Scott, has re-
cently hired several colorful Soviet defectors."
(The New York Times, March 15, 1971, P. 10)
"Radio Liberty Statement, June 11, 1971,
p. 11. (RL, v. I)
00 The future of Samizdat; Significance and
Prospects, p. 29. (RL, V. II, D1)
21 This section of the Study is based upon,
RL's technical facilities, pp. 1-3. (RL, v. HI,
pt. K)
"EL Basic briefing outline, p. 7. (RL, v. V,
pt. 10)
"Frequency usage and facility occupation,
Aug. 6, 1971. (EL, v. XI, pt. 8).
"EL, Guestsin the Soviet home, p. 9.
"EL Statement, June 14, 1971, pp. 17-18.
(EL, v. I).
"The future of .samizdat, pp. 37-38. (RL,
V. II, D1).
p. 19.
"Because of a sharp budget cut RL ter-
minated the Institute at end of 1971.
"Institute for the Study of the USSR.
Munich, Germany, Carl Gerber, 1969. 9 p.
" Ibid.
"RL Statement, June 14, 1971, pp. 17-18.
(EL, v. I.) See also part L, RL Research Bur-
letin, 1970 Index.
p. 25. Dr. Frederick C. Barghoorn,
a leading American specialist on Soviet af-
fairs and a Professor of Political Science at
Yale University, commented: "As a scholar
I have long admired and I have found most
useful the research and publication activities
of Radio Liberty. These information activi-
ties are very important to scholars, journal-
ists, and other communicators not only in
the United States but in Europe, Asia, South
Africa, and other parts of the world." (SFRC,
RFE/RL Hearings, p. 172.)
"SPEC, RFE/RL Report, p. 9.
"Figures, provided by GAO.
" SFRC, RFE/RL Report, p. 2.
"Ibid.
p. 11.
"Ibid., p. 2. The refusal of the Executive
Branch to acknowledge publiclY its role in
funding RFE/RL was revealed in David
Binder's report on both radios. Asked about
the disclosure that Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty were financed by CIA, Mr.
Binder said that Mr. Ralph Walter, the
Munich director of RFE, declared: "Our
broadcasting policies are migie here in this
house and are not guided by anyone in Wash-
ington. We are nobody's mouthpiece." An EL
official concurred. (The New York Times,
March 15, 1971, P. DI)
CHAPTER II: RL's GOALS, POLICIES, AND POLICY
FORMULATION
I. na's OBJECTIVES
A. Ultimate goal: Democratization of Soviet
Society
The primary objective of RL is very simply
to encourage those forces of liberalization
Within Soviet society sthat will bring about
an eventual peaceful evolution of the USSR
from its present form of Communist totali-
tarianism to a more tolerable and humane
form of democracy. The ultimate goal is
democratization of Soviet society in the ex-
pectation that within such liberalization lies
the greatest hope for world peace.
Perhaps, this general objective was most
succinctly and yet comprehensively set forth
in RL's formal statement to Congress. It
said: "Radio Liberty is a communications
channel for Soviet citizens concdrned about
their country's future, and its place in the
world community. It is dedicated to human
rights, to peaceful evolution of Soviet society
and to harmony in international relations." I
As an ultimate goal in broadcasting, RL
directs its energies towards achieving the
democratization of Soviet society. The Policy
Manual of 1971 defined RL's ultimate goal
in these terms: "to see all the peoples of
the USSR acquire the opportunity to live in
freedom with truly democratic political in-
stitutions, based on free election processes
and guaranteed observance of human rights,
and which represent the best interests of all
citizens and assure for their country a nor-
mal, cooperative and constructive role with-
in the comity of modern states,"'
B. Commitment to peaceful change
RL's is, however, a commitment to peaceful
change from within. It seeks to encourage
liberal and progressive elements within So-
viet society, seeing in these forces the greatest
possibility for a Soviet Russia regenerated by
the liberating spirit of genuine democracy.
It rejects confrontation as an instrumental-
ity in achieving its goals and fosters an ap-
proach to policy formulation and policy ex-
ecution that is essentially benign in spirit,
positive in direction, and pacifistic in its
rejection of solutions by force.
Thus, RL Is not now a Cold War opera-
tion in the sense that this term was used and
understood in the 1950s and which well de-
scribed its functions at that time. On the
contrary, RL accepts Soviet institutions,
though not its ideology, and seeks to bring
about peaceful transformation within the
system as it now exists.
C. RL's purposes
In seeking its ultimate goal of democrati-
zation, RL has a rather precise perception of
how this should be done. It encourages the
Soviet peoples to work together as a first
step in instilling the habit of democracy. The
expectation is that by mutual cooperation
the Soviet peoples themselves can establish
a democratic system that will not only be
representative of and responsible to the will
and aspirations of all, but also will be cap-
able of sustaining their national interests
and maintaining a viable economic struc-
ture.3
In assisting the Soviet people to achieve
this goal, RL broadcasts to its listeners
truthful information which will enable them
to make up their own minds, form their own
judgments, and reach their own independent
conclusions on developments within their
country. RL seeks, therefore, to relieve the
Soviet people from their total dependency
upon -the regime as a source of information.
Having monopolistic control over informa-
tion and publicly expressed opinion, the rul-
ing elite deprives Soviet citizans of access
to information that would give them a more
complete and truthful picture of reality. RL
seeks to fill in these blank spaces of cal-
culated omissions and correct distortions of
official Soviet propaganda. Finally, RL urges
the Soviet people to develop a sense of com-
mon cause and recognize that their concerns
and vital interests are shared concerns and
interests of many other Soviet citizens:,
In speaking for the genuineneeds and best
aspirations of its listeners, both Russian and
non-Russian, RL emphasizes the importance
of both historical continuity and the rele-
vance of contemporary problems. For all So-
viet peoples it assumes the obligation of
S 3391
linking their past to the present and future
in an effort to maintain the vigor of their
historical and cultural legacies in the face
of regime attempts to exploit them for prop-
aganda purposes. Attuned to the require-
ments of history, EL thus relates the past
to the present and future while concentrat-
ingo .
n contemporary problems in Soviet so-
ciety.' D. RL's Immediate Objectives
Within this larger framework of goals and
purposes, EL pursues immediate objectives
that focus on such practical and positive
themes as democratic political alternatives,
economic reform, peacef UI intentions of the
democratic world, ideological irrelevance of
Marxism-Leninism, and the virtue of -cul-
tural diversity and political pluralism.
As a primary immediate objective, EL tries
to convince Soviet listeners that practical,
democratic political alternatives to their
present system do exist. It encourages them
to work toward these alternatives in their
own interest by asking questions, by seeking
more information, by finding practical solu-
tions to specific problems, and by uniting in
common efforts to create internal pressures
for change.' In brief. 111, seeks to destroy the
prevailing, officially-induced myth of a politi-
cal system preordained by history and sug-
gest pragmatic means for transformation.
RL also encourages among its listeners the
belief that more rapid and equitable solu-
tions are possible to their domestic economic
and social problems, and to the problems of
the nationalitie?. RL persuades them to press
for basic economic reform and allocation of
more economic resources for the benefit of
the consumer. It also persuades the Soviet
listener to press for the cultural needs of the
various nationalities, including the Rus-
sian?
In the realm of international relations, RL
assures its listeners that the democratic
powers of the world are pursuing foreign
policies that are designed to achieve world .
peace and stability. It tries to convince the
listener that, notwithstanding the constant
claims of Soviet propaganda, none of these
states has any intention of committing
armed aggression against the USSR. Defense
establishments are maintained, RL points
out, in order to resist aggression by other
world powers.'
Moreover, RL tries to convince its listeners
that by abandoning world revolutionary
aspirations, moderating its aggressive foreign
policies, and instituting a policy of more
active international cooperation within the
United Nations, the Soviet Government
would do much to lessen the danger of
thermonuclear war and to assure world
peace? Or said another way, adherence to
the ideological principle of "struggle" and
the advocacy of the conquest of 'power that
flows from this belief, enhance the possibility
of thermonuclear war, and only through So-
viet moderation and cooperation in the
United Nations will peace be assured.
In ideological matters, RL' challenges the
faith of Communist believers?both sincere
and opportunistic?in their obsolescent
ideology which as Marxism-Leninism con-
tains the seeds of Soviet dictatorship. It
tries to convince believers that Marxist
philosophy as it has taken shape in the USSR
has been perverted and in the course of time
reduced to a collection of primitive dogmas.
RL tries to show believers that the "revolu-
tionary struggle" in the world today, so
seminal to the concepts of Marxism-Lenin-
ism, does not coincide with their views or
their interests. These would be better served,
RL stresses, by the peaceful pluralistic devel-
opment of societies under the rule of law,
and in freedom for all peoples everywhere,
including the peoples of the USSR?, In brief,
RL challenges the faith of Marxist-Leninists
as being outdated, irrelevant and contrary
to the real interests of the Soviet people; it
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against Mexican-Americans in the South-
west . ."
The California Rural Legal Assistance
Project documented the exclusion of Mexi-
can-Americans from. grand jury lists. They
found a 12-year period in which 500,000
Spanish surnamed persons were eligible for
grand jury duty in Los Angeles County, yet
only four were chosen.
Perhaps the most disturbing incidents are
those that still occur at the federal level. Why
was it necessary for Senators to send tele-
grams to spur the Justice Department to
investigate an assassination plot against
Cesar Chavez?
:And why was it necessary for Senators to
remind the Labor Department that their own
regulations prohibited importing foreign
Workers to break a farm worker strike?
' And if we look at the Selective Service
System, once again, we find Inequities. Prac-
tically no change has occurred in the rep-
resentation bf the Spanish-speaking corn-
Munity? on local and appeal boards. On local
boards it was 2.9 percent in 1968, and today
It is barely 4 percent. c'ea appeals boards, it
is. even worse, barely over 3 percent. And
when one looks at the states with heavy
concentrations of Spanish-speaking, one
finds only 4 of 88 appeal board members in
California who are Spanish-speaking. In
Colorado, none. In Arizona, none. In Florida,
none. Yet these are the boards that the sys-
? tern provides to halt the egregious errors that
many local boards commit. How can that
cleansing function be fulfilled when none of
the appeals boards can easily understand,
let alone relate to a Spanish-speaking
registrant?
' Equal treatment under the law, a basic
condition for maintaining the bond of citi-
tenship, lies been repeatedly and flagrantly
denied to the Spanish-speaking, and it is
time to change.
These statistics demonstrate the need for
the seminar that is taking place today. More
than that, they demonstrate the absolute
necessity for Spanish-speaking citizens to be
active politically. For if .you permit the po-
litical leadership of this country to continue
to treat zou as "Strangers in your own land,"
.then there will be a perenial list of unmet
goals in education, housing, in employment,
in .access to the protection of the law.
The clfalienge not only lies with both
partieo to respond and to respond effectively.
It lies also with you to force the parties to
respond. And despite the tremendous re-
sistance that undoubtedly exists, I believe
that they can be made to respond.
? But it means that you must take the
initiative, that you must do the registering
and organizing, that you must do the pre-
cinct work and the, polling. And it is not
just the federal elections that count. Gov-
ernors choose boards of regions and state
university directors. Sheriffs and district at-
torneys decide local law enforcement poli-
cies and city councilmen and mayors control
the decisions that send funds to the mani-
cured streets of the affluent few or the still:.
unpaved roads of the barrio.
The challenge is before you. It does not rest
with those unwilling to risk something of
themselves. Nor does it rest with those who
demand that the struggle be easily won. It
rests only with those ready to trade the com-
fort and convenience of the critic for the tor-
ment and sacrifice of the committed.
Yet you have among La Roza, many who
already have shown the way. You have men
such as Cesar Chavez, who has brought the
farmworker of this nation his first hope for
lasting dignity. The victory kr Florida is part
Of a struggle that began not five or ten years
ago, but two decades ago. when the first or-
ganizing began.
And if that kind of commitment is made,
then I believe there will be response. I believe
there must be response.
Robert Kennedy shared that view. He walk-
ed through the barrios of East Los Angeles
and through the dusty fields of Delano. He
was committed to change the conditions of
poverty and discrimination he saw.
For he believed as I do, that this nation can
never be free until there is no longer a child
who cries from hunger or a mother who fears
illness because she cannot afford a doctor, or
a man who dies because the law does not see
him as a man.
There is much to be done before we are
free. ?
RADIO FREE EUROPE AND
RADIO LIBERTY ,
? Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, there are
Chose who urge the dissolution of Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty. These
persons say?correctly?that these sta- ?
tions are obnoxious to the Soviet Govern-
ment. And they assume?implausibly?
that dissolution of these stations would
cause the Soviet Government to feel af-
fectionately about us.
Even if such affection were likely,
which, of course, it is not; and even if
such affection were more precious than
the satisfaction the stations bring to the
oppressed people living under Soviet
domination, which it is not, one would
still want to note that not even Chan-
cellor Brandt, whose enthusiasm for
accommodation with the Soviets is nearly
boundless, refuses to accede to the Soviet
demand that the stations be expelled
from German soil.
Mr. President, it is a tiresome but nec-
essary chore to reiterate these self-evi-
dent truths in the fact 'of palpable and
unattractive delusions about the potential
affability of the Soviet Union, and the
sinfulness of any and all things that are
obnoxious to Soviet despots.
But so that all Senators can consider
this iSsue, I ask unanimous consent to
have printed in the RECORD an editorial
from the London Sunday Times of Feb-
ruary 27, 1972.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the London Sunday Times, Feb. 27,
19721
IN DEFENCE OF RADIO FREE EUROPE
Senator Fulbright believes that Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, operating from
Munich, should be stopped from broadcast-
ing to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Un-
ion because they are "Cold War relics" and
hinder detente. He is wrong on both counts.
The radios abandoned the unfortunate policy
of "liberating the captive peoples" in 1956
and now support Willy Beandt's Ostpolitik
and all Communist reform movements in
Eastern Europe. It is true that the Russians
and their allies have consistently demanded
that Brandt shouLci expel the radios from
Munich. But his refusal to do so has not
stopped the Russians and the Poles from
signing treaties with him, and the Czecho-
slovak-West German Treaty is held no by
a dispute over the Munich Agreement of -1338,
not over the radios. In fact,. by their con-
stantly objective coverage of West German
events, the radios have done more than any
other organisation to dispel amongst ordinary
East Europeans the official Communist myth
of "West German revanchism."
Fulbright argues, rather startlingly, that
the radios are useless because "truth and
freedom are indigenous and subjective is-
sues and cannot be transferred from one peo-
ple to another." That fashionable cynicism
Is disproved by Soviet hatred of the radios;
It is precisely the "transference of truth"
that the Russians fear. The radios, whatever
their imperfections, provide East Europeans
with a far more reliable source of world and
domestic news than their own, Government-
controlled media. It would be a tragic and
distasteful appeasement for the West to cut
off that source at Soviet behest.
Fulbright's only useful suggestion is that
Western Europe might play a part in financ-
ing the radios. They should close down only
when, as in Dubcek's Prague Springs, East
Europeans no longer need to listen to them;
with the current KGB persecution of Soviet
dissidents and Husak's campaign of intel-
lectual genocide in Czechoslovakia, that day
is sadly still far away.
? Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD an editorial published in to-
day's Wall Street Journal which asks
"What's wrong with wanting to con-
tribute to the free flow of ideas across
international borders?"
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
[From the Wall Street Journal,
Mar. 6, 19721
THREAT TO RADIO FREE EUROPE
We have difficulty understanding why
Senator Fulbright is trying to deny Con-
gressional appropriations 'to Saadi? Free
Europe and Radio Liberty. We are aware
of his animus toward "cold war relics," but
both stations have earned virtually unani-
mous praise for broadcasting objective news
and impartial analysis.
There is obviously a crying need for such
Information, which RFE broadcasts in na-
tive languages to five Eastern European na-
tions and which Radio Liberty broadcasts
to the USSR, in 17 Soviet languages. In ef-
fect, the stations function as a free press
for some 300-million fettered people. Con-
trast that with the Communist bloc's un-
relieved propagsinda broadcasts, 900 hours
a day in some 80 languages to every con-
tinent.
In the early and mid-50s, both stations
were accused of adding to the tensions of
the cold war. If so, that .charge has not
been true for at least 15 years. Indeed, for-
mer ambassador to Poland John Gronouski
praised the accuracy and detail of RFE's
coverage of the Polish uprisings of 1968 (up-
risings that were ignored by the Polish me-
dia). And both stations gave factual re-
ports on such important issues as the ous-
ter of Khrushchev, the Cuban missile crisis,
and the Nixon visit to China, stories that
the Communist world ignored or down-
played.
There was a minor flap last year when
it was revealed -that the Central Intelli-
gence Agency had secretly been subsidizing
both stations, even as Washington insisted
that they were privately financed. There
was no evidence that the CIA ? ever inter-
fered with program content, but such de-
ception is inexcusable nonetheless?which is
why President Nixon proposed that the sta-
tions be financed directly by Congress but
run by an 11-member nonprofit corporation
independent of government control.
Yet Mr. Fulbright objects even to thst.
And although both houses of Congress have
passed authorization bills, he has managed
to delay any cpnference for resolving the
differences and thus keeping the stations
alive. It is this opposition that we find hard
to fathom. Does he also object to the Voice
of America?
Although Senator Fulbright argues that
the stations have no place in a period of
East-West detente, we suspect that they
have actually contributed to detente by
helping to erode ideological suspicion born
of ignorance and misinformation, and that
abandoning them may prolong the East-
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foreclosure Comes within a year; the company
has an $800 return on the $9,200.)
The homeowner packs up her children and
belongings and resumes her search for decent
. housing, disenchanted with the American
? dream of home ownership and minus her
down payment, possible closing costs and a
few dollars in equity.
And the public which finances the scheme
through monthly mortgage insurance pay-
ments under some FHA programs is out an-
other few thousand dollars.
Abuses in FHA programs are not new.
Ironically, publicity on irregularities in one
program?Section 235?caused the federal
government to suspend that program while
' the much larger Section 221(d)2 prograin
continued unhampered on Its abuse-filled
way.
MAsoft FHA HOMEOWNERSHIP PROGRAMS
Here, briefly, are the major FHA home
ownership programs:
Section 203?The largest of the programs,
this' is used to insure standard mortgages in
stable neighborhoods. Aplication fees and
mortgage insurance premiums paid by home
buyers to the Mutual Mortgage Insurance
Fund finance any foreclosures necessary un-
der the program.
Section 221(d) (2?This is the largest of
the inner city home ownership programs. It
provides for down payments as low as $200
for persons displaced by governmental ac-
tions (urban renewal, highway building, etc.)
: and.liberalizes credit requirements. Foreclos-
ures are financed by the General Insurance
Fund, funded through mortgage insurance
?? premiums and fees from several FHA pro-
Section 223?A section used in combine.-
? tion with 221 or 203 which allows a house in
- a "reasonably viable" area to be insured for
mortgage if one or more requirements of
another section would preclude a mortgage
under that section. Foreclosures are financed
by the Special Risk Insurance Fund which is
funded by premiums and fees from several
FHA programs. .
?
[From the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Mar. 6,
19721
gIGHTY-POUR VACANT HOMES; 84 VACANT LOTS:
ABUSE OP PROGRAM DOOMS NEIGIIBORHOOD
(By Robert It. Teuscher and
Harry E. Wilson, Jr.)
-.Eighty-four vacant lots testify mutely here
? to the abuses in a federal program designed
? to rehabilitate neighborhoods and put poor
families into their own homes. ?
A-The lots are the tail-end of what has be-
come an all-too-common urban phenome-
non?blockbusting, real estate speculation,
foreclosed mortgages, and the federal wreck-
ing ball. ?
They represent one-third of all the fore-
? closures in the federal Section 221(d) (2)
Mortgage insurance program.
The houses that once stood on these lots
were certified for 25 to 30-year mortgages
only three and four years ago by appraisers
from the St. Louis area office of the Depart-
ment of Housing and Urban Development
"(BUD).
According to HUD regulations, houses
ishonld not be approved for federally insured
Mortgages unless the HUD aparaiser finds
them sound enough to stand for at least
three-fourths of the term of their mortgages.
Yet an average_ of only 18 months after
appraisal and sale with the federally insured
Mortgages, these 84 houses were sold to HUD
for their insured values in foreclosure pro-
ceedings.
HUD then decided that the houses were
either structurally unsound or too expensive
to repair and demolished them.
The Section 221(d) (2) program that once
financed these houses, allows low-income
families in the inner city to purchase homes
by providing mortgage insurance similar to
the FHA or GI home mortgages used by mil-
lions of American families.
The program differs from standard mort-
gage plans by permitting down-payments as
low as $200 and by requiring rehabilitation
of the homes before sale.
- The program's track record has not been
good.
The foreclosure rate here now stands at
8.63%, the fourth highest in the nation, ac-
cording to HUD Secretary George Romney.
(The foreclosure rate for standard mortgages
is less than one-half of one percent.)
Paying off the foreclosed 221(d) (2) mort-
gages in the City of St. Louis has cost the
federal government mere than $2.7 million
Repairing foreclosed homes for resale h .
cost another $600,000, and demolition of the
84 houses has cost $80,000.
HUD has been able to recoup only $1.15
million on the resale of repaired houses Or
vacant lots.
Real estate speculators and mortgage com-
panies, however, have turned tidy, and some-
times immense, profits, records show.
In the meantime several stable neighbor-
hoods have been ruined.
The Eads and St. Vincent avenue neigh-
borhood, in the shadow of Firmin Desloge
Hospital on the Near South Side, is an ex-
ample of the blight that follows a combina-
tion of speculators and 221(d) (2) mortgage
insurance. ' ?
As late as 1967, this was a bule-collar, mid-
dle-class area, made up of single and two-
family brick homes that were nearing the
end of their useful lives.
Norman Keathley, who lived at 2926 Eads
since 1943, described the area as a "poor,
but respectable neighhorhood, with working
class people."
But in early 1968, conditions, particularly
crime, took a turn for the worse, according
to former neighbors.
"They (vandals) tore the copper guttering
right off my house in broad daylight," Fran-
cis Green, formerly of 2829 Eads said, "I
figured it wasn't safe for the kids anymore."
Asked about the sale of houses in the
area, Green said, "I figured blockbusting was
what was going on. I hope they catch them
(the speculators) at it so it won't happen
here (at his new house in South St. Louis)."
At the same time that things turned bad
on Bads and St. Vincent, a group of real
estate companies moved in.
Between September, 1968, and June, 1970,
23 houses on Batts and St. Vincent were sold
to real estate firms, who then resold the
houses under the 221(d) (2) program.
The houses were bought by the realty firms
for an average of $5,000, with some going for
as little at $1,000.
When the real estate firms resold the
houses several months later to 221(d) (2)
families, the average going price was $10,000.
Each of the houses had been appraised at
an average of $10,000, the sale price, by HUD
appraisers, and the appraisers had also cer-
tified that the houses were good for 20-30
year mortgages.
Today every one of those houses is a va-
cant lot.
And there are 27 other vacant lots on
Eads and St. Vincent, all of which were run ?
through federal mortgage programs similar
to the 221(d) (2) mortgage insurance.
HUD officials are not sure how the houses
which were old in the first place, ended up in
such condition to require demolition.
The reason could have been mismanage-
ment or abuse by the homeowner, or a faul-
ty HUD appraisal, in the first place, accord- ?
ing to George 0. Hipps, director of HUD's
Single Family and Land Development Divi-
sion in Washington, D.C.
Who were the winners in this example
of speculation and blight?
The oroginal owners were forced to sell
at rock bottom prices for fear of crime and
speculation.
The 221(d) (2) families lost all of their
equity in homes they could not afford, and
most of them are now ineligible for any other
federal housing programs.
The Record for Section 221(d) (2)
in St. Louis Home mortgages
Insured (1967-June, 1971)..._:__ 2, 144
Foreclosures (Jan. 1972) 265
Foreclosures (percentage) 8.63
Cost of mortgage payoffs
$2, 705,
000
Repairs after foreclosure
$662,
474
Demolitions
880,
610
HUD recoup from resales
$1, 155,
700
RADIO 1,1tEE EUROPE AND RADIO
LIBERTY
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
Library of Congress has completed its
reports on Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty. The reports were delivered to the
Committee on Foreign Relations on Fri-
day, March 3, at 5 p.m.
In view of the controversy surrounding
these reports and the allegations that I
and members of the committee staff have
tried to suppress this information or alter
its presentation, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have the rePorts, plus my cor-
respondence with the Library, included
in the REcoRD at the conclusion of my re-
marks. The appendices to the reports,
numbering several hundred additional
pages, are in the committee's files and
are available to the public, as are the
draft versions of the reports.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, this
work is the result of a .request which I
sent to the Library - on June 8, 1971.
Shortly thereafter, Mr. Charles Gellner,
Chief, Foreign Affairs Division, and Mr.
James Price, analyst in National De-
Jens% bah .of the Library of Congress,
met with Mr. Robert Dockery of the com-
mittee staff for the purpose of discussing
the Tequest. Following this meeting, Mr.
Dockery was informed by the Library
that two studies would be prepared, one
on each of the Radios, that Mr. Price
would be responsible for the Radio Free
Europe study and that Dr. Joseph
Whelan, Specialist in Soviet and East
European Affairs of the Library, would
be responsible for the Radio Liberty
study. At approximately the same time,
Mr. Dockery was informed that, at Mr.
Price's suggestion, an independent con-
sultant, specialized in audience research
analysis techniques, would be brought in
to evaluate the Radios' audience-re-
sponse claims.
At my request, the Library agreed to
include in the final reports a r?m?n
each of the research participants.
The researchers completed their drafts
during the first part of January and Mr.
Gellner forwarded them to Mr. Dockery
on January 14. In his transmittal memo,
Mr. Gellner clearly identified the status
of the reports by noting:
We will be happy to have your comments
before' we put the studies into final shape and
formally transmit them. Our review of these
drafts has not yet been completed and we
too will wish to make some changes.
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RADIO FREE EtatOPE,
Hon. PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN
Or NEW ,JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 6, 1972
?
Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker,
the deadlock between the House and the
Senate over legislative authorization for
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
still continues, and it is a matter of
widening concern. An article by Flora
Lewis in the Boston Evening Globe il-
lundinates the problem from an American
viewpoint, and an editorial from the
London Daily Telegraph expresses Brit-
ish concern for the fate of the two radios.
The 'latter editorial correctly notes that
the present impasse is in no way the
_ fault of this body.
Editorials also a vpeared today in the
New 'York Times .id the Wall Street
Journal. The text of all these editorials
follows:
? [From the Boston Globe, Feb. 25, 19721
FULBRIGHT SILENCES Two. 'US. VOICES
(By Flora Lewis)
WASHINGTON.?Unless Congress acts by the
end of the month, the semi-official American
radio stations broadcasting to the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe will be shut down.
? That is precisely the aim Of Sen. Fulbright
ID-Ark.), chairman of the Senate Foreign
?' Relations Committee, who has maneuvered
to kill the stations by legislative impasse
cutting off their funds.
"These radios should be given an oppor-
tunity to take their rightful -place in the
graveyard of cold war relics," Fulbright told
the Senate.
The two are Radio Free Europe, which own
languages, and regularly publishes careful
research on those countries in broadcasts
from 12 to 20 hours a day to the nations of
'Eastern Europe in their English. Radio Liber-
ty performs the same functions but focuses
on the Soviet*Union.
? Both, were 'started at the beginning of the
'50s wads as Fulbright says belately, they
were major weapons of the cold war. Futher,
they were secretly funded by the CIA, al-
though Free Europe also received public con-
tributions.
The irony of Fulbright's position is that
both these faults have been corrected. The
two radios now operate aboveboard. More im-
portant, they have come to provide a vital,
straightforwardly informative service far
superior to the 'U.S. Government's own for-
eign broadcasting system, the Voice of
America.
Last year, Sen. Clifford Case (R-N.J.)
made Free Europe and Liberty honest ra-
dios with a bill ending their dependence on
the CIA budget. They are now financed
? through State Department appropriations
? open to public scrutiny. That was not ideal,
since it exposed- them to more political and
propaganda controls than the previous
secret, but essentially autonomous, arrange-
ment with the CIA.
State wisely decided that it would be bet-
ter to set the radios up as quasi-independ-
ent systems, similar to the domestic Public
Broadcasting System. In that way, the pro-
fessional judgment of their excellent and
sober staffs would be better insulated from
Improper influence.
? A bill to this effect passed the House. But
Fulbright got a bill through the Senate
keeping State in charge until the end of the
fiscal. year, when he hoped to cut off the.
funds altogether. The two houses have failed
to reach a conference agreement, so the
radios are due to be silenced this week.
It would be a grave loss, both to the peo-
ple of Eastern Europe and the scholars and
researchers of the United States. The radios
are no longer the strident propaganda trum-
pets of their early years. Since the Hungarian
revolution of 1956, when they reviewed their
role and drastically changed their policies,
they have been serious and reliable sources
of information and analysis which the people
of Eastern Europe are totally denied by their
governments. Of course, Moscow and its al-
lies don't like that.
Silencing Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty would simply amount to ? collabo-
rating with those governments to silence dis-
sent and keep their peoples ignorant.
The annual appropriation required for
both is $36 million. Sen. Fulbright compared
it to the $4.1 million which Voice of America's
worldwide operation cost. But VOA broad-
casts only a few hours a day, and very dif-
ferent material?banal, official sometimes
biased governmentese.
If the point is economy, then it would be
far better to drop VOA and let the two ef-
fective radios keep broadcasting. A special
Library of Congress study, asked to evaluate
Radio Free Europe and Radio ?Liberty by
Fulbright's committee, came up with the
answer that they were very good indeed, no
doubt the opposite of what Fulbright hoped
to hear.
And If the point is to call off the cold
war and deal more openly and sensibly with
the Communist countries, then it would also
be better to preserve the two autonomous
radios and kill the US. government props-
gandaservice.
If Fulbright's purpose is achieved, the re-
sult would not be to bury cold war relics
but to help preserve the dark silence of the
cold war in Eastern Europe.
(From the (London) Daily Telegraph.
Feb. 23, 19721
FREEDOM'S VOICE IN PERIL
A diggraceful surrender of the West's right
to broadcast objective news and comment
acrots the Iron Curtain is about to take place
unless the American Government acts quick-
ly and firmly to stop it. Funds have been cut
off from Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty, both based in Munich, which for over
20 years have been transmitting to the satel-
lite countries, and also to Russia in the main
languages of the Soviet Union. As was recent-
ly nearly the case with American foreign aid,
the cut-off is a result of a dispute in Con-
gress.
Senator FULBRIGHT is in. his usual role of
leading the appeasers. A year ago he suc-
ceeded in stopping the provision of funds for
the two stations by the Central Intelligence
Agency. The State Department took over the
responsibility on a year-to-year basis. The
Senator now seems within an ace of block-
ing the voting of funds for the coming year,
in. which case the stations would have to
close down within a fortnight. He says that
this would put them "ln_their rightful place
in the churchyard of cold war relics."
Is it "cold warfare" to broadcast the truth
to the peoples of the Communist dictator-
ships? Is it wrong to give them samples of
Western culture and entertainment, to seek
to correct the dangerous, perverse and mali-
cious slanders about the allegedly aggressive
war-like West with which they are fact by
their governmental propaganda machines?
Do the Communist regimes, in the barrage
of vicious propaganda against the West with
which they crowd the. channels- day and
night, ask whether they are offending the
susceptibilities of the societies it is their in-
tention to disintegrate? The West has the
obligation, to itself and to subject peoples
everywhere, to testify to democracy. Radio.
as millions behind the. Iron Curtain will
gratefully confirm, is the Ideal means of com-
munication in the circumstances. It must
not be silenced.
(From the New York Times]
A SENATE MAJORITY $PEAKS
A majority of the members of the United
States Senate has sponsored a resolution de-
signed to back continuation of Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty.
What snakes the move extraordinary is that
the primary immediate aim of the sponsors
is to put pressure on the Senate's conferees
to end their deadlock with House conferees
on this issue, a stalemate that threatens the
swift demise of both these major communi-
cations links to Eastern Europe. Now that a
majority of the Senate has spoken, there can
be no moral basis for the continued obduracy
of that chamber's conferees,
Their present tactics, if successful in ter-
minating these broadcasts, can only benefit
the Kremlin. Its bitter enmity to these radio
voices has long emphasized their importance
in filling a communications void by provid-
ing information otherwise unavailable.
[From the. Wal] Street Journal]
THREAT To RADIO FREE EUROPE
We have difficulty understanding why Sen-
ator Fulbright is trying to deny Congressional
appropriations to Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty. We are aware of his animila
toward "cold war relics," but both stations
have earned virtually unanimous praise for
broadcasting objective news and impartial
analysis. ?
There is obviously a crying need for such
information, which?RFE broadcasts in native
languages to five Eastern European nations
and which Radio Liberty broadcasts to the
USSR in 17 Soviet languages. In effect, the
statons function as a free press for some
300-million fettered people. Contrast that
with the Communist bloc's unrelieved prop-
aganda broadcasts, 900 hours a day in some 80
languages to every continent.
In the early and mid-50s, both stations
were accused of adding to the tensions of the
cold war. If so, that charge has not been true
for at least 16 years. Indeed, former ambas-
sador to Polanil John Gronouski praised the
accuracy and detail of RFE's coverage of tile
Polish uprisings of 1968 (uprisings that were
ignored by the Polish media). And both sta- ?
tions gave factual reports on such important
issues as the ouster of Khrushchev. the
-Cuban missile crisis, and the Nixion visit to
China, stories that the Communist world ig-
nored or downplaVeci.
There was a minor flap last year when it
was revealed that the Central Intelligence
Agency had secretly been subsidizing both
stations, even as Washington insisted' that
they were privately financed. There was no
evidence that the CIA ever interfered with
program content, but such deception is in-
excusable nonetheless?which is why Presi-
dent Nixon proposed that the stations be fi-
nanced directly by Congress but run by an
1I-member nonprofit corporation independ-
ent of government control.
Yet Mr. Fulbright objects even to that.
And although both houses of Congress have
passed authorization bills, he has managed
to delay any conference for resolving the dif-
ferences and thus keeping the stations alive.
It is this opposition that we find hard to
fathom. Does he alao object to the Voice of
America?
Although Senator Fulbright argues that the
stations have no place in a period of East-
West detente, we suspect that they have ac-
tually contributed to detente by helping to
erode ideological suspicion born of ignorance
?and misinformation, and that abandoning
them may prolong the East-West tension the
Senator so passionately denounces. In any
event, what's wrong with wanting to con-
tribute to the free flow of ideas across inter-
national borders?
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? STATINTL
Voices in the Air
Bonn.
The scene at Warsaw's interna-
tional airport one day last April
;was more Marx Brothers than Karl
'Marx. ?
Decked out in khaki and red trim
'uniform, one of the airport's se-
curity officers came trundling along
carrying a foot-high stack of re-
search papers published by Radio
. Free Europe. With a flourish he
handed them to a fuming American
newsman who had missed a plane
to Budapest because customs of-
ficials had become inquisitive about
the contents of his briefcase.
? "No," said the newsman, who
.feared that Hungarion police would
? have been notified of the incident.
? "I suggest you keep it."
? ? I.
The. Polish officer smiled, winked
and replied: "I don't need the stuff.
I hear it all on the radio anyway."
A bit of Polish hyperbole? Well,
hardly. It is common knowledge in
Poland that the only way to have
a glimmering of what is really
going on in the country is to listen
to Radio Free Europe.
:One American sociologist who
spent some time in a Polish village
found that fur out of five house-
holds tuned in regularly to RFE.
The Munich-based station estimates
? its Polish listenership at 60 per cent
of persons over the age of 14 (and
it is a near certainty that among
.the most avid members of the
? audience are party leaders who dis-
,like being prisoners of their own
,propaganda system). In Poland's
capital, RFE is humorously called
'Warsaw IV" because the regime
has a lock on the city's three local
stations.
If Senator Fulbright succeeds in
silencing RFE, which transmits to
five Eastern European countries,
and Radio Liberty, a sister sta-
kleee &trope
By JOSEPH R. L. STERNE
tion aimed at the Soviet Union,
? this would be a development of
considerable magnitude for millions
of listeners in the Warsaw Pact
area.
Neither Voice of America, nor
BBC, nor Deutsche Welle, nor
Radio Vatican nor Radio Paris is
presently equipped to fill the
vacuum that would result. These
net,,vo! --;_leam excellent surveys
of w !1---news in native languages
to the Communist-ruled nations and
BBC especially, provides respected
commentary on affairs concerning
its target areas.
But only Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty provide an abun-
dance of programs with y a home-
grown flavor for a home audience.
RFE's ability to do this and cap-
ture a lion's share of the radio
audience in Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania is
a reflection of the kind of people
working in its austere, white build-
ing on the edge of Munich's lovely
English gardens.
? ? ?
While ?Americans hold the ulti-
mate policy-control posts at RFE,
the departments handling broad-
casts and writing research papers
are manned by Eastern Europeans
who have left their native lands.
This is a system with obvious
built-in dangers and advantages.
In their anti-Communist zeal,
such employees gave a cold war-
rior image during the early and
mid-1950's that has hurt the or-
ganization to this day. Senator Ful-
bright's speeches in his campaign
to deny the radios any U.S. gov-
ernment funding attest to that. But
in their mother-tongue command of
19 languages and in their knowl-
edge of their homelands, the East-
ern Europeans on. the RFE staff
provide an authenticity that is the
basis for the wide acceptance of
their programs.
As the official goal of RFE has
been transformed through the
years from "liberation" to !'lib-
eralization," the ideological content
of RFE has become. less polemical.
During a few .das in mid-Febru-
ary, for example, the Bulgarian
service dealt with promising new
school reforms but reported on
continuing sentiment for a longer
mandatory period of school at-
tendance. The Polish service dealt
with the trials of some security
officers, suggesting they were po-
litically motivated. The Hungarian
service voiced skepticism about
new efforts to increase productivity
that do not delineate a worker's
personal stake in such efforts. The
Chechoslovak service concentrated
on implications of the crackdown
against journalists of the Dubcek
era.
The tone, thus, is often critical
but its thrust is reformist rather
than revolutionary: Most research
documents and mdny broadcasts
either are starkly objective or as-
sume a tone of sympathetic en-
couragement if there is evidence of
liberalization.
? ? ?
RFE broadcasters and research-
ers get much of their information
by poring through national and
local newspapers, by listening to
monitored broadcasts and, by tap-
ping private channels of informa-
tion from the Soviet bloc. In its
libraries are one million index
cards.
In addition, RFE has a news-
room manned chiefly by Americans
who keep a watch on the material
of all major news agencies, East
and West, and provide the broad-
? ed, ?
casting units with material for their
international news surveys. RFE
staffers and stringer S are found
in most free-world news centers.
All this suggests an enormous
operation?and it is. According
RFE statistics, the station ha S al-
most 1,600 employees (mostly in
Munich), uses 32 transmitters in
Portugal and West Germany with
a total power of 2,245,000 watts,
broadcasts 77 hours daily on its
? five services, monitors 40 Commu-
nist stations, subscribes to SOO dif-
ferent publications and consumes
48 million sheets of paper annually.
With an' audience of -nearly 31
million persons?ranging: from 6ll
per cent of the over-14,listeners In
Poland .t? 45 per cent in.Czechoslo-
vakia, RFE is far and away the
most popular voice in Eastern.
Europe, as the jamming 'efforts of-
the Communist regimesiattest. The
Czechoslovak people turned - to it
during the Soviet-led invasion of
1968. RFE was a prime source of
the news that Polish ?. authorities
tried to suppress during the Baltic
seaport upheavals of late, 1970.
Thus if Radio -Free Europe is a
relic of the cold war, as Senator
Fulbright suggests, it is not a mori-
bund relic and its buriaLwould be
a wrenching affair for zany, many
people. ?
Any American who has spent any
time in Eastern Europe knows what
a comfort it is to switch on his
transistor and catch the -"Yankee
Doodle Dandy" theme that signals
VOA and its world news. roundup.
Many a Polish citizens who has a
low regard for the controlled press.
at home, perhaps has even stronger
emotions as he hears a melody by
Moniuszko which means. that "Ra-
dia Wolna Europa' ?isle the aie,
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'Radio Free Europe and Liberty
An article by Joseph R. L. Sterne,
pUblished in adjoining columns,
provides an illuminating account of
the work being done by Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty and the
significant way in which they sup-
plement the European broadcasts
of the Voice of America. All of these
are voices of America, in the sense
that, they are financed by the
United States government and
hence the American people. For
years a pretense was maintained
that Radio Free Europe depended
,on voluntary financial contributions
to operate when in fact it was
being financed by the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency. At the insist-
ence of Senator Case of New Jersey
the C.I.A. financing was both dis-
closed and halted, and now Senator
Fulbright of Arkansas is making a
strong effort to stop the federal
government from continuing these
stations through open, public ap-
propriations.
Mr. Sterne's article shows per-
suasively, it seems to us, that Radio
Free Europe in particular is doing
important work that is not being
done now by the Voice of America,
and that it is established as a major
source of news and information in
the countries of Eastern Europe in
which the press and radio are con-
trolled and operated by authoritar-
ian governments. Much the same
applies to Radio Liberty, which
aims its broadcasts at the people
of the Soviet Union.
At issue now in Washington is
the future of Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty. A bill passed
by the Senate would fund the two
stations only .until June 30, the
end of the current fiscal year. A
bill passed by the House .of Repre-
sentatives, and endorsed by the
Nixon administration, would ap-
propriate funds for another year,
until June 30, 1973, and set up an
independent agency to administer
the stations. The legislation rests
now in a Senate-House conference
committee, with Mr. Fulbright urg-
ing an end to the stations and re-
sisting the House provision. The
cost of the stations is put at about
$35 million a year.
Mr. Fillbright argues that the
stations are relics of the cold war
and have no place in present Ameri-
can policy. But it can also be ar-
gued that the broadcasts have had
a part in the development of pres-
ent policy and, indeed, help to
reinforce it now. It would be a'
mistake to cut the stations off the
air this month, as apparently will
happen if the conference commit
tee impasse is not broken. A com-
mon-sense solution would be to
continue the stations for another
year, as proposed by the House and
the Nixon administration, and in
the meantime either modify the
present operations of the Voice of
America to the extent that they
duplicate the two radio services,
or merge the operations so that the
strong points of Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty are maintained:
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RADIO FREE .EUROPE:
Station Break?
For two decades, Radie Tree Europe
and Radio Liberty have been household
words throughout Eastern- Europe and
the Soviet Union. To many millions of
people in the Communist bloc, in fact,
the two American-financed stations have
often been the sole source of ,unvarnished
information about events around the
world. This, not surprisingly, has made
them constant targets for the wrath of
Communist authorities. Forbidding their
citizens to listen to these voices of "bour-
geois ideology," the Soviet and East
European governineliave sought to
jam the offending broadcasts. Their jam-
ming efforts have largely failed .and their
prohibitions have been ignored. Last
week, however,. the Communists got an
unexpected assist from Washington when
the U.S. Congress failed to extend gov-
ernment financing of the stations.
The trouble began a year ago when
New Jersey Sen. Clifford Case revealed
'that while Radio Free Europe (which
broadcasts to Eastern Europe) and Radio
Liberty (which is beamed to the Soviet
,Union) both claimed to be privately
financed, the bulk of their money actual-
ly came from the Central Intelligence
Agency. Although this fact had long
been an open secret, its public disclosure
touched .off a furor, since it fueled Com-
munist charges that the two stations were
propaganda organs of the U.S. Govern-
ment. While an embarrassed Administra-
tion promptly transferred control of the
stations' budget from the CIA to the U.S.
Information Agency, Congress began to
debate the organizations' ultimate fate.
Recently, the House of Representatives
approved an authorization of $35 million
until June 1973, while a nongovernment-
al means Of funding was studied. But un-
der the prodding of Sen. William Ful-
bright, chairman of the powerful Foreign
Relations Committee, the Senate balked.
In Fulbright's view, the disclosure of
CIA backing underscored the fact that
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
had deceived both their Iron Curtain
listeners and the American people about
their true nature. Contending that .both
stations were an anachronism in an era'
of budding East-West rapprochement,
the Arkansas senator thundered: "These
rhdios should be given an opportunity to
take their rightful place in the graveyard
of cold-war relics." And with that, he
announced himself opposed to funding
the.two stations beyond next June.
Slogans: Defenders of the stations ar-
gued that it was Sen. Fulbright himself
who was out of step with reality. They
admitted that immediately after the sta-
tions were set up in 'Munich in the early
?1950s, Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty dedicated themselves to encour-
aging the citizens of Eastern Europe to
"roll back" Communism?a policy that
helped to spark the ill-fated Hungarian
revolt of 1956. But following the Hun-
garian uprising, the stations changed
their tune. Trading their old slogan of
"liberation" for a new one of "liberaliza-
tion," they have sought to enlighten their
audiences with objective accounts of
events suppressed by the heavily cen-
sored Communist media?a practice that
has made the East 'European press dis-
cuss subjects it would otherwise ignore.
With their combined staffs of some
2,400 putting out 1,000 hours of broad-
casting in 25 languages a week, the sta-.
tions also have become a prime means of
disseminating. documents written by So-
viet and East European dissidents that
have been smuggled abroad. In support
of present. progran4ing, partisans of the
station quoted a recent letter from a So-
viet scientist which said: "Radio Liberty
is what a Russian station would have
been like if we had freedom of speech."
Adamant: All of this was known to Sen-
ator ? Fulbright. For he had himself com-
missioned a. Library of Congress study of
the two stations that, contrary to his
expectations, praised the professionalism
of their staffs and the quality of their
broadcasts and research reports, which
are used by scholars all over the world.
The study concluded that the demise
of the stations would constitute a severe
blow ? to the flow of information in the
Communist world-. Despite this, however,
Fulbright remained adamant in his op-
position to the stations. "The senator,"
said a staff member, "would like to see
the whole operation liquidated." And,
perhaps inevitably, no major congres-
sional figure seemed prepared to be as
active in defending the stations as Ful-
bright has been in attacking them. Ac-
cordingly, although RFE and Radio Lib-
erty have enough funds to stay on the
air for several more weeks, it seems
quite possible that, in the end, the sen-
ator from Arkansas may succeed in si-
lencing them.
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A Senate Majority Speaks
A majority of the members of the United States
Senate has sponsored a resolution designed io back
continuation of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
What makes the move extraordinary is that the pri
mary immediate aim of the sponsors is to put pressure
on the Senate's conferees to end their deadlock with
House conferees on this issue, a stalemate that threatens
the swift demise of both these major communications
links to Eastern Europe. Now that a majority of the
Senate has spoken, there can be no moral basis for the
continued obduracy of that chamber's conferees.
Their present tactics, if successful in terminating these
? broadcasts, can only benefit the Kremlin. Its bitter
enmity to these radio voices has long emphasized their
'importance in filling a communications void by providing
,information otherwise unavailable.
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Pat YORK TIMES
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STATI NTL
?
[..;4itt.rs to the Editor
Save Radio Free Europe
,To the Editor:
I In connection with your Feb. 22
editorial "Saving Free Voices," I
Would like to emphasize that the
liquidation of Radio Free Europe
either by extinction or by policy de-
cision would be interpreted by the
peoples of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Poland and Rumania as the
final recognition by the United States
of the present status quo and of the
permanency of the Soviet rule in East
Europe.
Surely, it would not kill their striv-
ing for independence but, paradoxi-
cally. might result in shifting their
hopes toward the People's Republic
of China, which alone of the great
powers shows some interest in East
European countries regaining their
Independence. This interest was dem-
onstrated by several announcements
of the Peking Government and, not
so long ago, bY the vehement con-
demnation of the Soviet invasion of
Czechoslovakia by the present Chi-
nese delegation to the United Nations.
It is also being demonstrated by Ra-
dio Peking broadcasts to East Europe
and by Radio Tirana broadcasts to
Poland.
In addition, the closing of Radio
Free Europe would represent an un- ,
warranted gift to Soviet Russia, which
through its own and satellite facili-
ties pours "hate America" propaganda
WO hours daily in 78 languages.
STEFAN KORBONSKI
Chairman, Assembly of
Captive European Nations
New York, Feb. 22, 1972'
An editorial on this subject appears'
today.
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FUND CUTOFF NEARS STATINTL
? Free 'Voice to' East Threatened by Its Friend
? OSGOOD CARUTHERS
? ' VIENNA
They aren't quite dead vet but the
death knell is tolling for Radio Free
.Europe and Radio Liberty. For a
-quarter of a century they have been
- beaming uncensored in formation to
millions living in the Soviet bloc .in
Eastern Europe. ?
- The lives of these two U.S.
go v ernment - supported organiza-
tions .re being szarificed to the eu-
phoria surrounding the desire for an
Xast-West detente by the powerful
rhairman of the Senate Foreign Re-
lations. Committee, Sen. J. W. Fill-
))right (D-Ark.). - . ? .
Picking tip the cudgel from those
who successfully halted part of the
jinanci?ng of these organizations
rom the secret funds of the Central
ntelligence Agency and made all
government support of them a sub-
ject for continuing congressional
approval, Fulbright now wants Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
closed down altogether.
And unless the general public and
Congress are persuaded that these
?
. Based in 1:ienna, Times $taff writer
epruthers covers much of Eastern
Europe: ?
two organizations are the most ef-
fective means the West has ever had
for keeping free information flowing
to the Communist-ruled nations of
Eastern Europe, he may succeed.
For Radio Free Europe, which
beams news and information broad-
casts to five of the Communist-ruled
countries. outside the Soviet Union,
and Radio Liberty, which broad-
casts exclusively to the people of the
Soviet Union, have sufficient funds
left to keep them going for only a
month.
?I Contributions from private
thdlvi-
'duals and public organizations form
only a small part of the required
support for the two organizations.
They are now waiting , with faint
hope, indeed, for an apparently in-
different Congress .to vote new
government funds for them.
If the funds are not forthcoming,
an estimated 31 million listeners
over the age of 14 in Poland; Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, Romania and
, Bulgaria, arnAppiroved poilDR
? more in the Soviet Union, will be de-
nied a Western source of news, re-
views of the Western press and com-
mentaries on affairs in their own
countries and throughout the world.
In a letter to the editor of the
Times of London, author -Anatoly
KuznetsoY, who defected to England
from the. Soviet Union three years
ago, wrote in fervent defense of Ra-
dio Liberty, which, he said, had been
the principal source of truth for So-
viet intellectuals.
"But Radio Liberty is something
unsurpassable, said the writer after
praising the . British Broadcasting
Corp.'s Russian service. "ft is the
voice of fellow countrymen who live
in the. free world, a oiEe which is
?not subject to Soviet -censorship and
which openly speaks about .our spe-
cial problems in the Soviet Union.
One of the most fervent wishes of
the KGB (the Soviet secret police) is
to destroy Radio Liberty."
Independent newspapers of all po-
litical colors (with the exception of
the Communist press, of course)
have risen editorially to' the defense
of Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty in Britain and throughout
Western Europe. They have done so
despite the common knowledge that
these organizations once got part of
their funds from the CIA and, even
more importantly, despite the fact
that many political leaders have
baSed their government's policies on
a platform of detente and peaceful
coexistence with the Soviet bloc. ?
? The socialist government of
Chancellor Willy Brandt in ? West
Germany has stood up -to tremen-
dous political pressure from the So-
viet Union to close down the opera-
tions of the two broadcasting organi-
zations, which both have their head-
quarters in the Bavarian capital of
Munich. Brandt has thus far refused
to bow to these pressures despite his
eagerness to push ahead with his
Ostpolitik. This has been true despite
crudely unsubtle hints from Moscow
that the Kremlin might be more pli-
able on such critical matters as ?
Berlin and on better trade relations
between the Soviet bloc and West
Germany if Brandt closed the two
stations.
The very vehemence with which .
Re fueor9Pak F430104604 ROO ilt010throughyears of07000ts5
to the effectiveness of the broad-
casts from Munich to the people be-
hind .the Iron Curtain.
The estimated $31 million required
to keep the two organizations going
is paltry compared to the budgets of
most national networks. About 520
million of this is needed by the lar-
ger RFE, which in addition to its na-
tive American staff employs about
350 refugees from the five Commu-
nist bloc countries to which it broad-
casts. One hundred of these refugee
employes have become U.S. citizens
and many others are working to-
ward that end.
Besides its broadcasts in the lan-
guages of the target countries, RFE
monitors radio broadcasts .of these
countries. It also combs a major part
of the press from the capitals and
the provinces of the countries con-
cerned. It coMpiles from all of this a
vast wealth of reference material
that has been invaluable to scholars,
newsmen and politicians throughout
the West. Thus it 4proVides a source
of knowledge and understanding of
what is going on inside those closed
societies that no other organization
or government agency has been able
so effectively to provide.
Fulbright has grounded his oppo-
sition to RFE and Radio Liberty on
the charge that they are; as he put
anachronistic remnants of the
cold war. But thus far he has not
called in a single official of Radio
Free Europe from its Munich opera-
tion to hear the other side of the ar-
gument.
The Soviet propaganda machine
continues tirelessly to demand the
demise of the two organizations,
while at the same time the voices
from Moscow, Prague, Warsaw, Bu-
dapest, Bucharest and Sofia carry on
a relentless campaign of vitupera-
tion against the United States.
This suggests that despite the :ver-
bal pledges of peaceful coexistence
and a desire for detente, the cold
war is not really ended. The Ameri-
can-sponsored operations in Munich
do not return such vituperation but
do offer some light to the Soviet bloc
peoples.
If the pressure in Washington to
choke off these two organizations
succeeds, it will mean that what
as
-using abuse on RFE ? and Radio have failed to do
Liberty is the most vivid testimony one-sided pressures will have been
aernrnnlihpri far fhpn-i?cratk
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TIMES oR. A. 1STI
E & s ? 135,812
,Observer at large
New Hope; new prices;
old Radio Free Europe
By DON 0. NOEL JR.
rEditor, Editorial Page
I'VE HAD little recent -cont-act
with Radio Free Europe, and none
with Radio Liberty. But I'm inclined
to.think Senator William Fulbright is
nearer right than Rep. Robert Steele
on the question of extending federal
funding of these propaganda stations
overseas.
: My first contact was with an ex-
RFE (Radio Free Europe) broad-
caster a few months after the abor-
tive Hungarian uprising of 1956. He'd
been Urging the Hungarians to revolt
? for months, he told me, and. broad-
casting that the United States could
.be counted on to come to their aid.
When ,Hungarians rose and fell on
their own, his stomach heaved, and
he quit.
Morq recently, in ,Romania in
1967, I encountered an enthusiastic
high school student who raved over
Radio Free Europe. and who seemed
to think the streets of the United
States were paved with gold. I
quized him a bit about what seemed.
a too-facile swallowing, of rosy -prop-
aganda, and asked him whether he
also listened to the BB? (British
Broadcasting Company) and V044
(Voice of America) programs. Both
were readily heard, and not jammed.
No, he told me. They were too
tame. He liked to be told how terrible
his country was, and how great ours
was, without any qualifications.
, There may have been a time when
such programming had a function.
Our government Clearly thought so;
the CIA for years has provided most
of fh?elt? support, although they were
purportedly privately run by con-
cerned Americans. It's only in the
last year that Congress has forced the
funding into the open. -
. Whatever the past justification, the
time has come to quit. We can't propa-
gandize the whole world. If we must
have transmitters beaming our view
of the news to. countries with closed
systems, shouldn't we telecast news
of Mr. Nixon's Peking visit to the
Taiwanese, who were allowed no news
of the trip? Shouldn't we force some
honest reporting into. Greece, whose
military junta has suppressed free
comment? Where- do we stop?
The place to stop is before we
start. The Voice of America has an
entirely adequate program of straight
news, Ainerican 'music, bits of Ameri-
cana. That's enough.
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'Dissenter' handful among Soviets b
'Made in us.' stamp
? By MIKE DA'VIDOW
' Who are the Soviet "dissent-
ers?" Even the U.S. capitalist
press has to admit they are a
/pitiful handful. Dusko Doder,
Assistant Foreign Editor of the
Washington Post and formerly
UPI Moscow correspondent point-
ed out (Int. Herald Tribune,
Feb. 8, 1971): ? "The dissident
movement is so small that most
observers regard it as being
' without political significance."
But the U.S. capitalist press has
gone all out on this totally un-
representative handful, precisely
to manufacture political contro-
versy. .
The fact is, they hardly cause
a ripple in the Soviet Union, not
withstanding the massive use
made of the dissenters by the
CIA-sponsored Voice of Ameri-
ca and Radio Free Europe.
, The truth is that the blown-tqi
iimage of Soviet dissent bears
the trade mark?made in the
U.S.A. Robert Kaiser hints at
this In the International Herald
Tribune (Jan. 27) when he notes
that the Western news organiza-
tions in Moscow comprise "the
single most attentive audience
to the confusing spectacle of
political dissent in the Soviet
Union."
'? Doder is much more to the
point. He confesses that.. the
stories sent by Moscow. corre-
spondents of the capitalist press
"have created a somewhat dis-
torted picture of a Soviet Union
populated by angry poets and sci-
entists." But notwithstanding this
frank admission, such distor-
tions continue to come from the,. in the U.S. today. But even Kai-
typewriters of correspondents. ser had to admit the difficulty
Some dissenters portray them- of making this charge stick when
selves as representing the new he noted the "crackdown" has
rather than the old society.1
II "directly touched less than 35
fatt they try to lay claim to be- people."
Ing the best and most advanced Much can also be gathered
representatives of the future from the character of some of
since they supposedly want to the correspondents who blossom- ,
make socialism in the Soviet ed out as fervent champions of i
Union more "humane and dem- Soviet dissenters. Take William
ocratic." But their pretenses are Cole, the CBS man who smug-'
exposed by. their alliances. On gled 'out . a recent filmed inter-
whom do they depend to bring view with a dissident. .
about their "more humane and I was present at a dinner in late
more democratic" socialism? .fall, 1939, at the home of John"
On that great revolutionary and Dornberg of Newsweek (since
democratic force?U.S. imperial- expelled from the Soviet Union)
Ism and i. ts press
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The relationship between the
"dissidents" and the U.S. cap-
italist press is a calculating one
on both sides. More, it is an "al-
liance" which Doder describes
as an arrangement of "mutual
convenience."
The Soviet dissenters and U.S.
press have another thing in com-
mon. Both are doing their ut-
most to use the tragic mistakes
committed during the cult of the
personality period, viewed by the
overwhelming majority of the
Soviet people as past history, to
besmirch the tremendous human
achievements of Soviet society,
to slander the role played by
the Soviet Communist Party and
its leaders, and to boost bour-
geois democracy as the only real
democracy. This is still .done
in the name of "democratizing"
socialism since one could?hardly
get very far here with open ap-
peals for bourgeois democracy.
Both dissenters and the U.S.
'press in fact try to use past mis-
takes as a club over the heads
of Soviet state bodies. When The
Soviet judicial authorities re-
Lpond to brazen violations of
their country's laws with penal-
ties, the cry of "Staliaist repres-
sion" is trumpeted to the world
by the powerful U.S. propaganda
machine.
The U.S. press has tried to
picture these acts of law enforce-
ment as massive' repression in
an obvious attempt to take some
of the heat off the truly mass
repression of democratic rights
when the expulsion of a- Canad-
ian correspondent was being dis-
cussed. All admitted that the
"source" for the Canadian cor-
respondent's anti-Soviet tripe
came from his Moscow mistress.
But that didn't seem to bother
Cole or his colleagues..
The Canadian correspondent,
they noted ruefully, made a mis-
take. His timing was wrong. An
expulsion can be very helpful as
advance publicity for a book on
the Soviet Union, providing one
has already 'managed to stay long
enough to give the impression
of expertise, they all agreed.
I was with Cole in Tashkent ?
in December of 1969. One would '
think the big story there was
how the entire Soviet people rA.-
built the Uzbek capital -which
was largely destroyed in an
earthquake in 1966. But the in-
terest of Cole and other eorre-
spondents of the capitalist press
was in other directions.
They were on a hunt for so-
called Tatar "dissidents" that to
Cole and his colleagues was the
real story of Tashkent.
Or take another "champion"
of 'Soviet dissidents Whom Kai-
ser cast's in somewhat of a
"militant" role, David Bonavia
of the London Times. Bonavia,
too, was with --me in Tashkent
and, if anything, was one of the
leaders of the hunt for .Tatar
dissidents. Then, in the course
of our conversation, it turned out
that this friend of "oppressed"
Tatars was formerly a corre-
spondent in Saigon and one of
the most fervent supporters of
Nixon's Vietnam policy I've ever
come across.
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SAN FRANCISCO, CAL;
EXAMINER
E ? 204,749
EXAMINER 8: CHRONICLE
S ? 640,004
" 3 1972 ---
-'\Roscoe Drummond
Fit/brio-lit vs.
WASHINGTON?There is not the mer-
est, minute molecule of justification for the
way Sen. William Fulbright ID-Ark.) is?us-
ing his power as chairman of the Senate
?? . Foreign Relations committee to frustrate
the will of .Congress. MS goal is to kill Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. .
The facts in ? the strange case of Ful-
bright vs. Congress speak for themselves.
FOR TWO DECADES Radio Free Eu-
rope has been broadcasting from Munich to
the people of Eastern Europe and ?Radio
Liberty- to the peoples of the Soviet Union.
the news and commentary which their gov-
ernment censorship denies them.
? Until two years ago, these broadcasts
.Were largely supported bY funds from the
Central En Iliffen .e.,%gcucy. Congress dis-
app ?oved this under - the - table financing
? and voted appropriations to enable the
' State Department to allocate funds openly
to the two stations.
This was the policy of the. U. S. govern.
? ment and this was the policy of Congress
?until last summer, until Sen. Fulbright act-
ed to kill all financial assistance and bring
this broadcasting beamed behind the Iron
Curtain to an end.
. By a. voice vote. the Senate decisively
;? rejected Sen. Fulbright's plea that Radio
. Free Europe and Radio Liberty be put put
of existence.
?
By a vote of 271 to 12 the House did the
same..
?
But because the Senate and the House
passed differing bills,, the legislation has
been tied up in conference, for nearly nine
months and now the two stations are dan-
gling. . at the end of a noose. It is a noose
tied *by. a stalemate which Fulbright has
? nurtured.
?
Last summer when he saw he was losing
, his case in the Senate, Fulbright pleaded
for delay until the Library of Congress Re-
the Majority
?
search Service' could complete a 'study he
had asked for on whether "it is in the public
interest to provide tax dollars for the two
, ?
radios."
? The Library of Congress' report so con-
tradicted Sen. Fulbright's views that he did
his best to keep it secret. He not only stood
out against the public's right to know but
also against Congress' right to? know..
'
Some copies of the report have circulat-
ed and its central finding is that Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty "contribute sub-
stantially to'preserve the reservoir of good-
will toward the United States."
? '
The New York Times and, the Washing-
ton Post. who are as anti-cold war as they
. come, both urged that the U.S.-financed
Munich radios keep up their. good work.- .
Says the Times: If ,the deadlock kilts
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the
chief gainers will be the Soviet bloc's
hard-liners who hate the two radio stations
as allies of the liberal and progressive ele-
ments in the Communist world."
Says the Post: "These (broadcasts) are
nOt provocative, propagandist diatribes and
still less do they 'sell' America, USIA-style.
Rather, what both stations attempt to do is
tell the people of Eastern Europe and Rus-
sia news about themselves and their coun-
tries which their governments don't want
them to hear."
WHEN SEN..FULBRIGIIT made his
case ? or rather failed to make it ? on the
floor of the Senate, he said: "I submit these
? radios should be given an opportunity to
take their rightful place in the graveyard-of
cold war relics." ?
That is the view which both the Senate
and House overruled. Now Fulbright is
trying to bury majority rule with a tactic
that ought to be consigned to the graveyard
of outworn politics.
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r
el? Tg. ?
2.6 it illi n, Foreign, Aid
? Clears Hill Under Protest
By Spencer Rich
Washington Post Staff Writer
The Senate, 45 to 36, gave
Anal congressional clearance
yesterday to a $2.6 billion for-
eign 'aid bill?about $900 mil-
lion less than the administra,
tion sought. ? '
The, bill also . carries $599
million for related programs-
such as the Peace Corps,
Cuban refugee aid, the World
Bank and the Inter-American
Development Bank.
The Senate vote, protested
by William Proxmire (D-Wis.)
Alan Cranston (D-Calif.) and
bthets who said the final
measure was top-heavy with
unneeded military aid outlays,
completed action on-the fiscal
197-2 foreign .aid request only
four months before the fiscal
year expires. Both Maryland
senators voted for the meas-
ure, while both Virginia sena-
tors opposed it.
' ,In other foreign policy de-
yelopments on Capitol Hill
yesterday:
? Fifty-three senators led by
. Charles H. Percy (R Ill.) and
Hubert H. Humphrey (D-
Minn.), and including all the
Democratic presidential candi-
dates except the absent Vance
Hartke (D-Ind.), introduced a
resolution calling for contin-
ued funding of Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty broad-
casts into Eastern Europe.
Emergency funds for the
broadcasts expired Feb. 22,
and an authorization to con-
tinue them has been held up
because a House-Senate con-
ference cannot agree on the
terms.
Senate conferees, led by
Foreign Relations Committee
Chairman J.W. -Fulbright (D-
Ark.), are willing to let the
broadcasts continue through
June 30, with the State De-
partment required to justify
anything beyond that; House
conferees, led by Foreign Af-
fairs Committee Chairman
Thomas E, Morgan (D-Pa.),
want continuation to June 30,1
1973.
Fulbright regal ds the broad!
casts as a needless irritant to
East West relations. He says'
that if the broadcasts are pop-1
ular with U.S. allies, NATO
should consider funding them. '
. .
" ? Sens. Charles McC: Ma-.
thias Jr. (R-Md.) and Philip A.
Hart (D-Mich.), introduced a.
resolution calling on the '
United States to speed conclu-
sion of an international ban
on underground nuclear tests
by abandoning its demand for
on-site inspections. The two
senators told a press confer-
ence that seismic detection of
underground blasts had im-
proved so much that on-site
inspections are not necessary
to verify whether participants
in an underground test ban
are complying.
The 1963 Nucleat Test Ban
Treaty barred all nuclear tests
except thoSe conducted under-
ground. Hart and Mathias said
the number of underground
tests by all nuclear powers.;
had increased from an average!
of 40 a year before 1963 to 48 a?
year since.
Dr. Herbert Scoville of the
Federation of American Scien-
tists sat with Hart during the ,
press conference, and saidl
blasts of about 5 kilotons or
more now could be distin-
guished seismically from
earthquakes.
? The House Foreign Affairs
Subcommittee on Asian and
Pacific Affairs, headed by
Rep. Cornelius J. Gallagher
(D-N.J.), voted 6 to 1 for a con-
current resolution calling for
U.S. diplomatic recognition of
Bangladesh.
Gallagher said some 45 ,na-
tions ,had already recognized
Bangladesh, fornierly East
Pakistan. The fact is that the
usual requirements for recog-
nition such as control of terri-
tory, approval of the -popula-
tion and a willingness by the
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gov-
ernment to meet its interna-
tional obligations have now
been met," he said in a state-
ment.
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STATINTL
o The Editor
Free Radio's Role
'.1 seldom agree with the opinions and ideas
e,xpressed in your editorial column. There-
fore, it was a pleasant surprise to me to read
your very sober. and realistic answer to the
efforts of Senator Fulbright aimed at depriv-
,iii_g the people of Eastern Europe and Russia
of the almost only source of information
about the world and themselves, by choking
off the appropriations for Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty.
.Having lived in Communist-run Poland for
21 years7-1 can hardly recall a day or two
spent without listening to, at least. RFE
news. Despite the jamming and penalties for
listening, almost every citizen of Poland,
Communists and anti-Communists alike,
?turn to the RFE in order to get news that
hasn't been distorted, disregarded, manipu-
lated or twisted. It was from. RFE. not from
the Communist-run Polish media, that Poles
have learned about workers' demonstrations
In ? Poznan (1936), the Hungarian rising
(1956), student protests (March 1968); events
before and after the invasion of Czechoslo-
vakia (1968) and hunger riots in the coastal
cities of Poland (1970).
? - for years, the popularity of RFE and the
het that it has a whole network of corre-
spondents behind the- Iron Curtain report-
ing the abuses and crimes of the Communist
regimes was leaving those regimes sleepless.
For years the Communists tried to discredit
,RFE and force its liquidation. Last year in
Poland, a Communist spy captain, Czecho-
wicz, who infileated the RFE trying to get
the names of the correspondents, was given
a hero's welcome on his return to the Peo-
ple's Republic. His achievements were
highly publicized by the Communist radio,
press and television and gave new momen-
tum to the attacks on RFE.
Mr. Fulbright is not alone in his attempts
to deprive the people of Eastern Europe and
Russia of the services of RFE and RL. How-
ever, one can hardly congratulate him on his
company.
- W. J.. RZESZOTARSKI, Ph.D.
Vashington?
, ,
?
,-. 7 7.i .7 istr ?
?
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BOSTO , MASS.
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ,
MONITOR
1.11 ? 217,264
MAR 2 1972
Worth the price
. Elsewhere on this page today Prof. Wil-
y Ham E. Griffith of MIT argues for fed-
eral appropriations for continuing Radio
Liberty, which broadcasts in Russian,.and
Radio Free Europe which broadcasts in
' the various languages of Eastern Europe.
These two services were set up in the
early days of the so-called "cold war."
They were organized and financed clan-
destinely by the CentraLlatelligence
Agency. They were cold-war propaganda
' weapons. There is a question whether the
United States should continue in these
times to beam foreign language broach
casts into the Communist countries. Th'e
? argument against is that this is interfer-
ence in the internal affairs of other coun-
. tries.
These two radio shortwave services are
now open and aboveboard. They are no
? longer deliberately subversive. They are
'trying to make available the other side of
the news story in countries where there
is only one version of events, the offieial
one. The evidence indicates that there is
a real desire for this "other side" of the
story and that to make it available helps
to sustain the inquiring mind.
? The cost runs to about $35 million a
!. year. That's about a thirtieth of the cost
of one new aircraft carrier. We think it's
worth that price to let people in Eastern
Europe hear more than me side of the
news at least until their own governments
\become more liberal and enlightened.
?
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CHRISTIAN SCIENCE :117DNITOR ?
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Overseas broadcasts
By William E. Griffith
Sen. J. William Fulbright seems deter-
mined to use his position as chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee to
strangle Radio. Free Europe and Radio
Liberty. For two decades these stations have
been broadcasting from Munich to Eastern
Europe and the Soviet Union. Until last
year they were largely funded covertly by
the cm. Now, properly, Congress must
publicly decide if and to what extent they
are to continue. The Senate, with Senator
Fulbright grudgingly agreeing, has voted
fort a one-year extension under the State
Department, while the House has voted for
a two-year extension a:%1-41?a study commis-
sion. The two houses are now deadlocked
In conference committee, and Senator Ful-
bright hopes that this deadlock will kill the
two radios, whose-temporary appropriations
are running out.
? Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
broadcast 18 hours per day, largely on
Internal developments. Their broadcastS, as
a recent Library of Congress survey com-
missioned by Senator Fulbright's commit-
tee showed, are objective, comprehensive,
and de,loted to aiding-peaceful, democratic
change in these countries. Their original
"cold war" character has decisively
changed since the '50's. Radio Liberty, for
example, broadcasts into the Soviet Union
the dissident literature, such as Solzhenit-
syn, which Moscow is trying to suppress,
while Radio Free Europe gives to East
Europeans the equivalent of a free press
and radio.
Senator Fulbright maintains that these
radios, should be 'discontinued because they
are "remnants of the cold war." He thus
displays a curious naivet?bout how the
Soviets and the East European regimes
view "peaceful coexistence." For them, as
they constantly and publicly assert, it is not
the decline but the intensification of "in-
ternational ideological class struggle." This
is clearly demonstrated by their massive
radio broadcasting effort to the West and by
? their other large-scale propaganda efforts,
Including their massive efforts to get rid of
? Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
Moreover, because d?nte,' which they need
for reasons of foreign policy, is so danger-
ous to them internally, they are intensifying
their repression at home, as is evidenced by
the recent stepped-up arrests and trials in
the Soviet Union and in Czechoslovakia.
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, on
the other hand, give information and hope to
the liberals in these countries. Only the dog-
matists there would benefit from their clos-
ing.
Communist states are determined to mo-
nopolize all means of elite and mass com-
munication. Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty have prevented the Soviet and East
European regimes from achieving this ob-
jective. Senator Fulbright may na?ly ex-
pect that the Soviets and East European-
rulers would reciprocate their liquidation,
but he is mistaken. Indeed, to end them
unilaterally now, just before President Nixon
is going to Moscow, would deprive the U.S.
of one of its major assets in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe. No way to start
bargaining.
Senator Fulbright seems isolated in Con-
gress in wanting to close down these sta-
tions. Moreover, U.S. and European editorial
opinion is for them. Should he be permitted
to use his chairmanship to impose his will
on the great majority in both houses of
Congress. who favor the radios' continua-
tions? He is indeed a willful man but he
is not and should not be in charge of U.S.
foreign policy. It is high time that the Presi-
dent and the Congress overrule him and
ensure that Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty can, continue their good work.
The author is a professor of political
science in the Center for International
Studies at MIT.
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' ifT
his sister on that same bus headed for the
same integrated school where they could
learn in a gentler way that I had two decades
earlier how to live in an integrated world.
' They both began to read. And that was the
essential point.
?
1---
RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO
LIBERTY .
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, there is a
great need to continue the financing of
' Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. I-
? ask unanimous consent that an editorial
column entitled "A Setback for Liberty,"
. written by John P. Roche, and published
in the February 26, 1972, Washington
Post, and an editorial entitled "Congress
1- and Free Voices," published in the Phila-
delphia Bulletin of February 25, 1972, be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the items
were ordered 0 be printed in the RECORD.
as follows:
A SETBACK FOR LIBERTY
(By John P. Roche)
One of the most bizarre?terrying?scenes
In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's masterpiece,
"The First Circle," describes a visit to a So-
viet prison by a distinguished American, a
woman with high political connections. A
group of prisoners are put through a special
.drill for her benefit dressed decently, put in a
clean cell with an ikon, and told by the police
that if they don't perform, zap! They did go
through with the charade and the American
visitor left with a high opinion of Soviet
justice.
What made this sort of thing possible, of
- -course, was the total Isolation from the
world outside. Once caught up in the toils
of Joseph Stalin's terror apparatus, it was
eVery.man for himself with no hope of succor,
no hope that outsiders would even learn of
the situation. Part of Solzhenitsyn's power
comes from his 'description of how some hu-
man beings resisted atomization and per-
sisted in acts of decency.
The .prerequisite for running an efficient
tyranny?as Aristotle pointed out more than
2000 years ago?ie to destroy this human
sense of solidarity, and to convince each vic-
tim that he is alone in the face of over-
whelming power, that no one cares. This has
become more difficult with modern tech-
niques of communication. It is hard to jam
all incoming radio messages, and the spread
of the transistor radio and of tape recorders
has launched a whole new era in underground
communications. Through Radio Liberty and
Radio Free Europe the United States has for
almost a generation brought to the peoples
of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe the
message that they are not alone.
To take but one example, a Soviet Jew
signed a petition attacking the appalling
Leningrad trials. Thirty years ago he would
have dropped this pebble down a bottomless
well, but now, the next morning at 2:30,
Radio Liberty was on the air with the text
of the petition and the names of the signa-
tories. This man, now in Israel, recalls the
.??? sense of triumph as he heard the broadcast:
"They (the KGB) can take us now, but our
testimony will stand in history."
Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe have
reunited these peoples with history. And in
the view of Sen. J. W. Fulbright that is a
Capital offense. Just? about the time this
column is printed, these radio stations?
formerly subsidized by the CIA?will go broke
unless emergency action is taken. Both
houses of Congress have approved their con-
tinuation with overt funding and there is
overpowering consensus that they have done
a splendid and nonprovocative Job in a very
delicate area, but Fulbright singlehandedly
- has been blocking a compromise between
House and Senate versions of their appro-
priation.
Fulbright refused to call a meeting of the
House and Senate conferees, obviously hop-
ing that in this backhanded fashion he can
quietly. destroy what he has called these
"Cold War relics." It is a clever move: If he
can stall, key personnel will have to find other
jobs and the expertise built up over a genera-
tion will dribble away. He must not be per-
mitted to get away with it.
No one who reads this column will suffer
from the illusion that I believe the United
States is perfect, but we Americans have
been fortunate. We have never had to rise
at 2:30 and turn on a radio to learn that we
are still members of the human race, that we
are still part of history. We can not allow Ful-
bright to deprive our brothers of this price-
less link with humanity.
CONGRESS AND Fa zz VOICES
A stalemate between the U.S.. House and
Senate over separate bills to continue fi-
nancing Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty threatens very sudden death for the two
enterprises spawned by the cold war to offset
censorship of news in Russia and the Com-
munist bloc.
If the two stations stand as nothing more
than relics of the cold war, then, their con-
tinued existence does seem inconsistent with
the new era of detente emerging between the
United States and Russia.
But in fact, the approach of broadcasts in
recent years has changed, as attested by a
recent Library of Congress study, from one
of "liberating" people to "liberalizing" the
information available to citizens in Commu-
nist societies. Translated, the aim is no
longer propaganda but a genuine effort to
present an objective accounting of outside
events and cultural development, generally
not permitted by the government-controlled
presses in recipient nations.
Whether one chooses to believe the pro-
gram is only a relic of the cold war or some-
thing more, its quick termination by what
amounts to a technical strategern is unwise.
It deprives President Nixon of a possible bar-
gaining counter iii his meeting with the Rus-
sians in May and presents a poor picture of
democratic procedures to individuals who
have voluntarily helped support tile broad-
casts.
Congress should authorize some 'addi-
tional funding now and delay a decision on
the long-terrn continuation of the broad-
casts until their present and potential bene-
fits have been properly assessed. An abrupt
cutoff now would satisfy only the opponents
who see nothing redeeming in the program
and the Communist hard liners who bitterly
resent the broadcasts.
CENTENNIAL OF YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK
Mr. MOSS. 1'Tr. President, today we
mark the century anniversary of our
first great national park?Yellowstone.
Thus, 100 years ago, our country began
its enlightened national policy to set
aside, preserve, and make available for
all people superlative area,s of natural
beauty, scenic grandeur, geologic inter-
est, and historic significance.
With laudable diligence and devotion,
the National Park Service discharges its
duties as custodian and interpreter of
these wonderlands. Our national parks,
national monuments, national historic
sites, national seashores, national rec-
reation areas have grown in number and
diversity.' They are far flung and expand-
ing. But the needs of our people for out-
door beauty and experience a-re growing
even more rapidly. We need more parks.
Yellowstone remains, however, the
bellwether Park?its wonders, beauty,
and wildlife undiminished over a cen-
tury of time. We must protect and keep
it so for the century to come?and be-
yond.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETY
OF A FIRST AND . SECOND CEN-
TURY OF NATIONAL PARKS
Mr. PACKWOOD. Mr. President, 100
years ago today, President Grant signed
into law the creation of Yellowstone Na-
tional Park?the Nation's and the
world's first national park.
This marked the beginning of a unique
new. way of thinking in public land man-
agement in this country, and for that
matter, throughout the entire world. The
unique natural resources embraced by
what then became Yellowstone National
Park were considered to be of such novel-
ty and value that they should be pre-
served for all time for all to see and en-
joy. No individual or group should have
the right to exploit or despoil them for
personal gain.
The passing century since the creation
of Yellowstone National Park has .borne
a tremendous growth in the. national
idea?not only in the numbers of na-
tional park system units?which now to-
tal 284-but also in the depth and in-
tensity of understanding, appreciation,
and concern for the preservation of our
natural, historic, and cultural heritage
unspoiled. The first national parks paid
primary homage to the preservation of
some of no ture's most superlative natural
wonders. But as the Nation and the park
system grew, attention was also turned
to preserving some of the most signif-
icant historic and cultural resources of
this great country. With the onrushing
demand for opportunity to refresh the
body and spirit in the great outdoors, re-
sources primarily bearing significant
outdoor recreational opportunity have
also come to be incorporated into the na-
tional park system.
As a result of a full century of effort
by dedicated ?individuals, groups, legis-
lators, and administrators, we have built
a national park system which was not
only the first, but is undoubtedly the
finest in the entire world. There is per-
haps no other area of cultural enrich-
ment where this country has contributed
so exclusively to the rest of the world
as in the exportation of the national
park idea. There are now 1,2.04 national
park and equivalent reserves around the
globe administered by 93 different coun-
tries.
In recognition of the important con-
tribution that the national park idea
has made to our society, President Nixon
has recently proclaimed 197`c as "Na-
tional Parks Centennial Year." Many
formsof celebration and commemora-
tion will be taking place throughout
this year. While recognizing the achieve-
ments of the past is most logical and im-
portant on such an occasion, the Interior
Department's National Park Service has
chosen to put principal emphasis on
looking ahead to the future. The theme
chosen for the National Parks Centen-
nial Year is "Parks, Man, and His En-
vironment," and it is designed to strong-
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'DAVID LAWRENCE
Why Give
A controversy of an unusual
nature?to suppress free
speech?has arisen as a result
of an effort by some members
of the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee to cause the
American government to dis-
continue its support, for the
broadcasting news services
known as Radio Free Europe
and Vadio Liberty. These have
won eat praise for their daily
Operations in informing the
pOpulation of areas which oth-
erwise would not get the truth
about news events.
Rep. Robert Steele, R-Conn.,
declares that the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee has
'received two favorable reports
on the radio stations but has
refused to make them public,
and that a Senate bill to fi-
nance the project and, a House
bill authorizing creation of a
senii-governmental commis-
sion to oversee a similar serv-
ice have been stalemated.
Steele says he has requested
Chairman J. William Ful-
bright. fl-Ark., to publish the
reports made to the Senate
committee and has asked Con-
gress to keep the radio service
alive pending a study of the
findings in the reports.
Meanwhile, the European
press is disturbed over the
possibility that Radio Free Eu-
rope might be discontinued.
The London Times a few days
ago said in an editorial that
the American station "pro-
vides a calmer and more fac-
tual news service that is very
widely heard in Eastern Eu-
rope." The editorial added:
"It is not always perfect but
?
Up Radio Free Europe?
it clearly meets a very deeply
felt need among its listeners,
as any traveller in Eastern
Europe can testify. It gives
them news about the world and
about their own domestic af-
fairs that is not available from
their own controlled press.
"Naturally Radio Free Eu-
rope is a thorn in the flesh of
East European governments
because it breaks their monop-
oly of information. For them,
truth in any form is an enemy
agent. It can therefore be said
to undermine their system,' but
only so long as people want to ?
listen to it.
"Meanwhile, whether its ac-
tivities can be regarded as im-
proper interference depends
on- what you mean by detente.
As the Communists them-
selves never tire of pointing
out, detente does not mean end-
ing the peaceful competition
between two systems. What it
should mean is codifying the
rules on a fair and equal basis.
"There is no reason why
: these rules should exclude
peaceful and equal competi-
tion between ideas. Indeed,
this is one of the basic values
of the Western world which
should be most vigorously de-
fended.
"Nor can anyone say that
the Communists do not have
?
an equal chance. They have
free access for their ideas in
Western markets. They can
work through legal publica-
tions and legal Communist
parties. They can broadcast as
much as they wish, and as
'their programmes on Ulster
have shown they can win all
the prizes' for vicious inac-
curacy.
"The West has far fewer
means at its disposal. To give
up Radio Free Europe would
be a gratuitous act of. appease-
ment that wou,ld unbalance
things even more and would
be a very severe blow to the
millions if people in Eastern
Europe who still look to the
West not only for information ?
but for the defense of values in
which they believe, and which
even many progressive Com-
munists regard as vital for the
salvation of their system."
Congress has not debated
the question thoroughly, and
presumably hasn't studied the
facts contained in the special
reports which the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee has
had prepared. If these were
made public, the nation would
learn of the importance of Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty.
The United States has per-
formed no greater act of infor-
mation distributioA than has
been accomplished by radio
stations that tell what is hap-
pening all over the world, in-
cluding events of international
significance. This news reach-
ing into Communists countries
has been useful in conttadict-
ing propaganda misrepresen-
tations.
Many members of Congress
are puzzled that any effort
should be made to abolish Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, which have rendered
so valuable a service to the
world.
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. RADIO FREE EUROPE AND
RADIO LIBERTY
HON. HUGH SCOTT
? OP PENNSYLVANIA
? IN THE SENATE OF THE .UNITED STATES
Tuesday, February 29, 1972
, Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I have re-
ceived a telegram from Lucius D. Clay,
chairman of the board of directors of
? .Radio Free Europe, regarding the unfor-
tunate consequences of further congres-
? sional delay on funding for Radio Free
?-' Europe and Radio Liberty. I ask unan-
imous consent that this telegram and
several editorials which have appeared
? in newspapers around the world be
printed in the Extensions of Remarks.
. There. being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
. as follows:
Hon. Hamar Scorr,
Minority Floor Leader, U.S. Senate, 014
'Senate Office Building, Washington,
We believe it our duty to inform you that
we shall immediately be obliged to begin the
liquidation of Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty unless congressional action on pend-
ing authorizing legislation is completed.
.- The essential facts are these:
(1) Both Houses of Congress have passed
authorization and appropriation bills to
? provide necessary U.S. Government support
In fiscal year 1972.
? (2) The President of the United States
? has assured us by letter that in his view
"the ,free flow of information and ideas
among nations is indispensable to more nor-
mal relations between East and West and
to better prospects for an enduring peace"
and that his administration believes that
broadcasting of this type continues to serve
a fundamental national interest.
(3) Within the past two weeks editorials
by . leading newspapers throughout the
. ? United States and 'Western Europe have
given unqualified support. We are sending
you today copies of editorials which have
appeared in the following newspapers: San
Francisco Examiner and other Hearst papers
(2/20/72), New York Times (2/21/72),
Washington ? Post (2/22/72) , Philadelphia
Inquirer (2/22/72), Washington Evening Star
(2/22/72), Washington News (2/22/72), St.
Louis Globe-Democrat (2/24/72) ,Los Angeles
Times (2/-24/72), Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung (2/19/72), Hannoverische Allge-
meine Zeitung (2/19/72) , Zurich Die Tat
(2/19/72), Hamburg Die Welt (2/19/72),
London Daily Telegraph (2/23/72), 'quench-
Iler Merkur (2/24/72), London Times
(2/25/72), Paris Le Monde (2/25/72), London
Sunday Times (2/27/72).
? (4) Yet Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty face the iminent prospect of liquida-
tion with all attendant consequences, and
expenses, because it has apparently not been
possible to reconcile the different Senate
and House authorization bills through the
normal procedure of compromise in the
conference committee.
We want you to know that we are pre-
-pared to continue broadcasting under any
arrangement that would assure the necessary
U.S. Government contribution while leaving
the present professional integrity of Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty unimpaired.
The employees of Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty have stayed on the job but are
understandably concerned. We are hopeful
that a solution can mid will be found. We
respectfully urge your support and assist-
ance;
The message has been addressed also to
Senators Mansfield and Eliender and Repre-
sentatives Albert, Boggs and Foad.
.Lucius D. Clay, chairman. Board of
Directors, .Radio Free Europe, and
Members of the Board:. Eugene N.
Beesley, Stewart S. Cort, Winthrop
Murray Crane III, Eli Whitney Debe-
Iroise, and William P. Durkee.
Trustees of Radio Liberty: Mrs. Oscar
Ahlgren, John R. Burton, P. Peter
Grace, Allen Grover, Alfred M. Gruen-
ther, John S. Hayes, H. J. Heinz II,
Isaac Don Levine, Ernest A. Gross,
Michael L. Haider, John D. Harper,
Roy E. Larsen, Neil H. McElroy, Donald
H. McGannon, Robert D. Murphy, Wil-
liam B. Murphy, James M. Roche,
Frank Stanton, Theodore C. Streibert,
H. Gregory Thomas, Leslie B. Worth-
ington, Henry V. Poor, Howland H. Ser-
geant, Whitney N. Seymour, John W.
Studebaker, Reginald T. Townsend,
William L. White, and Philip L. Willkie.
(Recent U.S. Editorial Opinion)
[Published Feb. 20, 1972, in San Francisco
Examiner and other Hearst papers] '
? EDITRR'S REPORT?A SMELL OF SMOKE
(By William Randolph Hearst, Jr.)
PALM BEACH, FLA.?President Nixon's his-
torte mission to Peking is of course the Big
Story of the day, but comment in this col-
umn is being deferred until we see what
actually happens over there in alaoland.
Judging by the poisonous major foreign
policy article transmitted from Peking on
Friday by Mao's official press agency. Hsinhua,
all I will say Is that it doesn't look as if
the get-together is going to be all, warm
lichee nuts, aromatic tea and happy fortune
cookies.
The article, issued while the President was
en route in his quest for "a generation of
peace," accused the Nixon administration of
continuing policies of "aggression and war"
and proceeded with a lengthy tough talk re-
'capitulation of all the many differences be-
tween the United States and Red China.
Since even the President admittedly does
not know what may come of his trip, all the
advance speculation which has been filling
the news columns strikes me as pretty futile.
So?with no further apology?I turn to an-
other news story which deserves a lot more.
attention than it probably has gotten.
This shocker, strictly speaking, was not
straight news. It came in the form of a scoop
reported with editorial comment last Thurs-
day in the crackerjack Washington column
of Rowland Evans and Robert Novak. Here
are the first three paragraphs, summarizing
the latest outrage being attempted by my
least favorite senator, J. William Fulbright
of Arkansas:
"The inexorable campaign by Sen. Ful-
bright to cast U.S. foreign policy in his own
image has almost strangled the broadcasts
beamed into Communist eastern Europe by
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
"Operating from his power base as chair-
man of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, Fulbright Is within days of cutting
off, at least temporarily, vital U.S. govern-
merit. subsidies for the two programs. Unless
Congress acts before next Tuesday, the money
stops.
"Congressional sentiment for the broad-
casts is so overwhelming that it seems im-
probable Fulbright will ultimately aucceed. '
But he has come perilously close to doing
what twodecades of Moscow's electronic jam-
ming could not do: end non-governmental
communications between the United States
and some 200 million residents of the Soviet
Union and 100 million in five other Com-
munist countries."
It must be realized as background that
eastern Europeans since 1950 have been hun-
grily dependent on the two Munich-based
broadcasters for uncensored news of the out-
side world. Radio Free Europe transmits to
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania
and Bulgaria. Radio Liberty is beamed into
the Soviet Union itself.
I have been in all but Bulgaria and talked
with residents of all of these countries. In-
variably they have stressed that the news
and entertainment they get from the Ameri-
can stations constitutes a real godsend to
their lives?a whiff of the freedom they are
denied.
The Communist governments, naturally,
are deeply resentful of the broadcasts, which
is why the appeasement-minded Fulbright
has been trying to cut off funds for the sta-
tions. As Evans and Novak put it:
"To the chairman, such spending is an an-
achronistic relic of the cold war, prejudicial
to East-West detente."
The fact that Fulbright has been trying
to block further broadcast funds is bad
enough. The way he has gone about it is all
but incredible and an inexcusable affront to
his fellow lawmakers.
As Evans and Novak tell it, it seems that
the stations have been operating with sub-
sidies provided by the CIA. Last year the
administration proposed direct government
financing but Fulbright balked, demanding
first a study of the operation by the Library
of Congress to see if the broadcasts are "in
the public interest."
The study reports were in FulbrIght's
hands before last January 26?and he wasn't
pleased with what he read. They warmly
praised the programs and strongly advocated
continued financing by the government.
"Radio Free Europe," reads one report,
"contributes substantially to preserve the
reservoir of good will toward the United
States by eastern Europeans."
The other aeporfs says: ?
"Radio Liberty has played an explicit
enough indirect role in lightening the bur-
den of ,the Soviet people."
Now cet this. On January 26 a Senate-
House conference met to resolve differences
in their resnective bills providing funds for
continuing the broadcast. They got nowhere
because Sen. Fulbrieht alone knew of the
favorable reports and he had sent them back
to the Library of Congress for "reworking!"
According to Evans and Novak.
This outrege is only another all to typi-
cp example of the extremes to which our
consistent armeasers of Communism go.
For the life of me, I simply cannot under-
stand these people. They claim to be Ameri-
cpns Yet they et:maize or actively oppose al-
most anything intended to strengthen this
nation and its allies. Conversely they invari-
ably support almost anything which favors
our enemies. ?
You don't have to ask who those enemies
are. They have announced their enmity often
enough, and proven it often enough. They
have proclaimed us as the only fly in their
omelet and they are sworn to get us out of
their way:
Contrary to what many of my readers seem
to think?and apparently I have to keep sav-
ing this again and again?I am not opposed
to Communism or any other dictatorship
someplace else. The government of another
country IS its own business. I am simply op-
posed to any re7ime which keeps -interfering
with our way of life or that of our friends.
Some of our friends, of course, have non-
'Communist military dictatorships. It is typi-
cal that these are invariably the major tar-
gets of those who?for want of a better
word?I can only call our leftist-liberals.
You never hear these people refer to Com-
munist regimes as military dictatorships. an
exact description.. Instead they regard the
Red regimes as part asf some kind of Ideal-
istic social experiment which only reaction-
ary' numbskulls can view with alarm.
Be nice to the Communists, the Fulbrights
say. Keep smiling and holding out a friendly
hand in spite of all the insults, threats and
outright aggressions. On the other hand, they
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MEMPHIS, TENN.
COMMERCIAL APPEAL
? 219,462
S ? 268,338
FEB 2 9 1972
ulbrightDenies
Study 'Cover-Up
By MORRIS CUNNINGHAM
7FrOM The Commercial Appeal
MashIngton Bureau
t WASHINGTON, Feb. 28. ? passed a bill to authorize the
!Senator J. W. Fulbright (D- State Department to spend 35
Ark.) Monday denied a charge I million dollars operating the
stations for one year. In De-
cember, the House passed
:order to improve his chances authorizing
different legislation
oi th
killing off Radio Free Eu- g two more years of
;rope and Radio Liberty. operation.
Representative Robert Ho Senate-House conferees have
been unable to agree on a com-
promise.
House speech that Fulbright, a Senate conferees have of-!
.chairman of the Senate Fop.: fered to extend government fi-
eign Relations Committee, is nancing of the stations to the
suppressing a favorable study end of this fiscal year, but
of the two stations made at House conferees have refused.
Funding for the stations pre-
Fulbright's request by the Li- viously provided by Congress
brary of Congress' Congres? through the CIA expired Feb.
sional Research Service. 22, and: the station managers
h
Steele said the study menu-
ave said they can continue
scritSts were delivered to the operating only another week or
committee staff in mid-Janu- so'
ary and "as far as I can find Fulbright has argued the sta.- out, they have just been sitting tions are costly and unneces-
sary and that their output,
there ever since, seen only by
a handful of outsiders." while not as stridently political
'
as some years ago, is still con-
Fulbright's office said the utrary to efforts to improve the
Manuscripts are a draft ver- thnited States.' relations with
e Soviet Union and Eastern
sion of the study, have been European countries.
examined by several newsmen He also has said the stations
and are available to anyone, conflict
this country's official
who wants to take a look at conflict with the Voiceffi of
\Ithem. overseas broadcasting service.
version had been received and
that it was favorable to the
i two stations.
The two stations, which'
,broadcast propaganda to Com-
munist countries of Europe:
were established after World
War II.
The stations ostensibly were
established and financed by
private contributions by Amer-
ican citizens, but it became
known last year they had been
established and funded from
the beginning by this country's
Central Intelligence Agency.
Lasr-strrnmer, the Senate
"Senator Fulbright was dis-
appointed the study turned out
to be favorable, but there has
been no attempt to suppress
it," a Fullbright press assist-
ant said.
' He said when Senate-House
conferees met, they were giv-
en memos statin the draft
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Cold ioar radio sta ions lcok 'awful tack'
? By rETEn 3. KUMPA
Washington Bureau of The Sun
Washington?The deadlock
between Senate and House con-
ferees over the financing of
Radio Free 'Europe and Radio
Liberty has continued for eight
months. Yet another compro-
mise effort to keep the stations
broadcasting to Eastern Europe
and the Soviet Union failed
again last week.
The chances that the stations
will have to shut down are
Increasing.
In the words of Senator
?George Aiken (R., Vt.), "The
patient looks awful, awful
sick."
If the stations close, credit
will not go to their life-long
critics, the Communist govern-
ments from Prague to Moscow.
Fulbright's opposition
Credit will have to go to the
!Chairman of the Senate Foreign
'Relations Committee, Senator
J. William Fulbright (D., Ark.),
who is determined to drive
them out of business. "I submit
these radios should be given an
opportunity to take their right-
ful pine in the graveyard of
cold war relics," he told .the
Senate recently in arguing for
their demise.
Senator Fulbright throws in
the cost of the stations (about
$36 million a year) as well as
the history of their secret fi-
nancing by the Central Intelli-
gence Agency as part of his
argument for closure.
More important, however, is
the considerable philosophic
gap between Mr. Fulbright and
the administration on how the
nation's foreign policy should
be run. Specifically, there is
disagreement on bow to pro-
mote a detente With the Soviet
Union. ?
Because the sfations, which
concentrate on providing bal-
anced and critical reportS on
life in the Communist countries,
?
are "Irritants" to the Eastern
European governments and
even more to the Kremlin, Sen-
ator Fulbright reasons that re-
moving them will help improve population. Radio Liberty is
government-to-government rela- notable for its sympathetic
tions. treatment of Soviet Jewry's
The senator holds that such a problems.
step would help President Nix-
Freedom to speak
on in whatever negotiations he
holds with the Russians. He The stations are useful to the
says that it could not hurt, administration because they
Tlie?administration and par- have some non-governmental
ticularly the State Department form and can say things that a
disagree. Believing that the .completely government agency,
"demise would be a great like the Voice of America, can-
loss," John N. Irwin, an under- not. That is their value. The
secretary of state, argues that Soviet Union maintains a simi-
the stations "bring to individual lar station, Radio Peace and
citizens (in Eastern Europe) a Progress, that it calls unofficial
responsible and realistic ac- and broadcasts material too
count of developments within daring for Radio Moscow.
They are held more believa-
ble in Eastern Europe because
independent .outside source" they are staffed by emigres,
many of them informed and
with reputations back home.
The pre-1968 staff of Radio
Prague is now virtually the
staff of the Czech Section of
Radio Free Europe; for exam-
ple.
Senator I, ulbright counters
that continuing broadcasts
.amounts to "meddling in the
internal political affairs of oth-
er countries." If the reasoning
on pressure holds for Eastern
Europe, he asks why the ad-
ministration does not propose to
set up a "Radio Free Greece"
Sovietologists believe that or a "Ramo Free Brazil" or a
Moscow does little unless it is "Radio Free China" but instead
pushed or shoved. Improve- relies on the Voice of America
nients in living standards with-to getting information through.
in the Soviet Union and other The administration answer is
Communist countries have been that the situations are not at all
due, in this view, to sirikes (as comparable.
in Poland) or demands from Support for continuing the
the public,. And only an im- stations has come from an inde-
formed public, aware of events pendent Library of Congress
in the west as?weil as trends in study which concluded that
other Communist states, can they encourage detente, prod
make effective demands, the governmental reform and help
Soviet specialists contend. build goodwill for the United
Few experts doubt that the States. The study found the
Soviet ? Union, for example, content of the broadcasting
'
would have permitted Immigra-
tion to Israel without a world-
wide campaign critical of Rus-
sian treatment of its Jewish
their own societies as well as
the world at large from ah
and, therefore, "are a
useful enterprise."
Form of pressure
The stations are useful in the
administration view, because
keeping the public highly in- ,
formed within the Communist
world is a form of pressure
upon the governments to im-,
prove living standards and to
open the closed societies. This
sort of pressure provides a
strong incentive for a detente,
in the opinion of administra-1
tion's Soviet experts.
highly
objective .and not propagandis-
tic as it was in earlier periods
of the cold war.
Ironically, the stations might
not be facing the death threat if
the administration had not
agreed to a proposal by Senator
Clifford P. Case i;R., N.J.) to
end CIA financing (public con-,
tributions amounted to only 15
per cent of the budgets of the
stations) and provide money
through the regular congres-
sional process.
The close connection with the
intelligence agency ? still dis-
turbs Senator Fulbright.
He regards the two stations
ss examples of the "big lie"
dished out by this and previous
administrttions, comparable to
what he says were such "de-
ceptions" as the Tonkin Gulf ?
'incident and the .use of CIA
:personnel in the guise of aid to
'Laos.
Compromise plan
The proposal' that Mr. Ful-
bright will not accept ha S been
offered by Representative
Dante Faacell (D., Fla.). It
would let both Radio Free Eu?
rope and Radio Libelly live on
through State Department fi-
nancing until the meldle of next
year while a presidential corn-
'mission would study their fu-
tures.
.Senator Fulbright said he will
agree to that only "over my
dead body." He is willing 'to
continue financing only until
June 30 under a simple resolu-
tion.
The confrontation is total.
Richard T. Davies,? a deputy
assistant secretary of state.
Said last week, "we are not
prepared to contemplate the
termination of the radios."
The flow of radio funds was
cut on George Washington'e
birthday. The radios can keep
going for only a few more
weeks with the cash they have
in the till.
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to testify in court trials; (6) the length of
time required to conclude litigated claims
occasioned by heavily congested court
dockets results in a significant burden; (7)
courts with their jurisdictional boundaries
are unable to direct a meaningful nation-
wide effort to improve the cargo claims situa-
? tion; and (8) strict accountability for cargo
claims is most difficult, if not impossible, to
- achieve.
After exploring the possible alternatives
to the vexing problems described above, in-
cluding compulsory arbitration and no-fault
Insurance, we concluded that disputed claims
should be submitted for determination by
this Commission in the first instance under,
a sjmplified procedure. Such determination
swered or commented upon in the enclosed
report. To the extent, however, that the
powers of this Commission do not go far
enough to provide effective remedies for
dealing with the discontent that prevails
throughout the country in these cargo
claims matters, this Commission has en-
deavored to meet its duty to the Congress
and the public by responding to what it con-
cludes is a public defnand and need for
remedial legislation in the claims area.
If you have questions not covered by this
letter, I shall be happy to forward a,prompt
reply.
Sincerely yours,
GEORGE M. STAFFORD,
Chairman.
would be based principally upon documen
tary evidence in order that the expensesr?
attorneys' fees, and lost production time RADIO FREE EUROPE
of ,key personnel necessitated by presents- LIBERTY PROMOTE
tion of evidence in court or before an ar-
bitrator could be avoided. As a positive ad-
junct to this procedure, meaningful data
on claims could be gathered and electroni-
cally catalogued in order to define particu-
lar problem areas. On the ?basis of this in--
formation particularized claim-prevention
programs could be implemented on a na-
tional scale.
A specific legislative recommendation is
made a part of the report (see Appendix F,
Part 1) which, if enacted into law, would
vest in this Commission authority to adju-
dicate in the first instance all unresolved
cargo loss and damage claims filed against
carriers subject to the Interstate Commerce
?fiet. In the manner more fully described in
the report, the prompt, impartial adjudica-
tion of cargo claims and electronically cata-
loguing claims data can serve a threefold
purpose: It would provide an effective legal
remedy to claimants where none now exists;
the administration of justice would be more
efficiently achieved in a factually technical
area of civil litigation; and valuable data
could be gathered on a national scale which
may be employed to develop a national pol-
icy with respect to the prevention of cargo
loss and damage claims and the consequent
waste of our Nation's resources.
'While this Commission is convinced of the
need to adopt the proposed bill vesting claims
Jurisdiction in it, the task cannot, in all
candor, be undertaken with our current
manpower and budgetary resources. Without
tools commensurate to the task,. we could
not be expected to achive any worthwhile or
lasting improvement in the perennial loss
and damage claims problem.
In a second specific legislative recom-
mendation, the Commission places before the
Congress for its consideration, a proposal to
allow this Commission to adopt regulations
to require maintenance by rail and water
carriers subject to the Act of adequate in-
surance to protect the shipping public for
loss and damage claims. Pursuant to exist-
ing authority this Commission presenitly re-
quires motor carriers and freight forwarders
subject to parts II and IV of the Act to
maintain sufficient insurance in this re-
spect; the proposed legislation (Appendix F,
part 2) would extend the power to carriers
subject to parts I and III of the Act. In
other portions of our report we reiterate our
position on attorneys' fees legislation which
already is well known to the Congress; pit-
falls of creating courts of limited jurisdic-
tion to deal with cargo claims matters are
examined; we pledge to ?institute a rule-
making proceeding for the _purpose of in-
' vestigating reasonable dispatch in the trans-
portation: of perishable commodities; and
the practices of carriers in inspecting com-
modities and packaging when they are in-
volved in concealed loss and damage claims
?
are analyzed.
Many of the inquiries you. may have re-
ceived from your constituents have been an-
AND RADIO
DETENTE
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, I ob-
serve that time is running out for the
two "Radios" which constitute the best
link available between the West and the
peoples of Eastern Europe and the Soviet
Union.
The operation of Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty are an essential in-
gredient to meaningful detente in East-
ern Europe. These radios reach out to the
peoples of the put down nations of the
Ea.st. They give them information about
developments which are likely to affect
their lives. All too often these peoples are
denied such news by the censorship of
their totalitarian Communist govern-
ments.
It is conceded that these radios are not
cherished by the states of Eastern Europe
or the Soviet Union. However, the fact
that these governments do object to the
broadcasts, and that the broadcasts have
a regular audience of 30 million in East-
ern Europe alone, suggests the extent of
their appeal.
The Eastern European nations have
resorted to expensive measures to stop
the broadcasts of the radios. They have
jammed them, at huge cost and have even
attempted retribution. With the West
German Government's recent initiatives
or "Ostpolitik" there arose a chorus of
Eastern European governmental de-
mands for the demise of Radio Free Eu-
rope. But the Germans have held firm.
They recognize that these radios are not
at all injurious to detente but, in fact,
serve to promote it.
The opponents of RFE and RL have
questioned their effectiveness by suggest-
ing ? that they cannot get support for
their operations from NATO power gov-
ernments. Let me point out that these
governments have their own radios which
are intended to serve their national in-
terests quite specifically. The peoples of
Eastern Europe know this. The character
of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
would be quite changed and its credibil-
ity to the Eastern Europeans diminished
if its funding were to fall to govern-
ments whose historic relations with the
East may be less than fondly remem-
bered. The nonofficial funding from the
United States, plus the Radios'. several
decades of objective reporting, have re-
sulted in their remarkably great credi-
bility and widespread use among the
peoples of Eastern Europe and Russia.
Several Senators have raised objections
to the fact that the Radios have received
funding through the Central Intelligence
Agency. I do not believe that such fund- .
ing has forever tainted these Radios.
Strong evidence would suggest that the
audiences in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union continue to evaluate the
broadcasts they receive on the basis of
content alone. They have continued to
listen to the Radios and have?in a num-
ber of cases?sent messages of distress
at the prospect of their termination.
I believe that it would be a squalid
breach of faith for the Congress of the
United States to deny millions of East-
ern European and Russian listeners their
sole source of uncensored information
about the world they live in. This blow,
in my opinion, would adverse:1y affect the
diplomatic moves now being undertaken
by our President with regard to the So-
viet Union.
Detente, if it comes, will be the widen-
ing of the West's contacts with the East.
Surely, it does not imply that we must aid
the totalitarian governments of the Com-
munist nations in their intent to keep
their peoples sealed off from the West.
Detente must lead to the exchange of
words and ideas, and of goods and peo-
ples. And this I submit is the essential
business of Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty.
The atmosphere between East and
West today does not require us to demon- .
strate our willingness to talk. We are '
ready. The Russians are ready. Discus-
sions at the highest level are scheduled .
for mid-May in Moscow. Any idea that
we should allow Radio Free Europe or
Radio Liberty to cease broadcasting now
is gratuitous. It would be without reward
for improved East-West relations.
I urge the Senate to call for an end to
the deadlock of ?the conference connult-
tee and pass a bill which will fund these
excellent Radios for the duration of this
fiscal year and for a second fiscal year
as well. I applaud the fact that we have
terminated their funding from CIA, but
I cannot approve their demise. It would
be my hope, Mr. President, that the Sen-
ate will exhibit file leadership appropri-
ate to save these Radios from an un-
timely death by neglect.
ABUSE OF ELECTION CAMPAIGN
FUNDS
Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, the Fed-
eral Election Campaign Act. of 1971 is
one of the most dismal pieces of legisla-
tion enacted by Congress. It was sup-
posed to provide campaign reform,
stead, it will encourage the continuation
of the greatest campaign abuse in our
Nation.
. Labor unions will continue to exact
funds from their members, and these
funds will be allocated by the union lead-
ers to the candidates of their choice. We
have not taken a step forward in reform-
ing our campaign system; we ha,,e
slipped backward.
Mr. President, this fact was brought
sharply into focus in a column by Victor
Riesel.. I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
Riesel's column, published in the Arizona
Republic February 18, 1972, be printed
In the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
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it hasn't as yet been resubmitted. If an ex-
tension petition is filed by a car company,
EPA has 60 clays in which to make a de-
cision. Administrator Ruckelshaus has indi-
Gated that any petition would be made
available to the public for open hearings. He
did indicate, however, that EPA was giving
some consideration to amending the peti-
tion's disclosure policy in order to provide
full public disclosure and yet guarantee the
protection of certain trade secrets.
On January 1, 1972, the National Academy
of Sciences filed its first semi-annual report
on which EPA will base its decision on the
technological feasibility of the car compan-
ies to meet the 1975 deadline. The report said
that while "there is no centainty today that
any 1975 model year vehicles will meet the
requirements of the Act", it may be possible
if three conditions are met: 1. provisions are
made for catalyst replacement, 2. averaging
of emissions throughout the day rather than
Just for the first trip, and 3. general avail-
ability of non-leaded gasoline.
Besides Rep. Rogers' suggestion for the
catalyst problem, the other two National
Academy of Sciences' conditions may also see
early solutions. Changes in the EPA testing
procedure, beginning with 1975, will encom-
pass the average of the emissions from all
the trips taken in a day rather than just the
emissions from the first trip (The first four
to six running minutes emit the greatest
amount of pollutants.). EPA officials feel
that this change will "more accurately re-
fleet the driving experience of the average
motor vehicle in major urban areas."
.? In addition, the oil industry will appar-
ently have little or no trouble making non-
leaded gasoline generally available for use
by 1971. Although presently available in lim-
ited quantities, there has been some .ques-
tion whether it could be produced on a mass
basis. When questioned during the hearings
about whether the oil industry can get the
lead out within the deadline period (the
experimental converters work only on nn-
leaded gas) an American Petroleum Insti-
tute spokesman said "No question about it."
"The bill means changes, and that's what
we're doing is changing," he added.
Am CLEANUP
WASHINGTON, February 17 (UPI) .?De-
spite erovernment promises to enforce a 1975
clean-air deadline, at least 18 states have
requested two-year postponements and ap-
pear likely to get them.
In applications made to the Environmental
Protection Agency, most of the states in-
volved, said that urban areas could not meet
the standards without limiting downtown
traffic. They indicated a reluctance to im-
pose such traffic controls.
a When EPA Administrator William D.
Ruckelshatts announced the air quality
standards April 30, he emphasized that many
cities would have to curb traffic.
"I don't anticipate any delay in their im-
plementation," Ruckeishaus said of the
standards.
But in an interview yesterday, the EPA
official in charge of reviewing state applica-
tions said that the agency probably would
forgo the deadline rather than force traffic
'restrictions that might be unpopular with
commuters.
"If you need traffic control you probably
can get a two-year extension," said B. J.
Stelgerwald, director of the EPA's stationary
source pollution control program.
? "Traffic control isn't easily imposed,"
Steigerwaid said. He said that cities would
need mass transit to replace automobiles.
"You just don't install mass transit in three
years," he said.
Experts from the EPA and other agencies
have estimated that car exhaust causes at
least 50 per cent of air pollution, the most
harmful concentrations being in downtown
areas.
Richard E. Ayres, who has studied the state
plans for the Natural Resources Defense
Council, a private environmental group, said
that any delay in curbing urban auto pollu-
tion would undermine- the entire air clean-
up program.
"What they're saying is that they'll meet
the standards where there isn't any pollution
and delay them where the problem is most
severe," Ayres said.
Many states said that if given until mid-
1977, the car-pollution problem largely would
go away because of progressively stricter fed-
eral requirements for exhaust clean-up de-
vices on new cars.
The first such devices were installed on
1968 models. Under the same Clean 'Air Act,
which mandated the 1975 air clean-up stand-
ards, 1975 model cars must cut carbon mon-
oxide and hydrocarbon emission by 90 per
cent, compared with 1970 models, and 1976
cars must reduce nitrogen oxide emissions
90 per cent, too.
Although the law allows a one-year exten-
sion of these standards if car-makers can-
not meet them, and although all four U.S.
car companies have requested such a delay,
the EPA permitted states to. presume in
drawing up their plans that the 1975 and
1976 auto deadlines would be met. -
Steigerwald indicated that he was using
the sante presumption in reviewing state ap-
plications.
"By 1977, car emission limits will allow
many cities to meet the air standards,"
Steigerwald said. "Does it make sense for us
to demand significant traffic controls by 1975
when two years later they could meet the
standards without traffic controls?"
However, Stei,e,,erwald said, "About 15 cities
won't meet the standards even in 1077 with-
out traffic controls." He did not name all the
cities but said that they included New York,
Chicago and Los Angeles.
The law required each state to give EPA
by Jan. 30 its plan for meeting limits on six
air pollutants?sulfur oxides, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, photochemical
oxidants, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons.
The EPA must approve or disapprove the
plans by May 30. The law says the limits
must be met by July 1, 1975, unless EPA
grants the state a two-year extension.
no one in Washington has read them all.
The plans are hundreds of pages long an
United Press International compiled the list
of 18 states seeking extensions from EPA
sources and from reporters in state capitols.
Most to the 18 sought no over-all exten-
sions, but rather a two-year delay in meet-
ing standards for carbon monoxide and hy-
drocarbons?which come mostly from cars?
in urban areas.
Steigerwald said that about 15 states did
promise to work on some form of traffic con-
trols?reduced parking space, higher bridge
tolls, inspections, mandatory installation of
antipollution devices on older cars?but few
included them as firm parts of an enforce-
ment program.
GOD BLESS THE PRESIDENT ON HIS
TRIP TO CHINA
HON. GILBERT GUDE
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 28, 1972
Mr. GUDE. Mr. Speaker, as we prepare
to welcome the President back from his'.
history-making trip to China, I would
like to share with my colleagues the fol-
lowing letter from a constituent of Mary-
land's Eighth Congressional District. I
feel it is particularly noteworthy in that
it is not simply a parti an, "rubber
stamp" letter of support, but one which
expresses the views of a thinking, re- .?
sPonsible American citizen. This kind of STATIN.
thoughtful letter is further evidence that
there exists widespread support for Pres-
ident Nixon's meetings with China's
leaders, and that, truly, all the Nation's
prayers have been with him on this
j own ey :
GOD BLESS THE PRESIDENT ON HIS TRIP TO
Canna
Ciaavr CHASE, MD.,
February 17, 1972.
Hon. GILDERT GUDE,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN GUDE: I have written
many letters to you, over the years, that
could be onsidered critical in the sense that
they expressed my frustration about what
our government has done in Vietnam.
Because?the President's trip to China is
a day for hope, I wish to express words of
favor for the present Administration and
party in power which I do support from time
to time, as follows:
1. I believe the President is trying (at some
risk) by this China effort to find an end to
a war which in all fairness we should admit
he does not bear the major responsibility
for.
2. I believe he understands the domestic
needs of the American economy should now
have top priority over do gooding abroad, and
that he will act to help to restore the world
leadership we once enjoyed as the most capa-
ble country in the production of goods and
services, here at home.
There are, of course, a lot of things hap-
pening in the government which I do not
agree with, political and otherwise, and I am
sometimes concerned that our very form of
government is under severe test.
I do want the President to succeed and I
want you gentlemen to succeed in the sincere
efforts you are demonstrating. I choose this
day of hope4to express confidence in you.
Yours sincerely,
JOHN W. MALLEY.
CONTINUE RADIO FREE EUROPE
HON. ROBERT H. STEELE
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 28, 1972
Mr. STEELE. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
direct the attention of the Members to
the following editorial from the Hartford
Courant on the future of Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty. The editorial
presents an incisive analysis of the cur-
rent congressional struggle to keep the
Radios alive and makes a telling argu-
ment for continuing their vital opera-
tions.
The editorial follows:
RADIO FREE EUROPE FACES CUTOFF
It seems more than a little ironic that in
this country where freedom of information
and the right to know are so fervently cher-
? ished, the Congress is haggling over whether
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty should
be continued or not.
In some ways the hangs-up is a technical
one. The House and Senate are at odds, the
former being willing to finance the two sta-
tions for two more years, the latter
wanting to cut off funds after one year.
The real stumbling block is a matter of for-
eign policy, and not just whether the country
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INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
STAR
FEB 28 1972,
-- 231,064
S - 379,299
? To Keep Freedom Alive
For nearly two decades, since the end of World
War II, two radio systems based in Munich, West
Germany, -financed chiefly by the United States,
have daily beamed to persons behind the Iron Cur-
tain .fa:ctual news of the outside world unhindered
by the censorsiqip of totalitarian, Communist
regimes.
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty have staffs
;totaling 2,600 persons, many of them refugees from
Communist tyranny, who broadcast in the tongues
of the listeners. Radio Free Europe beams its pro-
grams mainly to audiences in Hungary, Czechoslo-
vakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Poland. Radio Liberty
.transmits in the various languages of the Soviet
Union.
That these stations have been effective in getting
to oppressed peoples of the world uncensored mate-
rial is demonstrated by the constant pressure that
has been applied on their operations by Communist
governments. West Germany has repeatedly refused,
as the Communists have sougit, to revoke the sta-
tion's authority to broadcast from German soil.
Yet these voices of freedom and truth may be
.stilled?not by Communist pressure?but by action
of thd congress of the United States, more especial-
ly the Senate and in particular one senator, L Wil-
liam Fulbright, 'chairman of the Foreign Relations
Committee.
"These radios should be given an opportunity
, to take their rightful place in the graveyard of Cold
War relics," Senator Fulbright contends.
At issue is an appropriation of 536 million needed
annually to keep the stations in operation.. The ap-
propriation is supported by President Nixon and
even by such liberal publications as the New York
Times which says the broadcasts "have contributed
enormously to enlarging the marketplace of ideas in
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union." But Senator
Fulbright argues that the administration is seeking
to "keep this Cold War program on the books
despite the fact that neither the American public
nor the governments of Western Europe are willing
to support such a continuation." .
STATI NTL
The senator seems to ignore some studies he him-
self authorized some time ago when he asked the
Library of Congress for reports on the effectiveness
of both. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Per-
haps those reports, prepared by knowledgeable goy- ,
ernment experts, were at odds with Fulbright's zeal
to retire these "Cold War relics."
"The reality of Radio Liberty," concluded the
report on that facility, "conflicts with its popular
image. It is neither a Cold War operation nor is its
staff a group of cold warriors. On the countrary,
Radio Liberty accepts all Soviet institutions, though
not their ideology, and seeks to bring about peaceful
democratic change from within." .
The question that must be asked is this: If the
congressional opposition results in the end of these
broadcasts to Iron Curtain countries what then will
the people in those nations hear? It is certain that ,
what they will hear is the -official" line of hard
propaganda that the Communist-controlled media
already bears. Ending the broadcasts would elimi-
nate, as the Communists want, any possibility of dis-
sent occuring because someone, who heard a voice
of freedom, realized that the Communist system, .!
with its harsh, unrelenting control, is net the best
of all possible 1,S,orlds.
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REGISTER
FEB 27 19-ra
- 250,261
S ? 515,710
Cold War Relics
The AFL-CIO Executive Council has
appealed to congressional leaders to
continue financing Radio Free Europe
and Radio pberty. Senator J. William
Fulbright; (Dem., Ark.), chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, is
leading opposition to further government
funding of the two radio operations. He
has described them as part of a "pat-
tern of fraud and deceit."
Radio Free Europe was set up in 1949
as a private, non-profit corporation
which would beam news broadcasts be-
hind the Iron Curtain. The system, with
news headquarters in Munich, has 32
transmitters in West Germany and
Spain.
. Radio Liberty was added in 1951. Its
broadcasts are directed 'exclusively to
the Soviet Union, with around-the-clock
programs in 17 dialects beamed from
transmitters in Taiwan, Spain and West
Germany. Munich also is the news head-
quarters for Radio Liberty.
Both radio operations were promoted
in the U.S. as a voluntary, non-govern-
ment effort to counter Communist
propaganda about American life and.
government aims. There were periodic
appeals for donations to help support the
broadcasts.
. About a year ago, Congress learned
that the broadcasts had been secretly
financed with tax funds by the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Nixon
Administration, however, has yet to ad-
mit to Congress that the radio oper-
ations were a cover for CIA activities.
After the disclosure of CIA in-
volvement, the White House tried to
c'ounter congressional criticism with a
bill setting up a tax-eicempt corporation
to oversee the radio operations. The
Administration proposed spending $40
million a year.
?Fulbright's committee turned it doWn.
Instead, the committee agreed to fi-
nance the operations for one more year .
at $35 million. The Senate passed the7
measure on a voice vote in August.
- In September the House Foreign Af-
fairs Committee advanced a measure
authorizing $74.5 million for two year
while a special committee evaluated the
need for continuing Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty in addition to the i
government-financed Voice of America ;
broadcasts. That was agreeable to the
House. Now the two houses must iron
out thcir differences or let filo two
broadcast operations die.
The Voice of America maintains a
world-wide programming schedule. in 36
languages. About 40 per cent of its air
time is beamed to communist-governed
countries. For this, the taxpayers are
spending $41 niillion this year.
The AFL-CIO leaders adopted a reso-
lution saying, "The closing of these vital
communications with the captive peo-
ples of the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe will be a clear sign of U.S.
capitulation in the war to bring truth
and courage to countless millions behind
the Iron Curtain."
We agree with Fulbright that truth
already was compromised by the gov-
ernment's attempt to disguise its propa-
ganda broadcasts as a voluntary ven-
ture by American citizens. Fulbright
suggested that the two radio operations
should "take their rightful place in the
graveyard of Cold War relics." We
agree.
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adio Free Europe Faces Cutoff
' It seems more than a little ironic that id this
. country. where freedom of information ,and the
right to know are so fervently cherished, the Con-
gress is haggling over whether Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty should be continued or not
In some ways, the hang-up is a technical one.
The House and Senate are at odds, the forriTer, being
willing to finance the two stations for two more
years, the latter wanting to cut off funds after. one
The real stumbling block is a matter Of foreign
policy, and not just whether the country should
spend $36 million annually to run the two opera.
tions. If Senator Fulbright has his way, the funding
will not be renewed. He salve "These radios should
be given an opportunity to take their rightful place
In the graveyard of cold war relics."
And of course, ever since it came out that the
Central Intelligence Agency had been financing Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, their names
have been mud ? not only in Russia and Eastern
European countries naturally, but here at home
among those who think there is something villain-
ous about theCIA.?
Yet when Senator Fulbright asked for studies
by the Library of Congress on the effectiveness of
the two stations, he was set back on his heels. "The
reality of Radio Liberty," the Library of Congress
reported, "conflicts with its popular image. It is
neither a cbld war operation, nor is its staff a
group of cold warriors. On the contrary, Radio Lib-
erty aceepis all Soviet institutions, though not its
ideology, and' seeks to bring about a peaceful dem-
ocratic change from within:"
The report on Radio free Europe Was iri kind.
And the truth of the matter is that the two stations
for a generation now have teen broadcasting fac-
tual news. ,What has aroused the ire of the Com-
munist regimes is -that there are plenty of facts
these governments don't want their people to know.
This 'is plain enough from the rigid control exer-
cised over news media in Russia and its satellite
countries. -
If Radietree Europe and Radio Liberty are
disbanded,,. the peoples of these countries will have
lost .a free press for the inflow of information that
Certainly is not going to be duplicated by officially
spcinsored government radios. Millions of persons
have listened to news over Radio Free Europe and
Radio. Liberty, which would have been completely
censored by Communist governments.
As has been remarked,' before Congress de-
cides whether it believes these radio stations are
relics of the cold .war, it might he'll to wait until
after Presid,ent Nixon returns front Moscow. The
cold war itself inay-nOt 'prove to be the vanished
spectre some persons would have us believe. An
American foreign policy substituting negotiation for
confrontation is a'very nice idea but it still takes
two to tango. ? , -
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John P. Roche
A Setback
For Liberty
? ONE of the most bizarre
?terrying?scenes in' Alek-
sandr Splzhenitsyn's master-
piece, "Zile First Circle," de-
? scrib.os a visit to a Soviet
prison by a distinguished
American, a woman with
? high political connections. A
group of prisoners are put
through a special drill put
.her benefit, dressed de-
cently, put in a clean cell
. with an ikon, and told by
the police that if they don't
perform, zap! They did go
through with the charade
and the American visitor
left with a high opinion of
Soviet justice.
? What made this sort of
thing possible, of course,
was the total isolation from
the world outside. Once
. caught up in the toils of Jo-
? seph Stalin's terror appara-
tus, it was every man for
himself with no hope of suc-
.cor, no hope that outsiders
would even learn of the sit-
uation. Part of Solzhenitsyn's
?Power comes from his de-
scription of how some
human beings resisted atom-
ization and persisted in acts
'of decency.
THE PREREQUISITE for
running an efficient tyranny
?as Aristotle pointed out
? snore than 2,000 years ago?
is to destroy this human
sense of solidarity, and to
convince each victim that he
Is alone In the face of ever-
whelming power, that no,
one cares. This has become
more difficult with modern
techniques of ?communica-
tion. It is hard to jam all. in-
coming radio messages, and
P
versi?ns of their appro
the spread o
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'
radio and of tape recorders
has launched a whole new
era in underground commu-
nications. Through Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Eu-
rope the United States has
for almost a generation
brought to the peoples of
the Soviet Union and East-
ern Europe the message that
they are not alone.
To take but one example,
a Soviet Jew signed a peti-
tion attacking the appalling.
Lengrad trials. Thirty years
ago he would have dropped
this pebble doWn a bottom-
less well, but now, the next
morning at 2:30, Radio ib-
? erty was on the air with the
text of the petition and the
names of the signatories.
This man, no;' in Israel, re-
calls the sense of triumph as
he heard the broadcast:
"They (the KGB) can take
us now, but our testimony
will stand in history." ?
RADIO LIBERTY and
Radio Free Europe have re-
united these peoples with
history. And in the view of
Sen. J. W. Fullbright that is
a capital offense. Just about
the . time this column . is
printed, these radio stations
?formerly subsidized by the
CIA?will go broke unless
emergency action is taken.
Both houses of Congress
have approved their contin-
uation with overt funding,
and there is overpowering
consensus that they have
done a splendid and non-
provaeative job in a very
delicate area, but Fulbright
singlcilandedly has been
blocking "a compromise be-
tween House and Senate
s'IsullbiTght refused to ?
a meeting of the House and
Senate conferees, obviously
hoping that in this back-
handed fashion he can qUi-
etly destroy what he has
called these "Cold War rel-
ics." It is a clever move: If
he can stall, key personnel
will have to find other jobs
and the expertise *built up
over a generation will drib-
ble away. He must not be
permitted to get away with
it.
No one who reads this col-
umn will suffer* from the il-
lusion that I believe the
United States is perfect, but
we Americans have been
fortunate. We have never
had to rise at 2:30 and turn
on a radio to learn that we
are still members of the
human race, that we we
still part of history. We can
not. allow Fullbright to de-
prive our brothers of this
priceless link with human-
ity.
Eine Features Syndicate
5
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DAVID LAWRENCE
And Then Comes the Moscow Trip
, President Nixon has had the
attention of the American peo-
-ple focused on him as they
'keep up with his activities in
Peking while he deals with the
delicate problems of develop-
ing friendly relations with the
government of mainland
China.
? Rarely has a miss.?anef this
'type been attempted in an
election year, but Nixon found
It necessary to move at this
time into a world situation
that demands personal nego-
tiation.
The trip to Red China apl?
pears to be a success, but in a
? few weeks the President will
be taking another journey ?
;to the capital of the Soviet
.Union in the middle of May.
He will undoubtedly make ev-
ery effort to convince the lead-
ers in the Kremlin that the
:United States can work with
them without letting differ-
:elites of viewpoint stand In
the path of a "peaceful coex-
istence."
The problems with the Sovi-
ets are different from those
with which Nixon has been
faced in Peking. The United
States formally recognizes the
Soviet government and has for
years been carrying on discus-
sions about possible ways to
,advance the cause of peace.
? Some of the subjects that
the president will take up in
Moscow have been under con-
sideration for a long time.
There is, for instance, at pres-
ent a continuing series of
talks on the limitation of stra-
tegic arms, and this affects
not just Russia and the United
States but the entire world.
If the Soviets show an indi-
cation that they are ready to
go ahead on a program of lim-
iting or reducing . nuclear
weapons, it will be a big step
forward and will assure the
peoples of both Europe and
Asia that the chances of nu-
clear war are being diminish-
ed.
Nixon is hopeful that the
United States and the Soviet
Union can enter into a new
relationship one that is ded-
icated to the prevention of
war, particularly nuclear war.
If evidehce of this determina-
tion can be presented to the
world convincingly, the confer-
ences between Nixon and the
leaders in the Kremlin will be
of transcendent importance.
What is lacking Way is a
close relationship between the
American people and the peo-
ple of the Soviet Union. Cen-
sorship on the Russian side
prevents their communicating
with. each other. Congress at
the moment is considering
whether it will continue to fi-
nance the broadcasts in sever-
al languages which are daily
transmitted by Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Libefty to the
people of Eastern and Central
Europe and of the Soviet Un-
ion.
More information about the
United States and its policies
needs to be sent into these
areas with the hope that a
friendlier feeling will develop
in future years.
There are many ways in
which the Russian people
could become better known to
the American people, and one
of these is to permit more visi-
tors to travel freely through-
out the Soviet Union. An inter-
change of ideas between for-.
eign tourists and residents
tends eventually to generate a
better understanding of world
affairs on both sides.
There is eery reason why
the . United States should en-
deavor to develop a friendlier
relationship with the govern-
ment in Moscow and the peo-
ple of the Soviet Union.
If preventing wars is to be
the objective and "peaceful
coexistence" is to be the mot-
to, President Nixon could ap-
ply this doctrine at his visit
with Premier Kosygin and oth-
er Soviet leaders. For the
American people do not want
war with any nation, antl they
are anxious to see nuclear
weapons limited if not entirely
prohibited. The current talks
on strategic arms with the So-
viet Union are supposed to
cover such problems.
President Nixon will be busy
with his foreign tours almost.
up to the national party con-
ventions in midsummer. For
when he gets home, the piles
of work to be done as a result
of his journeys will occupy
much of his time during 1972.
He will be devoting his ener-
gies to the task of striving to
make peace, and this is a tre-
mendous job in a world with
so many small nations seeking
to take advantage of one an-
other. The major powers will
have to be the peacemakers.
Actually, relations between
the Soviets and the? Red
Chinese have been increasing-
ly hostile in recent years, and
Peking fears the further ex-
tension of Soviet influence into
Asian countries. It would
mean a great deal to Red Chi-
na . to feel that it has the back-
ing of the United States.
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4T. WAYNE, IND.
NEWS SENTINEL ,
, -F7e8144 1072
;
"........"-- . ?
Speaking
7; Radio Free Europe is no more
-"relic" of the cold war than -J.
7illiam Fulbright is a relic of the
.S. Senate.,
? It should be no surprise to Sen-
,tor Fultd ight that Eastern Eu- .
ope is still largely occupied by ?
the military torces of a foreign
invader.- the Soviet Union. And
being headed by captive, satrap
governments; the people of East-
ern Europe are subjected to state-
controlled press and radio. ?
,?'All ot'which is to say, the men,
*omen and children of controlled
and absorbed areas must look to
sources such as Radio Free Eu-
rope for information on their own
affairs and the reactions of the
Free World to events which affect
their lives and future. .
. i .
, - Radio Free Europe might be a
relic in the sense that it is now
More than 25 years old. But the
need has hardly changed. The So-
'viet occupation has not been with-
;drawn. The truth still serves a.
purpose.
The question arose this week
because Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty were running out
of funds. Private sources of sup-
port have never been sufficient.
The U.S. government, through
the C_eiltsal Intelligence Agency,
has bFeri-Supporthe twon-Ch, 'r o
, stations with about $36 million
annually. Congress must approve
tbe continuation of the support or
the radio broadcasts into the cap-
five countries will be limited or
discontinued.
of R.elics
Senator Fulbright, however,
said the support should be
dropped. He, called the stations
"relics" to those bad old days of
the cold war. In Senator Ful-
bright's private world, the Rus-
sian armies no longer have iron
knuckles at the throat of the
people in Poland, Czechosolvakia,
East Germany, Hungary, Bul-
garia, Latvia, Lithuania and Es-
tonia.
?
Just how much information the
people of those countries gain
from Radio Free Europe is diffi-
cult to judge. The Soviet dictators
and their Quislings do not allow
the likes of George Gallup to
roam around taking polls in most
places. It is certain, however, that
some people do listen to the radio
broadcasts and find them useful.
This has been reportea by both.
travelers and the many who have
migrated west. To those who still
daily risk their lives to escape a
prison existence, the cold war is
no relic. ?
?
Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty may not be perfect, but
they are among the few media to
combat the endless propaganda of
the controlled press of Eastern
Europe. It is hoped that Congress:
will vote the rather modest sum
to continue the broadcasts.
One can agree with Senator
Fulbright that there are those rel-
ics which should be retired. But
that is a matter for the voters of t
Arkansas to decide.
j
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The Siege of Raclili Free Europe
Sen: J. William Fulbright (D-Ark.) made a laud-
able, highly pertinent speech a few years ago urg-
ing the American people to outgrow the cliches of
the cold war?to distinguish between "old myths
and new realities." It was good advice.
Unfortunately, in his efforts to kill off Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, the influential chair-
man of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee is ?
showing a certain confusion between myth and
reality himself.
For more than 20 years Radio Free Europe has
been broadcasting to .the Communist countries of
Eastern Europe. Its smaller sister operation, Radio
Liberty, broadcasts to the Soviet Union in Russian
and 16 other languages. In hours of broadcasting
to These areas,. the two Munich-based stations are
far more active than the Voice of America.
? Now Fulbright wants to kill off RFE and Radio
Liberty by blocking congressional authorization
for the current fiscal year. Failing in that, he fa-
vors a Senate-passed bill which would extend the
life of the stations only through June.
We strongly urge, instead, that Senate conferees
accept a House-passed bill which would authorize
operations for two more years. During those two
years, a 'study would be made to determine if the
broadcasting operation should be continued?and
if so, under what arrangement.
Fulbright argues that RFE and Radio Liberty
are "relics of the cold war" which have outlived
their .usefulness in a day when the emphasis is on
East-West efforts at detente. In this he is mistak-
en.
There was a time, prior to the 1956 uprising in
Hungary, when the Munich-based stations indeed
exhibited a cold, war obsession. Nowadays, howev-
er, it is recognized that the Communist govern--
ments won't be overthrown by force. Any improve-
ment must come about thi?ough the slow process of
internal liberalization. And to the degree that such
liberalization occurs, there is a hope .that Commu-
nist foreign policy will mellow, too. .
RFE and Radio Liberty encourage the liberaliza-
tion process by publicizing the doings and writings
of dissident intellectuals and others in the Commu-
nist countries whose opinions would otherwise re-
main smothered by censorship.
Shutting down RFE. and Radio Liberty would
make Communist hard-liners?those who oppose
both detente with the West and internal liberaliza-
tion?very happy. But it would be a discouraging
development, indeed, to those who are striving, in
the Czech phrase, the communism with a human
face.
It may be, of course, that substantial changes are
needed in the way the stations are financed and
managed. Direct European 'participation, for ex-
ample, is long overdue. And certainly government
support in the future should be open, rather than
half-hidden as it. was in the past. But these are
matters which should properly be explored in. the
study called for in the pending House bill. ,
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,
Fulbrighes About Face on Radio Free urope
MUNICH?If historians are kind,
Sen. J. William Fulbright (D-Ark.)
will .be honored as a powerful and
effective advocate of better under-
standing among diverse peoples.
The bitter great and small power ri-
valries of the post-World War II era
have, at the very best, been amelio-
rated by the Fulbright Program, the
greatest government-sponsored ex-
change of knowledge between citi-
zens of different nations in all histo-
ry.. . ?
By the hundreds of thousands,
Ameriean and foreign students have
benefited from opportunities to
learn more about other cultures Pro-
vided by Fulbright's vision, it is cer-
tain that the majority of Falbright
Scholars would not have enjoyed
such opportunities if they had to
pay for themselves. It is impossible
to state specifically how the great
mass of humanity, the -cause of
world peace or the interest of the
United States have benefited. None-
theless, the senator felt with total
justification that even the possibili-
ty of better underStanding? among
peoples by exchange of information
was worth whatever the cost.
historians will. however, -require
great understanding and forbear-
ancesif they are to give Fulbright
the credit he amply. deserves?and
to reconcile the old, liberal Ful-
bright with the pew, reactionary
Fulbright. The junior senator from
Arkansas is currently engaged in a
one-man campaign to suppress two
of the chief sources which provide
the peoples of the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe with nonofficial in-
? formation and curb bureaucratic
'tendencies toward .suppression.
Against ?the consensns of Congress
and in defiance of the conclusions of
searching investigations. he himself
? sponsored,' Fulbright is determined
to destroy Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe.
Fulbright's vendetta, marked by a
vitriolic denunciation last week, is
difficult to understand. It contra-
venes his previously stated ideals. it
contradicts his cOnstantly expressed
desire for better relations between
East and West?and a real, rather.
BY ROBERT S. ELEGANT
At best, one can conclude that
Fulbright is badly informed. But,
most distressingly, his rejection of
the findings of two Library of Con-
gress investigating teams indica tes
that he may not wish to be better in-
formed. Those teams heartily recom-
mended keeping the stations alive.
? Both Radio Liberty and Radio
Free Europe were created as weap-
ons of the?cold war, and both were
largely financed through the Central
Isst7e1ligence Agency. But,' as the
senator knows, the passage of time
alters all human institutions. pav-
ing moved with the times, the two
:\lunich-based radio stations now
play a role quite different from
their original function. Rather than
ihtensifing, international tension,
they encourage liberalizafion and
stimulate internal dialogs in the So-
viet Union and Eastern Europe. -
In Romania. where a new cam-
paign of intellectual repression is
under way, I recently found that R.:-
dio Free Europe broadcasts ---ws
the ordinary citizen's chief source of
nongovernmentI Information. Ro-
manians learn not only, of develop-
ments abroad, but even of internal
events?cultural as well as political
?from Radio Free Europe. Even
Soviet diplomats comment privately
on their- content.
In Poland at the end of 1970, ship-
yard workers revolted and violence
spread to students and other groups.
Radio Free Europe monitors picked
up reports from faint local stations'
?and lin; gave the news not- only
to the outside world, but to. Poland
as well. Absolute proof is, naturally,
impossible, but there is general
agreement among divergent politi-
cal views that Radio Free Europe
helped prevent a bloodbath and en-
couraged formation of the present,
liberalized 1?,"arsaw - regime. Free
.availability of- information can, as
the senator says speaking of the
_United States, produce great bene-
fits.-
Fuibright has charged that the
two stations' programs impede East,
West relaxation and interfere with
henUerl huag.i.?
than mere1A
015PralgtIVIibric?1481easne%hb61./0,51110--,:dclArrifa80-01601R001100070001,5
Sos;iet. Union?Lor any power?will
be moved to make concessions if its
negotiating partner offers unilateral
concessions like abolishing Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Europe. But
his own experience in the Senate
must have taught him that success-
ful negotiation results from mutual
concessions, Even with the best of
will, one-sided .concessions are likely
to produce not reciprocal conces-
sions, -but the demand for further
concessions.
It would be tedious to cite all the
misconceptions Fulbright has ex-
pressed. One wonders, for example,
why he is now so insistent upon
strictly government-to-government
contacts while he was formerly the
apostle of people-to-people contact.
But one further argument absolute-
ly- demands comment.
?
Why, asks Fulbright, are- our
Western European allies not inter-
ested in helping to finance the two
stations?
The answer is twofold. In the first
place. no government?or individual
?will offer to pay for something he
gets for nothing. fit the second place,
a committee of influential Western
Europeans. alarmed by Fulbright's
vendettzt. is now, talking seriously
and concretely of contributing to the
support of the stations.
In Germany, the. authoritatiVe -
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung re-
ported flatly that the Social-Demo-
cratic administration disagreed with
Fulbright's assertions. Chancellor
Willy Brandt's ostpolitik is spear--
heading efforts to improve East-
West relations. But Bonn feels, the
newspaper declared, that the sta-
tions are not an obstacle to relaxa-
tion of international tension?and
are by no means "superfluous." In
Belgium, Joseph L u n s, for mer
Dutch foreign minister and preSent
secretary-general of NATO. last
week expressed the grayest concern
regarding growing suppression of
information in the Soviet Union and
Eastern 'Europe. Radio Liberty and
Radio Free Europe challenge that
trend toward increasingly suppres-
sive and obdurate regimes.
? cold war.
.? . so naive that he truly. believes the-
.. .
ST. LOUIS GLOM-DEMOCRAT
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GAGGING RADIO FREE EUROPE
,Broadcasts of Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, which for years have been beaming
news and analysis of world issues behind the
Iron Curtain, are in acute danger of being si-
lenced.
Bills of the Senate and House for federal sub-
sidy - of between $35 million and $38 million
have been arbitrarily bottled up in conference
committee.
For two decades Moscow's jamming has
failed to stop the programs, which send free
world facts and interpretation of political, eco-
nomic and social problems into Russia and
Eastern Europe.
'Now one senator .and a few misguided con-
freres threaten to destroy these patently valua-
ble broadcasts.
The congressional jammer is J. William
Fulbright, who denigrates the programs as
"a relic of the cold war." This is familiar,
standard conduct for Fulbright in almost ev-
ery matter that tends to be against the Sovi-
et propaganda line.
,The senator has used his weight as chairman
Of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, as
well as devious maneuvering, to block adoption
of the Administration's request for funds to
continue these two radio stations. '
He declared yesterday the Senate would ac-
cept the House bill ? for permanent opera-
tion of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
"over my dead body." .
Fulbright is willing to continue the two sta-
tions through June 30. No longer. He said in a
Senate speech last week these broadc as t s
l'should be liquidated."
* *
? It would be tragic and a body blow to demo-
cratic processes, if the Arkansas senator were
to succeed in his plan to destroy two of the
prime outlets informing peoples behind the Cur-
tain.
Congressional sentiment is overwhelmingly
for retaining the radio systems. But so far Ful-
bright, marplot of so many United States for-
eign policies, has effectively blocked the subsi-
dy legislation.
Two key Senators can have a significant in-
fluence on whether Senator Fulbright succeeds.
One is Democratic Sen. Frank Church of Ida-
ho, who opposes RFE but supports Radio Lib-
erty, which has had a great deal to say in be-
half of Soviet Jews. The other is Missouri Sen.
Stuart Symington.,
Senator Symington has tended to agree
with Fulbright in many policy areas. He is
reported to "have an open mind" on the ra-
dio issue.
The Globe-DemoCrat strongly urges Stuart
Symington to use his considerable influence
to support continuation of both Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty on a permanent
basis, with State Department support through
federal funds.
Failure to break the Fulbright jam in the
conference committee would be a serious error
in American policy, and a dismal blackout for
millions in the USSR and its satellite European
states ? people whose only knowledge of what.
goes on ? in the world, especially in America,
comes through these channels to which they
tune surreptitiously but with eager. regularity.
* *
For years these two radio stations were sup-
posedly supported by wide public donation. Ac-
tually they were largely financed by the CIA's
federal funds. This was a mistake, though the
fact has been widely known since 1967. Now
the Administration has asked open government
subsidy.
Both radio programs have done a good job
in telling the United States story to people
who could never krow it otherwise. The Li-
brary of Congress was asked to study the
two radio operations and reported, back Jan.
26 with warm praise and recommendation for
continued federal financing.
These reports have been largely seques-
tered, apparently by Fulbright, from other
members of the conference committee.
Congressional authorization under which the
radios operate formally expired on Tuesday. It
is understood RFE and RL have sufficient
funds to continue another week or two.
After that, unless the jam created by Senator
Fulbright is broken, they will have no alterna-
tive but to stop.
Thi g would be a graye misfortune for Ameri-
can diplomacy. It would be against public con-
-sensus and apparently the majority of ? Con-
gress.
It is possible that vigorous support by Sena-
tor Symington can break the bottleneck and
preserve Radio Free Europe and Radio Liber-
ty. This would be an act of competent judg-
.ment and statesmanship.
. STATINTL
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Approved For Release p01/,9153pa4 ALA-RDP80-01601R001
POST?DISPATCH
E 326,376
- 541,868
FEB 24 t97
---
Crumbling Towers Of Babel
Having failed to obtain a congressional ap-
propriation for Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, the State Department apparently is
, taking its. case to the people.
r Words like "freedom" and "liberty" arouse
emotions and the Executive Branch is quite
capable of using them to get what cannot be
had through a logical discourse. But we suspect
there is little chance of success because this
time at least Congress probably reflects popu-
lar sentiment regarding taxpayer-financed radio
stations beaming propavula to East Europe
and the Soviet Union. What's. more, the sta-
tions are simply incompatible with President
Nixon's declared goal of bringing about "an
era of negotiations." Senator Fulbright was
correct when he called RFE and RL relics of
the cold war.
Still, John N. ,Irwin II, the Acting Secretary
of State, claims that the propaganda outlets
; "are a most useful enterprise . . . . bringing
to individual citizens a responsible and real-
istic account of developments within their own
spcieties and the world at large from an inde-
pendent outside source." The trouble is that
the "outside source" is ?not independent, nor
does it bring "a responsible and realistic ac-
count of developments." Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty perform functions which do
not lend themselves to handling by the Voice
of America, the formal instrument of the State
Department for propagating the American view-
point. In other words, the two other U.S. Gov-
ernment-operated stations do V.as dirty work.
A few years ago the two?gitions
distin-
guished themselves not by informing people
In the "chained" world but by deeiving the
American public. Omnipresent commercials
i
1
? urged private donations for "private" stations:!
Presidents Eisenhower, kemiedy and Johnson
made annual appeals for donations without any
. allusion to the fact that the stations were ac-
tually financed principally by the Central In-
telligence Agency.
The CIA reportedly spent half a billion dol-
?, lars oTti5e stations until last summer when
Congress approved an interim financing meas-
ure. The funding has now.. expired. No more
public 1\money should be used to keep these
r relics rtificially alive: If Congress can find
any exc ss money, it should go for multi-lateral
foreign aid projects. - .
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--zSTATINTL
Will:GI:01: POST
Approved For Release 2001 ibalra B daRDP80-01601R
-congressional Report
'RFE, Radio Liberty
Split Hill Groups
House-Senate conferees
broke up in complete disagree-
ment yesterday on legislation
to continue the life of Radio
Vree Europe and Radio Lib-
'pity, two U.S.-financed sta-
tions which beam programs
Into Eastern Europe from
Munich.
"The patient looks awful,
'awful sick," said Sen. George
D. Aiken (R-Vt.) after the con-
ference broke '.up without
agreeing to meet again.
? Formerly financed covertly
by the CIA, the two stations
have recently been operating
with emergency funds pro-
vided by Congress, but these
expired Feb. 22.
Senate conferees want to au-
thorize continuation of the sta-
tions only through June 30,
with the State Department re-
quired to make a case for any-
thing beyond that. House con-
ferees are holding out for an
authorization to carry the sta-
tions through June 30, 1973.
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee chairman J. W.
Fulbright (D-Ark.) has made
plain he'd be just as glad to
see the stations die. He re-
gards them as a useless ir-
ritant to East-West relations.
Arrogance Claimed
Reil. Peter J. Frelinghuysen
(R-N.J.) said he hoped for an-
other emergency financing
resolution to bypass Fulbright.
"I've heard of the arrogance
of power we saw misused
-today," he said. "We were told
,to accept the Senate proposal
to continue for lour months or
there'd be no program at all."
*. The House, in a belated at-
tempt to keep 'em down on
the farm, approved rural de-
velopment programs yesterday
that could cost hundreds of
millions of dollars.
Funds would be lent and
granted to small towns, com-
munities, non-profit and busi-
ness groups and, in some cases,
individuals for job-building
ventures aimed at halting the
flow of ex-farm workers to
big city slums.
Authorizing legislation was
passed by voice vote and sent
to the Senate, where hearings
have been held on a similar
bill.
The bill would authorize ap-
propriations up to $580 mil-
lion a year for federal grants
to build water and sewer sys-
tems, control pollution, and
plan industrial development
in rural areas.
Fulbright srAl the stations,
In the absence of conference
agreement, now had no au-
thority to conilnue in exist-
ence and a start of liquidation
should begin.
The Senate formally re-
moved ailing Sen. Karl Mundt
(R-S.D.) from his committee
assignments and named two
senators fighting for re-
election to the vacated posts.
Routinely and by voice vote,
with no audible dissent, the
Senate unseated Mundt awl
named Charles N. Percy
(R-I11.) to the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee and Mark 0.
Hatfield (R-Ore.) to the Appro-
priations Committee.
Sen. Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)
was given Percy's &eat on Ap-
propriations.
STATI NTL
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CMISTIP SCICE MOITITPR
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23 FEB 191Z ?
STATINTL
-Fullbright reaches to swite
By Lucia Mouat
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor .
Washington
congress, which frequently complains
about its limited powers, is on the verge of
exercising those it has?to cut off this coun-
try's 20-year-old major communications
Hi* with the people of Eastern Europe.
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty,
beamed to Eastern Europe and the Soviet
Union respectively, have been hanging on
by the thread of congressional emergency
funding since fiscal 1972 began last summer.
This week those funds ran dry.
. Although both houses of Congress have
passed authorization bills, a conference to
resolve the differences has not yet been
scheduled.
?Sen. William J. Fulbright (D) of Arkansas,
who time and again has urged that the
radios be relegated to the "graveyard of
cold-war relics" explains that Thomas E.
Morgan (D) of Pennsylvania, chairman of
the House Foreign Affairs Committee has
been out of town. Others aver that Senator
Fulbright, chief foe of continued operation
of the radios,'is encouraging a filibuster of
sorts for the specific purpose of letting the
?funds run dry. One conference that was held
Jan. 26 ended abortively.
'No foot dragging'
A House Foreign Affairs. Committee aide,
who says Representative Morgan was in
Washington last Wednesday and Thursday,
says, "We're not dragging our feet?the
House has been ready and anxious to go to
conference any time Senator Fulbright (one
of the five Senate conferees) says he would
go."
The State Department Tuesday issued an
unusually lengthy supportive statement on
the radios' behalf. Acting Secretary of State
John N. Irwin said, "Their demise would
be a great loss."
During Questioning, Richard Davies, dep-
uty assistant secretary for Europe, respond-
ed to a question on radios effects on detente
by saving. "We've never seen any indica-
tion that international radio broadcasting
has hampered that development."
Senator Fulbright, who as chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, wields
considerable influence over his colleagues,
argues that the radios are propagandistic
tools that have no place in a period of East-
West d?nte.
Radio defenders, including the nation's
.major newspapers, counter that the two
operations have evolved away from propa-
ganda toward more sophisticated, accurate
reporting of the news inside those countries
where broadcasts are heard. Library of Con-
gress studies, requested by the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee and given little
public circulation, attest to the change. They
say Radio Liberty, for instance, is neither
"a cold-war operation nor is its staff a group
of cold warriors."
Specialties discussed
Unlike the Voice of America, which fea-
tures only United States news and, because
of its direct government control, with a de-
cidedly favorable slant, the radios specialize
in news and commentary on East European
developments that listeners, with only cen-
sored material at their fingertips. might not
otherwise know about. While Nikita S.
Khrushchev's death, for instance, was not
reported on Radio Moscow for close to 48
hours after the event, Radio Liberty had a
documentary on the air within hours. The
audience is large-55 million for Radio Free
Europe alone?and program. jamming con-
tinues vigorously.
In the view of the Radio Liberty spokes-
man, the major flaw in Senator Fulbright's
argument on d?nte is the assumption that
the future of East-West relations will be
decided by the governments involved inde-
pendently of public-opinion pressures on
them. Not so, he says.
While it may appear logical that since
both branches of Congress have passed au-
thorization bills, a conference to find median
ground should be held, some argue if the
radios are to be killed anyway at some
point, perhaps now is as good a moment
as any.
The Senate bill, less generous than the
house two-year authorization, ? ensures sur-
vival only until June 30, when fiscal 1972
comes to a close. At that point the Senate
would have to come to grips with the whole
issue once again.
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Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 ROS11bORIO01 -5
MIAMI, FLA.
SEWS FEB 2 3 1972
B - 93,538
7
Sylvan Meyer
'Freedom radio' victim of changing
We, the people of the U.S.A., are
'; undoing a lot of programs in foreign
relations formerly considered bu'.;t
to the system.
? Red China, now known as the Peo-
ple's Republic of China (PRO), is by
? President Nixon's Peking pronounce-
ment no longer expansionist in its
,revolutionary ideals. For years our
country has felt that the PRC spon-
sored and funded enclaves of subver-
sives in dozens of African and Latin
nations.
? If the PRC no longer follows an
? imperialist course, then of course the
old domino theory lacks validity.
India, Japan and Indonesia, not to
mention Thailand, Malaysia and the
rest are safe. At least from the Chi-
nese.
India isn't peace-loving anymore.
It is militarist. The military dictator-
? . thip of Pakistan, now bereft of its
? eastern dominion, is peace-loving or
at least temporarily too preoccupied
to worry about military ambitions.
And now Congress is considering
stopping fundt for Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty, the powerful sta-
tions that fought the cold war by
drumming U.S. views ? outside the
policy confines of the U.S. LA. and
the Voice of America- ? deep behind
the Iron Curtain.
Freedom radio stations irritated
the Russians, Bulgarians, Czechs and
East Germans no end. They broadcast
mighty signals to jam western mes-
sages. Nevertheless, starved for infor-
mation from the outside, their people
listened. The youth of Communist na-
tions learned of rock and roll, the Jef-
ferson Airplane and so forth from
freedom radio, all subsidized by the/
CIA. ?
'
These stations represented what
some Americans thought to be ideo-
logical warfare, ideas vs. ideas. Our
ideas are better, of course, but we
could never be sure just how these
stations were phrasing American po-
litical conceptions.
Fortner Vice President Hubert
Humphrey, visiting Miami, is of a
mind to let the stations expire. "Other
countries thought we were interfering
with their affairs," he said. "But if the
stations just broadcast straight news,
the information would be valuable to
neorie denied complete news in their
own media."
It is a puzzlement. Should we go
from something questionable in value
to us to nothing at all, or try a differ-
ent tack without propagandizing
other peoples? Would the CIA then
pay for a straight news station? Isn't
?
foreign policies
the Voice of America supposed to be
disseminating reasonably dependable
news reports, even when the news
makes Uncle Sam appear a little shab-
by?
One thing hasn't changed, though
our policy makers never banked on
the principle to. begin with: the real
conflict among men does involve
ideas, life principles, economic and re-
ligious theories. We never truly un-
derstood this In Vietnam and that's
why we've fallen on our collective
faces. Bullets alone don't convince
people democracy can work for their
well being.
Neither should we peddle philoso-
phies through any agency ever con-
nected with or funded by the CIA be-
cause who would believe, even in
America, in the integrity and purity of
a news outlet dependent upon a secret
security agency's support?
Perhaps we are coming out of a
long night a myth and superstition in
foreign relations. Perhaps we are
merely changing our dream scenarios.
There is no indication in military bud-
geting that an -era of good feeling is
upon us. Dismantling a couple of
radio stations might be the only tangi-
ble sign we'll have for a while.
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p4ILY Kom.D
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? . STATINTL
Samizdat, Ileany and the STAT I NTL
During the past couple of years the capitalist press,
especially the New York Times, has reported how Soviet
poets, writers, and scientists have resorted to "samizdat"
to get their words to the world.
Via "samizdat" ? self-publishing ? the beleaguered
intellectuals, through typewritten carbon copies, mimeo-
graph, hectograph or other primitive publishing means,
have bared their tortured souls, and have appealed to the
conscience of the world for support, or so the Times
.claimed.
? We now have the Library of Congress to thank for re-
moving the-Veil from "samizdat."
Dr. Joseph G. Whelan, head of the Library of Con-
gress' anti-Soviet operations, revealed last week that the
"samizdat" business is a CIA operation.
The Library of Congress has been an'unlikely source
for truth about The socialist world, devoted as it is to anti-
Sovietism. . '
However, when Senator William Fulbright, chairman
, of the Foreign Relations Committee, demanded that the
U.S. quit funding Radio Liberty, a CIA operation in
Munich, West Germany, Whelan complained that this
would end the means of distributing "samizdat" in the
Soviet Union. This '?movement will unquestionably re-
ceive a serious setback," Whelan said.
. The alleged cry for freedom from "SOviet intel-
lectuals" is thus revealed to be, as long suspected, just a
fink CIA operation. ? ? ?
It shares this distinction with Radio Free -Europe,
Radio Liberty, and the Assembly for Captive European
Nations. ' . ? ?
? All have been fed out of the U.S. Treasury to incite?
subversion and rebellion against.socialism.
George Meany's complaint last weekend that the
ACEN's $250,000 a year payoff has been ended is one
more token of the fact that his heart belongs to the CIA, as
does his"foreign secretary," Jay Lovestone.
Meany's spiritual and other relations to the CIA are
of long standing. His opposition to the Soviet Union and-
socialism reflects his devotion to U.S. imperialism. That
devotion accounts for his unconscionable support of the
ravaging of Indochina by the U.S.
Meany's devotion to U.S. imperiaiism is betrayal of
the most elementiry interests of the U.S. workers, is
enmity to the national liberation movement throughout
the world. . ?
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ApfldMeIe 2901/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R
INQU R
- 463,563
$ 867,810
FED 2 2 1972
Kee
STATI NTL
'Free Voices Speaking
Unless the unexpected happens, Congress
' today will let Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty die- of lack of funds. We believe that
such an eventuality would be a painful and un-
? thinking blow against the dissemination of ideas
and fact ? and against the human aspirations
of millions .of Eastern Europeans and Russians.
' The fiscal crisis is the product of a fit of ex-
cessive enthusiasm aboil-, -the spirit of detente
with clmmunism and legislative manipulation
largely deriving from the legislative-executive
tug-of-war ? and of peace.
'- The price tag is $36 million a year. Appropri-
ation bills have been passed by -both the House
and the 'Senate. The measures differ substan-
tially; among other things, the Senate version is
:for a one-year program and the House's is for
two years. No conference is scheduled, and a
temporary Continuation of funding runs out to-
night. ,
Without new funds, both organizations report,
they will have to disband within no more than
two weeks.
The most effective enemy of the new funding
effort has been Sen. J. William Fulbright,
whose opposition was succinctly defined in a
speech to the Senate last week: "These radios.
should be given an opportunity to take their
rightful place in the graveyard of cold war rel-
ics."
Much of the popular support enjoyed by Sena-
tor Fulbright and others who share his distaste
for the programs comes from the appalling fis-
cal history of the operations. Slightly more than
a year ago, Sen. Clifford P. Case divulged that
the preponderence of the radios' expenses for
their more than 20-year history had been sup-
plied ? covertly by the Central Tioualligence
Agacd1e the American people and Con-
gress had been left with the impression that pri-
vate contributions had been carrying the bur-
? den. , ?
The Nixon Administration backs a new pro-
, %.
gram, incorporated in the House-passed bill,
which would set up and fund a non-profit organ-
izaion independent of the government. Much of
the virtue of the stations' effectiveness has been
in the fact that their programinirig has not been
tied to official American foreign policy, a de-
tachment which the House proposal would keep
alive. Senator Fulbright managed to limit .the
Senate's bill to a one-year appropriation which
would put the stations under the control of the
Secretary of State ? thus involving them di-
rectly in policy.
For all the unforgivable impropriety and du-
plicity of the now-known CIA front operation,
the stations have served, we believe, an enor-
mously important role.
Both are headquartered in Munich. RFE.
broadcasts in native languages to Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Rumania,
and has a staff of about 1,600. Radio Liberty,
with a staff of about 1,C00, broadcasts in Rus-
sian and other languages used in the Soviet
Union. 4
In? the aftermath of Senator Case's disclosure, ?
Senator Fulbright asked scholars of the Library
of Congress to evaluate the programs. To his
surprise, the reports.were highly favorable; the
Senator refused to release them.
But a few days ago, the Radio Liberty report,
by the Library's Soviet and Eastern Europe ex-
pert, Dr. Joseph G. Whelan, was 'published in
the New York Times.
In part, Dr. Whelan's study said: "The reality
of Radio Liberty conflicts with its popular
image. It is neither a cold war operation nor is
its staff a group.of cold warriors. On the con- ?
trary, Radio Liberty accepts all Soviet institu-
tions, though not its ideolgy, and seeks to bring
about peaceful democratic change from within."
In contrast to the impression which Senator ?
Fulbright and other opponents seek to give, we
believe the effect of 'such communication is to
reduce the rigid polarization of people and poli-
cies in the Free World and the Soviet bloc.
- -Gradually, but significantly, we have seen evi-
dence that awareness of the ideas of the outside
world has encouraged intellectuals and others in
communist countries to press, sometimes with
startling effectiveness, for liberalization and re-
form. ?
' To send the major conduit of these ideas to
Senator Fulbright's "graveyard" for the sake
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? Inertia ? would be a sad and inexcusable act of
resignation.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R0011
11
SYRACUSE, .4jy.4-i 1.?
HERALD?JOURNAL,
E ? 129,656
HERALD?AMERICAN
S 251,094,
Fq?
Voices silenced
? Dr. Joseph G. Whelan, a Li-
brary of Congress specialist in So-
Viet and East European affairs, re-
forted to the Senate's Foreign Re-
ations Committee that the reality
pf Radio Liberty, threatened with
extinction, "conflicts with its popu-
lar image." ?
He advised the committee and
the Congress:
?; "It is neither a cold war opera-
? tion nor is its staff a group of cold
Warriors. On the contrary, Radio
Liberty accepts all Soviet institu-
tions, though not its ideology, and
seeks to bring about peaceful dem-
ocratic change from within.
L "The professionalism of the
piaff is apparent in the quality of
their product, their multilingual fa-
; ally, the unique combination of
American and western scholarship
With the native talents of former
'Soviet citizens, and finally the ex-
istence of an organizational spirit
that seems to arise from a convic-
? tion of participating in creating
positive change in the Soviet Un-
19n."
Another Library of Congress re-
searcher, James R. Price, ex-
pressed similar conclusions to the
pmmittee and the Congress in his
report on Radio Free Europe which
broadcastiToia-, Czechoslo-
t
STATINTL
vakia, Hungary, Poland and Ru-
mania.
Because Sen. J. W. Fulbright,
Arkansas Democrat, wants to sub-
stitute his foreign policy for that of ,
the Department of State, both sta-
tions are teetering on the edge of ,
dismemberment.
He has been blocking a House-
Senate agreement for current fund- .
ing and has been maneuvering to
eliminate funding for the upcoming
fiscal year.
The chairman of the foreign pol-
icy committee had hoped the Li-
brary of Congress reports would
support his own bias. Instead, the
researchers gave the two stations,
funded covertly by the CIA in pre-
vious years, not only an irra relfort
but an A for effectiveness.
For example, Dr. Whelan said
silencing Radio Liberty would dry
up an outlet for the underground
writers in the Soviet Union and
tune out a wave length that provid-
ed Soviet citizens with a "free
press."
"The liberalizing movement,"
he wrote, "will unquestionably re-
ceive a serious setback."
Sen. Fulbright, who asserted
these "relics of the cold war" t,
should be discarded, hasn't been
listening to his own sho4 wave re-
ceiver lately to cheek on what
. American listeners can hear.
The Senate's foreign policy com-
mittee should be relieved of legisla-
tive responsibility for these stations
to avoid dismantling their carefully
organized staffs. Then funds should
be voted for fiscal 1972 too.
The , stations are more in tune
with the realities of the world than ,
the senator.
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t7ASI-III.X=TC:7 "'CST
Approved For Release 2001/1,:ughpaYERDP80-016
STATINTL
Radio Free Europe Still Has a Part to Play
When American public?or political?opinion
swings, it tends to swing hard, and this is likely
to be more and more of a problem for the Nixon
Administration as it trumpets its "breakthrough"
in Peking this week and, presumably, further suc-
cesses in Moscow in May. No Matter what the true
measure of the rapprochement achieved in either
Communist capital, there will be a tendency on the
part of some to exploit a "new era" in world re-
lationships as a reason for scuttling anything and
everything that smacks of the dark, old Cold War
days. A case in point is the effort now being con-
ducted in the Senate, largely by Senator Fulbright,
to choke off appropriations for Radio Free Eu-
rope and Radio Liberty, which beam broadcasts into
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, respectively,
with the help of government funds. The CIA used
to finance these broadcasts covertly and after this
was brought inescapably to light two years ago, the
government took over the burden openly, but on a
temporary basis while debate continued about
whether these operations should be continued, and
In what form.
With the question still unsettled, a continuing
resolution authorizing temporary funding of RFE
and RL expires today and the money will run out
In a few weeks. This is just what Senator Fulbright
thinks should happen, his point being that every-
thing is changing, 'what with Mr. Nixon's new ap-
proaches and new evidence of conciliation in China
?
and the Soviet Union, and that therefore RFE and.
RL should "take their rightful place in the grave-
yard of Cold War relics." The Senator would have
is believe, on the basis of White House briefings
he has received about the President's policy, that
broadcasts of this sort behind the Iron Curtain are
contrary to the President's purposes in Peking and
Moscow.
The President, however, has not only never said
as much, but has actually expressed quite the oppo-
site view; in a recent letter to Mr.,Stewart Cort, the
chairman of a fund which seeks to raise private
money to supplement RFE operations, Mr. Nixon
said he thinks the free flow of information is "in-
dispensable" to more. normal relations between
East and West. Given the nature of the service per-
formed by RFE and RL, it would seem to us that
their programs fit the President's definition of what
is still needed in Europe, for all the bright hopes
of easing tensions and developing detente. For these
are not provocative, propagandistic diatribes and
still less do they "sell" America, U.S.I.A.-style.
Rather, what both stations attempt to do is tell the
people of Eastern Europe and Russia news about
themselves and their own countries which their
governments don't want them to hear. They do this
job professionally, responsibly, and effectively, by
almost all accounts, and the only real question for
Congress, in our view, is how RFE and RL should
be set up in a more permanent way so that they
can go on doing it.
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!UM 1:C2V;. Tir 123.
Approved For Release 2001/0SQ4REGIMIDP80-0160111.1IIIIIIIIIIII
Saving Free Voices'
For a generation now, Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty have contributed enormously to enlarging the
market place of ideas in Eastern Europe and the Soviet
TheiCtransmissions have made available to those
countries factual news of the outside World that the
governments involved would have preferred their 'sub-
jects did not know. In addition, these stations have broad-
Cast the writings of such dissidents as Nobel Prize-winner
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose masterly novels and sto-
ries are prohibited in the Soviet bloc. A Library of Con-
gress study of these stations, made at the request of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has paid high trib-
ute to these organizations' contributions toward liberal-
ization of the Soviet world.
, But now both these stations are threatened with extinc-
tion tomorrow unless House and Senate conferees end a
Congressional stalemate. This situation arose because
each chamber voted a different bill authorizing the con-
tinuation of these broadcasts.
If the deadlock kills Radio Free Europe and Radio
:Liberty, the chief gainers will be the Soviet bloc's hard-
liners who hate the two radio stations as allies of the
liberal and progressive elements in the Communist world.
Moreover, the demise of these broadcasts because of the
inability of House and Senate conferees to agree would
hardly project a flattering view of the American legisla-
tive system, nor would it add to American prestige for
Europeans to see an important political question decided
by a mere technic'al stratagem.
We believe the work of these two stations has a lasting
validity and importance, but even those of a different
view must realize that the existence of these organiza-
tions provides potential bargaining counters for President
,?Nixon's Moscow visit next May. At the least, all con-
cerned should be able to agree that a final decision on
the future of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty can-
not
be made until Mr. Nixon has returned from the Krem-
lin, and Congress can take a hard look at the post-Moscow
'.situation of. American foreign policy.
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. ?
FiliillING NEAR un barboleadeinasf the
rhme atceonnatlr, ')Inleodt aciloarn11.-
11 munist media, the Soviet Union
m and its allies have long sought
to still them. They are both
based in Munich and the Com-,
munist governments have put
pressure on West Germany to
revoke their authority to oper-
ate, a move up to now resisted
by Bonn.
The C.I.A. financing for the
stations ? about $36-million
yearly?came to an end last
year after Senator Clifford P.
? Case, Republican of New Jer-
sey, disclosed the extent of t
secret fuf.ling.
The Nixon Administration,
seeking to keep the organiza-
tions alive through direct Con-
gressional funding sought a bill
to set up a nonprofit organiza-
tion independent of the Govern-
ment to oversee their operation
But Mr. Fulbright was able
see their operation.
But Mr. Fulbright was able
to get the Senate to pass a
measure that would finance the
stations through the Secretary
of State for only one year. The
State Department, arguing that
the radios should be "independ-
ent" of the Administration
backed a House bill that would
provide funds for two years
and establish a two-year study'
group.
The differing House and Sen-
ate measures must be ironed
out in conference but only one
has been held and none is
scheduled before Tuesday's ex-
piration.
Mr. Fulbright has been ac-
cused of trying to "filibuster"
the stations to death by delay-
ing conference action. But his
staff denied this yesterday,
saying that Representative
Thomas E. Morgan, Democrat
? of Pennsylvania, the chairman
of the House Foreign Affairs
Committee, was out of town
last. week.
Scott Is 'Disturbed'
Nevertheless, Senator Hugh
Scott of Pennsylvania, the Re-
publican leader, said Friday
that he was "disturbed" that
the Senate conferees had not
met although "I understand the
House has been ready to meet."
He said the Administration
was "most concerned" that the
stations be allowed to continue.
Spokesmen for the Adminis-
tration have said that Presi-
dent Nixon was personally con-
cerned, but he has not spoken
Reteds6 20019,0810-
AlfilE9 AT RED BLOC
Cutoff Tomorrow for Radio
Free Europe and 2d Outlet
Unless Congress Acts
. By BERNARD GArERTZMAN
Special to The New York Tlmes
. WASHINGTON, Feb. 20?Ra-
dio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, the American-run sta-
tions born of the cold war and
' secretly financed for more than
'j 20 years by the Central Intern-
'.20
Agency, will lose their
? Government funding Tuesday
and are struggling desperately
to stay alive.
IIf Senator J. V.T. Fulbright,
. Democrat of Arkansas, has his
!way, the funding will not be
:renewed.
: "These radios should be given
an opportunity to take their
rightful place in the graveyard
of cold war relics," Mr. Ful-
bright,-the chairman, of the For-
,
eign Relations Committee, told
the Senate on Thursday.
Future Seems Bleak
But even if a compromise is
reached in Congress to provide
additional funds at least through
the end of the current. fiscal
year, which ends June 30, the
future of the organizations
seems bleak, even to their most
ardent supporters.
Through the years the C.I.A
provided about a half billion
dollars to the two stations,
which broadcast to the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe.
Radio Free Europe, with 1,600
employes, was founded in 1930.
It broadcasts in native languages
to Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Poland and Rumania.
Radio Liberty, with about 1,000
employes, was founded in 1951,
and ? broadcasts to the Soviet
Union in Russian. and other So-
viet languages. ,
I Nonprofit Operation Sought
1 Because.. 11-igif&tbef -
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?
cult to generate enthusia
appropriations of $36-million
annually in an era when the
focus is on negotiation and not
dispute with the Russians. Ex-
cept for Mr. Scott, few Senators
have spoken in favor of the
stations. ?
Senator Fulbright said that
the Administration was seeking
to keep "this old cold war pro-
gram on the books despite the
fact that neither the American
public nor the governments of
Western Europe are willing to
support such a continuation."
Fulbright Questions Sincerity
He said that continuation of
the two agencies raised doubts
about the sincerity of Mr.
Nixon's desire to negotiate and
improve relations with Cern-!
munist countries.
"I for one, and some of my
colleagues," Mr. Fulbright said,
"have not been willing to give
it a new lease on life. I hope
it will come to an end; I feel
it should come to an end?
it should be liquidated?if an
authorization ? is not enacted."
He indicated that he would
oppose another continuing res-
olution to finance the sta-
tions pending legislation. The
two radio stations have been
operating under such a continu,
ing resolution, which expires
Tuesday night.
Both stations have said that
they culd pay their expenses
for a week or two, but would
have to cease operations if
Congressional authorization
was not forthcoming by' the
end of the month. Congress al-
ready has passed an appropria-
tion bill providing funds until
June 30, but it was passed
contingent on approval of an
authorization bill.
Mr. Fulbright had earlier
asked for studies by the Libra-
ry of Congress on the effect-
iveness of the two stations. He
had hoped that those reports
would bear out his contention
that the stations should be dis-
banded. But the reports, made
available Friday to The New
York Times by the Foreign Re-
lations Committte, strongly
supported the stations.
Basic Policy Shift
The report on Radio Liberty,
written by Dr. Joseph G.
Whelan, a specialist in Soviet
and East European affairs, said
that the station's basic policy
had shifted from its early "lib.
eration" of the Soviet Union'
to "liberalization" as conditions
eased within Soviet society. ,
"The professionalism of the
staff," the report said, "is ap-
parent in the quality of their
research product, their multi-
lingual facility, the unique com-
bination of American and West-
e.rOMIROP80-016011k001100070001.-5
a en s
zens, and finally the existence
of an organizational spirit that
'seems to arise from a convic-
tion of participating' in creating
positive change in the Soviet,
Union."
"The reality of Radio Lib-
ctil; wieth its
report popular
continued,
age. It is neither a cold war
operation nor is its staff a
group of cold warriors. On the
contrary, Radio Liberty ac-
cepts all Soviet institutions,
though not its ideology, and
seeks to bring about peaceful
democratic change from with-
Mr. Whelan said that if Radio
'Liberty was, disbanded, the
Soviet people "will have lost
a free press for the inflow of
information" that could not be
duplicated by officially spon-
sored government radios. He
said it would also bring the
loss of a means of diSsemina-
tion of "samizdat," or under-
ground writings, throughout the
Soviet Union "with the conse-
quences that this ? liberalizing
movement will unquestionably
receive a serious setback."
Similar praise for Radio Free
Europe was expressed by James
R. Price in his Library of Con-
gress report.
A General Accounting Office
mem d to ?the Foreign Relations
Committee disclosed that Radios
Free Europe had received Gov-
ernment grants of $306*,890,469
and raised $46-million through
public fund raising. Radio Lib-
erty got $158,830,637 from the
governmeot. It did not solicit
public ftinds.
. ? ,
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Fulbright urges end of CIA broadcasts in Europe
WASHINGTON ? Labeling thb CIA-directed broadcasts to soc-
ialist Europe as obsolete, Sen. J. William F'ulbright (1)-Ark) told the
Senate Thursday that Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty are anach-
ronisms which should be abolished.
Fulbright declared, "The,American public recognizes this. So do
the western Europeans. The time has come for our government to rec-
ognize it too." .
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STATINTL
? , 7' ' ?r?
Rowland Evans and Robert Novak
Fulbright the Jammer
,THE INEXORABLE cam-
paign of Sen. J. W. Ful-
bright to cast U.S. foreign
policy in his own image has
almost strangled the broad-
'casts beamed into Commu-
nist Eastern Europe by
Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty.
' Operating from his power
base as chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, Fulbright is
within days of cutting off, at
least temporarily, vital U.S.
government subsidies for
the two programs. Unless
Congress acts before next
'Tuesday, Feb. 22; the money
stops.
' Congressional sentiment
for the broadcasts is so over-
-.Whelming that it seems im-
probable Fulbright will ulti-
mately succeed. But he has
come perilously close to
doing what two decades of
Moscow's electronic jam-
ming could not do: End non-
governmeatal communica-
tions between the United
States and some 200 million
residents of the Soviet
%Union and 100 million in
five other Communist coun-
tries.
BUT THE TWO programs,
ostensibly financed with in-
dividual American contribu-
tions, have been secretly
/ subsidized by the Central
Intelligence Agency. Even
after this Was disclosed in
1967, the Johnson adminis-
tration and then the Nixon
administration dawdled
about changing this clumsy
arra .?ment.
a year ago, Sen.
Clifford Case of New Jersey
forced action by demanding
an end to the CIA subsidy.
Belatedly, ? the administra-
tion proposed overt govern-
ment financing. Since then,
Fulbright has - doggedly
slowed down legislation. For
instance, last summer he
urged delay until the Li-
brary of Congress Congres-
sional Research Service
could' study whether "it is in
the public interest to pro-
vide additional tax dollars
for the two radios."
Despite F'ulbright.'s ef-
forts, the Senate and House
by the end of November had
passed separate bills financ-
ing the programs (at be-
tween $35 million and S38
million a year.) But a Jan.
26 Senate-House conference
to resolve the two bills?its
first and only session?met
icy opposition from Ful-
bright.
By Jan. 26, the Library of
Congress draft reports were
available. Fulbright was not
pleased. They warmly
praised the two programs
and recommended -contin-?
. ?
ued U.S. financing. Ful-
bright's staffers asked the
Library of Congress re-
searchers to rework their
papers. Meanwhile, other
members of the Senate-
House conference were una-
ware of the favorable re-
ports.
THOSE VOLUMINOUS
reports explain precisely
why Eastern Europe experts
are concerned by Ful-
bright's action. Radio Free
Europe, -? says one report,
"contributes substantially to
preserve, the reservior of
good' will toward the U.S."
by the Eastern Europeans.
"In some cases, regimes
have grudgingly adopted
some features desired by
their publics and supported
by Radio Free Europe."
The other Library of
Congress report suggests
"Radio Liberty encourages
detente, amelioratio'n of in-
ternational differences
through negotiations,
strengthening of the United
Nations as an instrument of
peace and creation of a
world system based on the
rule of law."
But both reports agree (in
language eagerly underlined
by Fulbright's staffers) that
the broadcasts are deeply
resented by the Communist
governments concerned. To
.?
Fulbright and his allies,
East-West detente is a mat-
ter for government-to-gov-
ernment negotiation, not for
a non-government informa-
tion service direct to East-
ern Europe's masses.
ACCORDINGLY, if the
programs are continued,
Fulbright wants them under
tight State Departnient reg-
ulation (though this is criti-
cized in the Library of Con-
gress reports). But he would
really prefer their death. A
compromise proposed by.
House and Senate staffers,
putting the two programs
provisionally under State
Department control,. has
been ignored by Fulbright.
Whether Fulbright can
kill the broadcasts may de-
pend on the two other Sen-
ate Democratic conferees:
Frank Church of Idaho and
Stuart Symington of Mis-
souri. Church is adamant
against Radio Free Europe
but friendly toward Radio
Liberty (because, mainly, of
its concern for Soviet Jews).
Symington tends to agree
with Fulbright but adds he
has an open mind. Neither,
however, was informed
about or has been aware of
the favorable Library of
Congress reports. Chairman
Fulbright the jammer has
seen to that.
, Publishers-Sall Syndicate
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?
Munich institute funded by CIA, paper reveals -
FRANKFURT ? The West German bourgeois newspaper, Frank-
furter Allegmeine Zeitung, said on Tuesday that the Institute for the
Study of the USSR in Munich is being financed from the same sources
as the Munich-based Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe, both of
which were set up by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. The Institute
was established in July, 1950, in Munich; its members are people who
Left the USSR with the Nazi forces in World War H. The Institute puts
)ut "scholarly" studies on the USSR in Russian, German, English and
Turkish. ?
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WASHINGTON STAR
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Letters to the Editor
Radio Free Europe
SIR: Your recent editorial, "Peace Corps Crisis,"
pointed up the power of a single member of the Con-
gress to work his will against a program he dislikes (for
whatever reasons of ,his own) despite general support
for that program, provided that that individual is in a
position in the congressional hierarchy where his word
Is the last to be heard on the matter.
I should like to call your attention to a similar
situation where the money involved is less than half the
requirements of the Peace Corps. I refer to the life-
or-death crisis involving Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty, which Senator Fulbright has criticized much as
Rep. Passman has done with the Peace Corps.
The odds at present appear very high that Sen.
Fulbright will do his best to close these media despite
favorable reports on their operations by the Library of
Congress and the General Accounting Office studies
the senator requested in the hope of obtaining material
to discredit them.
Munich, West Germany.
n
Thomas B. Crosson,
Budget Director,
Radio Free Europe.
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Senators Take Closer Look ": 2 3. MAR 1972
The Ludget for Foreign Policy
?
? . ?
\ By Murrey Marder ?
NOTHING CAPTURES the attention of again. But he is beyond the Committee's of-
federal -policy makers so quickly 'as laying a
hand on their supply of money. So when the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee began
hearings recently for the first time on the
State Department's budget there was conSid-
,erable interest in the government and in the
'press.
' To 'strike sustained sparks of headlines in
a congressional inquiry, however, there must
be at leaSt two adversaries to rub together.
?At the end of the first morning's hearing,
therefore, when affable Secretary of State
William P. Rogers finished an untrying ap-
'pearance in which he displayed no desiCJ-fo-
quarrel with 'anyone, especially presidential
-adviser Henry A. Kissinger, most of the
broadcasters, cameramen and writing press
packed up and left.
1 There Were glum looks around the State
/Department where morale is decaying even
'faster'thari Usual since the President's China
inission underscored so publicly what has
' ? long been so evident: that the most dramatic
foreign policy ventutes will continue to be
TUri -i3tri of the White House through the Kis-
.
singer apparatus, and that Rogers, in a Harry
'Truman phrase, will "not fuss" over it? at
least not publicly and visibly.
" Rogers, in a recent press conference and
In the Senate hearing, was consistent in
his insistence that he does not feel excluded
from anything, that "the system is working
Very well," that "the foreign policy is very
effective," and that in any event it is Presi-
dent Nixon, not Kissinger nor Rogers, who
'makes foreign policy."
Even though Rogers may be, as he said,
"perfectlY satisfied" with his r9le, the For-
eign Relations Committee chaired by Sen. J.
William Fulbright (D-Ark.) is not. Fulbright
and his fellow critics who have engaged in
an intermittent struggle with two adminis-
trations over the shaping of foreign policy -
have no personal quarrel with Rogers, a
longtime friend of Fulbright's and other
.committee members. 'However, they see
their Own' power eroded by state's lack of
combativeness in asserting its officially pro-
. claimed "primacy" in foreign affairs.
co-0
The nub of all this is that the Fulbright
committee's functions are derived primarily
from legislative jurisdiction over the State
Department. As state's influence in the
process shrinks, so does the committee's. It
has watched the shrinkage with chagrin
since President Nixon's decision in 1969 to
put Rogers, one of his oldest friends, at the
lop of State rather than an activist, ambi-
tious, foreign policy professional, and to
keep full control of foreign policy initia-
tive t in the White House, with Kissinger as
his conceptualizer, most-immediate adviser,
director of a National Security Council staff
that has grown greatly in size and power,
and even, as it has developed, supreme se-
cret sesnivriogyemArsiwalo gpo*haps. ?
/in, Pular elAuRt13iP6VR
eign Relations Committee members at Ful- When Fulbright, midway in the Johnson
bright's home and elsewhere?and plans to
administration, turned rebel over the Do-
ficial reach, across the dividing line of "ex-
ecutive privilege" that presidents invoke to
prevent advisers from testifying before Con-
gress.
One unannounced purpose of the budget
hearings was to explore whether Kissinger
In his NSC capacity, might be drawn across
the "executive privilege" divide to testify be-
fore Congress by reaching for him through
the National Security Act of 1947 which set
up the NSC.
Fulbright asked Rogers, a former attorney
general in the Eisenhower administration, if
he believed Congress intended the National
Security Council to assume the role it now
has in foreign affairs. Rogers said he did,
that the NSC was intended as "a forum for
presenting different views," with the actual
"decisions" made by the President. Ful-
bright, however, thinks that Kissinger's op-
eration has reached a scope never imagined
by Congress.
That issue was not pressed very sharply in
the recent hearings, but it is being pursued
more openly by the Federation of American
Scientists, who nOte that some presidential
advisers who wear several functional hats do
testify before Congress in capacities apart
from their confidential relationships with
the President.
What the Fulbright committee focused on
'most in two succeeding days were State De-
partment budget statistics. But there was an
underlying motive there too. For the same
reasons that its influence is linked to the
State Department's power, the committee is
hardly likely to use a meat-axe on State's
$563 million budget for 1973. It would be
skinning its own interests.
Until this month, the Foreign Relations
Committee never held authorization hear-
ings on a State Department budget, not even
in the so-called "great days" of the post-
World War II era, when Republican Arthur
Vandenberg of Michigan and Democrat Tom'
Connally of Texas teamed in bipartisan har-
mony with the Truman administration to re-
construct Western Europe, build NATO and
"contain" the Soviet Union. Fulbright, then
a young and enthusiastic supporter of that
Establishment philosophy, has come full cir-
cle on most of its premises.
The "great days" label was really a tribute
to the Senate committee's acquiescence and
cooperation with the Truman administra-
tion' S plunge into what Fulbright sees now
as imperialism, rather than an accolade for
the committee's independence or competi-
tiveness. The committee in those days was
the junior partner of the Executive Branch,
not a challenger. ?
It was normal practice then for the Execu-
tive Branch to quietly provide drafts of com-
mittee members' speeches: even drafts' of
committee reports. Vandenberg and Con-
nally, insistent on being privy to the "take-
off" of policy, were granted apparent co-pi-
c n erven on. an e ie nam wa:
relations between the Executive Branch an
. the Foreign Relations Committee. whic
u- F lbright now has headed longer than an
other Senator, spun into reverse. His con
j mittee was treated as hostile; to borrow th
euphemism that the Nixon aciministratio
concocted in Indochina, the Executiv
Branch's relations with the committee ofte
amount to "protective reaction": each, cite,
fires on the other preemptively, on the a:
sumption it will be attacked.
To compete in the foreign policy arena, th
Fulbright committee has stretched its imag
nation and resourcefulness. It has sent it
own staff investigators abroad, spotlightin
many U.S. involvements and commitment
never acknowledged in official public rec
ords; it has left a rebellious mark on man:
pieces of legislation, notably on the conduc
of the Indochina war, and the committei
now has put before the Senate a major bil
based on the work of Sen. Jacob K. Javit
(R-N.Y.) and others, to curb the President'
authority to use troops in war without con
gressional authority..
? C4.9 ?
The Nixon Doctrine's low posture, 'and tin
opening to China, are directions in whicl
Fulbright and his colleagues pointed loni
ago; but they want to move much faster anc
farther to wrap up the cold war and U.S. in
volvement overseas. Last year, the commit
tee hit on the device of attaching a rider tc
the foreign aid act, requiring the approva
of the Senate Foreign Relations and lious4
Foreign Affairs committees of the annual
budgets for State and the United States In
formation Agency. These budgets previousl
were subject only to clearance by appropria
tions committees, unlike the budgets of De
ferise-and many other departnients that reg
ularly are examined in both ways.
The first round of this new approach nom
has been played out in the budget hear
ings. One thing they showed was that most
senators were surprisingly unLmiliar wit):
routine day-to-day operations of the State
Department or State's, relation-,hip to the
complex NSC structure that Kissinger con.
trols. The bulk of foreign policy is not high
wire diplomacy, but increasingly, trade, aid
economic rivalry, technology, legal disputes
military weaponry, 'international confer.
ences, and the like.
In theory, through its examination of
State's budget, the committee, as Fulbrighl
expressed it, can "further the process of re
storing' Congress' proper rule in the making
of foreign policy."
Fulbright's committee new has acquirce
the capacity to influence the .priorities ol
State's spending. But that budget is one ol
the smallest in the federal government
even in embassies overseas, State Depart
ment employees represent only 16 per cenl
of all embassy employees, with the remain.
.der assigned by Defense, AID, CIA, or other
agencies.
Furthermore, budget work is tedious busi
ness, and attendance of Senate Foreign Rela
tions Committee members at hearings is al.
ready woefully spotty. At this point, the
committee' latest d arture in its' search
ovel but unproved.
00141000-710001?
THE IOND017 LULY T=rtr-111
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As British influence in Africa decl ned, so did British secret serv
, sending hundreds of agents to African capitals like Accra, Lag
to buttress sensitive states against communism and protect
? ? ,,
his exclusive series on the CIA
E. H. Cookridgc continues
RE adventurous operations
often bordering on the bizarre
which the Central Intelligence
Agency pursued in many parts
of the world are usually
ascribed to one man: Allen Dulles.
They culminated in the abortive in-
vasion of Cuba in 1961. When Dulles
departed from the directorship of CIA
after the Bay of Pigs debacle, he
certainly left an indelible stamp of his
Influence as the architect of the mighty
CIA edifice and its worldwide rami-
fications.
The policy of his successors has,
however, been no less forceful. CIA
activities under its present director,
Richard McGarrah Helms, may
appear less aggressive because they are
? being conducted with greater caution
and less publicity, and because they
have been adroitly adjusted to the
changing climate in international poli-
tics. In the past CIA gained notoriety
by promoting revolutions in Latin
American banana republics, and sup-
porting anti-communist regimes in
South-East Asia. Its operations in
Africa were more skilfully camou-
flaged. For many years they had been
on a limited scale because the CIA had
relied on the British secret service to
provide intelligence from an area
where the British had unsurpassed ex-
perience and long-established sources
of information. But with the emergence
of the many African independent
countries, the wave of "anti-colonial-
ist" emotions, and the growing in-
filtration of Africa by Soviet and
Chinese "advisers", British influence
declined. Washington forcefully
stepped, through CIA, into the breach,
with the avowed aim of containing
communist expansion.
? .
Financial investments in new in-
dustrial and mining enterprises, and
lavish economic aid to the emerging
governments of the "underdeveloped"
countries, paved the road for the influx
or hundreds of CIA agents. Some com-
bined their intelligence assignments
with genuine jobs as :technical, agri-
cultural and scientific advisers.
? The British Government - parti-
cularly after the Labour Party, had
come to power in 1964 - withdrew
most of their SIS and MI5 officials
from African capitals, though some
remained, at
rulers, to orAtPreir own new in- Africa, an v e a'
telligence and security services. CIA attractive, motherly woman, whom ing hydro-electric power for the
nn one would have suspected of hay-
A bloodless coup in Uganda in January last I
and installed Major-General idi Amin as mill
a section of his troops). How far was the C
protest in Santa Domingo. A pro-rebel poster attacks American mrervennon
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men began hurriedly to establish their
"stations" in Accra, Lagos, Nairobi
Kampala, Dar-es-Salaam, Lusaka, the
"sensitive areas- in danger of slipping
under communist svt ay.
By the mid-1960s several senior CIA
officials, such as Thomas J. Gunning
and Edward Foy, both former U.S.
Army Intelligence officers, were firmly
established at Accra. They were later
joined by William B. Edmondson, who
ng served for many years as a skilful
FBI agent before joining CIA and
being employed at Addis Ababa,
Nairobi, and Dar-es-Salaam, acquir-
ing fluency in Swahili. By 1965 the
Accra CIA Station had two-score
active operators, distributing largesse
among President Nkrumah's secret
adversaries.
The Americans had every intention
of helping Ghana's economy by build-
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