MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01443R000400190003-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 24, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Content Type: REPORT

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MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
1. Evidences of satellite status:
a. Mongolian People's Army, which achieved
victory in July 1921, was organized and equipped at
Kyakhta on Soviet soil.
b. Large Soviet force also occupied Mongolia
at this time.
c. Soviet force was not withdrawn until 1925.
d. Soviet troops had reentered Mongolia by 1935,
ostensibly to help Mongols repel Japanese border attacks.
Soviets were thereafter better able to assure the rise of
pro-Soviet Mongols to positions of power, e. g. Choy q Isan.
e. After the death of Stalin, Mongolia adhered to
the new prescription of collective leadership, and the prime
minister relinquished the party leadership.
f . Joint stock companies, dominated by the Soviet
Union, are responsible for the exploitation of important re-
sources, e. g. petroleum,
g. Members of the Mongol delegation seeking mem-
bership in the United Nations carried passports issued by
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow.
h, So far, the USSR has not allowed Mongolia to en-
gage in bilateral dip omatic contac with nations outside the
Communist bloc
2. Background,,
At present Outer Mongolia is known as a "people's
republic" -- the Mongolian People's Republic -- in official
Communist literature. Formally, Mongolia is not a part of
the USSR. Actually, it is a satellite government of the Soviet
Union, with which it is tied economically, politically, and by
a military alliance. Its status as a virtual colony of the Soviet
Union in the Far East casts doubt on the "independence" and
"sovereignty" claimed for it.
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From 1921, when the new Soviet government sent
military forces to Mongolia, the USSR has constantly
worked to exclude Chinese and Japanese influence in the
area, and to eliminate Mongol nationalists. After the Soviet
and "revolutionary" Mongols coup of July 1921, the USSR
became the main arbiter of Mongolia's internal politics.
Reliable students of Mongolian affairs, in particu-
lar F. S. Mansvetov and Dr. Poppe, take the view that the
Mongolian People's Republic is a satellite of the USSR in
much the same sense that Manchoukuo was a satellite of
Japan.
a. Internal control
The main Soviet agent in Mongolia is the Mon-
golian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), that is, the
Communist party of Mongolia. The MPRP is the recipient
of the Soviet demands that are made upon the Mongolian
people, As the only political party in Mongolia, it is in
absolute control of the government. The MPRP has explic-
itly stated that "there is no foundation for the existence of
another political party in our country" -- to quote a broad-
cast from Ulan Bator in 1954.
There can be little doubt that the Mongolian
Communist party is controlled by Moscow. Historically,
it has followed and complied with changes in the interna-
tional Communist "line" as set forth in Moscow. More re-
cently, in April 1954, the Central Committee of the MPRP
"collectivized" party leadership, in accordance with organi-
zational changes that had already taken place in the Soviet
and satellite Communist parties.
b. Soviet control of foreign relations
The foreign policy of Mongolia, too, is undoubt-
edly controlled and directed by the USSR. Since the incor-
poration in 1944 of Tannu-Tuva into the USSR
~, diplomatic relations were maintained only with
the Soviet Union. At present, such relations are restricted
to Communist regimes. Members of the Mongol delegation
seeking membership in the United Nations carried passports
issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow.
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In 1936, the Soviet Union concluded with
Mongolia a ten-year agreement binding both parties in
case of military attack to give each other all assistance
including military aid. In February 1946, the pact with
the USSR was renewed, without mention of any period of
duration for the alliance.
In the Sino-Soviet treaty of 14 August 1945
the USSR secured from the Republic of China a pledge to
abide by the results of a plebiscite to be taken among the
Mongols on the question of independence from China. The
subsequent, nonsecret vote, taken on 20 October 1945
showed a 100 percent preference for "independence," and
on 5 January 1946, the Chinese Nationalist Government
recognized this new international status for Mongolia.
Since 1948 the USSR has permitted the MPR re-
gime to assume a more independent posture in its inter-
national dealings. So far, however, the USSR has not al-
lowed the MPR to engage in bilateral diplomatic contact with
nations outside the Communist bloc. On October 15, 1948
the MPR established diplomatic relations with the Commu-
nist regime in North Korea, almost 27 years after the MPR
had received Soviet recognition (November 5, 1921). In
comparatively rapid succession thereafter, the MPR agreed
to exchange diplomatic representatives with Albania (May 17,
1949), Communist China (October 6, 1949), the "German
Democratic Republic" (April 13, 1950), Poland (April 14,
1950), Bulgaria (April 20, 1950), Czechoslovakia (April 25,
1950), Hungary (April 28, 1950), and Rumania (April 29,
1950). Progress toward actual exchanges has been desul-
tory. At present, the MPR regime has ambassadors at
Moscow, Peiping, and Pyongyang; its ambassador to the
Soviet Union is concurrently accredited to the governments
of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the "German Democratic
Republic," Hungary, Poland, and Rumania, and usually
makes an annual official call on the chiefs of these govern-
ments. The USSR, Communist China, North Korea, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, the "German Democratic Republic," and
Poland now have ambassadors at Ulan Bator (Ulaan Baatar),
the MPR capital; the Albanian Ambassador accredited to
Mongolia resides at Peiping, but the Hungarian Ambassador
resides in Moscow.
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c. Bid for participation in international bodies
In October 1946, the Mongolian People's Republic
asked for membership on the Allied Far Eastern Commission,
and for a share in Japanese reparations, stating that the re-
gime had suffered 675 casualties during the war. Neither
request was granted.
In 1946 and again in 1947, the USSR sponsored
Mongolia's application for. membership to the United Nations.
Both times the application was denied. The Republic of China.,
which had supported the application in 1946, changed its vote
in 1947, charging Mongol "armed incursions on Chinese terri-
tory." The latest report of an alleged popular demand in Mon-
golia for admission to the UN was in October 1950.
d. Relations with Communist China
Aside from the USSR, Communist China has been
Mongolia's most active diplomatic partner.
On 6 October 1949, the Communist Governments
at Peiping and Ulan Bator agreed to establish diplomatic
relations, but it was not until 14 February 1950, that the
Soviet and Chinese Communist Governments agreed between
themselves to recognize the "independent" position of the
Mongolian People's Republic.
Communist China is the only other country, be-
sides the USSR, that has concluded a formal agreement with
the Mongolian regime to promote "economic and cultural co-
operation." A 10-year renewable agreement for this purpose
was signed at Peiping on 4 October 1952. The agreement auto-
matically continues in force for another ten years unless spe-
cifically terminated by one of the parties,
As a probable indication of Soviet direction con-
cerning Mongolian matters, the agreement followed the visit
of both premiers Chou En-lai and Tsedenbal to Moscow.
Furthermore, Mongolia and Communist China have not en-
tered into an overt military alliance similar to the Soviet-
Mongol alliance of 1946, because the USSR probably still
wishes to retain the ultimate responsiblity for Mongolia's de-
fense.
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