LETTER TO FRANK R. BARNETT FROM ALLEN W. DULLES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R000400520008-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 26, 2002
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: March 19, 1956
• Content Type: LETTER

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19 1956
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PsycUologioal & Paramilitary
MEMCRAIDUM FCR: Director of Central Intelligence
VIA: Deputy Director (Plans)
SUB SECT: Mr. Frank R. Barnett t s Essay on "National
Survival in the Nuclear Age"
1. This memorandum suggests action on the part of the
DCI. Such requested action is contained in Paragraph 4.
2. You asked that I give you nor views on an appropriate
reply to Mr. Frank Barnettts letter to you to which he had attached
a copy of his paper on "National Survival in the Nuclear Age."
3. Mr. Barnettts paper discusses the problems of how the U.S.
can more effectively meet the threat posed by Soviet Communism
to the free world. He suggests that a new weapons, which he calls
"psycho-social warfare" be added to the U.S. arsenal. Essentially
he means by this that the U.S. should integrate all its resources,
military, economic, and political-rpsychologicalj, into an all-out
ideological struggle against the Communist Empire* It is apparent
from reading Mr. Barnettts essay that he has devoted a great deal
of intelligent thought to this problem. His analysis is for the
most parts, I thinks, sound. In his proposed approach, however, he
suggests a frontal assault on the internal weak points of the
Soviet power structure. As you know, NSC 5501 recognizes that it
is somewhat unrealistic to assume that the internal stresses and
conflicts within the USSR are of such seriousness that the U.S.
can hope, by action short of war, to precipitate the collapse of
the regime from within.
4. There is attached a suggested reply to Mr. Barnettts
letter.
COOPfEF:
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FORM Replaces Form 30-4 (40)
I AR 55 237 which may be used. U. S. GOVERNI URINT OFFICE: 1955-0-342531
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SSIFIED SECRET
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
TO
NAME AND ADDRESS
INITIALS
DATE
1?
2
3
4
5?
6
ACTION
DIRECT REPLY
PREPARE REPLY
APPROVAL
DISPATCH
RECOMMENDATION
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RETURN
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SIGNATURE
Remarks :
John:
The Director would like your
thoughts on a proposed reply.
He asked that you get this
back as soon as possible.
f
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
FROM: NAME,
ADDRESS AND PHONE NO.
DATE
March 56
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STAT
March 2, 1956
Mr. Allen W. Dulles, Director
Central Intelligence Agency
2430 "E" Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
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DATES V
It was a pleasure for me to renew my acquaintance with you
dinner party the other evening.
I hope my somewhat "brash" remarks about political warfare
were not misinterpreted by anyone as criticism of the splendid
work which I know your agency and Mr. Streibert's are doing.
What I was trying to say -- rather badly I'm afraid -- was
that American society in general is not hospitable to the conduct
of psycho-social combat. Moreover, limited government cannot
possibly compete -- on all sectors of the cold war battlefront---
with the Communist party working through total government to
mobilize all the cultural, intellectual, financial and military
resources of its empire.
I an enclosing a paper which I prepared for the Military-
Industrial Conference in Chicago recently and subsequently
delivered to the Army War College. It was certainly not meant
to be critical of any agency of government -- but rather to
persuade outside groups (particularly our business elite) to
devote some of their energies and vitality to this struggle we
are in.
A dinner party, I'm afraid, is not a particularly good place
to conduct a "seminar" in the whole weapons family of psycho-
social combat. Believe me, as a citizen taxpayer I am one of a
great many Americans who are delighted to pay for the things which
you and Mr. Streibert are working on, and I don't want to leave
the impression that I an being "negative". I think perhaps if
you of one of your staff has time to read this paper you will see
that I am really trying to support the operations of CIA by en-
deavoring to get outside groups to create a "moral and political
framework" in which government agencies can move more efficiently
to safeguard national survival.
Sincerely yours,
-~7-A-e~po- RO-AIVI-WC,
attachment
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WITHOUT FIGHTING A HOT ONE?
(An Essay on "Nuclear" Politics)
Remarks by Frank Rockwell Barnett
Director of Research
The Richardson Foundation, Inc.*, New York City
MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE
on
"National Survival in the Nuclear Age"
Chicago, Illinois
February, 1956
What Can We Do About the Soviet "Fourth Weapon"?
In the context of what we are told about the meaning of nuclear
weapons for National Survival, it seems imperative to devise strategy
to win the "cold"war. I therefore earnestly solicit this Military-
Industrial Conference to consider three points:
(1) Soviet Ideological Warfare is so "scientific" -- and has so
much firepower -- that it actually constitutes a new form
of "technology";
(2) Soviet unorthodox technology which might be described as
"fourth dimensional warfare" -- can outflank our hardware
and outmode our kind of technology;
(3) What are we going to do about itV,t
The opinions herein expressed do not necessarily represent those of
the Richardson Foundation, Inc,
Several specific suggestions -- in draft form -- will be found in
Appendix I, attached,
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Ideological Warfare Can "Outmode" Technology
Last April., an American businessman offered his government blue-
prints for a remarkable new "invention" in the field of national
defense. In our Individual Ownership Society such events are almost
routine. The unusual feature of this Invention was that -- although
it was designed to avert nuclear conflict-- it had nothing to do with
technology, as that word is normally defined in the free world. It had
everything to do with the extraphysical "technology", developed in the
arsenals of International Communism, which threatens to make orthodox
military science "obsolescent". Its purpose was to counteract over-
whelming Soviet superiority in ideological warfare.
Political Warfare Is Primary Threat
The businessman who devised that new type of weapon is both a
general and an engineer thoroughly familiar with the technical problems
confronting our military-industrial community. Yet here are the words
of General Sarnoff, Chairman of the Radio Corporation of America:
"The primary threat today is political and psychological. That
is the active front on which we are losing and on which, unless
we reverse the trend, we shall be defeated .... Unless we meet
this cumulative Communist threat with all the brains and weapons
we can mobilize 'for the purpose, the United States at some point
in the future will face the terrifying implications of Cold War
defeat. It will be cornered, isolated, subjected to the kind of
paralyzing fears that have already weakened the fibre of some
technically free nations. We will have bypassed a nuclear war --
but at the price of our freedom and independence. I repeat:
we can freeze to death as well as burn to death."1
Sarnoff, David; "Program For A Political Offensive Against World
Communism"; 1955; p. 16, (Underlined words were originally
Italicized.)
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General Sarnoff's thesis suggests our need to pose the problem of
"National Survival in the Nuclear Age" in two complementary forms:
(1) How to ensure that America will always maintain supremacy
in military hardware, logistics delivery-systems, electronic
warning devices, strategic materials, chemical and bacteri-
ological warfare, conventional armaments, technical manpower,
etc.; and
(2) How can America win the Cold War and thus prevent a Hot War
by mounting a political offensive to isolate and eventually
paralyze the seat of Communist war-making power.
Only by taking the offensive -- by all means short of atomic war--
can we hope to offset continuing Communist aggression in the realm of
ideas which delimit the use to which science can be applied. No society
which gears its morale and metaphysics to the strategy of Nothing-But-
Defense can hope to survive -- however formidable its technology,
We Can Lose -- With Our Arsenals Intact
The needs to achieve scientific supremacy and psycho-social
"know-how" are inseparable. We cannot wield the sword of all-out
psychological warfare unless we have a shield of air-atomic supremacy.
On the other hand, we cannot guarantee our own survival by merely
"staying ahead" of the Soviets in the area of science. We have been
ahead of them during the past eleven years when, in spite of our
technological superiority, they have scored terrifying victories by
irregular methods. It is quite possible that American Civilization
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can be disoriented and destroyed with its technical resources intact.
If our moral fuel cannot be replenished, if we disregard the innova-
tions of our opponent or fail to match the courage and vitality of
the "barbarian horde", if we forget our purpose and lose our passion
as free men -- then, almost certainly, we shall be shot down "out of
control" into the dead seas of history.
Our "Arsenal" Is Supremely Important
It is, of course, supremely important for this nation to win the
contest of science and engineering with our Soviet opponents. If, at
any stage of the race, the Communists precede us through the "thought
barriers" of technical advance, we may expect no mercy. The Kremlin
will not scruple to blackmail us into "peaceful coalition" in the World
Soviet State. The questions discussed. at this conference, therefore,
are fearfully relevant to the survival of our civilization. We. can.
never ask ourselves too earnestly: "How can a free society -- with
many goals -- compete with a single-minded tyranny in war production,
military invention, scientific creativity and technical skills?"
But The Arsenal Can Be Dismantled By "Politics"
And yet we dare not frame those questions for military-industrial
research without taking into account the whole range of our enemy's
capabilities and intentions. Unfortunately for us, the Communists
are using political techniques to dismantle or inactivate our technology.
They have learned the art, as well as the science of 20th century
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warfare. They have discovered that nuclear firepower can be spiked
with "nuclear politics"."
Throughout all history, the pen (or the thought behind the pen)
has proved mightier than the sword in determining the long-run course
of events. Our age has altered the symbols but not the substance of
that equation. Today, Communist psycho-social warfare is in some
respects mightier than American cyclotrons. The enemy has introduced
into political science the equivalent of non-Euclidean geometry and
extra-Newtonian physics. Our own political techniques stand in rela-
tion to theirs as a 16th century cannon ball compares to the atomic
warhead of a guided missile.
Nuclear Politics Can Interdict Hardware
Nuclear firepower is often impotent on battlefields selected,
isolated and dominated by nuclear politics. (5,000 years of "diplo-
macy" suggest that espionage, policy diversion and world peace fronts,
coupled with a "strategy of terror", can isolate a battleground much
more effectively than airpower.) Political symbols can interdict
hardware, as in Korea and at Dien Bien Phu. "Concepts",-- sometimes
based on false hopes and irrational fears -- can provide sanctuary for
Nuclear firepower, based on the principle of splitting the atom,
enables a nation to turn enemy industrial and military sites into
radioactive rubble. "Nuclear politics", based on the principle
of splitting the opposition, enables a power'group to seize an
opponent's capital equipment intact. (In the framework of our
ethics, it means (a) removing fraudulent Communist management --
by political means; and (b) turning the capital equipment back to
the legitimate stockholderse the peoples of Russia, Poland, China,
North Korea, Czechoslovakia, etc., etc.)
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enemy firepower or permit an opponent to occupy the all-commanding
ramparts of Time.
At the present moment, American technology and industrial know-
how are evidently incapable of preventing the Communists from:
a. penetrating the Middle East with military and economic missions;
b. increasing their stores of guided missiles, submarines, stra-
tegic bombers and hydrogen weapons;
c. building airfields in North Korea in violation of the truce;
d. infiltrating free Indo-China, South Korea, Africa and South
America;
e. working towards "legitimate" seizure of power in Indonesia;
f, working to dismantle American airbases in North Africa,
Iceland and elsewhere by political warfare techniques;
g. maneuvering to unravel NATO military power with propaganda,.
peace offensives and "popular fronts";
h. manipulating a World "Peace Front" designed to strait-jacket
U. S. military power;
i. training, literally, tens of thousands of "students" from
underdeveloped areas in the arts of espionage, policy diver-
sion, sabotage, guerrilla warfare, propaganda,agitation and
cultural subversion.
Soviet-Style "Peace" Is Actually a Weapon
The alternative to atomic war is not "peace" as that word is
defined by men-of-good-will. "Peace", to the Soviets, is something
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quite different from a genuine attempt to negotiate international dis-
putes with due regard for justice and the primacy of reason, "Peace"
to the Soviets, is a weapon, or rather a cloak for the daggers of
subversion and irregular warfare, We try to "preserve" peace; they
"wagd'it. To us, "peace" is something finite, static. To them,
peace" is a perverted form of international group dynamics which
enables Communism to envelop and encircle the last bastions of freedom,
Soviet Peace, in short, means "conquest without hardware",*
The strategy of Genghis Khan as practiced by the conspiratorial
elite of International Communism -- takes maximum advantage of our
adherence to the "rules of the game" established by the Congress of
Vienna. There is not one shred of evidence to indicate that the men
in the Kremlin can be trusted to keep a "pledge" not to use nuclear
weapons -- or any other promise whatsoever. There is a library of
evidence -- and the ruined lives of millions of enslaved peoples --
to prove that Asiatic Communism cynically regards our code of ethics
as the modern -- and psychological -- equivalent to the strangling
noose by which traditional Oriental despots dispatched their victims.
At the price of defeat, the French learned that a Maginot line--
designed for a war of position -- was simply "not germane" to a war
of movement. America has not yet learned that she is entangled in a
"peace" of movement. Our psychological weapons are not capable of
tracking the target. We have no political "fire control" -- no
ideological radar, Our Aristotelian diplomacy cannot encompass
multi-leveled Soviet strategy,
Algebraic symbols can distinguish various meanings of "peace". For
example: Peacel = war between Minor Powers only; Peace = "police
action's w/o use of atomic weapons; Peace3 = nothing but non-military
violence (revolution by judicial decree, administrative law and "legal"
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Needed: A Reappraisal of Defense Premises
It is imperative that our Defense Philosophy does not develop
hardening of the categories,, The danger is real, for we are crossing
the threshold of the Second Industrial Revolution, Along with our
Communist enemies, we are accelerating into that era on a curve of
invention that promises to disappear completely from the two-dimensional
progress charts we have known in the past. The limitless applications
of automation, atomic energy and UNIVAC may create a technological
matrix in which the familiar rules of diplomacy, the premises of politi-
cal and social science, and the "laws" of classical, Keynesian or
Marxian economics may simply be "inapplicable'.
More important -- from the viewpoint of this Conference -- we
may discover too late that even the so-called "ultimate" weapons of
our military-industrial society are pointing in the wrong direction.
It would be wise, therefore, to re-examine the hidden assumptions
which underlie Defense Policy. This task is especially important
today, for one of the strategic goals of Soviet symbol-warfare is
to fracture the very structure of thought and pervert the meaning
of language in which thoughts about National Survival are necessarily
expressed.
The Enemy is Increasing HIS Lead And Decreasing OURS
One problem seems to be this: the Soviets are steadily closing
the gap in that area of orthodox technology in which we have enjoyed
a temporary advantage; at the same time, they are widening the gap in
confiscation ; Peace e conflict limited to economic, political, ide-
ological and guerrilla warfare; Peaces = the "peace" of the desert or
the dungeon; Peace6 = absence of all struggle; Peace7 etc., etc. In
discussing "peace", it is terribly important to keep your opponent's
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the area of political "technology" in which we have no competence
whatsoever. If we were not able to "contain" the Communist ideological
thrust -- at a time when we had. a decisive margin in military power --
how much worse off will we be when Moscow has achieved relative "parity"
in the technical, economic, military and industrial fields?
We are gradually being maneuvered into a position in which we will
have only one weapons-system and, therefore, one choice: to surrender
or cremate the earth. The Communists, on the other hand, with a variety
of weapons-systems will always be able to keep their atomic powder dry
and advance their cause with sabotage and subversion, conspiracy, propa-
ganda, internal revolution, administrative law, infiltration, policy
diversion, coup d'etats, "guerrilla diplomacy", and psychological
assaults on our willingness to take calculated risks.
Nuclear Politics Is "Economic"
At the tactical level, Soviet psychological warfare has already
created. "alarm, despondency and confusion" throughout the free world.
It swept the resources of Czechoslovakia -- together with the vast
munitions complex of Skoda -- into the Communist military empire
without costing the Communists a drop of Russian blood. With its
legions of highly trained cadres, it transferred four hundred million
Chinese to the Communist side of the Balance-of-Power ledger. By
alternately relaxing tension and increasing frustration, Soviet psywar
drives its opponents from despair, through neutralism, toward panic
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No walls of materiel can shield a nation's soul from the poisoned
radiation of nuclear politics. The function of these invisible rays
is to cause cancer of the will -- for once the will has been eaten
away, nerveless fingers may not dare to push the buttons that launch
the wonderful, gleaming gadgets on which our hopes for survival were
wrongly based. The most economic way to capture any citadel is from
within. For that reason it Is not true that "nobody wins a modern
wart, If the battle is joined with the weapons of nuclear politics,
the industrial potential of the capitalist world can be seized intact.
Psycho-Social Warfare Is A "Concept" and A "Weapons-Mount"
The real secret of Soviet political warfare, of course, is that
it is not just a modus operandi. It is a way of life, a philosophy
that permeates every facet of Communist culture and suborns all human
activity for the cause of conflict. Here is how the late Robert S.
Byfield, former United Nations Representative of the New York Stock
Exchange, described what he called the Soviet "Fifth Weapon". Com-
munist political warfare, wrote Mre Byfield, is a "methodology" which
enables the Kremlin to achieve the total co-ordination and integration
not only of conventional weapons, but of all branches of physical
science, art, diplomacy, linguistics, anthropology, economics,
semantics, law and mythology. "The manipulation of traditional
weapons -- plus psycho-social warfare -- in a new dimension and on a
global scale brings a new equation to twentieth century warfare:
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the whole equals the multiplication of its parts'".2
In his collected notes on what he hoped might become a "field
manual" on the workings of the Fifth Weapon, Byfield explained how the
Soviets have applied our technical ideal of "standard and interchange-
able parts" to their geopolitical strategy:
"The first three weapons are, of course, conventional land,
naval and air warfare. The Fourth Weapon is psycho-social war-
fare, with all its economic and diplomatic aspects, The Fifth
Weapon is really the framework or weapons-mount for psycho-
social-military warfare -- a framework which gives the Fourth
Weapon and the other three weapons their widest conceivable field
of fire, range and effectiveness.
"In other words, the Fifth 'weapon' is really a concept of total
conflict. It is simply the imaginative ability o n egrate and
manipulate the first four weapons as co-ordinate parts of an
overall operational policy. The result is the functional inter-
changeability of, say, a covert threat to use guided missiles
against Britain, a 'germ warfare' charge against the United
States, and/or a maneuver in the Economic and Social Council of
the United Nations.t13
Byfield points out that the Fifth Weapon has revolutionized. 20th
Century warfare much as the interchangeability of rifle parts revolu-
tionized infantry warfare a little over 100 years ago. He then recalls
how Roger Burlingame in his Machines That Built America "describes the
astonishment of British Army Officers who, at the Crystal Palace Ex-
hibition of 1851, witnessed, the first demonstration of interchange-
ability conducted. by the Windsor, Vermont, firm of Robbins and Lawrence",4
2Byfield, Robert Ss; The Fifth Weapon; the Bookmailer, New York City;
1954 poiii,
31bid; ps 2 (Underlined words were originally italicized,)
41bid; pat,
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Burlingame tells this story:
"The American then took the rifles apart and, gave the British
officers the same sort of demonstrations Eli Whitney had once
given in Washington, picking the parts at random and fitting
them together. The officers crowded round watching with amaze-
ment as if the Yankee had been a magician,
""Think what that means." the lieutenant said. 'Rifles could be
damaged in battle and repaired on the field! Wait till our
ordnance people see thisi It would save us hundreds of thousands
of pounds.""5
Byfield observes that the "Interchangeability of the diplomatic,
psycho-social, propaganda and 'hardware' parts of the Soviet Total
Weapon not only saves our enemy "hundreds of thousands of pounds."
It may yet grant him a relatively inexpensive victory over Western
civilization which seems to know no alternative to appeasement except
the threat of radioactive rubble, 16
Byfield then cites a specific example to illustrate the Fifth
Weapon in Action:
"In the Summer of 1954, Ho Chi Minh stopped his tanks and called
off his guerrilla troops in far off Indo-China, even though he
stood at the threshhold. of total victory over demoralized French
forces. Why? We may suppose that his masters' real objective
was to pre-condition the French people to accept the baited hook
of "co-existence", which, in turn, led inevitably to the rejec-
tion of the European Defense Community by the French Chamber
of Deputies. Without suffering any additional casualties, the
Communists, via the Fifth Weapon, used the political maneuver of
Viet Minh guerrillas to prevent, or at least delay, the creation
of 12 German divisions -- on the other side of the world.""7
5 Burlingame, Roger; Machines That Built America; Harcourt Brace and
Company, New York City; 1953; -P-7-11-3-77
6
Byfield, op. cit.; pp. 2 - 3.
7 Ibid; p. 3.
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U. S. vs. Soviet Psywar -- A Comparison
By comparison with the Soviet model, American psywar is a homemade
auxiliary engine starved for fuel, improperly designed, and wholly
disconnected from all of the flywheels, propeller shafts and communi-
cations circuits of our National Defense apparatus.
This is not the
fault of the able handful of men who have been assigned to the task.
It can be traced, rather, to a flaw in the metaphysics of National
Security -- and even to a fracture in the "spiritual structure" of a
civilization which has lost some of the elan and esprit de corps with
which it undertook the most exciting experiment in human freedom known
to man.
Our psychological warfare today -- compared to the Soviet counter-
part -- Is about where General Billy Mitchell's Air Force was thirty
years ago. Imagine restricting the mission of SAC to the role of
reconnaissance for battalion artillery, and you have an accurate pic-
ture of how effectively we are exploiting a weapons-system that could
actually prevent atomic warfare. The few experts we have in the field
have been condemned to wander between the great empires of State,
Defense and Foreign Aid as refugee ambassadors of a non-existent king-
dom. Their credentials have never been recognized. Yet, on the
other side of the Iron Curtain, political warfare not only has equal
representation on the Soviet Joint-Chiefs-of-Staff; it is the Joint-
Chiefs-of-Staff -- and the Foreign Ministry as well.
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What Can Be Done About It?
So much for a cursory analysis of Soviet "Fifth Weapon" capability.
The practical question is: "What can be done about it?" Fortunately,
some concrete answers have already been suggested by a practical-
minded engineer, the Chairman of RCA. A good deal of primary thinking
has been reduced to a "working paper" in General Sarnoff's Program For
A Political Offensive Against World Communism, a public document which,
I believe, can be obtained by writing to RCA in New York. My earnest
hope is that a Special Committee, recruited from the members of this
Conference, might be willing to probe the problems outlined in that
paper and then help fashion the technical blueprints for an American
Fifth Weapon.
The Soviet System Is Vulnerable
The situation is far from hopeless. For, owing to one of the
grim jokes of history, Soviet capability in psycho-social combat is
matched by Soviet vulnerability to those same weapons. We have said
that nuclear politics is the "science of splitting the opposition".
Some social orders are far more fissionable than others, and, in
the table of political elements, the Communist Empire corresponds to
uranium. If we can find ways to subject that unstable mass to pitiless
bombardment -- with the neutrons of "competitive subversion" -- the
release of human energy from inside the slave world can destroy forever
the war-making power of the Kremlin.
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That hypothesis can be documented. Everywhere behind the Iron
Curtain, suspicion and fear are cracking the Communist system.
Potential resistance needs only to be activated and given purposeful
direction. Here are some of the known facts:
a. Between 1919 and 1939 there were 30 sizable revolts, rebel-
lions and plots against the Kremlin dictatorship.
b. At least 12 million Soviet citizens are in Communist prison
camps. Most of those people have been accused of political
crimes.
c. In the USSR it is necessary for the regime to employ about
two million security police, including special agents to
watch the secret police.
d, In Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland,
as well as in Russia, frequent purges of the highest ranks
of the party, the army and the bureaucracy are necessary to
prevent "treason". In the Baltic states and in the Asiatic
Republics, resistance has been so widespread and stubborn
that the Soviets have been forced to use genocide to stamp
out rebellion.
e. An undeclared form of "civil war" between peasant and com-
missar rages continuously throughout many remote provinces
of the USSR,
f, The Germans, in 1941, almost overthrew the unpopular Soviet
government by promising freedom to oppressed nationalities.
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g. At least 3 million Red Army troops surrendered to the Germans
in the first eight months of the war, and a Russian general,
Vlassov, led a Russian army against Stalin.
h. Three hundred thousand Ukrainian.nationalists fought against
the Kremlin. (Only Nazi atrocities enabled the Communist
party to regain temporarily the loyalty of the Soviet peoples.)
i. The Red Army itself is unreliable. Thousands of officers and
men have deserted to the West since the end of World War II --
in spite of forced repatriation, shameful neglect and Moscow's
effort to promote "redefection".
j. Communist leaders do not trust Red Army officers. The high
command of the army is frequently purged or reshuffled.
Military heroes disappear into the shadows when they grow
too popular with the Russian beople.
k. Mutual fear and distrust between political and military
leaders, and the hatred. of Red Army officers for the police
spies of the MVD are corroding the Soviet dictatorship, just
as the rivalry between the German Wehrmacht and Hitler's SS
helped to disintegrate Nazi power.
1. Satellite armies are even more untrustworthy.*
The following books are especially helpful in documenting the Resis-
tance Potential inside the Communist Empire:
Anders, Lt. Gen. W., Hitler's Defeat in Russia. Regnery, 1953.
Fainsod, Merle, How Russia is Ruled. Harvard University Press, 1953.
Lyons, Eugene, Our Secret Allies: The Peoples of Russia. Little,
Brown, 1953.
Schwarz, Solomon., The Jews in Soviet Russia. Syracuse University
Press 1951.
"Slave Labor in the Soviet World." AFL Free Trade Union Committee,
1947 - 53.
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Neededo Stress Analysis of Enemy Society
"Who will guard the guard?" is the question that tears at the
whole Communist fabric of tension and control. Think what could happen
if America -- with the resources of our"melting pot" society - were
to amplify that question in a dozen different inflections. The Voice
of America, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberation have kept alive
some remnants of hope in our allies behind the Iron Curtain. But
propaganda is not enough. We need to develop the whole "family of
weapons" which belongsto the arena of psycho-social combat.
The "Technicians" at this Military-Industrial Conference could
be enormously helpful in that job,, In the Western World scientific
method and the engineering mind have not yet been applied to the
problems of nuclear politics. No one has yet performed. a "stress
analysis" of Soviet Society. No one has determined the resonance
frequency at which an external force could result in self-destructive
oscillation. No one on our side of the Curtain has dared to imagine
a "target-seeking" psywar missile, triggered by the hidden aspirations
of men who live in slavery,
Nuclear "Stalemate" May = Guerrilla Warfare
It may be that the Ultimate Weapon of the next war is Man himself;
victory will go to that side which sends the strongest unbroken sig-
nals to the brain and heart. The guided missile race could create a
situation in which the balance of power would be determined by the,
ingenuity and stamina of guerrilla captains, armed with portable
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transmitters and miniature printing presses -- as well as machine guns.
Moreover, defection of one man can turn an opposing army in the other
direction, ground an enemy air fleet on neutral soil, or tear out the
vitals from an espionage network. Paradoxically, the age of atomic
firepower may see the re-emergence of the individual "champion" whose
daring and skill in the arts of irregular warfare can engineer a
coup deetat while the hardware stands immobilized by nuclear politics.
Irregular Weapons For America
These lessons in unorthodox warfare suggest a plan for the future.
There are already hundreds of thousands of Iron Curtain refugees on
our side of the Iron Curtain. Each is a "symbol" in the minds of his
still enslaved. countrymen. A Volunteer Freedom Corps of Free Chinese,
Free Poles, Free Balts, Free Czechs, Free Hungarians -- and Free
Russians (together with many others) -- might be attached to allied
or UN armies in both Europe and the Far East.
Imagine a battalion of Free Polish Volunteers, stationed opposite
the Communist-controlled army of Red Poland., a satellite army composed
of many freedom-loving soldiers pressed into service against their
11
In our own past, Washington subverted the Hessians; and that great
scientist-statesman, Benjamin Franklin, connived at smuggling and.
other "black operations" on the high seas in order to wage economic
warfare in the cause of independence. Men like Stonewall Jackson
or Giuseppe Garibaldi or a Boer Commando named Smuts will never be
obsolescent. Even in World War 11, Otto Skorzeny was worth 20
German divisions, while Hitler was almost overthrown by a handful
of anti-Nazi pattiots. On the other side of the world, in Japan, a
master spy named Richard Sorgeenabled Moscow to make policy decisions
that altered the course of human history.
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will. The Free Polish unit would serve as a political magnet to in-
crease the rate of defection, a psycho-social instrument that would
enormously complicate the command function of Communist officials and,
in time, compel the enemy to smother all military efficiency in an
insupportable web of counter-security. Such a Freedom Corps valuable
as a Fourth Weapon during a period. of Cold War -- would have other
special assignments in case of renewed Communist aggression.
Korea re-emphasized what military historians had learned from
recording the mass defection of Soviet Nationalities during World War
II: the rigidities of the Communist police state cannot be imposed on
the flux of war. At one stage of the Korean War, North Korean and
Chinese conscripts surrendered by the thousands, waving safe conduct
leaflets prepared by Army and Air Force psywar units. Our Fourth
Weapon did work in Korea; but, unfortunately, we were still thinking
in tactical rather than strategic terms. We treated ideological
defectors as conventional prisoners -- not as potential volunteer
allies who would have been glad to talk through loud speakers to their
erstwhile comrades across the line.
If the Communists start another limited war, we should be prepared
to rush battalions of Free Corps paratroopers -- Chinese, Russians,
Indo-Chinese, et.al, -- to the scene of combat. Knowing the mores
and language of the units they oppose, these elite commandos can
arouse the resistance potential always latent in peasant conscripts
whose farms have been collectivized and whose families have been
purged by the Communists. The West, if it is shrewd enough to develop
its own Fourth Weapon, can actually set up recruiting stations for
enemy battalions on the field of battle.
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The Unique Value of the Conference
May I conclude with an appeal to the Conference? This is a
unique experiment in the cross-fertilization of ideas relating to
National Survival, The sponsors of this gathering have shown great
vision in bringing together experts from industry, science, the armed.
forces and professional societies. Here you are pooling special in-
sights and evolving what amounts to a many-sided "Philosophy" of
Defense, through which planning and procurement, research and technical
manpower, education, finance and military strategy can be mixed and
managed in the best interests of the nation.
But in this century of total war, might it not be wise to evolve
a Metaphysics of Survival in which Military-Industrial power is related
to the "other" weapons-systems now available to our enemy? You may
reply that this is not the job of the scientist and the businessman,
or the general and engineer. The answer to that objection, I think,
is that in our democracy the citizen-technician cannot abdicate his
responsibility to take part in framing those political "questions for
research" which predetermine strategy,::
We must all stand watch over the moral gyroscope of our civiliza-
tion. If it fails at the critical hour, no one will be able to find
the target or aim the guns. What we may need, therefore, is a new kind
of Defense University devoted to:
-: In our 20th Century world, the man who analyzes the factors which
guide a nation's destiny might paraphrase the counsel a poet once
gave to a king: "I care not who makes a country's laws or writes its
songs if I can frame the question for research." A problem well-stated
is a problem half solved; conversely, the wrong questions can
misdirect energy, talent, treasure -- and even an entire
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a, interdisciplinary research -- in political as well as
scientific fields; and
b. the integration of the metaphysics of atomic firepower with
the philosophy of psycho-social combat.*
Conclusion
One word more. The ultimate weapon is neither military-
industrial power nor psychological warfare. The ultimate weapon is
human courage -- for without courage, airpower could never complete its
mission, and plans for psychological operations would be pigeonholed in
some government department. Courage, in turn, is based on faith in
certain unalterable moral laws. Our nation, as President Eisenhower
has so often remarked, was founded on belief in those same laws.
Unfortunately, some people have forgotten the true meaning of
America. The Communists, who distort the meaning of language, have stolen
some of our most precious symbols. We are already half afraid of the
honorable word "revolution", although we are the true revolutionaries.
It was an American Revolution that gave the world its finest
revolutionary ideal --- the notion that government is the servant, not
the master, of the people.
The Communists -- who call us "reactionary" -- have turned society
back to the days of the Pharaohs. The monuments to "Socialist Progress"
erected. in the USSR -- like the pyramids of ancient Egypt -- have been
built with slave labors
On the other hand, we Americans have developed the most flexible,
continually progressing society known to man. Our so-called "masses"
already enjoy luxuries undreamed of in other parts of the world.
:. A rigorous philoso hy of National Defense would include analysis of
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22 Our unique type of capitalism -- almost as different from European
cartel-capitalism as it is from Socialism -- produces more welfare and
more social justice than Communist functionaries would even dare to
imagine, But beyond that is the fact that we are truly free men. We
have plenty AND freedom, together.
We are, in short, so securely based that we can even convert some
Communists. In every play of the game, we must be tough-minded.; but
the strong can afford to be charitable. There are "Communists" behind
the Curtain who are only nominal members of the party; they joined to
advance their professional careers as engineers or doctors or sclen-
tists. There are pathetic wretches who have been blackmailed into
serving the MVD. There may be men at the highest levels of the bureau-
cracy and the Red Army who despise themselves secretly for what they
are forced to do. One task of the American Fourth Weapon is to open
escape hatches for fellow human beings. Their conversion could save
millions of lives.
One word of caution.. The American Fourth Weapon, when it is
properly developed, will be almost the reverse of the Soviet counter-
part. It will be overt, not covert, We cannot compete in deceit, in
trickery, in bribery and in subversion with the Communists. We must
understand their methods, not emulate them. For if every facet of human
activity is perverted by "gamesmanship", the open society will be
destroyed -- even though, technically, it "defeats" the Communists.
policy ---- for example: (1) that, under no circumstances, should the
U.S. "go it alone"; (2) that Communism is caused primarily by poverty
and can be checked by "economic development"; (3) that it is "sound
policy" to balance the budget since the Communists are "trying to force
us to spend ourselves to death"; (4) that the Soviets are rational and
won't do anything "foolish"; (5) that it is better strategy to "win over"
neutral nations with soft words than to encourage the underground forces
inside the Communist world with tough-minded policies; etc., etc.
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It is doubtful that America has lost ground in the world because
she tries to apply ethics to foreign policy. It may be that we have not
been moral enough, Machiavelli fashioned one key to human experience,
but that key unlocks a narrow, ill-lighted closet, A man named Washington
held the key to a brighter room when he said: "Let us raise a standard
to which the wise and honest can repair. The event is in the hands of
God." On this framework we can erect the American Fourth Weapon -- and
help the rest of mankind to build (for themselves and in their own ways)
mansions of liberty and economic security,
It is often said that we are engaged in a War of Ideas. Unfortun-
ately, we have been deploying little, "status quo" ideas In a vain effort
to contain the dynamic gospel advanced by the missionaries and conquis-
tadors of the Communist Church Militant. It is time that we uncover our
ideological "heavy artillery". Do we really believe that governments
which do not rule with the consent of the governed are illegal and should
be abolished? Then let us extend that article of faith beyond. the limits
of the Anglo-Saxon world, Moral law applies to all human'beings --
including Slavs and Chinese,,
By the test of our own Declaration of Independence, all Communist
rule is illegitimate and deserves to be overthrown by peoples seeking
life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, And if we are as true to
our faith as the Communists are to theirs, we should help plan and pro-
mote the social and political disintegration of Moscow's criminal con-
spiracy against the Russian, Chinese and "satellite" peoples. Eternal
hostility to tyranny: that is the b?2 idea which lies rusting in the
arsenal of a Young Republic whose message once inspired the whole world
to hope that the Divine Right of kings and dictators had been forever
banished from the earth
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Frank Rockwell Barnett, former Wabash College professor, is a
World War II veteran who became a Russian interpreter for the 69th
Infantry Division, the first American unit to meet the Red Army on
the Elbe River in April, 1945. (Previously, he was a student of
geopolitics and Russian conversation, history and culture at
Syracuse University),
After serving as a Military Government official in Berlin, he won
a Rhodes Scholarship from Indiana and read philosophy, politics and
economics at Oxford University, While in England, he had.
opportunities to revisit Berlin during the Russian blockade and the
airlift, to participate in a summer seminar on political science at
the University of Zurich,and to interview exiles from the Communist
Empire who crowded into London after the fall of Czechoslovakia and
the purges in Poland, Hungary and other Iron Curtain nations,
He Is a Director oo and former Executive Secretary ?= of the
American Friends of Russian Freedom (270 Park Avenue, New York Cityl
a private committee which gives food, clothing, language training and
useful work to anti-Communist Russian escapees, His proposal to
recruit a "Legion of Liberation", printed in the Congressional Record
in 1951, helped induce lawmakers to appropriate $100,000,000 to form
Iron Curtain refugees into military units for defense of the free
world.,
Subsequently, Mr, Barnett became associated with The Richardson
Foundation, Inc, as Director of Research, He is a member of Phi Beta
Kappa, Phi Gamma Delta, the American Legion, and the American
Association of Rhodes Scholars, He lectures widely mm on Cold War
topics ma to foreign relations, university, business and military
groups,
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APPENDIX I
"DRAFT BLUEPRINTS FOR AN AMERICAN FOURTH YEAPON"
Preface
There is neither pride nor claim of authorship for the following
ideas. They have emerged from random reading and conversations with
a great many thoughtful people, a number of whom came from behind
the Iron Curtain and were themselves victims of Soviet nuclear politics.
These draft blueprints are sketched. solely for the purpose of stimu-
lating others to evolve the workable ideas and design the practical
mechanisms which will enable the Free World to neutralize, isolate
and fragment Communist Power with "fourth dimensional warfare" before
Moscow forces us to choose between surrender and radioactive ruin.
1. The Problem
A. Almost by definition, Fourth Dimensional Warfare Is irregular,
unorthodox and "intangible",, It is the "additive" for exist-
ing batteries rather than an auxiliary engine or an additional
crankshaft. It is impossible, therefore, to draw up a formal
Table of Organization for the most effective use of this
novel weapons-system. Actually, the Fourth Weapon achieves
its optimum scope when it is "fired" by men who (according
to the job classification) have other duties and responsi-
bilities,
B, In the long run, we cannot hope to dissolve Communist tyranny
with nuclear politics until our military and diplomatic
corps, our foreign aid programs, our overseas business and
labor activities, our policy-planning In Washington and our
church, educational and civic groups are staffed with men
who have had professional training in the strategy and tac-
tics of fourth dimensional warfare, (As a bare minimum, our
leadership must be trained to recognize the "camouflage and
concealment" which surrounds most psycho-social gun emplace-
ments.)
C. It is not that we need cadres to emulate the Communists; but
we desperately need leadership at all levels of American life
who understand the methods of the enemy and have sufficient
vitality and sophistication to frustrate Soviet goals with
means compatible with our own ethical code.
Therefore, seminars, conferences, and study programs which
deal with psycho-social combat techniques should be sponsored
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by Business and Labor groups, Engineering and Professional
Societies, the various "war colleges" of the Armed Services,
Foreign Affairs committees, Retired Officers' and Veterans'
groups, Universities, the Church, Women's Organizations,
Editors and Publishers, TV and Radio Script-Writers and
Directors, etc., etc.
Perhaps a central Training Institute is required for the most
efficient use of scarce human resources. In any event, means
must be found to persuade American leadership -- both inside
and outside government -- to do its "homework" and to become
less specialized and more flexible.
II. Possible First Steps Inside Government
A. A Joint Congressional Committee on Cold War Strategy
1. The people who developed nuclear physics were physicists.
The people who can help to develop nuclear politics are
politicians. "Politics" -- even within the legal and ethical
framework of American Society -- tolerates some of the prin-
ciples of psycho-social warfare. The "boomerang", the
"ricochet", the "band wagon", the strategy of indirection,
the tactic of "divide and conquer" -- these concepts are not
unfamiliar to practicing politicians. The man who understands
the use of patronage, the importance of timing, the power of
propaganda, the art of lobbying, the value of cloakroom
diplomacy is ready for the graduate course in nuclear politics.
Perhaps he should teach it. Certainly he can impart special
insights, from his own store of practical knowledge, to those
who may not have the "intuitive" skills which are part of a
master politician's make-up.
2. For sociological reasons, politicans have heretofore not
participated very widely in the international power struggle.
For this reason, a Joint Congressional Committee on. Cold War
Strategy might be as important as the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy. In one instance, the Congressmen must be
guided by the experts; but in the other, Congressmen..are the
experts. When they lose their expertise, they are removed by
Darwinian Law from their position on Congressional Committees.
3. Consider also the cold war advantage of commingling the aca-
demic wisdom of, say, Princeton with the professional instincts
of a shrewd. political "boss" who controls a state government
or precipitates his choice into the White House, Men of that
talent should be encouraged to set their sights beyond the
Postmaster Generalship, They should be recruited as cold war
Generals and sent out to win the "precincts" of Africa and
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Southeast Asia, As dispensers of Point IV "patronage", they
would use American largesse in ways that would be intelligible
to the majority of mankind who understand the simple rules of
helping friends and undercutting enemies,
A Joint Cold War Committee of Congress would. have enough power
and prestige to:
a. Collect and collate ideas from the best minds in government,
industry, communications, labor, education, the foreign
affairs field, etc., etc.;
b. Appropriate funds for increased governmental activities
and supervise those activities to make them more efficient
politically;
C. "Run interference" for executive agencies in the Cold. War
area;
d.. Co-ordinate and integrate the "fourth weapon" with exist-
ing military, diplomatic and economic instruments of
national defense;
Some members of the Joint Cold War Committee would undoubtedly
belong to other key Committees: Foreign Affairs, Armed Services,
Judiciary, Atomic Energy, Appropriations, etc.., etc. These
members would serve as connecting links to interrelate and
intermix the multitude of ingredients which make up the "recipe"
for psycho=social combat --- with all its military, economic,
legal, educational, diplomatic and educational components.
To focus attention on the "irregular" features of the Fourth
Weapon, it might even be wise deliberately to disregard prece-
dent and create executive agencies, some of whose members --
or at least part-time consultants -- would be Congressmen
still active in the legislative branch of government. This
would give America some of the advantages of British Cabinet
Government for the conduct of Cold War Strategy, while at the
same time it would preserve the separation of powers in other
vital areas.
B. Changes in the Executive Departments
1. AlthougI theoretically, rigid categories and an orthodox Table
of Organization cannot be permitted to inhibit the management
of an American Fourth Weapon, appropriations, power, prestige
and. "patronage" flow only through legal and recognizable
entities, at least in our society.
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2. Moreover in a given world of competing bureaucratic
empires --- it is essential, in order to ensure a reasonable
allocation of priorities, to have at least some of the
trappings of empire for one's own enterprise (including
ambassadors to Capitol Hill, the great news magazines,
university campuses, research foundations, etc., etc.)
3. Although the battle cry of nuclear politics is "disorganized
organizdiontt, it is imperative, therefore, to create formal
units and a chain of command that will:
a. Present the "brief" for the Fourth Weapon at the highest
policy-making levels;
b. Ensure follow-through at all the interdepartmental and
operational levels where policy decisions can be diffused,
misdirected, or simply blunted. by ineptitude and apathy;
c. Provide a rallying point for "psywarriors" who are now
isolated in departments inhospitable to the concept of
the Fourth Weapon;
d. Enable those who believe in nuclear politics to have a
fair chance to articulate their doctrine so that other
branches of government must at least consider the claims
for the metaphysics, epistemology and, aesthetics of the
Fourth Weapon,
(Once the Air Force became a separate entity, for example,
it not only developed its own weapons-system; it permeated
the senior services with its in philosophy and obliged
admirals and generals to become "airpower minded".
Theoretically, the ideas of men like Billy Mitchell eventu-
ally would have filtered up through ancient hierarchies
to influence policy. Whether osmosis would have taken place
soon enough to ensure national survival is another question.
The only effective way to fracture a cartel -- intellectual
or otherwise is to put another power group in the field
for trial by competition.)
4. Changes in organizational structure should dramatize the
importance of Fourth Dimensional Warfare as a PRIMARY weapon.
In today's world -- where mass media, propaganda and inter-
national peace fronts constrain traditional diplomacy --
military "hardware" is only one component of the larger whole:
Psycho-Social Combat. So is"f "foreign aid." or, for that matter,
"diplomacy".
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5. One positive step might be to appoint Assistant Secretaries --
in the Departments of State, Defense, Commerce, Labor, and
the Treasury -_ who would be assigned the task of developing
and. co-ordinating the Fourth Weapon. In the Pentagon -- where
rank gets things accomplished -- we need three-star generals
in charge of psywar and equal representation for the Fourth
Weapon on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
6. What is most important, of course, is to alter the climate of
bureaucracy to bring about a long-run change in the hierarchy
of values in the minds of career officer and civil servant.
Today the professional soldier in America must avoid being
permanently "shelved" in the intelligence or psywar function.
Men who have great talent -- and a genuine desire to devote
their careers to these areas -- have to dedicate most of
their years of service to other matters if they are going to
be a "success". The system obliges ambitious, brilliant men
to dissipate their energies in answering the wrong questions.
The same thing, of course, is true in the Department of State
and even in Central Intelligence. Men are sometimes caught
in a terrible conflict between what they know is important and
routine "duty" which will not destroy their careers in their
chosen profession. It is not the business of men who are
secure in industry or academic life to blame them; it is the
business of all of us to help alter the system to permit good
men to achieve "success" In truly advancing the cause of
national security. This means that not only Congress but the
public at large must be educated to the need for developing
the Fourth Weapon as an alternative to atomic war -- even
though this kind of "insurance" will be costly and in addition
to our expenditures for other items in the National Defense
arsenal. The Fourth Weapon Is no easy alternative; indeed,
the Fourth Weapon can only be employed by a people whose
leaders are agreed that "there is no substitute for sacrifice".
III. Possible First Steps Outside Government
A. A National Service University for "Graduate Training in Public
Affairs
1. The Communists -- with their multiplicity of weapons-systems --
have laid seige to every corner of our culture, It follows
that at least some men in our society must inventory, under-
stand and co-ordinate our resources for waging total "peace".
2. Part of the job has already been started. At one level, we
have "married" science and the military; at another level,
we have mixed industrial management with defense requirements.
Inside government, interdepartmental committees try to solve
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complex military-diplomatic-economic-political equations.
(Very often, however, specialists turn out to be intractable
"marriage partners"; and interdepartmental "equations", com-'
posed of arbitrary groupings of irregular fractions, prove
to be insolvable.)
3. A good deal of "interdisciplinary" research and training is
already well under way in the Rand Corporation, the Army War
College, the Air War College, the Naval War College, MIT,
the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, the National War
College, the Harvard Defense Studies Program, the School of
Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University,
the Harv?ar?d Advanced Management Program and other institutions.
L. Our "recipe" for total National Defense, however, still omits
indispensable ingredients. In all our existing institutions,
"political" and"psycho-social" aspects are underemphasized
or neglected altogether. Hardware, technology, logistics,
management, communications, personnel, procurement -- all
of the orthodox constituents of "war" (as we understand
it) -- 'are surveyed and interrelated. But where ar?e the
students and teachers of the "organizational weapon", insti-
tutional conflict, reverse psycT*otherapy, political warfare,
nuclear politics?
5. Is it not time to take our "graduate.students"in the conven-
tional arts of National Defense and give them a post doctoral
seminar in the strategy and tactics of fourth dimensional
warfare? And should we not introduce into the faculty and
student body of a National Service University not only atomic
scientists, generals and officials of State, Defense and
CIA, but also.
a. Congressional Leaders from the key committees on the
Armed Services, Foreign Relations, Appropriations,
Internal Security, Atomic Energy, etc.;
b. Lab o r leaders -- especially those with experience in
international organizations;
c, Anthropologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, experts
in semantics and cybernetics, historians and philosophers,
et.al.;
S
d. Bankers, brokers and businessmen -- those who understand
the instrument panels of the American economy;
e. Communications experts -- including publishers, TV pro-
ducers, editors, network executives, advertising and
public relations specialists, etc.
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6. One mission of a National Service University would be to pro-
duce cadres of "generalists" who could mix and manage all of
the disparate human, political and "specialized" factors that
must, somehow, be put together voluntarily if a free society
is to survive the massive and co-ordinated assault aimed at
the very roots of our society by the Political General Staff
of the Communist World Revolutions The specialist in the
gray flannel suit is no match for the cunning and mobility
of Genghis Khan. What we require is a return to the Renaissance
ideal of the leader who knew poetry and politics, statecraft
and science, business and war, philosophy and art. Yet the
bust in the entrance hall of our National Service University
need not be that of a Medici, It can be Ben Franklin's.
B. Enlistment of Private Groups for Action in the Field of
National Securit
1. In Communist Eurasia, the Party -- through government-- can
mobilize the total resources of its empire for struggle. In
America, eno~-mous reservoirs of financial power, technical
skill, intelligence and organizational vitality always remain
outside government -- even in war time,, To offset the inte-
grated and multi-leveled Communist thrust, therefore, it is
imperative that Private Groups voluntarily engage themselves
on some Cold War battleground; for, even under optimum con-
ditions, our limited government cannot oppose Soviet TOTAL
government on all sectors of the front. If it did, it would
have to usurp the powers reserved to the people.
2. America7s Professional and Technical Societies, Business and
Labor Organizations, Church and Educational Groups, Women's
Clubs and Veterans's Associations have so much power, prestige
and dynamism that no one dares imagine the positive programs
that would result from, say, 50 major groups putting "National
Survival" on their own agendas.
The following suggestions are made only to stimulate the
creative thinking of leaders of private groups. Once that
leadership addresses itself to answering the question, "What
Can Our Group Do To Promote National Survival?", there will
be n shortage of far better plans than these:
a. The American Bar Association could sponsor research to
determine to what extent, if any, the Communists - and
their allies -- are exploiting administrative law as a
"weapons-system" against American-style capitalism.
Khrushchev's recent boast that Communism might win the
world by "parliamentary" victories emphasizes the need
for study and action on this front.
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(The contributionp which the American Bar can make to this
field, however, are virtually limitless, for lawyers -- like
politicians -- have a professional instinct for some of the
techniques of political warfare. We should not forget that
the first rule for "winning a case out of court" -- the
civilian counterpart to psychological warfare -- is never
to relax the tensions of opposing counsel in the conference
settlements The attorney who first makes overtures to peace
and compromise is generally presumed to have a bad case;
consequently, a clever and ruthless opposition can press him
to the wall. On the other hand, the man who has the courage
and the confidence to take the case to a jury seldom has to.
In planning cold war strategy against the Soviets, we should
remember that the laws of human psychology -- which apply to
the conduct of domestic business, professional and poli tical
life -- are relevant to international power politics.)
b. The American Bankers Association, The American Finance Associ-
ation, The American Economic Association,et.al. could appoint
a joint committee to blueprint the "fourth weapon" in the
realm of finance, (This paper, for example, is heavily
weighted on the side of,psycho-social combat and ignores com-
pletely the strategy and tactics of international trade,
currency exchange, bank discount rate, tariffs, economic
development, "economic warfare", etc., etc.,) Think what
might happen if the best minds in the world of finance,
central banking, investment banking and economic theory
would revive the concept of Political Economy -- with the
accent on Political.
c. The National Industrial Conference Board, The NAM, The Con-
The CED, and The National Security Industrial Association --
American Industry's "mission" in developing the business
component of the Fourth Weapon. This might mean sponsoring
seminars -- or even undertaking to erect an Academy of
Public Affairs for businessmen who, whether they like it or
not, can no longer afford to abdicate their responsibility
for safeguarding the moral, political, economic and ideologi-
cal premises of our civilization. By and large -- and with
certain notable exceptions the "Business Elite" has ab-
sented itself from the main battlefield of our time. If
the "Business Society" is destroyed outright -- or simply
corroded by politics and propaganda -- business leadership
has only itself to blame. After all, every great corporation
has more than enough "surplus" to allow some of its best
brains to stop thinking about production and sales and start
thinking about National Defense, Citizenship Education,
Foreign Po-licy and moral philosophy. These are complex
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problems, of course, and the only way for businessmen to
attack them systematically -- and with sophistication --
is through the medium of an Academy or Institute.' (We need,
in effect, the equivalent of the Harvard. School of Advanced
Management in the areas of Public Affairs and Citizenship
Training.)
d. The Air Force Association, The Navy League, The American
Legion, TThe Reserve officers Association, et.aL have unlimited
opportunities to co-ordinate civilian and military thinking
about National Security. Citizen-soldiers stand with a foot
in both worlds. As reservists or retired officers they can
exercise their right to criticize and -- by educating public
opinion -- change government. policy, They have an obligation
to provide a "civilian framework" of moral and political
courage that will enable the career military to safeguard
Natinnal Security. Retired officers who are now in the
"top command" of industry have a special duty to persuade
their fellow Directors that American Industry must help
establish a climate of opinion in which intelligent deci-
sions about National Security can be made and implemented.
e. Church and Women2s Groups can help to rescue escapees from
Communism and rehabilitate former members of the conspiracy
who, soul-sick and disillusioned, want to return to the
sanity of the open society. The American Fourth Weapon can
win significant victories by effecting "conversion" and. pro-
viding "asylum". The Communists are mortally afraid of
defection from their own ranks, for one key defector -- by
exposing an espionage network -- can cripple or destroy a
major operation against the Free World. By offering for-
giveness, amnesty, jobs and a chance to "go straight", we
can undercut Communist discipline.
At the present time, people who leave the Party and testify
to American Security Agencies are vilified and treated like
moral lepers. Oddly enough, ex-Communists often find it
more difficult to find jobs than Communists or pro-Communists.
The Party takes care of its own; it does not leave its wounded
on the field of battle. Conversely, the Party tries to dis-
credit, isolate and "disemploy" former members who can harm
it with disclosures, and thus discourage others from defecting.
Church and Women+s groups, among others, could do much to
offset Communist hatred and vicious lies with mercy, toler-
ance and a helping hand for the reformed Party member who
wants to do penance for his sin of treason.
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It is equally important to aid anti-Communist escapees from
behind the Iron Curtain, to backstop words of friendship
with deeds of friendship, By showing compassion for Russian
defectors, for example, private groups can drive another
wedge between the Russian peoples and the Communist conspiracy.
Every Red Army escapee we help adds to the intolerable tension
which already exists between the Soviet military and the
minions of the Party and Secret Police,
f, Professional and Technical Societies can -- through inter-
national conferences and their journals reach out to the
engineers, lawyers, economists, scientists and doctors of
the Soviet Union., Professional men behind the Iron Curtain
are caught in the Communist web; they must serve the Party
or lose their careers and even their lives. But as human
beings, with wives and children, they too hope for some way
to avoid atomic wary And they hope for some way to free
themselves and their families from the burden of terror and
slavery,
Surely ways can be found to put "non-technical" messages in
the scientific publications that pass through the Curtain.
Surely there are ways to "code" new kinds of information and
establish new communications circuits between our scientists
and theirs. Who knows what the "feedback" may tell us about
the direction of our own Foreign Policy?
This much we do know, however,. political leaders on both
sides of the Curtain are increasingly dependent -- in "de-
fense's areas -- on the expertise of scientists, engineers
and other "technicians", The minds and hearts, the souls
and loyalties of the Technical Community are supremely
important, therefore, in the equations of Fourth Dimensional
Warfare, Dare we hope that Science -- everywhere and at all
times -- hungers for freedom, thirsts for truth? If that be
so, the hunger and thirst in the Communist-dominated Scientific
Community must be an elemental, repressed force that could
disintegrate Moscowus power if only our scholars and scientists
can learn new techniques for making effective contact with
their Russian counterparts.
g. International Groups. The Communist International provides
our enemy with a world=-wide network of non-=governmental
effectives. Among free world peoples, communication and
action tends to be monopolized - and ossified -- by-govern-
ments. We need, perhaps, an Anglo-American "Holding Company"
to co-ordinate for certain projects -- the activities of,
say, Chatham House and the Council on Foreign Relations. We
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need, perhaps, not the union of NATO governments -- but
the voluntary co-operation of great private institutions
(universities, banks, corporations; labor unions, etc.)
which can provide the moral; cultural, economic and psycho-
logical matrix for a Western military shield behind which --
as we find our courage -.-? we can forge and wield the sword
of counter-revolutionary political warfare,
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