CONQUEST BY TERROR THE STORY OF SATELLITE EUROPE

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• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 13, 2002
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• Content Type: BOOK

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CONQUEST BY TERROR
The Story of Satellite Europe
A condensation from the book BY LELAND STO WE
to TELL the shocking story of the world's greatest plot, no better-fitted
writer than Pulitzer Prize-winner Leland Stowe could have been found.
A distinguished foreign correspondent, he was successively accredited
during World War 11 to seven foreign armies, including the Russian. He
has spent considerable time in the Iron Curtain countries. Concerning
his recent intensive study of them, he writes: "I am convinced that we
need desperately to know precisely how the Stalinists are nailing down
their conquest of Eastern Europe. The preservation of our own freedoms
Continued on page 02
"Conquest by Terror," copyright 1951, 1952, by Leland Stowe, is 001
published at $o.oo by Random House, 457 Madison Ave., New York ]s, N. Y.
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Coniinaed from page or
depends on such knowledge. Exactly what are the Communists' methods
of control? How are they subjugating people? What is the combined
strength of the satellite armed forces? How well trained are their di-
visions? Are they growing faster than General Eisenhower's defense
forces in Western Europe? The answers to these questions add up to one
of the most important unreported stories in the world."
Going after this unreported story, Stowe found that a remarkable
amount of information was available from recent refugees from the Iron
Curtain countries; from journalists in exile; from former career officers
of the captive nations' armies; from former cabinet officials; and par-
ticularly from the staff of Radio Free Europe. The result of r8 months
of such research is an unforgettably vivid portrayal of the Communist
blueprint for the enslavement of all free men.
CONQUEST BY TERROR
Rumania,
I. The World's Greatest Plot Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Bulgaria, Albania and Eastern Ger- i
USSIA's Red totalitarianism is a many - have been unofficially an-
R greater, more universal menace hexed to the Soviet Union.
than Germany's Brown totalitarian- The implications of this fact are
ism ever was at its peak. This is terrifying for every free society. For
something we in America need des- the techniques by which half of Europe
perately to understand. has been enslaved are precisely the
The Soviets have already scored techniques by which the Kremlin ex-
remarkable and ominous successes pects to enslave the remainder (y' the
in Eastern Europe. They have or- world. They are the techniques by
,gmeri-
ganized vast puppet armies; har- which Western Europeans,
nessed the satellite economic sys- cans and all other free peoples can be
tems solely to the build-up of Soviet enslaved. Iron Curtain Europe is i
power; regimented the lives of the nothing less than a preview of world I
entire population; and are well ad- conquest by Communism.
vanced toward communizing the The Comintern's orders of May
younger generation and liquidating 9, 1941, to Tito in Yugoslavia con-
the upper and middle classes. stitute a blueprint for this Coin
Eastern Europe, in sum, has al- munist seizure of power - a blue-
ready entered its final stages of print which is still good for applica-
Sovietization. In the few years since tion anywhere in the world. here
Kommum'st, the 1Soffic al
1945 Curtain supremely countries - Poland, 1948ts in major
Iron
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ILLEGIB
organ of the Yugoslav Communist
Central Committee:
"The time has come for decisive
steps toward world revolution [but it]
must be presented as a series of meas-
ures to achieve `real democracy.'
"The Communist Party, until the
seizure of power, should be careful
to maintain, in the countries where
the revolution is being prepared,
good relations with patriotic and
religious circles. Wherever necessary,
representatives of the churches should
be allowed to help carry through the
revolution. Their numerical strength
should determine the rate at which
church influence is later to be elimi-
nated.
"Immediately after the seizure of
power, the Central Committee will
set up a new government. This shall
represent the broad masses of the
people and appear democratic.
"Opponents of the new adminis-
tration should be removed as soon
as possible, but in democratic fashion
- that is, by trial before a People's
Court. The latter should comprise
one known member of the Party
and two secret sympathizers.
"Traitors to the Party are to be
liquidated without trial. The death
penalty is prescribed.
"The term `class enemy' com-
prises the following groups: members
of nationalist or religious move-
ments, priests, officers, police, diplo-
mats and civil servants when they
refuse to side with the revolutionary
forces; any individuals known to
have opposed the revolution."
The organized precision, unsur-
003
passed duplicity, brutality and cyni-
cism of this official chart for the in-
ternal betrayal and conquest of
foreign nations speaks for itself.
Every detail of it has long since been
executed in each Iron Curtain
country.
The Russians do not merely grab
real estate. They also grab people.
And this is where you come in.
No one is too small or insignifi-
cant, too young or too old, to be
shackled and regimented or pauper-
ized and destroyed. The Kremlin's
assembly line treats people exactly
as the Ford assembly line handles
metal parts of automobiles. The
Communist's master plot - the
greatest plot the world has ever seen
- is focused on everyone, every
where. It proceeds step by step and
region by region. By its all-encom
passing timetable sooner or later it
has to reach you.
Why should you or I, or any citi
zen of a free country, imagine that
we are somehow peculiarly immune?
Why should we assume that the
Communist slave-state cannot finally
engulf uis? No Western peoples were
more patriotic, more courageous or
more stanchly individualistic than
the East Europeans. None had
greater love of freedom. Neverthe-
less, they were swallowed by a boa
constrictor possessed of consummate
guile and insatiable appetite. When
the Soviet swallowed go million
people in a flicker of time, and
without firing a shot in battle, they
demonstrated convincingly that they
know how to eat their way around
the earth.
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The Soviets need only more time
and propitious circumstances -- plus
the continued complacency of their
prospective victims. They are ex-
ploiting time. They are experts at
creating the necessary circumstances.
Their chief ally is the blind com-
placency of legions of free Western
citizens, wrapped in delusions of
geographical immunity.
H. Training the Satellite Peoples for
War
Tim RUSSIANS are bent on ex-
tracting the maximum possible mili-
tary strength from the satellite
"colonial" peoples. To this end they
are militarizing a large proportion
of the entire population. And this
program has been stepped up sharply
since Korea.
In the six years before they went
to war, the Nazis did an amazingly
thorough job of militarizing the not-
unwilling German people. But they
never succeeded in militarizing,
large proportions of any foreign pop-
ulation. The Russians, however, are
proving remarkably efficient at this
despite pronounced anti-Communist
sentiment in most of the captive
countries.
The beautiful rolling countryside
along the highway from Pilsen to
Marienbad is still a favorite region
of Czech young people. On almost
any week-end you see them hiking,
marching or playing games in the
fields. There are always groups of
boys and girls in a kind of throwing
contest. They are practicing with
nonexploding hand grenades. That's
part of the regular program for Com-
munist Youth members.
The seven million boys and girls
now in Eastern Europe Communist
youth organizations are being in-
tensively groomed for war service.
They are trained with infantry
weapons, in reconnaisance, in oper-
ating clandestine radios, in military
intelligence, in parachute jumping.
Pre-military instructions for Young
Pioneers begins early -- from the
age of ten, they are taught the use of
firearms, serve as messengers and
cyclists for military formations.
All able-bodied high school boys
have several hours of military in-
struction per week. Satellite uni-
versities now serve as officers' train-
ing camps. At Prague University,
students take 12 hours of military
instruction weekly and spend two
months in army camps each summer.
Polish universities require from iG
to 18 hours of military instruction
weekly, including field exercises on
Sundays.
Most factories have their own
workers' militia units with their
weapons kept on the premises. The
number of militiamen varies from a
few dozen in small factories up to
some 5000 in Czechoslovakia's big
Skoda arms plants. After work they
march to nearby drill grounds
several evenings each week, and are
often given longer training on week-
ends. Most units receive many more
hours of instruction per year than
does the U. S. National Guard.
Workers' shock brigades - made up
of carefully screened, strongly corn-
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J952 CONQUEST BY TERROR 005
munized militiamen - actually serve paratroopers' camps near Budapest
as a special punitive force available alone by the following summer.
six and geiven,
between courses
to the security police in any emer-
averaging Four-months
gency.
So-called "civilian volunteers" hours per week. Factory workers
such as the Bulgarian "National were induced to sign up through
Defense Volunteers" and the Polish rewards of this food was rations. In
"Voluntary Civilian Militia Re- 195 even
serve" serve to militarize another expanded. Membership rship awas nd made
segment of the population. In 1951 compulsory y
the Polish organization had an en- unionists, and Hungarian officials
rollment of about 500,000. Members declared that the existing member-
doubled
perform auxiliary police duties, and ship of 400,000 should beremarkably
constitute a powerful reserve force. by spring, 1952 Sports for fun have been com- high goal in a population of 9,5
pletely abolished in Eastern Europe. ooo. Through such dead-earnest
No game is tolerated unless it serves measures the Soviets within a few
both immediate political and ulti- years will have built up several mil-
mate military purposes. To this end lions of partly trained reservists --
all sports are nationalized under in the name of sport.
National Committees for Physical Hundreds of thousands of Eastern
Culture, which set out to indoctri- Europe's women are being trained
nate members "in the spirit of un- to perform as many vital wartime
swerving faith in the victory of the functions as did Soviet women in
International proletariat and So- World War H. It's as easy to mili-
cialism throughout the whole world." tarize women in any Communist
When the Reds seized power in state as it is the youth, the workers
Czechoslovakia its world-famous So- or sportsmen. The only existing
kol gynmastic societies possessed an organizations for women are Party
astonishingly large membership in monopolies called the "Union of
proportion to the country's small Democratic Women," the "League
population - about 1,500,000 per- of Polish Women," and the like.
sons. The Sokol has been national- Their total membership approached
ized, its leadership communized, its seven million as of this January. By
entire membership exposed to un- cent estite, 25 t 15 pe r
ceasing Party propaganda. ns are receiving some form f
Military courses and creation of para-military training.
parachutist units are universal in Girls and women are trained for
the nationalized sports systems. field brigades, communications, trac
Hungary's "Ready to Work and tor-station service, and for guerrilla
Fight" (MHK), established on So- operations; as ambulance drivers,
viet lines in 1949, was operating 16 locomotive engineers, concentra-
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ILLEGIB
mately 14,400,000 persons out o urop
satellite Europe's go million people hewer has been painfully laying the
are now either under arms or under- ground work.
,going some degree of military train- Soviet success in bringing the
ing. In another few years, eight or satellite armies so quickly to their
ten million civilians-men, women present effectiveness has been
and youth - will be intensively achieved by characteristic Russian
militarized to wage war in behalf of methods. That is, by purging regu-
Communist conquest. career officers and replacing
them with reliable Communists,
III. Mobilization Under Wraps indoctrinated former prisoners, or,
THE KOREAN WAR pushed the in the higher echelons, with actual
button for Moscow's all-out expan- Soviet commanders.
sion of the satellites' armies. This The Czech underground reports:
intensive expansion, hardly per- "Soviet officers apT pear to our gar-
ceived in the West, has probably risons in increasing numbers. Our
been the least visible mass mobiliza- army will soon be entirely con-
tion in history. I did not conceive trolled by Russians." At least 5000
of its magnitude until I had sifted Soviet officers now serve in the
through thousands of reports smug- Polish Army; some 2000 in Hun-
gled out of the Curtain countries. gary's; nearly 3000 in Bulgaria's.
Immediately after the Korean in- Satellite troops are increasingly re-
vasion, reserve officers were called quired to learn Russian military
up, new classes conscripted, parts of terminology. Their uniforms have
classes due to be released retained, been changed to Soviet-type tunic
and periods of service lengthened. blouses, with almost identical epau-
In Bulgaria the length of service lets and insignia for officers. Basic
was doubled. and is now three years. training manuals are virtual transla-
Many new satellite divisions have tions from Soviet manuals. Divisions
resulted. are organized along Soviet lines and
Data based upon hundreds of re- are drilled in Soviet techniques.
e
available, cross-c ec
possible, it appears that approxi- NATO's proposed Army of Western
f E e for which General Eisen-
ooh A CONDENSED BOOK June
tion-camp supervisors, military po- ports from the underground and
lice, etc. Full companies of women from East European career officers
soldiers, marching with rifles, have in exile indicate that the regular
become a common sight in Hungary. armed forces of the puppet states
In Gdansk, Poland, women Harbor now totals nearly I,Soo,ooo men in
Guards practice with sub-machine more than 6o Soviet-type divisions,
guns and at grenade throwing three better than half fairly well armed
times a week. and trained, and nearly a fourth
From the most careful estimates motorized or partially armored.
d as fir as They almost counterbalance the
h k
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7952 CONQUEST BY TERROR 007
They could be . incorporated into age groups will enter the army who
the Soviet Army at any time. have had nearly ten years of Com-
Thousands of satellite officers are munist indoctrination. By then I
now attending Soviet military acad- estimate that Hungary's army will
emies under a rotation system. In be willing to fight and die for the
1951 some 2000 Poles were sent to Kremlin."
Russia, 150o Bulgarians (making a No one this side of the Curtain
reputed total of 9000 Bulgarians so knows exactly how effective the
dispatched), and 4500 Czechs. East- satellite armies are for combat pur-
ern Germany's "Alert Units" are poses today. Western military spe-
now being trained by i5o German cialists are convinced that the "hard
officer-graduates of Russian acade- core" satellite divisions rank below
mies. Three thousand young Ru- the average Soviet divisions, or the
manians, trained in Russia for two best Western divisions, in equip-
years, returned in June 1951 to form ment and training. Yet former
"the backbone of the new Rumanian career officers from Eastern Europe
Army." By 1953 or 1954 the puppet- insist that they could be counted on
state armies may be strengthened to fight well for the Russians, under
by more than 20,000 such Red Army certain conditions. Hitler proved
graduates. decisively what the conqueror's
Every effort is made to indoctri- bandwagon means. Many Rumanian
nate the soldiers politically. During divisions fought hard and well in
their first year's service, recruits get Russia - so long as the Germans
no leave, lest their embittered fami- were winning. If the Soviet Army
lies inflame their natural antagonism were to drive triumphantly across
to Communism. They are subjected Europe, satellite divisions might
to Marxist lectures, propaganda fight very well alongside the Rus-
films, obligatory subscriptions to sians. But should Soviet forces meet
Communist newspapers, group read- reverses, the support of many pup-
ings of party publications. The Polish pet troops would certainly dissolve.
Army's daily shriek, The Soldier of The less reliable satellite units
Freedom, demands ceaseless vigilance might be "sandwiched" between
of every man in uniform "to hasten Red Army divisions, however, in
the extermination of the imperi- such positions that -- with Red
alists." troops in their rear - it would be
Today's satellite soldiers are far difficult not to fight. Or they could
from "politically reliable" -- par- be used as occupation forces where
ticularly the fiercely patriotic Poles it would be impossible to quit with
-- and hundreds of them have de- out fighting their way home. Polish
serted and fled into Yugoslavia or exiles, for instance, insist that a
Western Germany. But an exiled large portion of their country's
Hungarian leader warns: "By 1954, "captive army" will be sent to mid
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Asia or the Far East in event of war.
Half a million of them, garrisoned
there, would release as many Soviet
soldiers for combat elsewhere. This
is an old czarist Russian custom.
Underground reports confirm
graphically that these satellite ar-
mies have received large shipments
of Russian tanks, artillery, mortars
and other material. From Bulgaria
(October 5950): "Enormous quanti-
ties of Soviet arms have arrived over
the past several months." From
Poland (in December): "During
the past week 4o0 T-34 tanks were
shipped to Czechoslovakia; Boo more
to Hungary and Rumania. More
tank shipments are being directed
south and west." From Hungary
(in April) : "War material for com-
plete equipment of ten divisions has
arrived from Russia."
Russia obviously now possesses such
huge amounts of tanks, artillery and
other arms as to be able to push for-
ward a program for the satellite armies.
From Poland down to Bulgaria
the Russians have also established
scores of supply bases to support
heavy Soviet re-enforcements at any
time. Huge shipments of arms, spare
parts, trucks, uniforms, food and
fuel are delivered to strategically
placed depots strongly guarded by
security troops, commanded by
Soviet officers.
Since Korea the Russians have
constructed scores of new and
modernized air bases behind the en-
tire length of the Iron Curtain. They
are perilously ahead of our Western
coalition in this respect. In any early
conflict they might be able to put
ten or zo Red planes, predominantly
jets, into the air for every Western
plane - -for lack of Western facili-
ties as well as combat planes. Satellite
pilots -- their fuel supply strictly
limited so they cannot fly West -
are being trained in considerable
numbers. Satellite air forces have
already received at least several
hundred Russian jets and medium-
sized bombers.
One must consult a map to see
how profoundly the Russians have
transformed the strategic communi-
cations of Eastern Europe since
World War II. By constantly ex-
panding rail and highway networks
they have linked Eastern Europe to
Russia more tightly than ever be-
fore. The key to this momentous
communications offensive is Trans-
Carpathia, which Moscow forced
the Czechs to cede to the U.S.S.R.
in i 945-
Trans-Carpathia gave the Soviet
Army a bridgehead dominating all
Central Europe. The three rail lines
that run through it have all been
changed to Russian broad-gauge
tracks, and broad-gauge tracks have
been extended into all satellite
countries, toward the heart of
Europe. (See map.) The Soviets will
soon be able to deliver both arms and
troops, on Russian trains, directly from
the interior of the Soviet Union across
Rumania, across Poland, into Czecho-
slovakia, into Bulgaria, even deep into
Hungary -- within a short distance of
Yugoslavia's frontiers. Hitler never
undertook anything like it.
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In addition to the railroads, there
are dozens of military highways
completed, or nearly so. All roads
from the Soviet into I-Iungary's
Miskolc region have been rebuilt,
all arteries toward Yugoslavia mod-
ernized. The Miskolc network is said
to have occupied ro,ooo slave labor-
ers many months. Six new military
roads have been constructed in
Bulgaria leading to the Yugoslav,
Greek and Turkish frontiers. Ob-
viously the new map of Red-ruled
Europe is predominantly and in-
creasingly a war-purpose map.
Thus we see that, while Eisen-
hower has been obliged to launch
Western Europe's military Integra-
tion at a snail's pace, by joint par-
ticipation, joint discussion and corn
promise, Moscow's armies of Eastern
Europe are being integrated by iron-
fisted compulsion.
IV. How the Communist Secret Police
Control Everybody
IN ADDITION to the regular satel-
lite armies, Moscow can draw on the
satellite police armies of approxi
mately two million men. These
police organizations, definitely ar-
mies in structure, training and equip-
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A CONDENSED BOOK June
ment, are of five major types in
every satellite country:
(i) The Security Police, identical
with the Soviet's dreaded MVD;
(2) Internal Security Corps, uni-
formed, strongly armed adjuncts;
(3) The People's Militia, somewhat
parallel to state, police; (4) Railroad
Guards, who protect rail transporta-
tion; and (5) Frontier Guards, heavily
armed units who keep all borders
sealed.
The Stalinist police system was
Moscow's first, top-priority export
into the Iron Curtain countries.
From. the beginning, its methodical
expansion was directed by top-level
MVD officers sent from Russia. In
every puppet state the Communists
demanded and got one of their
Party leaders as Minister of the In-
terior - the department which con-
trols all police formations. Behind
this Communist minister, and at
first hidden from the public, Rus-
sian MVD officers really ran the
country's police system. It was a
well-masked inside job until the
Communist regimes became solidly
the much feared Czech DOZ
(Officers for Defense of the Nation)
which provides an extreme security
control over the army. All puppet
states also have "economic police"
who guard factories against sabotage
and also serve as raiders and robbers
- they invade the homes of likely
prospects, seizing gold, silver, jewelry
and similar private property. Since
it is now a crime to possess such
capitalistic valuables - even gold
fillings in teeth are forbidden by law
they have seized possessions worth
millions of dollars in this manner.
Beyond these uniformed police
organizations there is an army of
plain-clothes police, and behind
them again a legion of paid and un-
paid informers. Throughout satellite
Europe every waiter, for instance,
is compelled to give the secret police
nightly reports of "useful informa-
tion," or lose his job. Czech customs
inspectors were told in July 1950
that they must show their loyalty
by denouncing "at least one enemy
of the state each month." By Janu-
ary 1951, under the slogan of "more
denunciations to help world peace,"
ation" of Eastern Europe's police each customs official was ordered to
p
organizations began in earnest. To- boost his denunciations to three per-
day it is the most thorough and most sons per month. Failure to conform
barbaric police system the world would be considered "lack of vigi-
has ever known. It seems safe to lance." Customs inspectors also have
estimate that there is now approxi- to eat.
mately one police agent for every Hotel employes, apartment-house
nine inhabitants in the Iron Curtain managers, janitors, mailmen, rail-
area. road conductors and countless others
Besides the five huge police armies are similarly trapped. Many in-
already mentioned there are numer- formers are youthful Communists
ous special control agencies such as and misled children, acting from
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR oil
fanatical motivations. Others are factory spies. At Debrecen, Hun-
the natural-born bootlickers, op- gary's AVO conducts a school for
portunists and traitors who would police terror-brigades.
betray anyone for a little cash or a The great majority of security-
slight privilege. The Communist police recruits are young Commu-
state breeds informers like maggots nists between 20 and 30 with reliable
in a mass-burial pit. Party records. Candidates for ca-
A ragged old woman, begging on reers as prison guards and in slave-
a Bucharest streetcar, poured out labor camps are the toughest, most
her woes to a young army officer. fanatical young Communists, usually
As he handed her some money he those of lowest intelligence - they
remarked sympathetically: "Never qualify most quickly for the beating
mind. Things will change." The and torturing of prisoners.
beggar screamed for the police at The inducements to join this most
the next stop and the officer was privileged service are exceptional.
arrested - for subversive talk against The security police are much better
the regime. paid in all grades than any other
The Red regimes deliberately prop- state employes in Red-ruled Europe.
agate fear and terror in this fashion High-ranking officers, like other
to create a universal psychology of Party leaders, possess handsome
permanent menace. In every walk of private houses or luxurious country
life each individual is constantly estates confiscated from the wealthi
subjected to reminders of what one est of "class enemies." But some of
false step may mean. No person, not the more notorious extracurricular
even the blindly conforming Party privileges, such as drunken public
member, can be certain of his status. brawling and flagrant coercion of
The police and the Party must know attractive young women, are now
everything about everybody. Every- considerably restricted, particularly
one is made to feel that he is watched among lesser officers.
and followed wherever he goes, An order was issued by the chief
whatever he says. of the Czech secret police in April
Underground reports show that 1951, for instance, prohibiting ST13
:a dozen or more secret-police schools men from having mistresses. The
now function in the Iron Curtain risk of their whispering boudoir
countries. Like all Soviet institu- confidences had become too great.,
tions, they are highly specialized. At Severe disciplinary measures were
Repy, near Prague, MVD experts also taken against excessive drinking,
instruct attractive young Com- A Czech STB agent now faces ex-
munist women to serve as police pulsion if he separates from his wife-
spies -an aspect of intelligence The leaders of history's greatest
work which the Soviets emphasize criminal organization actually issue
everywhere. Sofia has a school for solemn pronouncements that the
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Party's "high moral standards" must
be upheld!
Perhaps the most cynical joke of
all concerns the puppet states' Com-
munist big brass. Most of them,
of course, are "Muscovites" - the
popular term for domestic Reds
trained in Moscow. But, despite
their favorable status, satellite prem-
iers, cabinet ministers and army
generals are surrounded by represen-
tatives of the MVD, literal prisoners
of the Russians on the pretext of
"security precautions." This is the
final triumph of the Soviet slave-
state system.
Matyas Rakosi, Premier of Hun-
gary, for example, though supposed
to hold a solid position with Moscow,
has his regular secretaries replaced
overnight by unknown "private
secretaries" who stick to him like
shadows. Before Rakosi leaves Party
headquarters in Budapest an alarm
bell rings; all traffic is stopped for
five minutes, both in the halls and
for too yards on Akademia Street
outside; then the titular Communist
ruler of Hungary emerges under
armed guard. The guards, most of
them Soviet citizens, accompany
him everywhere. While ostensibly
protecting Hungary's Communist
leader, they also know everyone he
sees, everything he does. In private,
Hungarians smile wryly - there's a
certain satisfaction in knowing that
the Red betrayer of his country may
be in a worse spot than they are.
Thus, with some two million men
in their secret police and related
internal armies, the Communist
regimes have at least two percent of
Eastern Europe's population en
rolled in security units which are
also powerful military forces. Their
power of mass enslavement is fear-
some. When millions of individual
spies and informers serve such large
and ruthless police forces, their
capacity for intimidation can scarce-
ly be exaggerated.
V. Crime Legalized
THE CYNICAL perversion of all
legal mechanism, in the satellite
countries, has been carried to almost
inconceivable extremes. The Red
regimes issue decrees the way a road-
mixer pours out cement. Their
U.S.S.R.-type criminal codes have
swept away the most elementary
legal protections of the individual.
Siberia hangs over the head of every
worker.
Any act which can be construed
as designed even to "weaken the
authority of the government or the
proletarian revolution" is deemed
"counterrevolutionary." Failure to
do your work to a commissar's sails-
faction, although it may be due
solely to ill health, can thus condemn
you to slave labor. Deprivation of
liberty "for a period up to ten years"
awaits any transport worker whose
faulty work "has led or might have led
to the damage of rolling stock, the
dispatch of trains or vessels off sched-
ule." If the worker accidentally
drops a monkey wrench, and the
consequences cause fairly serious
damage, he can be convicted of
plotting against the State - and
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR or
Death penalties are also imposed report "every change of permanent
for alleged sabotage "when com- garaging." You must get an authori-
mitted against another state where zation from the Defense Ministry
the power is held by the working before you can make any radical
class, or against the working class of changes in your vehicle's construc-
another country." A patriotic Ru- tion -also before you can sell an
manian can be sent to the firing old jalopy for junk. You face jail
squad on grounds of having Sabo- terms for violation of any of these
taged the "economic prosperity" of regulations.
Soviet Russia, or Poland, or Albania. As a Bulgarian farmer, you are
If a worker in a Transylvanian meat- under similar requirements regard-
packing plant makes a mistake, he ing your horse or your mule. You
may be shot - for undermining the must obtain a certificate of owner
economic stability of the working ship for every animal you possess;
class in Soviet Uzbekistan. must have its condition inspected
In Poland, under a decree coil- twice a year; must deliver it - and
cerning "cases of delinquency tend- your car, if you have one - in time
ing to harm the State," any sus- of mobilization at your own expense.
pected delinquent who "may in the If you avoid delivery of car, truck,
future commit a misdemeanor" is horse or mule, you will be sent to
liable to sentence. This means you jail or to slave labor - for five years.
can be jailed for something the The Communist government de-
secret police may suspect you might cides how much it will pay you for
do sometime next year. And any what it requisitions.
employed person in Rumania today Iron-bound regulations restrict
may be sentenced to 12 years on travel everywhere behind the Iron
such all-inclusive grounds as "lack Curtain. To visit a cousin in another
of conformity to orders concerning part of your country you must ob-
achievement of the State Plan." tain a police visa, just as you might
In a Communist state that covers require a visa to visit a foreign.
virtually everybody connected with country. Suppose you are a Hun-
the manufacture, distribution or garian, and you need to take a train
consumption of virtually every- to a place more than 6o miles away.
thing. When you buy your railroad ticket
Communist laws concern them- you must present a stamped permit
selves with the most astonishing issued by your employer. In this
regimentation of the citizen's daily permit you state the purpose of your
life. Consider Bulgaria's Conscrip- trip - "to visit my cousin, Maria
tion Act. As a Bulgarian owner of P- who is very ill." When you
a motorcar, you must keep it in get off the train in Maria's home
condition for military requisitioning town you go to the railroad ticket
at any time. You must immediately office to have the exact hour of your
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June
A CONDENSED BOOK
014
mit, and six months for "spreading false
per "
arrival stamped on your
signed. Then, within six hours of rumors.
your arrival, you are obliged to That the judges and magistrates
report to the local police.. Oh, who interpret the endless decree-
yes-you should, of course, have laws have been given the sketchiest
applied for your travel permit six possible legal training, and p6ssess
days before your departure. If Maria only a smattering of law, is of no h
e y
didn't get seriously ill that much in are to do. judge must me pr t
advance, it's too bad.
Suppose, as a citizen of any the law in favor of the Party that
satellite state, you should exclaim belongs to the proletarian class,"
re-
in an unguarded moment: "What soberly states the Bucharest All
can you expect while these people gime's law journal, New justice.
run the country?" That is a subver- they need to do is to use the law as
sive attack on the "people's democ- a weapon of class vengeance; to
Com-
racy." If reported, you are certain serve the interests of the r
to spend several years at slave labor munist Party and to terrorize, jail or
or in jail. In addition, all of your liquidate any who may oppose
property may be confiscated. If Communists mean by "law" what
you are at all suspect in the eyes of they mean by "democracy," and
the police or some minor Party "peace" - exactly the opposite from
official, you are certain to lose your what any civilized person knows the
house, your furniture, everything meaning to be. The purpose of Com-
you own. Confiscation of property munist law is to rule through terror
is decreed for so many offenses that by perpetuating terror.
a simple denunciation to the police yr. Food as a Wea ron
does the trick - or perhaps the
EFO II the
n RE World War
secret police themselves merely like
the looks of your house, and mark
you down for deportation.
A sailor from a ship which com-
mutes between the Czech and Ger-
man shores of Lake Elbe was eating
in a Lovisice restaurant. "Are
things really as bad in Western Ger-
many as the papers say?" asked
someone at the next table. The sailor
replied, quite honestly, that you
could buy almost anything at rea-
sonable prices in the West German
shops. He was arrested before he had
finished his dinner and sentenced to
Danube
basin produced the greatest food
surpluses of the entire Continent.
Europe's traditional bread basket
for centuries, its people have almost
never lacked food in peacetime
Even most poor people, hit hard by
inflation, could still eat adequately
Yet by 1951 the inhabitants of these
lands of agricultural abundance had
become Europe's hungriest peoples,
The main cause is Kremlin policy
- food exports to Soviet Russia.
While millions of Eastern Europeans
are on severe bread rations, and go
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR 015
for weeks without meat, their grain, retired persons, and their families,
beef, pork and poultry are delivered are deprived of ration cards.
i
l
to Russia in vast quantities. Ruma-
nia's largest meat-packing plants
have worked exclusively on exports
to the U.S.S.R. for several years.
Simultaneously the Russians are
stockpiling great amounts of grain
and food in the puppet states for
military reserves.
This induced shortage fits well
with Soviet plans for the captive
countries, for it leaves each indi-
vidual at the mercy of the state for
every forkful of food. In Com-
munist strategy, food and hunger are
political weapons. Their use in prac-
tice is summed up by: "Stuff the
comrades, feed the fellow travelers
- and starve the class enemies."
The right to eat is entirely a Party
monopoly.
The Communists achieve this by
creating separate classes of citizens
through their ration-card system.
At the top are the Communist elite,
who enjoy the maximum of the
conquerors' traditional wining-and-
dining privileges as well as special
withdrawal prerogatives at huge
warehouses filled with goods con-
fiscated from "enemies of the peo-
ple." In the middle are the workers,
and below them, on further reduced
rations, are old people, etc. Below
these are at least some eight to ten
millions who are marked for syste-
matic liquidation and barred from
all ration privileges. By the Ruma-
nian regime's decree of 1951, for ex-
ample, all private businessmen, self-
employed persons, landowners and
st? They
e ex
How can these peop
can find limited amounts of food in
state shops - at prices six to ten
times higher than are charged for
the same products at the official
ration stores. In 1951 typical Ru-
manian prices for nonrationed food
were $2 a quart for milk, $6.65 a
dozen for eggs, $8 a pound for sau-
sage. Outlawed citizens spend the
last of their savings to buy food at
such prices, then sell their most
valuable possessions, one after the
other - as the Communists in-
tended they should be compelled to
do. Recent exiles bring pitiful re-
ports of how this enforced pauperi-
zation of "class enemies" proceeds:
"Every day you see people on the
streets carrying rugs, pictures, rec-
ords, used clothing, almost anything
they can sell to buy food. They are
always hungry; so homes are gradu-
ally stripped of everything. With
spring some will sell their winter
coats, and they know they can never
afford another." (As an example of
clothing prices, in Rumania un-
rationed suit cloth costs $20o a
yard.)
The number of East Europeans
who have already ended their lives
from sheer despair will never be
known. Inadvertently, however,
Hungary's National Council has
indicated how shockingly large self-
inflicted deaths have become in the
Red-captive nations. Its official
figures show that between January i
and November 1, 1950, suicides in
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Hungary alone totaled 21,794 per-
sons.
Soviet Communism is unique both
in employing hunger as an instru-
ment of political domination and in
using food rationing for class de-
struction. This method has obvious
advantages over the cruder bar-
barism of the Nazis' incineration
chambers. When people shrivel
gradually into corpses, there is noth-
ing dramatic about it: no mass
graves;. no executioners; scarcely a
ripple of ugly publicity. Hundreds
of thousands - a little later, mil-
lions - can be killed off virtually
unperceived. Doctors soberly write
down the causes as "tuberculosis,"
"heart trouble" -- any number of
highly respectable diseases, all dev-
astatingly prevalent throughout
satellite Europe today. It is the least
embarrassing method of mass exter-
mination ever devised.
Why is the Kremlin bent on
liquidating millions of upper- and
middle-class Eastern Europeans? It
is because they are the only well-
educated people who exist in large
numbers in the puppet states. As
such they have "capitalistic stand-
ards." They were used to a life that
- by comparison with Soviet Russia
- was incredibly good. They have
independent minds, values of their
own, and bases of comparison. That
makes them a permanent threat,
incorrigible. Their tastes can never
be thoroughly vulgarized, their
thoughts reliably perverted. Unless
they are destroyed, Moscow can
never feel sure of its grip on Eastern
Europe.
VII. The Farmers Fight Back
IN ALL Eastern Europe the Krem-
lin's most dangerous antagonists are
the peasants. Their resistance to the
Communist program is deep-rooted,
persistent, and increasing yearly in
intensity.
Why do the Soviets insist upon
forcing Eastern Europe's peasants
into collective farms? Lenin ex-
plained it very frankly. Peasants,
he said, are "the last capitalistic
class." Although depriving them of
their land is "the most difficult part
of the class struggle, it is also the
most important" because Commu-
nist "preservation of power" is im-
possible without complete conquest
of the peasants. Accordingly, the
Kremlin's goal is to reduce captive
Europe's peasants to state-chained
proletarians.
The Communists began their cam-
paign in 1945 by breaking up and
redistributing the vast feudal estates,
a move which won them powerful
initial support from the peasants.
But the plots doled out were de-
signedly so small that the new owners
could not possibly make ends meet.
After a few hopeless seasons they
could be much more easily coerced
into putting their land and livestock
into the pooled "kitty" of a collec-
tive farm. Bankruptcy - or join
up! This is one way the Communists
"get" the small farmer.
There are others. Mobile units
tour the rural regions with films
showing the supposed "efficiency
and happy life" in Russia's collet-
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR oil
tives. Large delegations of the most Hungarian farmer's hens must lay
susceptible peasants - anywhere 20 more eggs apiece in 1952 than
must
from 50 to 200 - are dispatched to they did pounds 1950, andig his pigs every
Russia to study "the great and suc- gain 40 Pcessful Soviet models." They are 220 pounds of fodder fed to them.
wined and dined like heroes; taken He is also told exactly how much of
to well-prepared show places. When everything he must turn over to
they come home they are sent on state storehouses at State-fixed prices
nation-wide recruiting missions, far lower than those on the free
Production quotas are set ridic- market. can the farmer do? His
ulously high for the independent What peasant, based on a grossly exagger- crops and livestock are checked and are ated "fertility rating" of the land. rechecked. delivery
stationsIf he
Taxes in arrears for several years are guarded by armed
frequently trumped up; any farmer hides some of his wheat or a few
who does fairly well invites big in- slabs of pork he can be sent to slave
creased levies the following year. In labor - and this often happens. If
Poland taxes were boosted 150 per- he is rebellious, a Red policeman can
cent in one year, then jumped higher always "disc over" forbidden bidd e sot-
still the next season. Meanwhile, the gun premises
prices which the state paid for farm offense.
products were lowered by 50 per- But peasant resistance takes many
cent. That wrings out the juice of forms. They fight back with every
rugged individualism very fast. Top means provided by their peculiar
that with late delivery of inferior and exceptional circumstances.
seed, and the "independent" is Rather than they robbedy by lat g State-
squeezed bankrupt and into a col-
mfixed uchproifcetheir livestock. They de-
By in one or two seasons.
By September 1951 the Curtain liberately destroy good breeding
regimes claimed 18,267 collectives. stock, overwork draft animals, get
But inside or outside the kolkhozes rid of poultry, E regardless ss of extreme
the vast majority of Eastern Eu- punishments.
rope's tillers of the soil resist the cidental fires" destroy thousands of
Communist regime by every means acres of grain; many peasants have
in their power. For under the Com- been hanged for setting them, but
munists the farmers exist under non- there are always more fires. Ru-
stop, year-after-year compulsions manian peasants, usually regarded as
which deprive them of the right to Eastern Europe's least belligerent,
call their souls their own. Every destroyed an entire crop by fire in
peasant is given a precise and often Prahova district commune; peasants
absurd production quota to fill. By of the Vlasca district killed the
government decree, for example, the mayor and several militiamen; in
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A CONDENSED BOOK June
Tulca and Dragoesti many militia-
men were killed in revolts in which
many farmers lost their lives and
hundreds of others were arrested.
Aside from death itself, the Red
regime's most terrible punishment
for farmers is mass deportation. Peas-
ant families are permanently up-
rooted from their cherished home
soil, and sent by trainloads into the
doom of slave labor. According to
underground information, 40,000
Bulgarian peasants met this fate
during 1951 alone - to beat the
"last capitalists" into submission.
The peasants' fight for independ-
ence has no foreseeable end. If the
Stalinists succeed in destroying most
of them, we must recognize that
Eastern Europe would be very close
to being permanently sovietized,
and the possibilities for large-scale
underground resistance would be
most seriously reduced.
Orle fact must clearly be under-
stood. The greatest horror and most
brutal destruction of human lives,
by deliberate Kremlin planning, lies
somewhere ahead. Millions more of
Eastern Europe's independent peas-
ants are marked for annihilation.
Matyas Rakosi, Hungary's Big Red,
declared in February 1951: "The
greatest obstacle to our development
is the fact that with one foot we are
standing on Socialist ground, and
with the other foot on several hun-
dreds of thousands of private farms."
He branded all Hungarian middle
peasants and kulaks -- a third of
Hungary's population -- as "sworn
enemies" to be dealt with in due
time. The Stalinists apply the same
sweeping definition in every other
Curtain country.
By conservative estimate a mini
mum of 20 percent of Eastern Eu-
rope's population, or some 18 million
men, women and children, belong
in this "farm enemy" category. The
Communists plan to liquidate, eco-
nomically or physically, most of these
r8 million farm people throughout
Eastern Europe - in stages, but ab
solutely.
Why? Because the peasants have
remained the one source of serious
resistance in the Soviet Union after
more than 3o years of Soviet rule,
and Eastern Europe's peasant farm
ers are infinitely more dangerous
than Russia's ever were. Their Na
tional Peasant parties had estab-
lished notable, stanchly democratic
records. They were the chief de
fenders of free and representative
government. They remain fiercely,
inextinguishably loyal to democratic
self-government, and to the inalien
able rights of free, independent citi
zens, the Kremlin's deadliest and
most enduring foe inside captive
Somehow and somewhere they
will fight on as long as they live.
There are no more uncompromising
defenders of the dignity of man any
where in the world. The Kremlin
can never completely control them
except by wiping them out.
VIII Fifteen Million Workers in
Shackles
ONE DAY late in December 1950,
when the menacing presence of fire
Europe.,
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STORY 5
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damp was discovered in the Hun-
garian coal mines at Tatabanya, the
chief engineer ordered. the pits evac-
uated. But local Communist officials
refused to take his word that the
mine was dangerous. They informed
Budapest that the engineer was
sabotaging production. The Min-
istry of Mines ordered the pit crews
back to work. When they refused,
more than 200 were arrested, and
their vegetable plots also confiscated.
The remaining miners still boycotted
the contaminated pits.
The Red regime then ordered
hundreds of young Communists,
members of the DISZ youth or-
ganization, to work the mine. The
young men went down, and for two
hours nothing happened. Then came
a terrific explosion. Eventually more
than 40o bodies were removed from
the pits. No word of this disaster
appeared in the Hungarian press.
Radio Free Europe received a reli-
able account of it five months later,
via the underground.
Save for those in slave-labor
camps, Eastern Europe's miners are
the most brutally exploited of all
workers under Stalinist domination.
They are everywhere forced to work
with antiquated equipment under
notoriously unsafe conditions. Fatal
accidents are frequent. A few years
ago most of the miners were en-
thusiastic Communists; now they
are so openly hostile that Com-
munist control officers rarely dare
to go into the pits.
Nor are the miners alone in their
rebellious attitude. On July 29, 1951,
for example, despite hopeless odds,
nearly 6ooo desperate Polish workers
rallied in a central square of Vilna to
protest a new and oppressive wage
system. Security police and army
units attacked the demonstrators
from all sides, beat and arrested
several hundred. Next day firing
squads executed 40 of the leaders
a warning from the self-proclaimed
"defenders of the proletariat."
"Labor discipline" is an obsession
of the Red bosses. The laws of all
satellite regimes stipulate that work-
ers "have no right to dissolve the
contract of work" and impose drastic
penalties for absenteeism. Yet East-
ern Europe's workers fight back
with every ruse and obstructive
practice at their command from
slow-downs and shoddy work to
occasional outright sabotage, and
absenteeism remains a major prob-
lem. Despite the severe penalties,
many do quit their assigned )ohs,
and labor "migration" remains ex-
tremely high. In the third quarter
of 1951 Hungary's labor turnover
(admitted by the regime) was 46.2
percent in building industries, i8
percent in raining.
The Communist wage scale
throughout satellite Europe ranges
between $12 and $25 per week. With
inflated prices, at least a month's
wages are required to buy a pair of
shoes. Moreover, the state constantly
raids the worker's pay envelope
before it reaches him. He is com-
pelled to accept repeated deductions
(known as "voluntary contribu-
tions") as proof that he is a stanch
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proletarian devoted to "the rule of
the working class." For this privilege
he loses as much as ten to r 5 percent
of his earnings.
The Communists' feverish expan-
sion of satellite heavy industry (prin-
cipally war industry) has created a
tremendous labor shortage. But the
Red government's exploitation of
workers is so widely known that,
since 1950, satellite authorities have
had to stage what amount to nation-
wide man-hunts and woman-hunts,
combing cities and rural areas for
workers. The secret police raid res-
taurants and stop people in the
streets. Anyone whose papers do not
indicate satisfactory working or po-
litical status is dispatched to what-
ever job the party may select.
In sum, what has Communist rule
brought to the worker in satellite
Europe? It has deprived him of the
right of free assembly, of his right
to bargain collectively; of his free
vote in union elections; of the right
to quit one job and seek another,
of the right to strike. The Red State
conscripts him, selects his job, sets
his wages. It registers him with an
individual "work book" without
which he cannot quit or get a job.
These are the conditions of working
men and women in what the Krem-
lin describes as "the Workers' and
People's Republics" of Eastern Eu-
rope.
IX. Slave Labor
THE extraordinary scale on which
the Kremlin has exported its highly
perfected slave-labor system, in
which starvation is universal and
torture a commonplace, is hardly
suspected by the free peoples of the
West. The crimes of the Red terror,
like those of the Nazis, are so in-
human that we can scarcely grasp
their enormity. But their true di-
mensions are attested by numerous
victims who have somehow survived
and escaped.
By pooling this testimony, it be-
comes evident that more' than one
million people are now confined in
the prisons and slave camps of East-
ern Europe. More than 50 major
camps are known to exist in Poland,
with a slave-labor population of
over 400,000, and more than 40 in
Rumania with a minimum popula-
tion of 300,000. Between 20 and 30
major camps have been identified
in both Hungary and Bulgaria. And
dozens of new ones are being built
every year throughtout captive Eu-
rope.
In Eastern Germany, the Russians
and local Communists continue to
operate many of the most notorious
Nazi death-camps. Early in 1951, a
Pole released from Buchenwald -
the same Buchenwald whose bar-
barities, it was fervently hoped,
would end forever with World War
II - reported that 10,000 persons,
nearly 3000 of them women, were
still held there.
Production and construction by
forced labor is one of Soviet Russia's
biggest businesses - a cartel for hu-
man exploitation. It is also an in-
dispensable instrument of Soviet
conquest, since it is an important
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR 021
means of getting rid of opposition. ported 15,ooo Rumanian prisoners
It has become an integral part of the are slaving on the big Bistritza
Sovietization of all Eastern Europe. Valley hydroelectric project. Still
In fact, in January 1951 Moscow another 3500 work on the Argesh
established a Central Labor Office in Canal project. Notable slave-con-
Prague, to which each puppet gov- struction programs also include Bul-
ernment was instructed to report the garia's Christo Botev line fortifi-
total number of prisoners available cations, the Tulcea and Sozopol
- thus launching an all-satellite submarine bases. Probably the great-
slave-labor pool, est armies of slave laborers of all are
Puppet-state prisoners are con- mobilized in the many Czech and
fined in camps indentical to those in Polish uranium mines, where as
Soviet Russia - heavily guarded, many as 150,000 have been reported
encircled by barbed- and electric- by underground sources.
wire obstacles, surrounded by watch In addition, one or two trainloads
towers with searchlights blazing all of particularly hated satellite politi-
night. Hunger is used to compel cal prisoners are dispatched every
prisoners to work to the limits of week to the Soviet Union's own
their endurance. Death rates are camps, where few survive. In the
extremely high. Under MVI) con- single month of March 1951 some
trols, hundreds of thousands of East 17,ooo Hungarians were gathered
Europeans now construct five-year- in Uzhorod for deportation to Russia
plan projects designed to Increase - their true destination being
the military power of Russia, Slave death.
workers have already built army What the free world must some-
barracks, bases and airfields; coastal how comprehend is this: In Eastern
fortifications along the Baltic and Europe the Communists hold in
the Black Sea; underground depots their power several million candidates
for arms, food and fuel and much else. for slavery. Until vast numbers of
Each Communist country has farmers, middle-class citizens and
large-scale projects which need slave resentful workers have been put
labor for their execution. Hungary's behind barbed wire, the men in
gigantic ironworks at Dunapentele, the Kremlin will fear that Com-
where an industrial complex com- munist control of the "colonial"
parable to Pittsburgh's is being states remains inadequate. Eastern
created, requires many thousands, Europe can only be rendered "se-
as do similar projects in Eastern cure," by Soviet definition, through
Slovakia, Czechoslovakia and Po- expansion of the slave-labor system.
land. More than io,ooo slave prison- It is therefore conceivable that the
ers work in Bulgaria's coal mines; Reds' slaves in captive Europe may
another 5000 on dams for the total two or three million persons
Tundzha and Rositza Rivers. A re- by 1954.
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June
4 CONDENSE J) BOOK
022
In reality, the establishment of a When the rulers of the Kremlin
vast Communist slave-labor system are prepared to deport millions of
throughout Eastern Europe is a Hungarians in sealed boxcars, why
warning to every citizen in the free should we imagine that they would
all to those in the hesitate to treat Western Europeans
world, most of
Atlantic community. Without forc- and Americans in similar fashion?
ing large proportions of any coup X Cc,iicluest of the Churches
try's population into slave labor, the
TODAY all organized churches in
Communists cannot hold power. It
is an irreplaceable means of destroy- captive Europe are not only isolated
ing "class enemies." And nowhere from the outside world ld they are
of the
in the world are there so many also occupied-by
s -
potential "class enemies," so many Politburo. Thi conquest has con
candidates for future Communist elusively demonstrated the Corm
ability to dominate every
slave camps as in the advanced, pre- min I
is a religious
rebody gimen asny e stacountry hNo
dominantly middle-class populations
of the Western democracies.
a fact which it might he realistic to organized church -Christian, Jew
keep in mind. Eastern Europe is ish, Moslem or
ng refit ced tocan
only a first step, the prelude. Pe to escape But how far would the Stalinists instrument of Kremlin policy. No
dare to go with their ruthless en- believers,
can escape debvoteersdionand
of
slavement policy? They arc already Pe
answering that question in every their religious organizations to C01711
Red-ruled nation in Eastern Europe. mun'st egdesigns.
began their subtly
"I'lie Great Slave-Maker Stalin him- The Reds er began the churches
self gave the most cynically frank planned
answer possible when, in the early by taking over Protestant ande~nf-
postwar period, he spoke glowingly potent
and the Orthodox
to Stanislaw Mikolaiczyk, then a Churches in Rumania and Bulgaria.
leader in the Polish Government,
about a great Slav empire stretching The scattered Protestant congrega-
from the Pacific shores of Siberia to tions, bereft of any common organr
the mid-European fringes of the nation, presented little dii1iculty.
Iron Curtain. Mr. Mikolaiczyk And the Jews, already
begnc and
pointed out that the Hungarians, defenseless de g ht, have tbee com-
after all, are not Slavs and would munal organizations until today in
resist being swallowed up by every Poland, as an example, there remains
means in their power.
Stalin replied with calm, arct . ic only the Central Committee of Jews,
assurance: "The Hungarian problem which completely trolle was Because chrch
is only a matter of boxcars."
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by far the most powerful. the Roman
Catholics were the last to he at-
tacked.
No Soviet conquest has been ex-
ecuted with more astuteness. The
Communists pauperized the Catho-
lic Church by confiscating its prop-
erties and sources of income; sup-
pressed religious education or made
it entirely dependent upon the Red
State; seized thousands of priests
and nuns, held them as hostages,
and wrung harshly oppressive con-
cessions as the price of their release.
They enlisted the service of the
weak, politically ambitious or cor-
rupt priests as champions of co-
operation with the Communist re-
gime, and used them to found Mos-
cow-style "Peace Movements"
which all adherents of whatever
faith were urged to support - to
prove their opposition to war. The
"patriotic priests," hacked by ter-
rorist pressures, won many waverers
among the lower clergy, and the
growth of this collaborationist ele-
ment among the clergy split church
organization wide open.
Eventually, the Communists in-
stalled "fellow-traveling" prelates in
key bishoprics and in religious pub-
lications, and seized control of Cath-
olic policy-making and administra-
tive offices. Finally, the Red state
appropriated the right to appoint
all future bishops and canons. Those
in office who resisted were arrested
and replaced by clerical renegades.
By such tactics the three great
traditional bastions of the faith -
Hungary, Poland and Czechoslova-
kia, where Catholicism had been
unchallenged since the Middle Ages
- were progressively undermined,
infiltrated and captured. The last
organized ideological opponent in-
side the Iron Curtain was thus
eliminated.
In the face of this gradual usurpa-
tion of church power, the great
majority of bishops and priests, and
millions of laymen have remained
stanchly loyal - but utterly help-
less. Their cruel plight underscores
the fact that no church's freedom of
worship and of conscience can con-
ceivably escape destruction wherever
Soviet Communism seizes power.
XI. Youth Cominunized
UNDER a Communist government
what happens to your children,'
They are literally kidnaped by the
Red State, subjected to incessant
propaganda, in school and out, and
systematically alienated from paren-
tal and religious controls, The So-
viet's greatest secret weapon is the
corruption of youth.
In October 195o a Hungarian
father was beaten so terribly by the
AVVO secret police that he was sent
home on a stretcher. This was his
third arrest for listening to Western
broadcasts. But he had taken ex-
treme precautions: how could they
have found out? Beside his wife,
no one had shared the secret but his
iz-year-old son. Bandaged and crip-
pled, the father asked the boy the
awful question.
"You are an enemy of the people's
democracy if you listen to the i.rn-
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024 A CONDENSED BOOK June
perialists' radio," his son replied singing, distributing "Peace Move-
coldly. "Of course I reported you. ment" tracts - Red group leaders
If you listen any more, I will report have alluring tasks for everyone,
you again." designed to make those who "don't
A Rumanian mother started to belong" feel sadly out of things;
box her small boy's ears when he designed, above all else, to keep
was arrogantly disobedient. "If you children away from home all day.
punish me," lie shouted threaten- And on Sunday morning, by Party
ingly, "I'll tell our leader you are order, "free occupation" periods
profiteering with food. We Young keep your child from attending
Pioneers are Stalin's children." church.
Seven million Eastern. European Hungary's Young Pioneers take
young people under 21 are now en- a most dramatic initiation oath.
rolled either in Young Pioneer or- Under impressively solemn circum-
ganizations (for children from six stances they swear "in the presence
to 14) or the Communist Unions of all my comrades, to fight with
(for older adolescents). Boy Scouts, body and soul the battle of our
Girl Scouts and all other youth people against the American im-
groups are abolished. Thus the Red perialist assassins; and declare myself
state holds an absolute monopoly ready to defend, with my life if
on every form of organized youthful necessary, my happy Socialist home-
activity. It takes an almost fantastic land." Thus puppet-state children
parental authority to hold a child are offered knighthood in a new
against such pressures. crusading order. How can any
In elementary school the Pioneers mother, prattling about "bourgeois"
alone enjoy the group games, ex- virtues, compete with this? How,
cursions and free movies, and can especially, with only one or two
win and wear attractive badges. hours of opportunity out of each
How can you persuade your children 24?
to go without such treats year after Thus Eastern Europe's boys and
year, and regularly receive shock- girls are saturated with Stalinist
ingly low marks in school, even ideology; saturated with class hatred,
though they do their homework with readiness to fight against the
scrupulously? "It's your fault, free nations at a word from the
Mother. They only give good marks Kremlin, with scorn for their par-
to those who belong to the Pio- ents' standards and "old-fashioned
neers." morality," with anti-religious senti-
The Party steals virtually all the inents, and with skillfully promoted
children's free time outside of school. convictions that they are nobly
Military training (which receives patriotic when they serve as spies
greatest emphasis of all, save for and informers - against their par-
political indoctrination), hiking, ents and teachers, against resisting
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR 025
workers and farmers, against anyone things, more blindly obedient --
the Party may designate. above all enthusiastic.
But the Red state, in Barbara "Cops-and-robbers" is a wonder-
Ward's discerning phrase, also "ful- fully enticing game for the young
fills, while it perverts, some of the of every race and clime, and the
best yearnings of youth." The Com- police state's masters exploit these
munists give young people real jobs susceptibilities to the utmost. What
and flattering responsibilities. An could be more thrilling than to
impressive series of "youth shops" become a real spy? So puppet-state
has been operated exclusively by Pioneers and Youth Union members
members of Poland's Youth Union are constantly mobilized as inform-
(ZMP) in Bydgoszcz since 1950. ers. Junior snoopers ransack peasant
Zealous teen-agers manage and staff homes for hidden produce in thou-
14 cooperatives, several bakery and sands of rural centers in every Cur-
clothing shops and the city's largest tain country, vastly excited by the
confectionery store. Their sense of unprecedented authority. Acting as
importance is deliberately inflated agents of Red terrorism is perverted
by lavish praise in the Party press. into a notable "patriotic service."
In scores of such activities the In school, children are subjected
Reds assign youngsters of both sexes to education which is 100 percent
to hard jobs. Adolescent egos are Soviet Russian. The teaching staffs
played up to adroitly. Young people have been repeatedly purged and
are given a rare and heady sense of sovietized until today the schools
participation, and praised for con- are completely Party-occupied.
tributing to great, nation-wide pro- Textbooks are either translated from
grams. Russian textbooks or patterned after
Official posts in trade unions and them. In geography books, following
Workers' Councils go to a surprising a Party directive, pictures are care-
number of young members. In Polish fully selected "to show the oppres-
mining unions 25 percent of the sion and misery of the working
"trustees" are from the ZMP; in population" in capitalist countries.
the textile industry ten percent - Science textbooks must "unmask
but Party organs denounce this as the decadence of mathematics and
"too small." Young Communists Physics" in the Western nations.
are also pushed into executive jobs In their primers, satellite children
in municipal soviets; as group lead- learn to read from such sentences as
ers, "educators" and propagandists; "Joseph Stalin is the great leader of
as junior bosses of tractor stations. the Soviet Union. All those who
Boys and girls under 21 are much work love him with untold love.
less critical of Marxist innovations; Joseph Stalin is the best friend of
much less concerned about obstacles, children." And they memorize such
more scornful of old ways of doing poems as:
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By his mighty arm so hard
Stand the peoples, all on guard;
Masses singing, young and old,
Following our Stalin bold.
In later grades the children are
given such examination questions as
these (from Rumanian seventh-grade
manuals) : "Why is bourgeois democ-
racy a false democracy? From what
facts known to you can we see that
the Soviet Union treats us as an
equal? Why is the Soviet Union in
the forefront of the struggle for
peace? For what reason does the
Soviet Union not pursue the sub-
jugation and exploitation of any
people, as do the imperialist states?"
The study of French begins with
the Communist Internationale in
French, after which come reading
selections from such renowned
French masters as Stalin, Lenin and
Marx. History books denounce East-
ern Europe's traditional national
heroes as traitors, and portray all
the truly great men, great ideas,
great inventions and contributions
to world progress as Russian. No
books contradict this impression, for
the works of all "bourgeois falsifiers"
- i.e., Eastern Europe's most emi-
nent historians - have been re-
moved from the libraries.
From Hungary a student writes:
"The Communist Party decides
everything from a student's admis-
sion until he passes his final exams.
Of course the Party decides on the
basis of how `reliable' the student is.
Our colleges are regularly purged of
children of the former middle class,
intellectuals, etc. This program is
being carried out continuously and
systematically, regardless of the re-
sults - which already are deplor-
able. The level of examinations has
sunk unprecedentedly low. For those
sponsored by the Party, exams are a
mere formality. The only really im-
portant examinations are the politi-
cal ones."
The resultant undermining of
youth's intellectual and moral in-
tegrity is obvious. A Polish student,
now in exile, asks bitterly: "Can you,
who have never known it, under-
stand what it means to live in a state
of permanent opposition? Under
such conditions it is better to com-
promise; to pretend that you be-
lieve in Communism."
But there is a substantial amount
of extraordinarily courageous re-
sistance among the teen-age portion
of Eastern Europe's youth. Despite
all Soviet efforts, the majority of
farm-bred youth remains antagonis-
tic to Communism. In addition, the
hold of strongly religious families
cannot be completely broken down,
especially among older children. At
a meeting of Rumania's Union of
Working Youth (UMT) in Feb-
ruary 1951, the head of its univer-
sity section reported that 55,000
students "had been found guilty of
hostility and indifference."
Nevertheless, one is compelled to
estimate that the Stalinists have
already captured, or seem assured of
capturing, about 25 percent of all
young people in the Iron-Curtain
countries, a formidable percentage of
tomorrow's ruling generation. If the
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1952 CONQUEST BY TERROR
Stalinists are able to transform most
of these young people into convinced
Communists during the next decade,
they will be in a position to dominate
all of Iron-Curtain Europe for at
least another generation. The strug-
gle for children's minds may well
decide Eastern Europe's fate for this
century.
XIL The Stakes in the Cold War
WE MUST all face up to the real
meaning of Russia's cold war against
the Western democracies. Even to-
day most of us do not visualize the
stakes clearly. We do not yet grasp
that this is a struggle without quar-
ter and without armistice. We do
not perceive the size of the battle-
field. The Kremlin's targets cover
the globe.
Half the world's population, more
than a billion persons, are vulnerable
to Communist seduction either be-
cause of their nearness to Russia
or their low standard of living. They
constitute the overwhelming balance
of power in tomorrow's world. They
are Moscow's immediate target ---
and they must also be ours.
It is what these people don't know
about life under Communist rule
that makes them peculiarly vulner-
able to false Communist promises.
Who is going to tell them, if not us?
Stalinist lies must be unmasked
for what they are. For the Stalinists
in the puppet states have proved
that they can win the tolerance of
millions of well-intentioned non-
Communists. The Stalinists, up to
now, have been superior to the
Western democracies in waging the
war of ideas. Until we employ
equally effective organizations and
techniques on an intensive world-
wide scale we cannot even begin to
hold our own. Until we outmatch
the Soviets both in aggressiveness
and skill we cannot hope to persuade
the ultimately decisive legions in the
world's ideological marketplace.
While all American information
agencies were spending less than
20o million dollars in 1950, the
Soviet Union and her satellites spent
an estimated 1.4 billion. The Rus-
sians alone are credited with spend-
ing 840 million dollars on broad-
casts, news services, films and financ-
ing of agitators; 48 million more to
train propagandists; 40 million for
books and pamphlets. The puppet-
state regimes are estimated to have
spent another 481 million. The
Kremlin's world-wide efforts are thus
eight to ten times greater in cost
than those of the world's richest
nation-and in personnel actively
engaged, hundreds of times greater.
As Anthony Leviero wrote in the
New York Times, Washington po-
licy makers have only belatedly
become aware "that the Soviet Union
could win the world without itself
engaging in war.
The Communists' conquest of
satellite Europe is a final warning to
the West: this is how Soviet Com-
munism infiltrates and undermines;
how it betrays and contaminates;
how it dominates governments; how
it enslaves and destroys people; how
it perverts patriotism, family loyalty,
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personal integrity and morality; how
it cripples minds and poisons hearts;
how it harnesses all of a nation's
human and material resources to the
purposes of slave-state power. This
is how Stalinism expands, conquers
and perpetuates itself.
There remains but one question:
The matter of personal obligation -
both mine and yours.
I think both yours and mine are
inescapable.
Either you stand with freedom -
or you stand against it.
Either you defend the basic rights
of free men - or you undermine them
by your very ind4erence.
Those who shut their eyes to the
crimes of the Soviet slave system
are "unconscious" allies of the
Kremlin. By their silence they serve
as confederates of Communism, sup-
porters of the mass enslavement of
peoples. Because an immeasurable
burden of proof of Stalinism's true
character is already on record, these
silent allies are no longer pardonable.
They are self-condemned.
In the final reckoning, all of us
must be judged by our silence, by
our indifference, by our acts of omis-
sion.
If you read such reports as this,
and still find nothing to do for the
free way of life - in your daily
work, in whatever way you can best
contribute - pray do not deceive
yourself. For you will have taken
your stand by default. You will
stand among the parasites of the free
nations - in the ranks of the "un-
conscious pro-Communists" - an-
other valuable ally of Soviet enslave-
ment.
This war of ideologies will con-
tinue throughout our lifetime. Al-
ready it is far advanced. We, as yet,
are still far from winning it.
The chips are down.
The roll call is now.
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