SCIENCE AND STATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80S01540R001200150002-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 15, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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;r:TELLCsa.,_
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Dooumsat ooatatns taforatattoa sisoUas aw lfs-
ttanal Defenes of Ow Unites Nates. wtibtn the mesn-
tng of This 1$. tleotloas 7 3 am ?N. of the III.Oode. as
amended. Its trl= ,d as or Ysv Uoa of Its emteah
to or reoetpt by an unauthorlaed panes Is pr"lbttsd
by law. Thu rsproducttaa of this farm is probib/ted.
SECRET/CONTROL - U.S. OFFICIALS ONLY
UKURITY IN?ORMATICN
COUNTRY
I "P
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
:East Germany
DATE DISTR. 15 May 1953
NO. OF PAGES 1
REQUIREMENT NO. RD 50X1-HUM
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE AMA/SAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
Enclosure A: Report on the relations between Sdienee and the State
in East Germany. (7 pages) F
Distribution: OSI
O RR
SECRET/CONTROL - U.S. OFFICIALS ONLY
NAVY AIR
FBI
AEC
[1
(NS: WsMiegha DIw.IbstIM I? RI "X"I taw DIM-Meaa Sy "#".) Form Q. 5161, January 1953 -
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A. 'h.T-oducti n vivrel uwaInUL
.11:5, OFF1 MIS o tr
? sc1. en o, d r8t at e
This paper examines s me aspec s of. the relations between
science and state in one atellite, ?d-S+ 6:e(ma.n
It makes&part'icular reference to one body,
the,,1W Academy of Sciences,' to illustrate the points' made.
''Science; "scientist" and related words in this paper may
be taken as having the force of the German "Wissenschaft"
unless qualified by "natural science" - i.e. any body' of
systematic and formulated knowledge.
A y " may 2. Scientists in t~i be said to hive 'relations with the
State..at two levels: they come into contact with the State,
every day"of their lives, as normal citizens of that State and
they also come into contact with it by virtue of their profession
as scientists, _ It is not the purpose of this paper to examine
the first type off' contact; is??ISert~ag5- worth- ~e
1 weve*, that every -scientist, is also a citizen and thus daily
sees the slogans in the streets, the officialnewspapers, the
Peoples' 13olice searching the trains: may hear the official
radio or the views of his discussion group secretary: and knows
of the economic and security policies of his State through
frequent personal experieno-e.
-3- Like other scientific organ sations, the Academy of
Sciencesand its workers are subject to two political powers:
Soviet and German.
B. Soviet Control
4? The ovial- Control- Oc-11
,-z rr ;, ( K" in BER IN-Karlshorst
maintains a i it
s3 oll o __^e with the oac em AThid` man -
at present o NOPE-r O fnu (ph.,) - t always known inside
the Academy as Me, -buss an Control Officer". He visits the
Academy' irregularly at about fortn'g tly intervals and there
deals'normally with the Directorss Jose AAS. He also
visits Dr NAAS at his home in BERL_.N Nielderscht5nhausen,
Wahnachaffestr. 29~ -
5. In addition, all Academy plans for new building or other
major work must be referred to the STK, as must the Academy's
research plans.
6. The SxK does not mera'ly re:seive these communications from
the Academy for its informaticr: it-also acts from time to time,
upon them. For example, t.ho Acad.e;ry submitted plans to the.SKK
for its new Institute (for ?Tuclea Physics) at MIF'RSDORF. The
SKK ordered that the 7_ze cr trio proposed complex there should be
reduced. This was done:. Again ~,t~~ K recently sent
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~repre entatIves to the new building site of tho Institute of-
and Biology at BERLIN-D3uoh. to check that the building
work corresponded exactly to the plans.
UL trul.
7,
ith German Political authorities.
(a) Re resentatives. of the Academy deal with two,
political entities - the Central Committee of
the Party (7,K of the SED) and the -Government-.
(b)
e
i,u.a-lted to A%,- ?ueral ./
This far-reaching control _by the Party is not g.
Mown even. within the Academy and a member of the HQ
staff who said to. Siegfried LANQHANS in t .e presence
? of a visiting Academy -scientist, f-Rave the names on this
liter of i~dvitatiopa_ been approved by the. 2K yet?", Was
Beverly reprimanded.
congresses and visits y its scientists abroad must
be submitted to the -ZK for approval. Lists of those
ttiy meetings mnat also be submitted,
d
changes of policy,
e
e
with Acadsnty of a rs uia 1 e
political course somweeks agog His place was
then taken by one Kura LLER.
(b) rft"t."nIs All the Academy' a plans for new buildings,
also uccaeionally
are attended by
,
ttende*
to castle at
m? . ings take place in PIE
(d) The difference between. ZK and government-al meetings
is this: I n thg the Asa ieQeiTe Owe
and is told what to do and. at ogt to . dc.. - the
ivitiati+e in the conversations es from the ZK,.
In the meetings with the Government,. on the other
hand, the initiative comes from the scientists,,
who tell PIECK and anyone else who may be present
what facilities they need in order to do tbei
work and what - they think of this and that.
ee Qe ttra cittee of the Party
(a) JJW: Seientifie affairs in the ZK appe to be
he on our of. the Propaganda Departmett, headed by
v In articular, Brns 4 ANN
was particularly concerned
ZK for a 50X1-HUM
, ft th
h
BERLIN-Ni ed ers act za laau se n .
SECaE i CU i taot
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aseist-ant) and (Fra miar
director.
Frequent meetings. in the
B- J ore of NAAB, 111s oaf ri e
President Wilhet
For meetings wit
ime bye Dr#
rof Dr 1P alt i
E , roi'
SECRET ClI1ROL
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(his personal
S
IEL, personnel
he Government proper, Minister
;PIS is visited from time to
resident of the Academe.
I D IC Vice Pr si en
Theodor, 3, (ProV a
n e:-!.Pre' ident -Johann
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Research
Control of travel
(a) In July 1952, the Government Chancellery issued
instructions to the Academy that they should
only send to !r'estern scientific conferences men-
who would take, at the. meetings, an active, stand
against the BONN agreements (the "General-
Kriegsvertrag"). Dr. NAAS-realised how impossible
this was and ignored the matter.
(b) In October 1952, however, there was a meeting
on this matter of international congresses. It
was attended by:-
Every pid ae-of netural scientific and technical research
work in the. Academy's Institutes is ultimately subject to
political control. The'Praesidium of the Academy considers
eaeh suggested task: if it. approves, the task is set out in
13 copies - 9 in German and 4 in Russian. These are then
sent to the Central Office of Research and Technology (ZAFT),
which co-ordinates all DDR research. ZAFT itself'is
subordinate to the State Planning Conanission. Every research
task. can thus be scrutinised, and approved or rejected, by State
political organs.
10,
Charlotte THIEL - Academy of Science
REETZ ZK/SBD
FREESE - Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
JARCHOW - State Secretariat for
Higher Education
RICHTER - Government Chancellery.
On 27 Oct 52, charlotte THIEL dictated a file note
on this-meeting, for the benefit of Dr NAAS. , This
note recorded the results of the meeting. It
not,pd that the ZK had s-uggested, that visits to-
conferences in the capitalistic lands should be
limited as far as possible. Further, each 0
contemplating sending representatives ..
should ask in each case about a conference:-
(a) who will be invited?
(b) what social prugram[
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is arranged? - 50X1-HUM
(c) if West German scientists will be present,
what is their attitude to the BONN agreements?
the proposed -congress is to be held. abroad, the
concerned should consider:- 50X1-HUM
(a) significance for science in the DDR?
(b) who is issuing the invitations?
(c) character of_ the conference?
3CRET CONTROL
0.S? OFFICIALS OILY
SECRET CONTROL
OFFICIALS eye v
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3EtWEU IW1'.
' OFFICIA1s OIL,
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(d) who initiated the conference?
(e) how do they stand in regard to Soviet science?
(f) do they belong to any international
scientific society?
(g) what is the character of any proposed
DDR participants - general and political?
etc.
These details mire to be forwarded to the ZK/SED and
to the Ministry .of Foreign Affairs 8 weeks before
the proposed conference. They are to be accompanied
by the following documents in respect of each
proposed member of a delegation or participant
in a conference:-
(a) personal particulars (in duplicate)
(b) detailed life-history (duplicate)
(c) decision of the relevant personnel
section (duplicate)
(d) short biography (quintuplicate)
(e) invitations to the congress (duplicate).
11? Further ,o~ ntrol of international relations
(a) Relations of DDR scientists with foreign bodies
must be licensed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. In addition, the Ministry of Finance
may be involved if foreign exchange is needed.
The government also recently set up a "Co-ordinating
,and Control office for Education, Science. and Art"
at BERLIN W.1, Wilhelmstr. 68 (Ministry of
Education building). This also deals with the
foreign relations of DDR scientists, including the
co-ordination of the plans of the AcadoMy and
State Secretariat for Higher Education.
~(b) The difficulties experienced by a, DDR scientist
in attempting to join an interns ional scientific
society were well illustrated by Profj Rudolf
SFELD's attempts to join the In al
n n of Plant Systematists (IUPS),- Prof Dr Phil
R. MANSFELD is head of the Systematic Botany Dept.
of the Institute for Research in Cultivated Plants.
Prof MANSFELD wrote to the Academy on 22 Apr 52,
asking for,, or 11 West Marks, the membership fee
to be made available. This eventually
of the IMP
produced a long letter to the Professor from the
iuPS. The Pro
in Autumn 1952,
This asKea- to rroresaDr -awo
lessor was still deep in correspondence
and still without his$3.
/5...
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U.S. OFFICIALS ONLY
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? -SECRET CONTROL
- 5 U.S. OFFICIALS ONLY,
.,,,~, ,atlons with the` USSR (other than Soviet .)ontrol)
124 As already mentioned, the SKK in Germany represents-the
USSR to the Academy. DDR scientists may also come into
oontact. With Soviet ecientista by visiting the Soviet Union
or ity receiving visiting Soviet scientists. Vaey raw DDR,
s 8ptists have visited Vie, Soviet, .Uz~ip , i n the jt~ three
or four earn. ~Yror/ nangt5'l uBBE, head or the Institute
*.L teeeareon Cultivated Plants,, GATERSLEBEN, is probably
.one of the few Academy natural scientists to have been there
in the last years. The paper work for "such a visit is 'immense,
involving as it does the Soviet, Diplomatic Missiondal BERLIN,
the IZR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Goverment Chancellery,
the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of "State Security
and the SIQL - -
134 Soviet scientists may also visit t DDR from time to -
time in official delegations. ThusProf ETROWSKIT', member
of the Praesidium of the Academy of cienc of the USSR and
Rector-of the L0MONOSOV University in MOSCO visited the
en ary celebration there.- Such occasions seem to be
in October 1952, with a political delegation."
biTN and others were in HALLE in February 1952 for a
mere poll-tidal than scientific.
14a Some Soviet scientists or technicians may come to the DDR
to X953 in connection with WTZ s program= WTZ - Office
for '8.i'.entific and Technical Co-operation (with the USSR and
8.atehi. ee). - MR Institutes suggest to WTZ which is now art
'At -AZU subjects "in which they would like help from tie Sov et
ea and. if these are approved the USSR may agree to send
specialists to the DDR. This has happened in one or.two
eases planned for 1953, but is not known pbeviously.
13~ DDR students are occasionally selected for courses in
the USSR. " In one ease in 1952,' a small number of East BERLIN
students were to be selected. The conditions were that the
students selected must
i) be outstandingly good at their work
ii) be exceptionally good in their standing
with the Party
iii) not have been officers in World War II
iv) not have been POWs of the English or -
Americans -
v) not- have any relations in the West.
E.. Miscellaneous
160.. Folit cal education
(a) once a fortnight, in the central Academy offices
andin each large Academy Institute or group of
Institutes, there"'is a Discussion Group. Often
an outside lecturer- comes and talks, usually.,for
about Lp0 minuteq? Recent subjects have included
"Christianity and Socialism" (by the General Secretary
of,the Christian Democratic Union),,"Liberalism and
arx sm", "H' orical Dialectical Materialism" by
P~rof~ Walther LLI'SCHER and others. The lecture
1.i,~ { Vbfa 4
/6... .
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iz followed by discussion. These groups are
are quite voluntary. If a scientist is apparently
not interest-ed, he will be politely. invited in
a friendly w aye to come along. Even opponents
of -the regime admit, however; that there is not
even any -real moral compulsion to.attend these
,group meetings. Pamphlets on friendship with
the USSR and such topics are displayed at these
meetings: those interested take copies.
(b) Once a week, however, there is more formal
political education. Every Wednesday, from
8 to 10 k.m.,all the lay employees of the
Academy central offices have to attend classes
in the Academy. Similar arrangements apply in
the academy Institutes: there, too,-scientists,
are exemp This schooling is under the direction
of Richar HL, who was formerly connected with
the printing "'trade. Classes, of 20-30 people,
are instructed in such subjects as "The Struggle
for the Defence of Peace", "Rebuiidins under -the
5-Year Plan", "The Democratic Reboildimg of the
State in the DDR". For employees of more limited
intellectual capacity, like the Academy's drivers,'
this instruction is interspersed with German and
Russian history, German geography and such topics.
17. security
Ta) SSD. The State Security Service of the
DDR (SSD) -maj-ntai ns at least one covert agent
in the Academy HQ s-' Siegfrie ' I ftNS, the
Perao-:z:1 Assistant to the Di ector. One of
i main asks was that of observation of
Alfone IKOWSKI , head of Administrati.om of
in the Academy some months ago that MAIKONISKI
would not last long.
Dr Alfons MAIKOWW91I 's dismissal from the
Academy has just been c00 ':r ed by the
Praesidiuin.
It may well be that many of the Academy's
Institutes also have SSD agents; one identified
in the Institut for Me icin and Biology,_
BERLIN-Buch, is~r phi1)Kdthe~ RNBERGER.
(b) Documents: - A small 'number of documents graded
RCare held in the Academy HQ in one of two.
safes: that in Siegfried LANGHANS' room; or that
in BUSCH's room (Party representative and Trade
Union leader).. 1'icoo documents ale liable to be
checked from time to time by the SSD. A few
weeks ago LA-NGHANS .and NAAS were called out of
bed in the middle of the night to come in to the
Academy for a -"routine" SSD check of their SECRET
documents.
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The S +:T documents deal with Academy reeearch .
plans and with decisions made on the exchange of
?infarmation between the DDR and the USSR or other
Satellites.. SECRET CAATROL
LI_c. OFFICIALS OILY /7' ' ?
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.WW
C1
1jS 4XX
Scientists in the Academy and elsewhere in
the DDR have many material advantages over the
mass of thepopulation. For example, all the
Academy scientists receive rood Ration Card "A"
and the special."In-Scheina' (Intelligent Karte),
both of which entitle them to special food and
other rations --e.g. meat, soap, sugar and fats.
From time to time the Academy receives an
allocation of some scarce material - for e;ample,
textiles of good quality: this is sold to
Academy scientists only. Many scientists have
houses which have been declared immune from
requisitioning. The Academy helps with the
education of children and loans for cars: many,
scientists have BMW cars (cost about 14,000 DM East).
Pensions, of 70-86% salary, ars: payable at age 65.
(b) Thel pay of~scientists is very high. Prof
(c)
92,000 DM East/'--ear. The Director of an Institute
now receives about 4-5s000 DM East/month.
In. A,uguSt 1952, the government, of the DDR
presented the Academy with a castle at KRE1d.VIEN
40 kms- NW of BERLIN). It-i's to be used as a
scientists' r$st home,
.(d) This position in society does not, however, protect
scienti is from toe laws of the DDR. Thus the
eminent~Professor,~Walt evkGROTRIAN, head of the
:astrophysical Observatorry, POTSDAM, was returning
to POTSDAM from East, through West, BERLIN in
October 1952, when he was stopped by a Peoples'
Police control and asked to demonstrate what
money he carried. He was found to have 8 West
Marks. Possession of West Marks being an offence,
the Professor was detained overnight and later
fined 30 East Marks..
184. The.-material. circumstances of scientists
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s+rocurement of foreign scientLfi ^ literature in the DDR
19. Trade Unions
A Scientists Trade Union has recently been founded
the DDR. It is to affiliate to the World Federation of
Scientific Workers. No f itther details are yet known.
20. Foreign Scientific literature
is under control of the Cent ral "ice fo a
iterature ). Western scien ific ,an; _,..e.chpjcal literature
. b of kpowledg.e apge ars to be freely t ? .a...
e e
The same cannot be said for Soviet literature. Only certain
Veriodi-cals can be obtained in the DDR: Translation
facilities are inadequate. At the'. Extraordinary Plenary.
Session of the Academy on 22/23rd January, 1953, there were
several complaints from leading DDR scientists about the
difficulties of obtaining access to Soviet technical literature.
MET Ci1TUL
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