UNCLASSIFIED SOVIET PAPER HOW HUNGARIAN STANDARDS ARE ACHIEVED BY ANDREW MIKLOVICZ

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A005100050003-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 8, 2009
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 1, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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How Hungarian standards are achieved
A brief survey
by
Andrew Miklovicz
Chemical Engineer
Hungarian Office for Standardization
1) History of standardization and its administrative organs
The central organ of standardization in Hungary is the Hungarian
Office for Standardization (DISZH)
Hungarian standardization has a long past.. The first Hungarian
standard proposal on unified size of building elements (bricks)
was prepared in 1875.
The first Hungarian standards,marked TrIEE,worked out by the Hungarian
Electrotechnioal Commission were issued in 19lo,
The Hungarian Institute for Standardization - legal predecessor of
the Hungarian Office for Standardization - has been set up in 1933.
The Hungarian Office for Standardization has been created in 1949.
The past of the Hungarian Office for standardization goes back to
a quarter of a oentury.,but the last ten years were specially important
for the development of standardization.
The Hungarian Office for Standardization is a state organ with 145
employees. For organizational structure see Appendix I.
The Office is directed by the President and the Deputy-president.
Within the sevefl Sections of the Standardizing Main Department
standards are elaborated. Standardization of plastics belongs to the
scope of the Chemical Section. The work of the Ecperts? Committee
for Plastics, - dealt with later in this study Chief of this SQ6tion and by one of the chemical engineers eof by the
Office. o the
A special Section deals with the problems of principles,methodology,
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legal affairs ar:d ioreirjn relations. Another separate Section
deals with financial affairs, documentation and problems con-
cerning publication.
The Packaging Institute is functioning under the control of the
Hungarian Office for Standardization, This Institute engaged in
up to date packaging systems,wakes them out experimentally and
performs their test,. One of its main tasks is the use of plastics
for packaging techniquep,
Beside national standards the ministries issue industrial standards
that have to be applied for the products,varieties of certain
industries. Factories work out branch standards,their application
being compulsory within the concerned factory or plant.
The denomination of national standards is : Hungarian National
Standard of the People's Republic. Marking : MSZ, This marking
MSZ has to figure on the standardized product.
Appendix II contains the division of national standards,
2) Funotioning,items of standardization, principal tasks of the
Hungarian Office for Standardization
The principal tasks and functions of the Hungarian Office for
Standardization based on the theoretical work and practice of
Hungarian standardization going back to several decades,are
summed up as follows:
a) Quality specifications
One of the basic aims of the Hungarian economy, is the permanent
improvement'of the quality of products. For this reason specifi-
cation of the quality. requirements and control of the quality is
necessary. In Hungary as well.as in other countries I believe, two
interests have to be oo-ordinated. Viz,'the interests of the pro-
ducing industry and those of the consumers'are different. The producer
may intend to issue a certain range of product-types,the consumer,
however,.may require another more developed variety, a better quality
that isn't exactly determined or specified in certain cases.
Besides,the large number of the consumers' entails a great variety
of the quality requirements too. The co-ordination and unification
of the demands with the possibilities of the production is very im-
portant. National standards are the means of oo-'ordinating claims
W.
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and by the establishment of a synthesis? containing real
requireipeats they serve as a basis for planning and supplyo
b) D ution of the variety
The reduction of production costs depends on the diminubior;
of types and different sizes, A more detailed explanation on
this. subject I think? is not necessary. This diminution4
howevere ian?t automatic Instead of the assortment that came
into being either accidentally or from sh6er habit?the spe-
cification of the variety needed for technical or economical
reasonaQis only possible if this work is well discusaed?
carefully directed and well co-ordinatedo National standards
contain the variety determined that waro
c) Hoer to secure interchangeability and connections
Well developed technique and permanent production requires
that machinesomachine parts or tools either in connection
with one another0replaoing or making run one another should
be co-ordinatod as regards dimensions?output and other
requirementso The harmony of above factors doesn?t come into
being automatically either. Technical planning is being done,
aO diffare t places at the same timed The assurance of inter-
changeability and connections demands precisely fixed toleranoos
and a greater discipline of the producing industry.National
standards specifying principal dimensions and principal chaa
racteristics of products?machineseapparatuses and tools0
.further the standards dealing with limits and fitsatolerance
Dystems and screw threads etc. are the means of connections
and interchangeability0. o is tho standard containing the prin-
cipal and adjacent dimensions of plastic stamp-dieSo
B standard containing tolerances of stamped plastic=goods is
being elaboratedo
d) '~Ynrecipientsoboilers,further electrical equipments,
elevatorsotranjpart meansofire-protooting apparatuses etc,
another task of the Hungarian Office for Standardization is to
participate in the works of Hungarian legislation too. Number
of rules refer directly to standardization, When these rules are
elaborated the Hungarian Office for Standardization is consulted
as an expertoits vie'points are taken into consideration at first,
Such rules are thoso which specify the different quality requirements
tool saga safety codes for public health and other rules with
rospect to any other kind of protection,
3) Problems conoorninS quality specifications
It appeaa@ n@@ossQx7 to heal here in short with the principal
functions of standardisatinnothe probla in connection with quality,
An extensive study is being done wi~hth the Hungarian Office for
Stand,ardizationoooncerning determination of the idea of quality,
quality levelgquality -made sand principles concerning quality control,
All these studies of theoretical 'Character have been issued in
separate publicationda
I should like to lay a stress on the probleas concerning quality
grade- A general principle of the Hungarian tandardization procedure
indicates allay the inferior limit of quality r_equirementsg .
without fixing the upper limit, 'We have studied the possibilities
for introducing the so --called "purpose quality'0 According to
thisowe have specified for number of products qualities most con-
veniant for a certain given purposeowithout indicating any class
of quality', ( ioeo polyvinil=chlorid cable filler, casein for
plastioso battery sulphuric acid etc,)
Spooial eonsidoratioi bas been given to spocifications concerning
control of the quality 0tsatinSos,amplinn a reeption? Our aim is
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to introduce tests in the standards,carried out on as many objective
instruments as possible. We have worked out standards which deal
with the most up to date principles concerning control of the
quality by the mathematicerlmstatistica3,,.method. About 2000
standards contain procedures of quality grading by the mathe-
matioal statistical method, The method of the Columbia University
has been taken into consideration when specifications were
elaborated. Such is the standard dealing with the testingd
necessary for the quality classification of mass-products,
How the quality class is marked on the products
Products manufactured in compliance with the quality class
specified in the standards,have to be marked by a symbol
indicating the grade of the quality,
If we intend to express only that the product is in compliance
with the standard,the complete marking MSZ and the number of
the standard, or the abbreviated symbol MSZ should be-used
.
In case of quality classes the standards specify a mark that
refers to the quality, This should be carried out either by
way of marking the product by. Roman mumerals,eolors or combiG
nation of both, In case of foods e.g., I cl.quality is marked
by red, II cle by blue, III ci, by green color.
( Standard plastic goods are marked by the abbreviated symbol, MSZ )
4) The procedure of standardization
A basic principle of this process is to reach anreement among
the different interested parties on one hand, to Oa-ordinate all
the interests on the other,further, specifications should comply
with the requirements of economy and the level of technique.
Standardization in Hungary is planned. The Hungarian Office for
Standardization draws a plan containing all the items to be
standardized. This plan is bpsed-partly on the conception about
technical development,embracing the whole plan of Hungarian
'economy, partly on the conception about development of new
manufacturing plants,.taking always into account the products of
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I.-Lie Zn austiries,i,ue vtuims 01 Niv aua@rs~ret3Gtu C.u u &u UUO.Le "Ag
institutesolearned associations etc.
On the basis of the plans the first drafts are worked out either
by the experts or by institutions. Detailed instructions and
directives are given by the Office. In our mind it would be
more correct if the subjects were worked out b,: research
institutes,universities,designing offices etc. Either of these
institutes has obviously more possibilities and has a more compre-
hensive view over the subject to be standardized than an expert.
The first drafb.'standard on plastics have been elaborated by the
Research Institute for Plastics an Organic Chemistry or the
..ality Control Institute of Trades A report accompanies the
first draft. This contains the principles on the basis of which
the draft has been elaborated and also the performed experiments,
round-robin tests,the. results of test-piece production and the
literature in connection? This report has to indicate the con-
ditions of which depends the manufacturing of the product specified
in the draft. ( eventual change of the technological process,
investments etc.)
The "first draft" is submitted to the Experts' Committee of the
Hungarian Office for Standardization. In this Committe the
delegates of all the interested parties are rePresented.The Secre-
tarial work of the Experts' Committee is being done by the staff
of the Office. A basic principle of the discussions is to reach
an agreement with the interested parties. It couldn't be an aim
to demand excessive requirements from the producer or to force on
the consumer products that are not mostconvenient.
In the opinion of the Office it is most important to observe this
principle. There is no voting during the discussions, since in most
oases these problems cannot be settled with the vote of the majority
but only by taking into account all technical and economical view-points.
In many cases a new range of experiments and test-pieces will have
to be prepared in order to enable the Committee to bring the problem
to an issues
./ .
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Chairman of this Committee is the leader of the Chair of
Plastics from the Technical University,members of the Experts'
Committee are, as follows:
Secretary: dipl0en e. of the Hungarian Office
for Standardization,
.Members: Research Institute for Plastics
and Organic Chemistry,
Quality Control Institute of
Tradep
Ministry of Heavy 'Industry,
2 .persons
Chemical Department, 1
Further members of above Committee are the representatives of
two producing and two consumers' enterprises.
A meeting of the Experts shall take Place eve
this Cou~nittee take r`3' month. Members only of
part in these meetings,which are organized by the
Hungarian Office for Standardization,
The first drafts on plastics are elaborated by the above mentioned
institutions and are submitted to the Experts' Committee for dis-
cussion, All foreign documentation and standards are made use of
when the first draft is draw, On the.bases of aLl this material
methods are tested in
practice, Different types of plastics are
.used for the tests, The test loesults and the text of the draft are
,multiplied and issued by the Hungarian Office for Standardization,
The necessary time is assured for the.members of the Committee
enabling them to perform the. neeessary.ctrol
before the meetir_g,After this the Experts $ and experiments
' Committee holds meetings
on which the text of the draft
will be discussed point for point,
The co-operation of the Experts' Committee members is honoured by
the Hungarian Office for Standardization, A separate amount is
allocated to all those who had contributed to the pre ar.
the first draft and to the members of the p ation of
Hungarian Office for Standardization Experts' Committee, The,
bud et ~ provides -through the state
g for the covering of all expenses,
./.
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Vnen aareoment has been reaenea vain respecti do Tone iu i vaJLW,
this :'.a submitted to the Special Geamittee of the Office for
supe ? visione After approval the draft is made public so that.
not those who have taken part in the discussions but other
interested organs may make objections or suggestions to the
draft,:, This is put on sale,its isaua being announced in the
Official periodical of the Office ( Szabvanyugyi Kozlemeny ek)
The necessary time limit is given to enable anybody to comment
ont it. After the dead line the Committee revises the initial
text in the light of the results of the enquiry. If necessary,
further Mcperts' Committee meetings are held and the final
tex of the draft standards will be drawn up in compliance
With aforementioned principle. The final text is then submitted
to the Technical Collage of the Office for approval. The date
on vda.ich the standard specifications will become obligatory,
is fixed at the same time. This date depending on the readiness
of the producer and the consumer has to take into account the
eventaa change of the technological process. The approval and
the obligatory date of application-is also made public through
the Official paper 'of the Office. The standards are sold in
the shop of the publishing house'.
,A publishing house entirely independent from the Office issues
the standards. They are published either separately as pamphlets
in A4 format or standards of specific fields are published
collectively in the form of a book. Standards and drafts are.
.advertised in the official bulletin of the Hungarian Office
for Standardization. Moreover, these official communications,
this periodical contains also reports on theoretical and
practical questions connected with standardization and a report
of the meetings held,further a list of foreign standards re-
cently issued. Works on special subjects dealing with different
theoretical problems are issued also by the Office. Appendix Me
gives the list of specific groups and the titles of the publi-
cations in connection with standardization.
About a 3,5 - 4 millions of pages are sold yearly.
0/6
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6) Application}efficiency and revision of standards
As it appeared from above explanation on the methods used for
drafting standards, the aim is to reach an agreement when
standards are elaborated. This helps standard specifications
to be applied in practice, after mutual understanding. Another
condition of which the application of standards in practice
depends, should be the fulfilment of the different: instzn ctions.
All the interested parties will take notice of the specifications
and it will be. in their power to make the necessary arrangements
for the production and the utilization in practice.
The application of standards in Hungary is obligatory. This
means that the standardized product has to be manufactured and
used in compliance with the specifications laid down in the
standards and has to be applied in practice from the fixed time ,
on. State rules warrant that rules will be kept. Other rules,
instructions orders in connection with standardization contain
also references to standards,such as the Hungarian food code,
according to which Hungarian national standards should specify
the quality,test methods and packaging of foods. ^
Requirements of different business agreemeuts,contracts refer
to standard speficifations toot
Obviously it may happen that certain enterprises cannot fulfil
fulfil one or another requirement laid down in the standard
specification. In this case a well motivated demand asking for
certain facilities has to be submitted to the Hungarian Office
for Standardization. After having heard all the arguments of
the interested parties the Hungarian Office for Standardization
grants facilities, so that certain enterprises or number of
enterprises are authorized to depart from the original specification
for a certain fixed period.
Standards in Hungary being important factors of the technical
and economical life,their use in practice can be well stimulated
by popularization and well organized propaganda. Publications,
number of technical periodicals,books beside those of the
Hungarian Office for Standardization, refer to standards. In
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high school instruction and at the universities,especially at
the faculty of mechanical engineering standardization is one
of the subjects of the lectures. Schoolbooks-often contain standar
test methods and drawings.
In most of the factories separate bureaus and standards engineers
are engaged in national standardization,take an active part in
the elaboration of standards and support the instructions,
controling at the same time their due applicationo Similar organs
have benn set up in trade too,their principal business being the
control of the adequate quality of the products. Different
research institutes,seientific bodies, systematically collaborate
in preparing standards?elaboratirg the necessary dispositions
for the introduction of.standards in the industry. The engineers
of the Office permanently visit the factories,taking part in
the work of inspection,delivering lectures on scientific gatherings.
The use of new materials,the development of techniques,of new
prooesses,international recommendations, necessitate from time to
time the revision of standards in force. The object of this
revision is to see whether the specifications of the standards
correspond to the. meanwhile changed circumstances, i.e. to what
extent the specifications will have to be amended. This revision.
process is ip.itiated either by the Office itself,spontaneously
or m on the basis of the remarks,objections and suggestions of
any other orgado With some exceptions, this process is identie
to that of the-elaboration of standards.
7) Relation: bf -the national and international standardization
Hungary is represented by the Hungarian Office for Standardization
in the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO )
the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IM) and in the
International Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical
Equipment (CEE) Appendix IT. gives a list of the Committees in
which Hungary takes an active part. The Secretariat of ISO/TC 34
-Agricultural Products - has been allocated to the Hungarian
Office for Standardization, so as the Secretariat of IEC/TC 13
-Electrical Measuring Instruments- The technical meetings of
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these Cosffiittees are attended by the delegates of the Offioe,or
the representatives of industrial life'. The meeting of IEC/TC 13
was held in Hungary in 1955 that of ISO/TC 34 in 1958.
The work of ISO/TC 61 is carried on by the Experts' Committee for
Plastics. The Experts' Committee gets all the documents, its
members perform the necessary experiments and tests, collaborate
in the development of our point of view, The delegate of the TC61 meetings
is a member of the Experts' Committee.
8) Plastics industry and standardization of plastics
Plastics industry in Hungary being at an initial stage, has to
be considerably developed. Before Worl-Iar II. a few principally
processing industries worked from import materials,Development
begun in the last decades, Our aim is to approach in a short,
time the plastics types of international level. Concerning raw
material, we dispose of an appropriate basis, actually. Develop-
ment of polyvinylchlorid and polyamid plastics, and polyetylene
is pursued at first.
The Research Institute for-Plastics has worked out the technolo-
gical process of a number of plastics. Considerable work is going
on withih the Chair of Rubber and Plastics, Technical University.
Standardization reflects the above described state. Beside the
already performed standards,we are engaged in standardization of
further items.
15 standards on test methods are actually in force. These deal
partly with the mechanical and physical characteristics of plastics
on one sides and with the electrical test methods of insulating
materials on the other, moreover with the testing of PVC pipes too.
23 standards deal with different plastic products,partly concerning
properties of insulating materials employed in the electric industry
phenolic moulding powders PVC, for electric-industry and plastics
for the dye-industry.
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12 further standards for the elaboration of test methods is being
elaborated, chiefly concerning chemical,mechanioal and thermal
properties of plastics, 5 other draft standards concern quality
specifications of certain plastics, Extensive experiments are
being pursued in Hungary to elaborate standard test methods for
tropical influenceso The elaboration of the necessary processes
is a means to approach the solution of the complex and very
difficult problems of the tropics in connection with standardization
All that has been done wittiih the ISO/TC 61 serves us in above work:,
The already elaborstad specifications are the bayes of our national
draft-standards and when tests are carried out. Activity. withih
ISO/TIC 61..is.eagerly followed by the Committee of Experts of our
Office.
The principal aims,methods and principles of the Hungarian plastics-
industry have been reviewed in this paper, I hope, I have drown a
picture of the works going on within the Hungarian Office for
Standardization, concerning standardization of plastics too.
Standardization is a means to solve technical problems as well as
'to reach mutual understanding.
In our mind this belongs to the tasks of the Hungarian Office for
Standardization to*,
Budapest, Ootober,1958.
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AP w_D/X_
P R E S I D E N C Y
Section for Basic
Standards ,Management of
Foreign Relations
Methodology
Office of the
Jurist Consult
Readers Group
Basic Standards
Foreign
Relations
Main Department
for Standardization
Section for Mining
1 and Metallurgy
-Section
for Chemistry
N
I Section section
1 for Electricity for Light-Industry
Section Section
for Mecanics for Food and Agri-
cultural Products
Section
for Building
P
Managing Department
Financial Affairs
Documentation
Editing Office
Sectioi of p~ ~F~FT~o"j
#+~sT, 'eJG7&2"J
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APPENDIX . II .
Division of Hungarian standards
Mining and mining products
2,1
Mineral oils
1e3
Metallurgy
7,8
Engineering, precision?me0hanics9 machines
3393
machine parts, tools,
Transport and delivery, aircraft,shipbuildingo
railroad and highway oommunicationopackaging
498
.-and packing materialse
Thermodynamics and electricity
598
Building,building materials, glassware and
ceramics-industry
12,3
Timber,wood products,oellulose,paper
494
Chemical products, ryibber and asbestos
598
Textile and leather-industry
395
Food and stimulants
5,1
public health,medioal instruments,cosmetics
5
Agriculture and forestry
394
Soiontific ant technical terms,symbols,quantities 0,4
Domestic appliances,?fffice and school equipment,
sports requisites,organization technics
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'APPENDIX III
List of the ISO Technical Committees in which the Hungarian Office
for Standardization takes an active part
ISO/TC 1
ISO/TC 2
ISO/TO 3
ISO/TG 4
ISO/TC 5
ISO/TC 7
ISO/TC 10
ISO/TC 11
ISO/TC 12
ISO/TC 16
ISO/TC 19
ISO/TC 22
ISO/TC 23
ISO/TC 29
ISO/TC 34
ISO/TC 38
ISO/TC 39
IS 0/TC 43
ISO/TC 45
ISO/TC 46
ISO/TC 47
ISO/TC 52
Screw threads
Boltsenuts and accessories
I+i mits and fits
Ball and roller bearings
Pipes and fittings
Rivets
Drawings /general ' principle s/
Unification of boiler codes
Quantities,units :symbols conversion factors and conversion tables
Keys and keyways
Preferred numbers
Automobiles
Agricultural machines
Small tools
Agricultural products
Textiles
Machine tools
Acoustics
Rubber
Documentation
Chemistry
Hermetically sealed metal food
Qo ntainers
ISO/TC 55 Resinous lumber 6 sizing and defects/
ISO/TC 57 Surface finish
ISO/TC 6o Gears
ISO/TO 61 Plastics
ISO/TC 64 Method of testing for performance and efficiency of tuel using
equipment excluding internation?engines
ISO/TC 65 Manganese ores
ISO/TC 69 Statistioal treatment of series of observations
ISO/TC 78 Aromatic hydrocarbons
IS0/TC 85 Nuclear energy
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API ADIX III
List of the I0E.Co.Teohnical Committees in which the Hungarian Office
for Standardization takes an active part
No 1 Nomenclature
2 Rotating Machinery
4 Hydraulic Turbines
5 Steam Turbines
12 Radio-oommunioation
13 Measuring Instruments
13B Indicating Measuring Instruments
14 Powe Transfoxc;ers
15 Insulating Materials
16 ? Terminal Markings and Other identifications
17 Swithgear and Controlge4r
22 power Converting Equipment
24 Electric and Magnetic Magnitudes and Units
25 Letter Symbols and Signs
28 Insulation oo44ordination
29 E1.ectro'Aeoustics
31 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
35 Primary Cells and Batteries
36 Insulators
37 Lightning Arresters
39 Electronic-Tubes and Valves and Analogous Semi-conductor Devices
40 Components for Electronic Equipment
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Groups' respectively collections
1) Fastening'
2) Basic standards for mechanical engineering
( drawing praotice,threads,liinits and fits)
3) Library and docZxmentation standards
4) Electrical engineering standards vol. I-III
5) Ball and Roller Bearings
6) Standard test methods of food products
7.) Cutting tools
8) Standards of the building industry I.part: Architectural
drawing elements and symbols, II0part: Building materials
9) Non-ferrous metals ( alloys and semi- products)
lo) Light metals ( alloys and semi-products)
11) Fire-protection standards I.vol.: Tire extinguishing
appliances and equipments II.vol: Preventive fire-protecti
12) Herd-book for pigs,evaluation according to appearance
13) Quality specifications of food products
14) Highway engineering standards
15) Prefabricated reinforced concrete building elements
16) Testing materials of the iron and metal-industry
17) Steel ( acos,ptance,,quality,sizes)
18) Safety, code of the electric-industry
19) Pipeline standards
2o) Foundations !part: Soil-meohanicso Foundations;
Ir.parts Directives for designing. Hydtotechny.
Highway engineering
21) Building and engineering structures. Dimensioning
22) Machine-tools
23) R4ineering and utility services for buildings
24) Tool-steels
25) Chemical reagents
26) Products and by-products of forestry
Publioationss
R.KERTES - V.ZIE(rLER : Tasks and methods of atandardizationo1954
Directives for quality specifications, 2nd edition Bp.1953
dr.Z.SZM2&ftI: On the legal problems of standardizationBp.1958
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