THE RELIEF OF THE FLOOR AND THE BOTTOM DEPOSITS IN THE NORTH-WEST PACIFIC

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A007500290001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 31, 2009
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THE RELIEF OF THE FLOOR AND THE BOTTOM DEPOSITS
IN THE NORTH-WEST PACIFIC .
By B. P. Petelin
Le relief et les depots du fond oceanique dans la
partie nord-ouest du Pacifique sont etudies depuis 1949 par
l'Institut d'Oceanologie, dependant de l'Academie des sci-
ences de I'URSS. Le navire " Vitiaz " a ate affecte a ces
recherches.
Grace aux explorations effectuees par cc navire, la fosse
qui s'etend le long des Iles Kouriles et du Kamtchatka est
actuellement, entre routes les fosses oceaniques du monde,
Tune des mieux etudiees. Sa longueur, dans les limites de
l'isobathe de 6.000 metres, est d'environ 2.000 kms, aver une
largeur variant de 20 a 60 kms.
La partie de cette fosse dont la profondeur depasse
9.000 metres est situee au sad ; elle a environ 550 kilometres
de long sur 1 a 5 kms de large. La profondeur maximum
de la fosse des Kouriles et du Kamtchatka (point baptise
du nom du " Vitiaz ") est de 10.382 m. ; elle se trouve par
42?15'2" de latitude nord et 150?34'2" de longitude est.
La declivite moyenne des pentes de la fosse est de 5 a 6?
dans la partie superieure, et de 15 a 20? dans la partie
inferieure. La regularite des pentes est interrompue par
des terrasses et par des escarpements, dont la declivite
atteint par endroit 25?.
Une profondeur de 7.037 metres a 'etc relevee par le
Vitiaz dans la partie occidentale de la fosses des Aleoutien-
nes, en un point ou elle rejoint la fosse des Kouriles et du
Ramtchatka. Cette profondeur s'accroit sensiblement en
direction des lies Aleoutiennes. La declivite des pentes
nord et sud de cette fosse est de l'ordre de 30 a 40?. La
regularite des pentes est interrompue par des terrasses et
par des escarpements dont la declivite atteint 45?. Le fond
plat de la fosse a une largeur de 10 a 20 kms. L'existence
pen elevees, mais larges, a etc decelee du cote oceanique
de la fosses du Japon, de la fosse des Kouriles et du Kam-
tchatka et de la fosse des Aleoutiennes. Apparemment, ces
ondulations sons liees organiquement a la structure mor-
phologique des fosses.
Un vaste haut-fond ou Yon releve des profondeurs in-
ferieures a 3.000 metres a ate decouvert dans la zone du
Pacifique nord-ouest, ou la fosse des Kouriles et du Kam-
tchatka rejoins la fosse des Aleoutiennes. Nous proposons
de dormer a cc haut-fond le nom de 1'academicien Obru-
chev.
Il a etc reconnu que la crate sous-marine vers le nord-
ouest au large des Iles Hawai ne prend pas fin a la latitude
de 45?, mais qu'elle se poursuit au-dela, en se divisant a la
latitude d'environ 49?. Une branche se dirige vers le haut-
fond Obruchev, Landis que. l'autre se dirige vers la fosse des
Aleoutiennes, dans la region ? des Iles Near. Cette crate,
dont le sommet atteint 4.000 metres, divise la partie nord-
ouest du Pacifique en deux bassins dont les masses d'eau
et le peuplement different.
Au tours de 1'etude faite par sondages acoustiques du
fond oceanique, plus de 20 montagnes coniques d'une hauteur
atteignant parfois 4.500 metres ont ate decouvertes ; d'interes-
santes donnees sur des details de la topographic du fond
ont etc recueillies.
Le carottage de la couche superieure des depots marins
a permis de dresser des cartes de la repartition des sedi-
ments contemporains et de leurs elements constitutifs.
II a etc constate que les depots oceaniques du Pacifique
nord-ouest ne renferment pas plus de 20% de silice authigene
(amorphe) ; ces depots ne peuvent done pas titre classes
avec les boues siliceuses a diatomees dont la caracteristique
est de renfermer plus de 30%o de silice authigene.
Les recherches effectuees an tours des campagnes du
Vitiaz ont montre que, dans les parties pe'ripheriques de
i'Ocean Pacifique, l'argile oceanique rouge (les brunes ou
brown oozes), dont font etat les cartes de repartition des
sediments pour le Pacifique nord-ouest, presente a la partie
superieure une mince couche riche en oxydes de fer et de
manganese, analogue a la couche oxydee brune des depots
qui se trouvent dans les regions centrales des mers d'Ex-
treme-Orient. A mesure que Pon va vers le grand large,
1'epaisseur de cette couche s'accroit, finissant par atteindre
plusieurs metres. Ctte couche brune est formee par la
migration verticale du fer et du manganese, de la zone de
reduction a la zone d'oxydation. Son epaisseur est inverse-
ment proportionnelle a la vitesse d'accumulation des sedi-
ments. La formation de cette couche dans les sediments
oceaniques est facilitee par une plus faible teneur en matieres
organiques. La couche oxydee brune, dont 1'epaisseur varie
de quelques millimetres a plusieurs metres, recouvre le fond
de tout le Pacifique nord-est, a l'exception de la crate sub-
mergee des Hawai et de plusieurs montagnes, qui sons
recouvertes de sables et de boues a giobigerines.
D'importantes formations de sediments resultant du
depot de particules raises en suspension par des glissements
de terrain sous-marins ont ate decouvertes dans la partie
septentrionale de la fosse des Kouriles et du Kamtchatka
et dans la partie occidentale de la fosse des Aleoutiennes.
L'e'tude de carottes longues d'environ 34 metres a montre
que la couche sedimentaire superieure, form6e de bones
siliceuses biogenes, date de la periode post-glaciaire. Salon
diverses donnees, Page de cette region est compris entre 8
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The relief of the floor and the bottom deposits in the north-west pacific
et 20.000 ins ; si cette supposition est exacte, la vitesse de L'etude des carottes a confirm& que les rivages des
formation de la couche de boue siliceuse biogene vane, dans mers de 1'Extreme-Orient avaient subi une double glaciation
la met d'Okhotsk, entre 10 a 25 mm et 1 a 2,5 m. par et que l'activite volcanique de la zone des Kouriles et du
millier d'annees, tandis que, dans la fosse des Kouriles et Ka.mtchatka s'etait sensiblement accrue au milieu et a la
du Kamtchatka, elle vane entre 5 a 10 mm. et 0,5 a 2 m. fin du pleistocene.
par millier d'annees.
Not long ago the scientific data on the sea floor
relief and the bottom deposits in the Far Eastern
seas, as well as in the adjacent part of the North-
West Pacific was very scanty. As to the open parts
of the mentioned areas, still less was learned about
them due to the absence of appropriate technical
means employed by the oceanographic expeditions
undertaken in those years. Some 25 years ago,
Soviet scientists, under the guidance of K. M.
Deryugin, P. V. Ushakov and G. E. Ratmanoy, on
board of survey vessels " Gagara," "Lebed," " Plas-
tun," " Rossinante," " Krasnoarmeyets," " Dalnevo-
stochnik " and others sponsored by the State Hydro-
logical Institute and the Pacific Institute for Fishery
(renamed later into the Pacific Institute for Fishery
and Oceanography) collected important data con-
cerning the depths of the Seas of Japan, Okhotsk
and Bering. However, the information collected
was comparatively insufficient owing to the absence
of echosounding devices. The findings of such
foreign expeditions as of the Albatros (USA) into
the Seas of Okhotsk and Bering and into the north-
west part of the Pacific, undertaken towards the
end of the past and in the beginning of the present
centuries, gave very little information to improve
our knowledge of the sea-floor relief in the above-
mentioned areas ; same goes for the Yamato (Japan)
voyage into the Sea of Japan, in the thirties of this
century, the Tuscarora (USA) voyage into the area
of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench in the eighties of
the recent century, and the Carnegie (USA) expedi-
tion into the north-west part of the Pacific in the
thirties of this century.
The information on the sea floor relief in the
Far Eastern seas and in the north-west Pacific, col-
lected prior to the recent World War, was carefully
analyzed and studied by Soviet geographers-carto-
graphers when compiling the " Marine Atlas " (1950)
and the "Hypsometric Chart of the USSR" (1949).
As to ,foreign studies of the same subject, it is
necessary to mention the "Bathymetric Chart No.
6901, " published' recently . in Japan. The Chart
sums up the information collected by various ex-
peditions, including the Japanese hydrographic ex-
peditions of 1939-1945.
The study of the bottom sediments in the Far
Eastern seas and in. the north-west Pacific, under-
taken by the above-mentioned expeditions, was also
insufficient. The information, concerning the mecha-
nical, and to a certain extent, the mineralogical
compositions of the upperest layer of the sediments,
published in this country and abroad is inaccurate
and 'superficial.
The vertical investigations of the bottom sedi-
ments were either lacking altogether or were made
on a very small scale. Such scanty and inaccurate
information on the bottom deposits prevented the
understanding of the regularity and of the historic
process of the sedimentation in Far Eastern seas
and in the north-west Pacific in the quaternary
epoch.
In the forties of our century, B. A. Skopintsev,
of the State Institute for Oceanography, used the
information, collected by expedition detailed by the
USSR and other countries to compile approximate
charts on the distribution of various sediments in
the Seas of Okhotsk and Bering. These charts have
lost their value following the "Witiaz " vessel ex-
pedition, sponsored by the Institute of Oceanology
under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
The " Witiaz " arrived in the Far Eastern waters
in 1949. Since then a systematic, comprehensive
study was started of the Sea of Japan, Seas of
Okhotsk and Bering, and of the adjacent north-
west part of the Pacific. By now, "Witiaz" has
completed 20 and is completing its 21st voyage in
the' Far Eastern waters. One of the principle themes
in the plan for comprehensive oceanographic study
of the north-west part of the Pacific basin is the
investigation of marine geology, conducted under
the general guidance of Professor P. L. Bezrukov ;
this theme includes the investigation of the sea
floor relief, of the bottom sediment's nature and of
the space and time sedimentation regularities. The
sea floor relief to a great extent determines the
nature of the dynamic and of the physico-chemical
state of the water masses, the distribution and ac-
cumulation of bottom sediments, the. distribution of
various organisms on the bottom surface and so on.
This is why the study of the sea floor relief. is of
such importance for the understanding of the earth
crust structure, and for the part played by the relief
in the formation of submarine landscapes. The study
of bottom sediments reveals the sedimentation regu-
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The relief of the floor and the-bottom deposits in. the north-west pacific
Jarities both for - the present : geological time and
for the geological past;% it facilitates the understand-
ing of.paleogeography and of the geological de-
velopment.of sea,.basins and of.their coasts ; it helps
to understand the. processes of distribution in sedi-
ments of ;certain chemical elements, resulting in ,the
-formation. of mineral resources of sedimentation
origin, it also helps to understand the transforma-
.tions of the sediment matter 'at the early stages 'of
.the diogenesis. The investigation of the sea floor
relief and of the bottom sediments in . the contem-
porary geosyncline region, situated in the Pacific
Ocean, is highly interesting: The information ob-
tained from, this study enables- the scientists to
understand the geological processes within the geo-
synclines - of the ? geological past,.. occupying vast
territories on. the surface of the earth and 'rich with
diverse , natural resources. The .study of the , sea
floor , relief.-.and .9f the bottom sediments in 'seas
and oceans is of great importance for man's activity,
particularly.- in the sphere of navigation. and fishing
industry.
In .the postwar ?period -(1947-1949) prior to the
arrival of "Witiaz" in the Far, Eastern waters, -the
bottom. relief of the Japan, Okhotsk Seas, and - to,,a
certain degree of the, north-west ;Pacific was, to a
certain extent, studied by the Kurile-Sakhalin ex-
.pedition -sponsored -by the Institute of. Zoology of
.the USSR Academy of Sciences .and, by the -Pacific
Institute for Fishery and Oceanography., This, ex,-
?pedition- conducted' echo-sounding. operations, and
.gained; .very' valuable: information.
Beginning with 1949 the sea floor relief of the
Far Eastern seas and of the adjacent part of north-
west Pacific was subject of detailed study by a body
of scientists of the Institute of Oceanology under
the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. This study
was conducted by the "Witiaz" vessel equipped
with most up-to-date means for oceanographic 're-
searches. The soundings, made by the echo-record-
ers, and the interpretation of the data received was
conducted under the guidance of G. B. Udintsev.
The tasks and purposes of the, sounding operations
.were determined by the problems of all-round
anographic research as follows :
1. The research should not be limited to any
spectfic depths or areas of investigation. It should
embrace the entire area under investigation so that
a most detailed picture. of the 'submarine relief was
obtained for all depths. .
2. The data gained by- sounding operations
should be presented in a form most ' suitable for
practical use and for ;scientific conclusions, particu-
larly for. the geological interpretations with the aim
of finding out the origin of the sea floor. relief; its
geology and the geological history of the Far Eastern
.seas and. north-west Pacific. ' .
3. Certain regions with intricate submarine re-
.lief, both shallow and deep-water regions, presenting
-particular scientific and practical interest, should be
subjected to a more detailed and accurate study as
-compared with the. other areas, subject of ordinary
all-round . investigation.
The Institute of Oceanology of the.USSR Acade-
my - of Sciences, acting in conformity with these
tasks,-;worked -out particular methods for the research
work and -sounding operations, carried out by the
"Witiaz " ex'p'edition. The .principle features: of
these methods are:
1. Employment . of various types of echo-re-
corders
2.. Application- of new methods for echo-record-
.ing, providing for. highly detailed information_'on
sea floor relief,, both for -shallow water areas. and
.big depths. ,
3. Constant, short-interval soundings along the
entire route of the vessel. - ' .
.4. Systematic sounding operations in accordance
.with the tack-plan' prepared.. for.; the entire . north;
west Pacific.., , .:..
5. Detailed soundings 'of certain .areas present-
ing particular, scientific and practical,interest.
The results of the soundings are used,for,chart-
ing detailed profiles for the entire route, of ". Witiaz ",
and for the. compilation. of, diverse scale bathymetric
charts giving a good picture of the sea floor relief
structure.
The bathymetric charts prepared by the Institute
of Oceanology under the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR are used in various branches of national
economy. Thus, for instance, they were utilized for
the compilation of a number ; of maps issued by the
State Department for Geodesy and Cartography, as
well as in the " World Atlas" (1954), in the " USSR
Atlas" (1954), and in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia.
. Our plans include the preparation of different
specialized gaomorphological maps which will fa-
cilitate the geological interpretation of the data on
submarine topography. The new methods of sound-
ing and the system for analyzing the information
obtained is being steadily improved. Alongside of
sounding operations a study ,was conducted of an-
cient relief buried on the shelf, of the possibilities
for the determination of sediments nature and of
their cleavage features, with the help , of echo-
recorders, in. various depths. The distribution of
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'The relief of the floor and the' bottom deposits.in the north-west pacific
'shoals and of the water-reflecting. 'layer' was also
subject of investigation.
At 'present; the larger part of the Sea of Japan,
the entire territory of the Okhotsk Sea, the western
part of the Sea of Bering, as well as the adjacent
north-west part of the Pacific Ocean is covered by
'a network of sounding tacks. The_` Witiaz" has
conducted soundings along these tacks, investigating
the submarine relief, steading the 'depths, with sound-
ing intervals averaging from 5 to 50 metres.
Results of the submarine relief study conducted
'by the Institute of Oceanology on board "Witiaz "
include : principle features regarding the composition
'of the bottom surface in the Seas of Japan, Okhotsk
and Bering have been clarified (there.had been very
little information heretofore on the open parts of
these seas); The submarine relief of the Kurile-
Kamchatka Arc, heretofore practically unknown, has
'been studied ; the basic pecularities had, been, deter-
mined as regards the sea floor relief of the' north-
west part of thePacific Ocean adjacent to the above-
mentioned seas. A detailed study has been made
'of a number of regions presenting a particular
scientific and practical interest.
Numerous, formerly absolutely unknown, forms
of the ' sea floor relief (submarine elevations, vol-
canoes etc.) have been found in the Sea of Japan.
It.has been determined that the Okhotsk Sea
depression is divided into three large basins (fig. 1,
2,) The southern basin, where "Witiaz " registered
a 'maximum depth 'of 3370 metres, is. the deepest.
The second'basin with a maximum depth of 1744
metres is situated in the north-west part of the
depression;' by "the shores of Northern Sakhalin. We
'suggest that this -basin be named after a well-known
'explorer : of the Far Eastern seas K. M. . Deryugin.
The third basin, with a 'maximum depth of 993 m:,
-is located by the mouth of the Gulf of Shelikhov.
We suggest that this basin be given the name of
'the " Pacific Institute for Fishery and Oceanography,"
which has been conducting investigations of the
north-west part of the Sea of Okhotsk for a number
.of years., The second and third basins are connected
with the first basin' by two .'depressions which we
'suggest to name after Piotr Schmidt and the "Lebed" :
a survey vessel of the Pacific Institute for Fishery
`and Oceanography. .
Between these basins-lie two submarine eleva-
tions which . we suggest to name after the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR and the 'Institute of Oce-
anology. The first elevation has a minimum depth
of 894 in. and' the second-1000 m. These elevations
are separated by a depression which -we suggest to
be given the name of Stepan Makarov.
It should be noted 'that this year' " Witiaz,"
covering a special sounding tack, in the southern
basin of the Sea of Okhotsk, did not find the sub-
marine mountain shown on the Japanese bathymetric
chart No. 6901.
The submarine relief' in the area of -the Kurile
Islands range is characteristic 'of highly intricate
configuration.' '
According to the data ' collected by "-Witiaz '.'
this range is a complex of two submarine mountain
Fig. 1. Geographic discoveries of the survey vessel," Witiaz " 1949-1955.
PEOPPA(UN'1LCHYIE
OTHPb1TNH
1~c "BHTR3b"
'/A49-S4 e,
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1.
Basin of the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography.
5.
The South Basin of the Okhotsk Sea.
2.
Deryugin Basin.
6.
The outer ridge of the Kurile Island Arc.
3.
Elevation of the Institute, of Oceanology.
7.
The Kurile Trench.
4.
Elevation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
8.
Shirshov ridge. Compiled by G. B. Udintscv.
ridges: an outer and an inner ridge, separated by
longitudinal depressions and broken up by trans-
versal disruptions (the Bussol and the Krusenstern
straits) into three links. More than 35 formerly
unknown submarine volcanoes form a chain situated
along the north-west slope (open on the Sea of
Okhotsk) of this mountain group. One of the
largest volcanoes we suggest to name after Academi-
cian Sergei Vavilov. The submarine volcanoes are
connected with the transversal disruptions of the
Kurile mountain complex, and the Kurile Straits
pass through these disruptions. The outer i. e. the
eastern ridge of the Kurile mountain complex, named
after "Witiaz," is covered by the waters of the
Pacific Ocean and comes to the surface in the form
of Small Kurile Islands only in its southern part.
This ridge consists of a northern and a southern
link which are connected with the appropriate links
of the inner ridge. The outer ridge lacks the middle
link, its place being occupied by a broad salient of
the south-eastern slope of the inner ridge, the
summits of which rise above the sea level in the
form of the Big Kurile Islands.
The abrasion flattened surface of the "Witiaz"
ridge carries a group of submarine volcanoes.
The structure of the continental Kamchatka
slope happened to be rather intricate,. too. Three
big, meridianal mountain ridges were found there,
springing from the capes of Shipunsky, Kronotsky
and Kamchatka. There were also found several
huge and intricately branching submarine valleys.
The initial parts of these valleys stretch in the
direction of tectonic depressions and to the corres-
ponding coastal river valleys.
In the Sea of Bering "Witiaz " discovered a
submarine ridge stretching meridianally, southwards
from the Olutorsky peninsula and dividing the deep-
water part of the sea into the western and the eastern
basins. The height of this ridge reaches almost
3000 m. We suggest that this ridge be given the
name of a well-known Polar explorer, Academician
Pyotr Shirshov. Characteristic of the broad shelf of
the North-East part of the Sea of Bering is the
presence of an ancient buried relief covered by a
layer of contemporary sediments. This relief was
discovered by means of echo-sounding. It should
be noted that the ancient buried reliefs, but on
smaller areas, have been also registered in the Sea
of Okhotsk, in the South Kamchatka area, and in
the Gulf of Aniva.
A long, narrow and deep depression stretching
from the Hokkaido Island to the Commadores is
situated south-east off the Kurile-Kamchatka Arc.
Formerly, this depression was called the Kurile
Trench and the bathymetric charts pictured it being
shorter, broader and with smaller depths than proved
to be true. As has been found out, this trench runs
not only along the Kurile, Islands, but along the
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Fig. 3. Schematic bathymetric map. of the Kurile-Kamchatka
Trench, compiled from the materials of the Institute
of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR collected by the survey vessel "Witiaz" in
1949-1953. Compiled by G. B. Udintsev.
..oe Kow~omo
~
r
i
PI
o
M
/
\3000
AX"
5000
000
Lines-depths exceeding 5000 m.
Compiled by G. B. Udintsev.
000
6000
JNP
10362M ?zny6ur0 (
ke W, e
z dcpfb
BumPJA"
Lines-depths exceeding 6000 m.
Black-depths exceeding 9000 m.
Compiled by G. B. Udintsev.
Fig. 6. Cross-section of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench.
The vertical scale being 37 times larger than
the horizontal. Compiled by_G. B. Udintsev.
'42 146 150 154 156 1
62 166
54
I
51
~
i?.
/
d
an
-
s9
42
11,5 146 ,r' .
t54
130 161 16
6
Fig. 7. Longitudinal profile of the Kurile-Kamtchatka Trench. Vertical lines correspond to maximum depths
of the depression, the measurements made during transversal crossing of the depression. The vertical
scale being 30 times larger than the horizontal. Compiled by G. B. Udintsev.
e4 ve, ,eC.ry. y' ua~ eAe.mm.e~eKrymW
IIII~'I 1
A
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The relief of the floor and the' bottom deposits in the north-west pacific
Kamchatka, too. Therefore, it was deemed expedient
to substitute its former name with a new one and
to call it the " Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. " (fig. 3,
4, 5, 6, 7)
Thanks to the comprehensive oceanographic in-
vestigations conducted by the "Witiaz, " the Kurile-
Kamchatka Trench may be considered the best
studied trench of the World Ocean. It takes its
beginning close to the Tsugaru Strait latitude, stret-
ches north-eastwardly and enters a strait between
the Kamchatka and the Commadore Islands. Here-
tofore, this strait had no name and therefore we
suggest to call it the Kamchatka strait. The length
of the trench within the 6000 in., isobath reaches
almost 2000 km., its width ranging from 20 to 60km. ;
(its southern part is the broadest). Here are the
depths exceeding 9000 metres, stretching for about
550km long and 1-5 km wide. The maximum depth
of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench (the " Witiaz "
depth) is 10382 m.,-50 metres, at 44?17,6' N. Lat.,
150?30,1' E. Long.
The transversal profiles of the trench are strictly
V-shaped for the entire length.
The mean slope steepness in the upper part of
the trench is 5-6?, and in the lower 15-20?. The
slopes are broken up into terraces and escarpes,
their steepness reaching and, at certain spots, even
exceeding 45?. The deepest part of the trench has
a flat bottom, with the width close to 1 km in
depths exceeding 9000 metres,? ranging from 8 to
10 km in depths close to 8000 m. in the middle part,
but in the majority of cases it does not exceed 5 km.
It seems probable that the Kurile-Kamchatka
Trench originated in the south and is developing
northwardly, as can be judged from the growth of
the volcanic activity in the same direction, and also
from the tilt of the flattened surface of the " Witiaz "
submarine ridge towards the deepest southern part
of the trench.
The Aleutian Trench was itvestigated by the
"Witiaz" only in its western part, beginning from
the place where it joins the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench
and to the meridian 60 miles West off the Attu
Island. In the West, where both trenches come
together, and where a submarine elevation, with
depths below 3000 metres, lies on the ocean floor,.
(we suggest that this elevation be given the name
of Academician Obruchev) the width of the flat
bottom of the trench, within the limits of the 7000
in. isobath, reaches 20 km. Here the maximum
trench depth, found by "Witiaz ", is 7037 m. The
slopes of the trench are very steep : 30-40? on the
side of the Obruchev Elevation, and 30-35? on the
side open on the Commadores. The flat bottom of
the studied part of the Aleutian Trench, in the
East, is 9-10 km wide, within the limits of the 7000
in. isobath : Here, the maximum depth of the trench
exceeds 7250 in. Between the western and the eastern
parts of the investigated stretch of the trench there
seem to lie a practically unknown submarine sill.
The slopes of the Aleutian Trench, as those of the
Kurile-Kamchatka Trench are disrupted by escarpes.
and terraces, their steepness reaching 45?. In the
area of the Obruchev Elevation, one such escarpe,
high 1600 m. and 40? steep, was traced for 70 km.
Investigations in the northern part of the Japan
Trench revealed its morphological similarity with
the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. It had been deter-
mined that depths exceeding 8000 m., formerly shown-
for this area, are incorrect, actually they do not
exceed 7600 m.
The sea floor of the North-West Pacific, studied
by the " Witiaz ", has a number of singular features.
For example a broad swell stretching by the very
edge of the ocean floor along the Kurile-Kamchatka
Trench and finally merging with the Obruchev
Elevation. The swell rises some 200-300 m above
the ocean floor, however, its height increases as it
nears the Kamchatka strait. A number of conical
mountains and- hills with steep slopes, contrasting
against the relatively flattened landscape, have been
found on the crest of this swell which we suggest
to name the " Zenkevich Submarine Elevation. We
believe that these conical mountains are of volcanic
origin.
Another swell was found on the southern side
of the Aleutian Trench, and the third on the eastern
side of the Japan Trench. Most likely these swells
are connected organically with the morphological
complex of the trenches. A submarine ridge runs
from the Hawaii to the north-west. It was supposed
heretofore, that this ridge, disrupted into separate
mountains, ends approximately at the 45? Lat., how-
ever, the information obtained by " Witiaz" in 1954
proved that this ridge stretches hundreds of miles
across the northern part of the ocean and falls into
the Obruchev Elevation. Hence, the depths exceed-
ing 6000 m. shown previously on the maps for this
region, do not exist ; in fact, there stands a tre-
mendous mountain ridge almost 4000 in. high, link-
ing the Hawaiian ridge with the Obruchev Elevation.
Certain summits of this ridge rise to depths off-
standing from the surface 1200-1500 in. The summits
of this submarine ridge are flattened, most likely by
abrasion.
In 1955 the investigations - of the ocean. floor,
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The relief of the floor and the bottom' deposits in the, north-west pacific
south. of the Aleutian. Trench showed that this ridge
branches at 49? Lat., the greater branch (2120 in
high, and 30 miles wide at the foundation) runs
north-westwardly towards the Obruchev Elevation,
while the other (2760 in. high and with a foundation
width of 35 miles) stretches northwardly to the
Aleutian Trench ? in the region of the Near Aleutian
Islands (fig. 1). Transversal soundings of these
branches proved that their slopes are disrupted by
escarpes, some of them several hundred metres high
with steepness. reaching 40-45?. Somewhat west,
off the north-westward branch we crossed a sub-
marine ridge almost twice less in height and further
on a number of still lower ridges separated by
longitudinal 'depressions were crossed. Hence, it
may be supposed ' that the north-westward branch
gives, in its turn, other branches. Thus, it has been
determined that the northern part of 'the Pacific
Ocean is divided by a submarine ridge into north-
western and northeastern basins, the ridge stretching
from the Hawaiian Islands to the western part of
the Aleutian Trench.
Both' sides of the ridge are, washed by two
separate masses of water, differing as regards their
physical-chemical characteristics, and populated by
different associations of deep-water fishes and bottom
animals. Another important feature of the sea floor
relief of the north-western basin' is a vast plateau
rising above the ocean floor 1500 metres and stretch-
ing north-eastwardly from the 31 to the 44 parallel.
The sea floor structure in the investigated part
of the. Pacific Ocean is more intricate than the floor
structure in the Far Eastern seas, however, it is less
complicated than the relief of the continental slope'
which is particularly intricate in the Sea of Bering.
Various relief elements' can be found on the surface
of the ocean floor : closed basins with absolutely
flat surfaces, hills, branching depressions, steep es-
carpes etc: The variation in the ocean floor depths,
in certain cases, reach 200-300 metres. The data on
the small forms of the Pacific Ocean's bottom relief
has been obtained by means of new methods of
echosounding and was unknown heretofore.
The zone of highly disrupted sea floor surface
in north-west Pacific stretches parallel to the Kurile-
Kamchatka Arc, some 100 miles away from the axis
of the Kurile-Kamchatka' Trench. - This is a zone
of tectonic disruptions of the ocean floor, as can be
judged from several profiles, prepared on the basis
of the sounding results received by a? transversal
tacking of zone in question. The ocean bottom
relief is characteristic of separate submarine moun-
tains with heights up to 3000 m. and steepness
reaching 25?. At present, "Witiaz " has discovered
more than 20 such mountains in the investigated
part of the ocean. One of the largest mountains,
4500 metres high, east off the Japan Trench we
suggest to name after Admiral Isakov.
In 1954 " Witiaz " made a study of the area
where according to the maps was a group of the
" Ganges " Islands,' consisting of four islands and a
number of reefs. No islands were found at that
place. Moreover, the place mentioned, lacked even
more or less noticeable submarine mountains the
summits of which could have risen above the surface
in the form of islands and rocks or rise to the surface
in the form of banks.
" Witiaz " has collected abundant material for
the study of bottom sediments in the Far Eastern
seas and the adjacent north-west Pacific. These.
materials were collected with the employment of
new devices, designed at the Institute of Oceanology.
Mention should be made here of most modern core
samplers, of new designs of bottom samplers, of a
device for mass collection of water and atmospheric
hard suspension samples, of an apparatus for the
determination of bottom sediment' thickness, etc.
Echo-recorders have been used extensively iri 'the
investigation of the nature of the sediments in
various depths and in the structure study of the
bottom sediments layer for several scores of metres
in depth. The data and the samples collected,'have
been subjected to an all-round investigation: the
study of ' the mechanical composition of all types
of sediments, including the deep sea big fragment
ary material, and their mineralogy ; chemical and
spectroscopic methods are used to study the ele-
ments distribution in the sediments, a micropale-
ontological analysis of the sediments was also
carried out (the study of pollen and spores of
ground plants, the remnants of diatom algae and.
foramineferas), as well as the study of the organic
matter and plant pigments found in the sediments.
Atmosphere and water hard suspended matter re-
present a rudiment in the initial stage of formation
were also studied in detail. The study of the bottom
deposits is conducted under the guidance of Pro-
fessor P. L. Bezrukov at the laboratory of marine
geology under the Institute of Oceanology.
The area of the north-west part of the Pacific
basin, investigated by " Witiaz " has been covered
by a comparatively proportional network of geo-
logical stations, their total number exceeding 2600.
The investigation of samples' taken from the upperest
layer of bottom sediments enabled us to ' prepare
distribution charts for various types of contemporary
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The relief of, the floor and the bottom deposits. in the north-west pacific
sediments and their components. The study of mineralogical research is unprecedented. Besides
Sediments teVealed a number of new types of facial the allotigenic minerals, the aggregate number of
unknown for the studied area. These in- which in the sediments of the Far Eastern seas is
clude certain volcanic sediments, pebble-gravel de- almost 100, a number of new, authigenic minerals
posits originating from the transporting action of was found and partially studied. These minerals
the ice and algae, various biogenic. sediments, the originating at the early stages of the diagenesis
bulk of which consists of animal remnants with include glauconite and calcite, described for the Sea
silicon (diatom oozes, silicon-sponge sediments), and of .Okhotsk by B. P. - Petelin, and iron sulphides,
limy sceletal parts (foramineferal sands, sediments studied by E. A. Ostroumov in the sediments of the
composed of sceletal parts of hydrocoralls briozoa, entire investigated- area, and other minerals.
ciripedia and various mollusca). During the study of sediment composition, much
The combination of diverse. factors of terrigenic, attention was given to chemical investigation con-
volcanogenic and biogenic sedimentation under ducted under. the guidance of Doctor E. A. Ostrou-
complex conditions of climate, bottom morphology mov. This investigation was characteristic of mul-
and water mass dynamics produces a great variety titude in the number of components that were
in the distribution of bottom sediment types and in subject of defining (organic carbon, carbonates,
their composition. Against the general background authigenic silica, phosphorus, vanadium, titanium,
of the distribution of sediment types in the Far diverse compounds and total content of iron,
Eastern seas and in the adjacent part. of the Pacific manganese, sulphur, etc.) Detailed chemical research
Ocean, the areas of tectonic and volcanic arcs are of the sediments brought to light certain 'new
characteristic of singular complexity. Extremely features in the distribution of such elements as iron,
varied distribution of sediment types, similar to manganese, phosphorus, vanadium and titanium.
that of the geosynclines of the past, as well as of Thus, for instance, as we draw closer to the Kurile-
zones of great sediment accumulation and of zones Kamchatka volcanic belt, with the transition from
with practically complete absence of contemporary fine sediments to coarse ones, the presence of these
sedimentation has been found in these areas. elements does not diminish, as was usually witnessed,
In the study of sediment composition much but, to the contrary, increases- radically. ? This is so
'attention was given, to the relation between their owing to the pecularities of the petrographic com-
terrigenic components and the composition of the position of the rocks in the supplying provinces
coastal rocks. Basing upon the. results of the Petro- and the conditions of their weathering.
graphic analysis, (A. P. Lisitsin) of big fragmentary The general pattern of the sediment types dis-
material, widely present in the sediments of the tribution in the Far Eastern seas may be described
Far Eastern seas, a number of provinces with specific in the following way. Sea floor sectors lacking
petrographic composition was detected on the sea sediments, bolder-pebble and gravel-pebble sediments
floor, moreover, the paths of transportation of the and the sands are usually characteristic of the near
material from coastal supplying provinces were traced shore shallow waters. Their distribution depends
also.. This investigation proved the significance of greatly upon the dynamics of the sea floor waters
drifting ice and algae for the transportation of big and upon the material transported from the coasts.
fragmentary material ; it also established a broad We also find here various biogenic carbonate and
distribution in the peripherial part of the ocean of silicon sediments. On the shelfs and in. the sectors
rocks transported from the coasts of the Sea of with slow bottom waters we can meet also finer
Bering, the Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands. sediments of silt or clay-silt types, distinguished, in
The information obtained from the mineralogi- a number of cases, by a sharply expressed process
cal analysis of the sediments helped to determine a of iron sulphydes formation (hydrotroilite, marcasite)
number of mineralogical provinces in these seas. On and of free hydrogen sulphyde, the latter is usually
the basis of study of numerous distribution. charts abundant in the sediments of fjord type bays. The
of various minerals (for the Okhotsk Sea, more than dimensions of the sedimentation material decreases
40 charts were prepared by B. P. Petelin, and for with progress to the lower parts of the shelf where
the. western part of the Sea of Bering, more than 30 the silts are predominating.
were prepared by A. P. Lisitsin) the paths and means It should be noted that the fragmentary material
of their transportation into the sediments from the present in the Far Eastern sediments is distinguished
supplying provinces were defined. It should be also by great mineralogical diversity. The reason for
noted that launching of such large-scale and detailed this is the great variety in the petrographic com-
233
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position of coast rocks and also by the fact that
the fragmentary material coming with the drainage
waters in the form of wave and ice abrasion pro-
ducts, in the form of volcanic products, etc, does
not suffer any noticeable changes in its composition
owing to climatic or other conditions.
Alongside of silt sediments, the shelf, particular-
ly its upper part, is often characteristic of rocky
regions surrounded by zones of pebble and gravel
sediments and sands. Their distribution is depend-
ent upon both, the dynamics of the sea floor waters
and on the continental slope relief. Towards the
lower part of the continental slope we usually
witness a decrease in the coarseness of sediments
and the predomination of silty, silty-clay and clay
sediments. The fine sediments of the continental
slope, in some places, are highly characteristic of
iron sulphyde formation. The bottom of the open
parts of the Far Eastern seas is usually covered by
clay-diatom and diatom oozes with interlayers of
volcanic ash. The greenish-gray diatom and clay-
diatom oozes in the central parts of the seas have
an upper brown oxidyzed layer conditioned by the
presence in the oozes of iron and manganese in the
higher degrees of oxidation. The thickness of this
oxidyzed layer of clay-diatom and diatom oozes
ranges from several milimetres to 8-10 centimetres.
The content of authigenic (amorphous) silica, present
mainly in the shells of the diatom algae and deter-
mined in a double 5% soda extract, in the sediments
of this type reached 56% in several samples. Ac-
cording to data presented by- P. L. Bezrukov the
greatest content of authigenic silica is found in the
deep-water sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk. These
sediments, in the very centre of the sea, are in fact
typical diatom oozes with a specific weight of 0.4.
According to A. V. Solovyov the maximum content
of the authigenic silica in the deep-water sediments
of the Sea of Japan reaches 20-25 6, while in the
Sea of Bering (according to A. P. Lisitsin)-34%.
Against the general background of fine sedi-
ments with pelitic fractions content reaching 85;0,
there are cases when silts and even sands are found
in the open parts of the seas. The existence of
this phenomenon is - explained by the presence of
substantial submarine elevations of such type as the
Shirshov ridge in the Sea of Bering, and of such
elevations as the " Academy of Sciences " and " Insti-
tute of Oceanology", in the Sea of Okhotsk. Another
reason for this may serve the relatively high velocity
of bottom waters caused by other factors than the
decrease in the cross section of the water mass above
the submarine elevations .
Within the area of the Kurile mountain complex
with an intricate sea floor relief and strong tidal
currents, the region of the sea floor deprived of
sediments or covered. by very coarse sediments such
as bolders, pebbles and -gravel are found even in
depths of 1000-3000 metres. These sediments have
been detected not only upon positive forms of the
submarine relief (submarine mountains and vol-
canoes), but upon negative forms (trench slopes
deep straits) too. Here, sands are found in depths
up to 3200 metres, while silts have been registered
in depths reaching 5000-6000 metres. Common for
these regions are carbonate sediments composed of
sceletal parts of ciripedia, of various mollusca, hy-
drocoralls, briozoa, foramineferas and others. In
certain places 80% of the sediment content, consist
of the skeletal elements of the silica sponges, which
may be considered analagous to the spongolites
(B. P. Petelin). The main role in the formation of
such sediments is played by the remnants of sponges,
(Monoctinnelida and Tetractinnelida).
Mineralogical composition of sediments in this
area as compared with the same for the sediments
of the continental shelf zones and for the sediments
in the open parts of the Far Eastern seas is rather
poor. This is explained by the fact that the prin-
ciple role in the sediment formation is played here
by the products of volcanic activity, their composi-
tion corresponding most of all to pyroscenic ande-
sites. This is why the basic minerals of these
sediments include only volcanic glasses, fragments
of volcanic rocks, plagioclases, pyrocsenes and mag-
netite. In small quantities we find admixtures of
quartz, potassium feldspar, common and basaltic
hornblendes. Such elements as titanite, rutile, zircon,
analcime and others are very rare. The presence of
authigenic glauconite, the formation of which in
the sediment takes place at the early stages of its
diagenesis (B. P. Petelin), was found in the southern
part of the Kurile Archipelago area. This glauconite,
as compared with the glauconites found in other
places, is distinguished by a low content of K2O
(1.85%). Judging by the debyegramm, its structure
is very close to that of nontronite.
The sea floor sectors lacking sediments are being
met in great depths and trenches. Thus, during the
deep sea trawling on the western slope of the Japan
Trench, the trawl brought fragments of argilite rock
type from depth of 6600 metres. Similar rocks were
delivered by bottom samplers from the " Witiaz "
submarine ridge and by trawls from the western
slope of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Deep sea
trawling on the southern slope of the Aleutian
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Trench gave fragments of magmatic' rocks with a
fresh break on one of the sides, as well as fragments
of green and pink tuffogenic argillites from depths
close to 7000 metres. Exceedingly steep tilts of the
escarpes, characteristic of the. trench slopes, prevent
the accumulation of sediments and the bottom rocks
stand bare. Sediments of diverse mechanical com-
position may be found here depending upon the
tilt angles and the relief of the trench slopes. The
floor of trenches is covered by weak diatom clay
oozes with a very thin (several milimetres) oxidyzed
brown layer with volcanic ash interlayers. The
investigation in the western part of the Aleutian
and the northern part of the Kurile-Kamchatka
Trench revealed a widely spread development of
peculiar sediments. The origination of these sedi-
ments is traced to the submarine slips from the
slopes of trenches (B.P. Petelin and E.A. Ostroumov).
These sediments are present in the form of semi-
liquid clay mud with an admixture of silt and sand,
particularly in the lower part of the horizon, re-
deposited from slip suspensions with mechanical
differentiation of material. During the same inves-
tigations, a new authigentic mineral, unknown in
literature, was found in the dense clay-diatom ooze
of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench, 45-55 centimetres
below the surface of the sediment. The mineral
was present in the sediment in the form of irregular,
transparent crystals of yellowish colour with the
sediment matter penetrating a certain depth of its
surface, the dimension of the crystals reached one
centimetre. There was no time to subject it to a
microscopic analysis and it. was left for one day in
the .laboratory. By next. day the crystals turned
into a white powder. When. several small partially
decomposed and nontransparent fragments, extracted
from the powder, were subjected by B. P. Petelin
to a microscopic analysis; they were classed with
carbonates and the rhomboid singonium of the
crystals was determined. Accurate determination of
optical constants was already impossible because by
that time the mineral had lost its principle optical
properties. E. A. Ostroumov, by means of qualitative
chemical analysis, confirmed that this mineral be-
longs to the carbonate group. The mineral proved
to be a calcium carbonate with an admixture of
manganese and traces of sodium.
Inasmuch-as crushed shell material of molluscs
was found in the sediment, it may be supposed, that
this material served the origin for the formation of
the abovementioned mineral. Hence, the mineral is
a calcium hydrocarbonate, the existence. of which
appears to be. possible only under high pressure
conditions. which at that spot (8000 m.) exceeded
800 atmospheres.. Under the conditions of normal
atmospheric pressure, the mineral lost its crystaliza-
tion water and quickly decomposed. '
.The - ocean floor . is covered by clay sediments
Fig. 8. The distribution of amorphous silica sediments in the
surface layer.
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 Approved For Release 2009/07/31: CIA-RDP80T00246AO07500290001-7
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 Approved For Release 2009/07/31: CIA-RDP80T00246AO07500290001-7
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