ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A008500250002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 4, 2009
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 8, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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8 December 1958 STAT
Price: $,SO
ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL
Cozrdinated and Distributed by the:
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
U. S, DEPARTMENT OF C CNTh:ERO E
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH SERVICE
MAIN OFFICE: D.C. OFFICE
SUITE 300 SECOND FLOOR
205 EAST 42nd STREET ?1636 CONNECTICUT AVE.,N.W.
NEW YORK 17, N.Y. WASHINGTON 9, D.C.
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ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL
pre tim Many Russian organizations are ofgcentralized sontrentol fore
in the development of new systems manufacturing processes. Much attention is, being paid to
this problem also by many leading instrument-building
abroad.
The need for such systems has arisen as the ofemodern cthome
of instrumental m etroleum,
plicated technological processes in the chemical, p
rubber, and other branches of the industry*
So fart the use of a control system withhgindicatingrt,d e recording instruments has eherss the necessary
the participation of an operator,
measure
processeceasary
information and effects in
(inverse) action
Since the increased number iofmcontrolled parameteers and
measurement points requires,
large number of controlinstruments, becomestaelimitingnfactorrfor
of the action by the operator and of regulation as a
the operation of'a control system,
whole. This circumstance hasentrone endof it he causes f orothe n development of two characteristic
engineering:
(1) An ever increasing use of closed-loop systems of
automatic control, encompassing groups of parameters and
reducing the need for control instruments.
(2) The development of means
hoice andtuse ofatheanecessary
to a maximum the operatoris graphic panels, mimic buses,
information. Such means include gand, on the highest level, electronic machines for central-
ized control.
priborostro ens e.(Instrumentt
B. M.'Yakobson
ke58, PP 4-8
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STAT
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Both above trEnds a dlosely related with each other
and should lead '"ip "the final analysis to the creation of
centralized systems for dontx+ol and regulation on the basis
of an extensive utilization of the accomplishments in the
Futomatic oomput.ng technology:
Centralited control machines are charaeterize:d !irstb
by the.use of so-called method of multiple cone] ol, con-
nected'with the'use of switching (run-through) devices, and
second, by the conversion of the information arriving from
the transducers into numerical form.
The,use of sampling devices is the structural 'base that
insures effectiveness and advantages of control,maehine, . .
for it permits a many-fold reduction in the number of ele-
ments of the.system (signal amplifiers, measurement systtems,
sources of'electric quantities), to reduce the extent of
communication, etc.
The changeover to numerical form of information is
necessitated by many considerations, including the tendency
for insuring maximum rapid u berstanding of the information
by the operator, elimination f errors due to the reading
values on the scales and diagrams of the instruments, and
convenience in transmission, transformation, and storage of
the information inside of the machine with minimum distortion.
The choice of the principal scheme and the construction
of the machine are determined in many cases by specific
technical requirements, the principal of which are: the
number of controlled points, speed, and accuracy. The sat-
isfaction of these requirements must be accompanied by in-
suring reliability of the machine, maximum simplicity in
its attendance and servicing and minimum cost. Depending
on the number of controlled points, it is apparently
advisable to distinguish between centralized-control mach.
Ines and group-control instruments. It is difficult to
draw a clear cut boundary between the two but in practice,
in analogy with existing multiple-point instruments,
devices servicing up to 25 or 50 points are classified as
group-control instruments.
The speed of the sampling device can be estimated from
the speed of sampling, namely the number of points switched
per unit time, and the sampling cycle, the time interval
between two successive switchings to the same point.
It is necessary to distinguish here between the techni-
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cally possible speed that can be insured by the. machine and
that speed which.is technologically advisable.
If the statistical data obtained by operating a machine
at a given object show that the parameters vary slowly, the
number of_deviations from specified limits is small, and
their presence does not lead to dangerous conswquences, it
is advisable to reduce the speed of the machine and thereby
increase its service life and the reliability of its opera-
tion.,
The accuracy of the machine is determined essentially
by the choice of the measurement scheme. The universally-
used balancing. circuits for measurement have made it poss-
ible, with suitable choice of their parameters, to insure
a machine accuracy of the same order as obtained from
modern electronic automatic instruments.
The problem of the reliability of operation of the con-
trol machine becomes particularly significant in connection
with the use of a large number of inter-related elements:
relays, vacuum tubes, step selectors, semiconductor elements,
Ferri tes, etc.
In this case, unlike mathem.tical machines, machines for
the control of manufacturing processes should strictly in-
sure prolonged and continuous operation, since any stoppage
of such a machine for several hours or even minutes can
lead to a disturbance to the course of the technological
process,
The reliability of the machines is increased by using
the most reliable elements and by gradual changeover to
contactless sy:teems, by development of self-control circuits
with rapid detection of irregularities, and also by construc-
ting the mach:Lne in the form of a set of standardized inter-
changeable interacting functional blocks connected, by means
of plugs, into a common system, and permitting rapid inter-
chargeability.
The purpose of this article is not to classify the basic#
possible schemes for the construction of electronic mach-
ines for centralized control, but merely to acquaint the
readers with one of the trends, adopted in the Independent-
Construction-Technological Bureau for Biophysical Apparatus
(SKTB-BFA) in the development of the machine MARS-300-
(Machine for Automatic Registration and Signalization of
technological processes with 300 points (MARS-300) )
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The first oompleted.model of .this machine is intended
for =0 In a oyhi1j 6*0 t j ' am in, lbw tats
h s" we pos.d it" to 60 0
plant. b!'
tbe,.! t s*t y.
The MAR3.300 machine (Fig. 1) controls 300 points at
which temperature, average temperature, flow, and vacuum
are measured.
The maximum speed of the sampling device for the deteo-
tion of deviations is 10 points/sedond, i.e., all 300 points
are scanned within 30 seconds.
In this case the technical speed of registration amounts
to three seconds for each single point.
The commutation system is of the single-circuit type,
i.e., when a deviation is detected, the sampling is inter-
rupted during the time that the deviating parameter is
recorded.
Th' machine yields information in numerical form and in
the form of signals on a mimic bus.
The numerical information is printed on special charts
called either registration charts for the deviations of the
technological processes or charts for periodic registration
of technological processes.
The values of the parameters that deviate from the preset
range are printed in red on t e "deviation chart," with
indication of the time of deviation and the number of the
deviating points. The parameters are printed in black after
their return to the normal value, also with Indication 'of
the number of tl.e point and of the time of return.
Recorded on the same chart is any of the control para-
meters, at the call of the operator.
A' any instant of time, the operator can survey all the
deviating parameters by successively recording them. In
order to represent the fact that this is a deliberate call
or survey of the deviations, they are recorded with a spec-
ial symbol. The deviation card is the operating document
for the running of the process.
On the periodic-registration car(' are printed the values
of the parameters in specified time interval, 15 or 30
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minutes, or one or two hours. A special column is earmarked
for each recorded point.
The values of the parameters that deviate from the norm
are printed in red. As a r*le, the periodically recorded
parameters are grouped by technological features, which
makes it possible for the technologists to determine, by
analyzing the charts, the mutual relationships between the
values of the parameters, and to improve the technological
process.
It is possible to record periodically either all the
control points or a pot-tion of them, depending on the re-
quirements of the object. In the actual model of the mach-
ine, 50 out of the 300 points are recorded periodically.
When $ deviation is observed, a suitable signal is
shown on the mimic bus.
A simplified block diagram of the MARS-300 machine is
shown in Fig. 2.
A triggering pulse from a clockwork mechanism is fed
into the control blocks and triggers the pulse generator,
which, inturn, sends to the control block a series of
program pulses, effecting the automatic self-verification
of the fundamental blocks and circuits of the machine in
accordance with a specified program.
In the absence of irregularities, the control block
produces a pulse that connects the machine for the cycle
of periodic recording or for the recording of the deviations.
The printing device for periodic registration prints the
verification symbol and the time of start of the periodic
registration.
Next to be connected are the local commutators of the
transducers, made up of step selectors with palladium-
coated contacts. These commutators cause sequential switch-
ing of the transducers throrgh the contacts of the trans-
ducer relays.
The commutator stops at each registered point and connects
though the switching relay PR, the corresponding transducers
to the standard measuring circuit. This circuit comprises
a phase-sensitive unbalance amplifi,r (UFM) and a balancing
motor M, which effects compensation of the transducer signal
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by rotating the slider of.a compensation rheostat or by
moving the core of an induction coil, simultaneously turn"
ing the coated disk of numerical converter TsP through a
definite combination of current-oonducting and isolating
paths on the surface of the disk of the numerical converter,
under the contact of the brush assembly.
A special code is transmitted from the. brush assembly to
a relay decoders-for transformation into the necessary com-
bination of the relay contacts, which connect the solenoids
of the printing machine. All basic elements of the measure-
ment circuits and of the circuit for numerical conversion
are based on the standard units of the EPV instrument for
thermocouples and the EPVI instrument for differential-
transformer transducers.
The deviations are observed continuously or through a
specified time interval. In this case there is a synchron-
ous switching of the local transducer commutators (MKD) and
of the stopping commutators (KU), which connect, through the
contacts of the switching relays (PR), the transducers and
the corresponding settings to the phase-sensitive amplifiers
with relay outputs (UFR). ?
Upon detection of a. deviation, the signal from the UFR
goes to the control circuit, which stops the sampling and
connects, by means of the contacts of the PR, the deviating
transducers to the circuit described above, consisting of
a measuring network, a numerical transformer of the decoder,
and the printing device PU; the latter records in red the
time, number and the value of the deviating point.
$imultaneously, the programming and control blocks (BTU)
send a signa'i to the numbering device (ZU), where the de-
viating point iu remembered by the corresponding relay,
which 'then seals in. A signal to the mimic bus is sent
from the contacts of this relay.
The sampling cycle is then resumed.
When the commutator passes again over a point that has
previously shown to have a deviation, this part is no
longer recorded until it is demonstrated that it has
returned to normal,, In the latter case, a special logical
circuit in the BTU, which takes cognizance of the presence
of a deviation in the ND, produces a signal for registration
of the time, the number of the p~oir.., and its value, using
black ink.
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The machine is constructed in the form of a stand meas.
uring 2000 x 2000 x 600 mm, haling a number of cells, In
these dells are inserted, along guides, functional blocks
which are connected by means of plug disconnects to the gen-
eral circuit.
The bulk' ?of the blocks are relay blocks, blocks for step
selectors, and for the unbalance amplifiers (Figs. 3, 4, and
There are certain grounds for calling the. MARS-300
machine a relay machine, for relays are used in it to
switch the circuits of the transducers and the settings, to
remember the deviating points, and to program and control
the entire machine. Step selectors are used to switch the
transducer relays and the setting relays, and also in the
synchronism control and in the clockwork mechanism.
The electronic amplifiers are based on%standard circuits
used in electronic automatic instruments.
To get a better idea of the construction of the machine,
we list below its principal elements and indicate their
number in the entire machine and per single measurement
point. #
Name of Principal
r l mm- -4- -41 M _ 1. .
Number of items
in entire machine
a 1 Vent
per measurement
point
Relays
Step Selectors
780*
2.6
Vacuum tubes
35 *
0.11
Germanium diodes
26
0.09
Resistors
60o
2.0
Capacitors
2000
6
7
200
.
0.66
# Includes the elements contained in the local blocks.
It is clear from the above that there are much fewer
elements for eabh tir4le measutem t point in the control
machine than would be used in the base of individual or
multiple-point electronic automatic instruments.
if a large number of control instruments is replaceCntly
dnbygelec-
tronic machines, a great economy can be accomplished.
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The printing devices used in the LIARS-300 machines can
be either, modified electric-digital counting machines or
automatic billing machines. Since the industry has so far
not produced Printing machines with zonal printing, it
becomes necessary to use two printing devices respedtively
for the periodic recording and for the recording of the
deviations..
The use of local blocks is due to the tendency to reduce.
the number of. communications from the transducers to the
machine, which in any given object turns out to be quite
important, owing to the dispersion of the measuring points
over.a large area. Local blooks, each serving 50 measuring
p ints, connect, as can be seen from the block diagram of
the MARS-300 machines, the relays of the transducers and the
local commutators based on step selectors. The machine is
designed for use with 220 v"ac. The average power consumed
is approximately 250 watts.
Machines of the MARS type are designed for joint opera-
tion with standard transducers in the form of thermocouples,
resistance thermometers, differential-transformer transducers,
and rheostatic voltage transducers. This circumstance makes
it possible to employ the MARS machine exclusively in manta:-,
facture without waiting for the development of a series of
converters to change the transducer signals into quantities;
corresponding to the standard range of variation of the
voltage, for example from C to 10 or 0 to 25 v dc. At the
same time, rapid development of such converters on the
part of industry will permit substantial simplification in
the control machines, facilitate their standardization and
expand their range of applicaAon.
At the pr.sent time it is necessary to provide a special-
ized measuring .;ircuit for each type of transducer. Thhs,
the MARS-300 machine contains two measuring systems, one for
thermocouples and the other for the differential transformer
transducers for flow and vacuum (only one measuring system
is shown for the sake cf simplicity in the block diagram),
The variety of requirements that are immosed on the
machines by the cperPt;ing conditions has already determined
the large amount if possible schemes fc' the construction
of centralized ^r.'~rol systems and for the--'- constructions,
requiring gar..ar c.-. izrt-l:ion are'. experimental -verification.
It must be said that, in additi(:_i to monitoring, machines
of the MARS 4 ype perform many other control and regulation
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functions. These funatii'ons inelu4e the switchi of units
oil and-ctt4 damage control, and position regulatngon ".
The use of machines with such control and regulation makes,.
it possible to automatize fully the process of na,intainirg
the temperature conditions and to observe the time of treat-
ment necessary for the forming of rubber, plastics,, and
other articles in the chemical industry.
In this case the economic effect, according to prelim-
inary caloulations, amounts to not less than five million
of rubles per year with expenses for automatization up to
two million rubles, for one Moscow rubber-goods plant alone.
Any further improvement in the machines of the type MARS
will obviously follow the line of increasing their speed,
gradual changeover to contactless elements in the form of
ferrite memories, ferro-transistor circuits of contactless
commutators, and also along the development of more compli-
cated forms of centralized re6fulation.
Ta'cing into account the great national-economic signifi-
cance of electric machines of centralized control and regu-
lation, it is necessary to expand considerably the scientific
research, design, and manufacturing base of this leading and
promising region so that in the nearest years the electronic
machines will find wide application in the chemical, petro-
leum, motallurgical, and other leading branches of the
industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Rakovskiy, M. Ye. "Basic Premises in the Synthesis of
Schemes for the Automatization of Continuous Tech-
nological Processes." Priborostroyeniye [Instrument
Building], No 6, 1956.
2. Temnikov, F. Ye. "Centralization Engineering." Priboro-
stroyeniye, No 4, 1957-
3e Kharkevich, A. A. Ocherki obshchey teorii svyazi [Out-
lines of General Theory of Communications J, Gosteki.
hizdat, 1955-
4. Woodward, F. M. Probability Theury and Information Theory
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8 Applied',to Radar) (Russian Translation), P01.
'SO'Kiet.Radtot" 19554
g. Stanford, Goldman. Information Theory (Ru8N& Transi.) IL,
MosOow 1957.
6. Boyev, G, P, Tooriya veroyatnosti [Probability Theory],
GTTI, 1950.
7. Teoriya peredachi soobshcheniy [Theory of Information
Transmission], Collection of articles edited by Corr.
Member. Acad. Sci. USSR V. I. Sidorov. IL, 1957?
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Date.....1958
Chart for Recording Deviations of
Shift No
Techn5Iog ca rocesses_o on ro e Shop
12 10 110
360
12
10
216
340
12
10
321
365
12
10
324
370
_12 20 105
377
12
20
107
349
12
20
110
355
12
20
112
338
12 20 326
360
*12
20
649
loo
12
30
101
333
12
30
105
370
12 30 529
345
12
30
640
360
*12
30
649
[Part Two]
12
10 528
380
12
10
640
366
12
10
644
324
*12
10
649
loo
12
20 216
335
12
20
221
365
12
20
324
365
12
20
425
322
12
30 106
346
12
30
221
360
12
30
326
344
12
30
528
370
Remark: Italic numbers are recorded in red in the machines.
Date ....... Chart for Periodic Recording of Technolog- Shift No
ical Processes of Controlled Shop
Part One
Number
of
furnace
No of
oints
Meas-
ure -
ment
unit
0C
18 27 44 45 49 50
0C
0C
1 18 27 44 45 49
?C ?C kg/hr mm 0C ?C ?C
Hg
0
C
50
Hg
Nom 1 n I
io`r
erance 2
+
+2
+5 +10 +1. 5
+1.0
2
?55
2
+5
+'0 ?1
+1 Q
if time
.-
.
*12
0 330
350
365
330 360 loo
08
334
350
365
330 345 100
08
*13
00 330
350
368
330 345 100
08
330
350
365
324 345 100
08
*14
00 333
350
365
330 345 100
08
330
344
365
330 345 100
08
?C kg/hr
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Chart Contd.
umber of
furnace
1
2
No of
1
18
27
44
45
49
50
1
18
27
44
45
49
50
points
Measure-
oC
?C
?C
?C
?C
kg/hr
mm
?C
C
?C
C
C
kg/hr-
mm
ment unit
HE
Hg
Nominal
Tolerance
+2
+5
+2
+5
+10
+1.5
+1.0
+2
+5
+2
+5
410
+1.5
+1.0
Verif . Time
*15 00
330
342
365
330
345
100
08
330
350
365
330
360.
100
08
*16 00
330
350
365
330
345
100
06
330
350
361
330
345
100
08
Number of
furnace
[Part Two]
Verif a Time
*12 00
330
350
365
330
345 102 08
330
350
368
350
31'5
100
08
*13 00
330
356
365
330
345 100 08
330
350
365
330
345
100
06
*N 00
330
350
365
322
345 100 08
330
357
365
330
345
100
08
*15 00
326
350
365
330
345 100 08
330
350
365
330
345
102
08
*16 00
330
350
369
330
345 100 08
338
350
365
330
345
100
08
Number of
furnace
[Part Three]
5
6
Verif, Time
*12
00
327
350
365
330
345 100 08
330
350
365
324
345
100
08
*13
00
330
350
365
330
332 100 08
330
357
365
330
345
100
08
*14
00
330
343
365
330
345' 100 08
326
350
365
330
345
100
08
*15
00
330
350
368
330
345 100 08
330
350
362
330
345
100
08
1116
00
330
350
365
340
345 100 08
330
350
365
330
360
100
08
Remarko Numbers shown in italics are recorded in.machine with red ink.
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3 J`, 1../`v L
4 450 IN, V51 1/1.40
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i r i' Iumy Lf bml
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FIIC , 51>v,~/J/oj Bloc-f Di&Ere cf f'1f~RS-R3~Q0~0
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lot-t om . OEl~t~
1
a K DaA.#-! WS
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