ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL USSR

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CIA-RDP80T00246A008500250002-9
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RIPPUB
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U
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16
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December 22, 2016
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August 4, 2009
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2
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Publication Date: 
December 8, 1958
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REPORT
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Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Next 1 Page(s) In Document Denied Iq Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 8 December 1958 STAT Price: $,SO ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL Cozrdinated and Distributed by the: OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES U. S, DEPARTMENT OF C CNTh:ERO E WASHINGTON 25, D. C. U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE MAIN OFFICE: D.C. OFFICE SUITE 300 SECOND FLOOR 205 EAST 42nd STREET ?1636 CONNECTICUT AVE.,N.W. NEW YORK 17, N.Y. WASHINGTON 9, D.C. Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246A008500250002-9 ELECTRONIC MACHINE FOR CENTRALIZED CONTROL pre tim Many Russian organizations are ofgcentralized sontrentol fore in the development of new systems manufacturing processes. Much attention is, being paid to this problem also by many leading instrument-building abroad. The need for such systems has arisen as the ofemodern cthome of instrumental m etroleum, plicated technological processes in the chemical, p rubber, and other branches of the industry* So fart the use of a control system withhgindicatingrt,d e recording instruments has eherss the necessary the participation of an operator, measure processeceasary information and effects in (inverse) action Since the increased number iofmcontrolled parameteers and measurement points requires, large number of controlinstruments, becomestaelimitingnfactorrfor of the action by the operator and of regulation as a the operation of'a control system, whole. This circumstance hasentrone endof it he causes f orothe n development of two characteristic engineering: (1) An ever increasing use of closed-loop systems of automatic control, encompassing groups of parameters and reducing the need for control instruments. (2) The development of means hoice andtuse ofatheanecessary to a maximum the operatoris graphic panels, mimic buses, information. Such means include gand, on the highest level, electronic machines for central- ized control. priborostro ens e.(Instrumentt B. M.'Yakobson ke58, PP 4-8 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246A008500250002-9 STAT Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Both above trEnds a dlosely related with each other and should lead '"ip "the final analysis to the creation of centralized systems for dontx+ol and regulation on the basis of an extensive utilization of the accomplishments in the Futomatic oomput.ng technology: Centralited control machines are charaeterize:d !irstb by the.use of so-called method of multiple cone] ol, con- nected'with the'use of switching (run-through) devices, and second, by the conversion of the information arriving from the transducers into numerical form. The,use of sampling devices is the structural 'base that insures effectiveness and advantages of control,maehine, . . for it permits a many-fold reduction in the number of ele- ments of the.system (signal amplifiers, measurement systtems, sources of'electric quantities), to reduce the extent of communication, etc. The changeover to numerical form of information is necessitated by many considerations, including the tendency for insuring maximum rapid u berstanding of the information by the operator, elimination f errors due to the reading values on the scales and diagrams of the instruments, and convenience in transmission, transformation, and storage of the information inside of the machine with minimum distortion. The choice of the principal scheme and the construction of the machine are determined in many cases by specific technical requirements, the principal of which are: the number of controlled points, speed, and accuracy. The sat- isfaction of these requirements must be accompanied by in- suring reliability of the machine, maximum simplicity in its attendance and servicing and minimum cost. Depending on the number of controlled points, it is apparently advisable to distinguish between centralized-control mach. Ines and group-control instruments. It is difficult to draw a clear cut boundary between the two but in practice, in analogy with existing multiple-point instruments, devices servicing up to 25 or 50 points are classified as group-control instruments. The speed of the sampling device can be estimated from the speed of sampling, namely the number of points switched per unit time, and the sampling cycle, the time interval between two successive switchings to the same point. It is necessary to distinguish here between the techni- Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 cally possible speed that can be insured by the. machine and that speed which.is technologically advisable. If the statistical data obtained by operating a machine at a given object show that the parameters vary slowly, the number of_deviations from specified limits is small, and their presence does not lead to dangerous conswquences, it is advisable to reduce the speed of the machine and thereby increase its service life and the reliability of its opera- tion., The accuracy of the machine is determined essentially by the choice of the measurement scheme. The universally- used balancing. circuits for measurement have made it poss- ible, with suitable choice of their parameters, to insure a machine accuracy of the same order as obtained from modern electronic automatic instruments. The problem of the reliability of operation of the con- trol machine becomes particularly significant in connection with the use of a large number of inter-related elements: relays, vacuum tubes, step selectors, semiconductor elements, Ferri tes, etc. In this case, unlike mathem.tical machines, machines for the control of manufacturing processes should strictly in- sure prolonged and continuous operation, since any stoppage of such a machine for several hours or even minutes can lead to a disturbance to the course of the technological process, The reliability of the machines is increased by using the most reliable elements and by gradual changeover to contactless sy:teems, by development of self-control circuits with rapid detection of irregularities, and also by construc- ting the mach:Lne in the form of a set of standardized inter- changeable interacting functional blocks connected, by means of plugs, into a common system, and permitting rapid inter- chargeability. The purpose of this article is not to classify the basic# possible schemes for the construction of electronic mach- ines for centralized control, but merely to acquaint the readers with one of the trends, adopted in the Independent- Construction-Technological Bureau for Biophysical Apparatus (SKTB-BFA) in the development of the machine MARS-300- (Machine for Automatic Registration and Signalization of technological processes with 300 points (MARS-300) ) Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 J,: -a t.. 7y-c:.;:yL-w>TCIkY""o:rl"`...J^'..,r't'h-r'b't'kr.r~"M-r'""y"!`"`""''2'?`,r-.,,l.'"t-,.'. ?rzr.>h?:y-;;,.-,,~':':%Ti:~.-:xw~?JRF:, Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 The first oompleted.model of .this machine is intended for =0 In a oyhi1j 6*0 t j ' am in, lbw tats h s" we pos.d it" to 60 0 plant. b!' tbe,.! t s*t y. The MAR3.300 machine (Fig. 1) controls 300 points at which temperature, average temperature, flow, and vacuum are measured. The maximum speed of the sampling device for the deteo- tion of deviations is 10 points/sedond, i.e., all 300 points are scanned within 30 seconds. In this case the technical speed of registration amounts to three seconds for each single point. The commutation system is of the single-circuit type, i.e., when a deviation is detected, the sampling is inter- rupted during the time that the deviating parameter is recorded. Th' machine yields information in numerical form and in the form of signals on a mimic bus. The numerical information is printed on special charts called either registration charts for the deviations of the technological processes or charts for periodic registration of technological processes. The values of the parameters that deviate from the preset range are printed in red on t e "deviation chart," with indication of the time of deviation and the number of the deviating points. The parameters are printed in black after their return to the normal value, also with Indication 'of the number of tl.e point and of the time of return. Recorded on the same chart is any of the control para- meters, at the call of the operator. A' any instant of time, the operator can survey all the deviating parameters by successively recording them. In order to represent the fact that this is a deliberate call or survey of the deviations, they are recorded with a spec- ial symbol. The deviation card is the operating document for the running of the process. On the periodic-registration car(' are printed the values of the parameters in specified time interval, 15 or 30 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 minutes, or one or two hours. A special column is earmarked for each recorded point. The values of the parameters that deviate from the norm are printed in red. As a r*le, the periodically recorded parameters are grouped by technological features, which makes it possible for the technologists to determine, by analyzing the charts, the mutual relationships between the values of the parameters, and to improve the technological process. It is possible to record periodically either all the control points or a pot-tion of them, depending on the re- quirements of the object. In the actual model of the mach- ine, 50 out of the 300 points are recorded periodically. When $ deviation is observed, a suitable signal is shown on the mimic bus. A simplified block diagram of the MARS-300 machine is shown in Fig. 2. A triggering pulse from a clockwork mechanism is fed into the control blocks and triggers the pulse generator, which, inturn, sends to the control block a series of program pulses, effecting the automatic self-verification of the fundamental blocks and circuits of the machine in accordance with a specified program. In the absence of irregularities, the control block produces a pulse that connects the machine for the cycle of periodic recording or for the recording of the deviations. The printing device for periodic registration prints the verification symbol and the time of start of the periodic registration. Next to be connected are the local commutators of the transducers, made up of step selectors with palladium- coated contacts. These commutators cause sequential switch- ing of the transducers throrgh the contacts of the trans- ducer relays. The commutator stops at each registered point and connects though the switching relay PR, the corresponding transducers to the standard measuring circuit. This circuit comprises a phase-sensitive unbalance amplifi,r (UFM) and a balancing motor M, which effects compensation of the transducer signal Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 by rotating the slider of.a compensation rheostat or by moving the core of an induction coil, simultaneously turn" ing the coated disk of numerical converter TsP through a definite combination of current-oonducting and isolating paths on the surface of the disk of the numerical converter, under the contact of the brush assembly. A special code is transmitted from the. brush assembly to a relay decoders-for transformation into the necessary com- bination of the relay contacts, which connect the solenoids of the printing machine. All basic elements of the measure- ment circuits and of the circuit for numerical conversion are based on the standard units of the EPV instrument for thermocouples and the EPVI instrument for differential- transformer transducers. The deviations are observed continuously or through a specified time interval. In this case there is a synchron- ous switching of the local transducer commutators (MKD) and of the stopping commutators (KU), which connect, through the contacts of the switching relays (PR), the transducers and the corresponding settings to the phase-sensitive amplifiers with relay outputs (UFR). ? Upon detection of a. deviation, the signal from the UFR goes to the control circuit, which stops the sampling and connects, by means of the contacts of the PR, the deviating transducers to the circuit described above, consisting of a measuring network, a numerical transformer of the decoder, and the printing device PU; the latter records in red the time, number and the value of the deviating point. $imultaneously, the programming and control blocks (BTU) send a signa'i to the numbering device (ZU), where the de- viating point iu remembered by the corresponding relay, which 'then seals in. A signal to the mimic bus is sent from the contacts of this relay. The sampling cycle is then resumed. When the commutator passes again over a point that has previously shown to have a deviation, this part is no longer recorded until it is demonstrated that it has returned to normal,, In the latter case, a special logical circuit in the BTU, which takes cognizance of the presence of a deviation in the ND, produces a signal for registration of the time, the number of the p~oir.., and its value, using black ink. Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 The machine is constructed in the form of a stand meas. uring 2000 x 2000 x 600 mm, haling a number of cells, In these dells are inserted, along guides, functional blocks which are connected by means of plug disconnects to the gen- eral circuit. The bulk' ?of the blocks are relay blocks, blocks for step selectors, and for the unbalance amplifiers (Figs. 3, 4, and There are certain grounds for calling the. MARS-300 machine a relay machine, for relays are used in it to switch the circuits of the transducers and the settings, to remember the deviating points, and to program and control the entire machine. Step selectors are used to switch the transducer relays and the setting relays, and also in the synchronism control and in the clockwork mechanism. The electronic amplifiers are based on%standard circuits used in electronic automatic instruments. To get a better idea of the construction of the machine, we list below its principal elements and indicate their number in the entire machine and per single measurement point. # Name of Principal r l mm- -4- -41 M _ 1. . Number of items in entire machine a 1 Vent per measurement point Relays Step Selectors 780* 2.6 Vacuum tubes 35 * 0.11 Germanium diodes 26 0.09 Resistors 60o 2.0 Capacitors 2000 6 7 200 . 0.66 # Includes the elements contained in the local blocks. It is clear from the above that there are much fewer elements for eabh tir4le measutem t point in the control machine than would be used in the base of individual or multiple-point electronic automatic instruments. if a large number of control instruments is replaceCntly dnbygelec- tronic machines, a great economy can be accomplished. Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 The printing devices used in the LIARS-300 machines can be either, modified electric-digital counting machines or automatic billing machines. Since the industry has so far not produced Printing machines with zonal printing, it becomes necessary to use two printing devices respedtively for the periodic recording and for the recording of the deviations.. The use of local blocks is due to the tendency to reduce. the number of. communications from the transducers to the machine, which in any given object turns out to be quite important, owing to the dispersion of the measuring points over.a large area. Local blooks, each serving 50 measuring p ints, connect, as can be seen from the block diagram of the MARS-300 machines, the relays of the transducers and the local commutators based on step selectors. The machine is designed for use with 220 v"ac. The average power consumed is approximately 250 watts. Machines of the MARS type are designed for joint opera- tion with standard transducers in the form of thermocouples, resistance thermometers, differential-transformer transducers, and rheostatic voltage transducers. This circumstance makes it possible to employ the MARS machine exclusively in manta:-, facture without waiting for the development of a series of converters to change the transducer signals into quantities; corresponding to the standard range of variation of the voltage, for example from C to 10 or 0 to 25 v dc. At the same time, rapid development of such converters on the part of industry will permit substantial simplification in the control machines, facilitate their standardization and expand their range of applicaAon. At the pr.sent time it is necessary to provide a special- ized measuring .;ircuit for each type of transducer. Thhs, the MARS-300 machine contains two measuring systems, one for thermocouples and the other for the differential transformer transducers for flow and vacuum (only one measuring system is shown for the sake cf simplicity in the block diagram), The variety of requirements that are immosed on the machines by the cperPt;ing conditions has already determined the large amount if possible schemes fc' the construction of centralized ^r.'~rol systems and for the--'- constructions, requiring gar..ar c.-. izrt-l:ion are'. experimental -verification. It must be said that, in additi(:_i to monitoring, machines of the MARS 4 ype perform many other control and regulation Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 functions. These funatii'ons inelu4e the switchi of units oil and-ctt4 damage control, and position regulatngon ". The use of machines with such control and regulation makes,. it possible to automatize fully the process of na,intainirg the temperature conditions and to observe the time of treat- ment necessary for the forming of rubber, plastics,, and other articles in the chemical industry. In this case the economic effect, according to prelim- inary caloulations, amounts to not less than five million of rubles per year with expenses for automatization up to two million rubles, for one Moscow rubber-goods plant alone. Any further improvement in the machines of the type MARS will obviously follow the line of increasing their speed, gradual changeover to contactless elements in the form of ferrite memories, ferro-transistor circuits of contactless commutators, and also along the development of more compli- cated forms of centralized re6fulation. Ta'cing into account the great national-economic signifi- cance of electric machines of centralized control and regu- lation, it is necessary to expand considerably the scientific research, design, and manufacturing base of this leading and promising region so that in the nearest years the electronic machines will find wide application in the chemical, petro- leum, motallurgical, and other leading branches of the industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Rakovskiy, M. Ye. "Basic Premises in the Synthesis of Schemes for the Automatization of Continuous Tech- nological Processes." Priborostroyeniye [Instrument Building], No 6, 1956. 2. Temnikov, F. Ye. "Centralization Engineering." Priboro- stroyeniye, No 4, 1957- 3e Kharkevich, A. A. Ocherki obshchey teorii svyazi [Out- lines of General Theory of Communications J, Gosteki. hizdat, 1955- 4. Woodward, F. M. Probability Theury and Information Theory Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 . Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 8 Applied',to Radar) (Russian Translation), P01. 'SO'Kiet.Radtot" 19554 g. Stanford, Goldman. Information Theory (Ru8N& Transi.) IL, MosOow 1957. 6. Boyev, G, P, Tooriya veroyatnosti [Probability Theory], GTTI, 1950. 7. Teoriya peredachi soobshcheniy [Theory of Information Transmission], Collection of articles edited by Corr. Member. Acad. Sci. USSR V. I. Sidorov. IL, 1957? Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Date.....1958 Chart for Recording Deviations of Shift No Techn5Iog ca rocesses_o on ro e Shop 12 10 110 360 12 10 216 340 12 10 321 365 12 10 324 370 _12 20 105 377 12 20 107 349 12 20 110 355 12 20 112 338 12 20 326 360 *12 20 649 loo 12 30 101 333 12 30 105 370 12 30 529 345 12 30 640 360 *12 30 649 [Part Two] 12 10 528 380 12 10 640 366 12 10 644 324 *12 10 649 loo 12 20 216 335 12 20 221 365 12 20 324 365 12 20 425 322 12 30 106 346 12 30 221 360 12 30 326 344 12 30 528 370 Remark: Italic numbers are recorded in red in the machines. Date ....... Chart for Periodic Recording of Technolog- Shift No ical Processes of Controlled Shop Part One Number of furnace No of oints Meas- ure - ment unit 0C 18 27 44 45 49 50 0C 0C 1 18 27 44 45 49 ?C ?C kg/hr mm 0C ?C ?C Hg 0 C 50 Hg Nom 1 n I io`r erance 2 + +2 +5 +10 +1. 5 +1.0 2 ?55 2 +5 +'0 ?1 +1 Q if time .- . *12 0 330 350 365 330 360 loo 08 334 350 365 330 345 100 08 *13 00 330 350 368 330 345 100 08 330 350 365 324 345 100 08 *14 00 333 350 365 330 345 100 08 330 344 365 330 345 100 08 ?C kg/hr Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Approved For Release 2009/08/04: CIA-RDP80T00246AO08500250002-9 Chart Contd. umber of furnace 1 2 No of 1 18 27 44 45 49 50 1 18 27 44 45 49 50 points Measure- oC ?C ?C ?C ?C kg/hr mm ?C C ?C C C kg/hr- mm ment unit HE Hg Nominal Tolerance +2 +5 +2 +5 +10 +1.5 +1.0 +2 +5 +2 +5 410 +1.5 +1.0 Verif . Time *15 00 330 342 365 330 345 100 08 330 350 365 330 360. 100 08 *16 00 330 350 365 330 345 100 06 330 350 361 330 345 100 08 Number of furnace [Part Two] Verif a Time *12 00 330 350 365 330 345 102 08 330 350 368 350 31'5 100 08 *13 00 330 356 365 330 345 100 08 330 350 365 330 345 100 06 *N 00 330 350 365 322 345 100 08 330 357 365 330 345 100 08 *15 00 326 350 365 330 345 100 08 330 350 365 330 345 102 08 *16 00 330 350 369 330 345 100 08 338 350 365 330 345 100 08 Number of furnace [Part Three] 5 6 Verif, Time *12 00 327 350 365 330 345 100 08 330 350 365 324 345 100 08 *13 00 330 350 365 330 332 100 08 330 357 365 330 345 100 08 *14 00 330 343 365 330 345' 100 08 326 350 365 330 345 100 08 *15 00 330 350 368 330 345 100 08 330 350 362 330 345 100 08 1116 00 330 350 365 340 345 100 08 330 350 365 330 360 100 08 Remarko Numbers shown in italics are recorded in.machine with red ink. 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