MILITARY THOUGHT: THE QUESTION OF CLASSIFYING MISSILE WEAPONS, BY COLONEL S. BEGUNOV AND COLONEL I. ZHELTIKOV

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A029700260001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 13, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 13, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
IRONBARK
1 3 JUL 1962
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT . MILITARY THOUGHT (RESTRICTED) "The Question
of Classifying Missile Weapons", by Colonel
S. Begunov and Colonel I. Zheltikov
1. Enclosed is a verbatim translation of an article which
appeared in the July 1959 issue of Military Thought, published by
the Ministry of Defense, USSR. Although this monthly version of
Military Thought bears no formal Soviet security classification,
it is intended "Only for Generals, Admirals, and Officers of the
Soviet Army and Navy".
2. For convenience of reference by USIB agencies, the
codeword IRONBARK has been assigned to this series of TOP SECRET
CSDB reports containing documentary Soviet material. The word
IRONBARK is classified CONFIDENTIAL and is to be used only among
persons authorized to read and handle this material.
3. In the interests of protecting our source, IRONBARK
material should be handled on a need-to-know basis within your
office. Requests for extra copies of this report or for utili-
zation of any part of this document in any other form should be
addressed to the originating office.
Richard Helms
Deputy Director (Plans)
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Original: The Director of Central Intelligence
cc: The Director of Intelligence and Research,
Department of State
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Director for Intelligence,
The Joint Staff
The Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence,
Department of the Army
The Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
The Director, National Security Agency
Director, Divison of Intelligence
Atomic Energy Commission
Chairman, Guided Missiles and Astronautics
intelligence Committee
Deputy Director for Research
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Assistant Director for National Estimates
Assistant Director for Current Intelligence
Assistant Director for Research and Reports
50X1-HUM
Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence
Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center
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IRONBARK
- .SF(-hFT
SUBJECT MILITARY THOUGHT (RESTRICTED): "The
Question of Classifying Missile Weapons",
by Colonel S. Begunov and Colonel I.
Zheltikov
DATE OF INFO : July 1959
APPRAISAL OF
CONTENT Documentary
SOURCE : A reliable source (B).
Following is a verbatim translation of an article
titled "The Question of Classifying Missile Weapons", by
Colonel S. Begunov and Colonel I. Zheltikov. This article
appeared in Issue 7 of 1959 of the Soviet journal Military
Thought, which is restricted in distribution by the Soviets
"Onlyy for Generals, Admirals, and Officers of the Soviet
Army and Navy".
Comment: Military Thought is published by
e USSR Ministry of Defense in three versions, classi-
fied RESTRICTED, SECRET, and TOP SECRET. The RESTRICTED
version is issued monthly and has existed since 1937.
The SECRET version is issued irregularly. By the end
of 1961, 61 issues had been published, 6 of them during
1961. The TOP SECRET version was initiated in early 1960
and is also issued irregularly.
Restricted Issue 7 of 1959 was sent to press on 2 July
1959, and it is the most recent issue of the basic version
of Military Thought which is on hand- Issue 7 of 1959 is
is is the only article from the RESTRICTED version w ich
will be published in the IRONBARK series. It is presented
as an example of the articles in the RESTRICTED version,
and also as an aid to the understanding of some of the mis-
sile terminology used in the two more highly classified
versions of Military Thought.
2910mwSEU2ET
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AMIkSFOET
IRONBARK
The Question of Classifying Missile Weapons
by
Colonel S. Begunov and Colonel I. Zheltikov
Missile weapons (raketnoye oruzhiye) are one of the most
important and advanced types of armament for modern armies.
Used for the first time on a large scale during the Second
World War, missile weapons have been developed and improved
rapidly during the postwar years and have become mass weapons.
Following the policy of an arms race and of preparing
an aggressive war against the USSR and the People.`s Demo-
cratic Countries, many capitalist countries have begun to
carry out extensive programs which envisage developing
missile armamant for ground troops, air forces, the navy,
and antiair defense. Enormous means are expended for the
development of experimental work and the manufacture of
these weapons. Allocations for these purposes are increasing
from year to year and are taking a constantly increasing
proportion of the military budgets of the imperialist countries.
According to information in the American journal
Missiles and Rockets, No. 6 of 11 August 1958, budgetary
allocations of the USA for missile armament during the period
1948 to 1954 amounted to 4.5 billion dollars. In 1954, 6
times more money was allocated than in 1948. In 1957,
5,107,000,000 dollars were allocated for the production and
purchase of missile armament and for conducting experimental-
design and scientific-research work in this field, and in
the 1958-1959 fiscal year, 6,596,000,000 dollars were
allocated.
The enormous scope of work for creating missile equip-
ment (raketnaya tekhnika) can also be observed in other
capitalist countries--England, France, West Germany, Sweden,
Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, and Italy.
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At the present time, a considerable number of models
(obrazets) of missile weapons of different types have al-
ready been worked out and accepted into the armament of
the armies of the USA, England, France, Sweden, and others.
The armed forces of these countries are conducting combat
training with wide use of missiles and are working out
methods for the combat use of missile weapons, and also
the forms and methods for conducting a battle and an opera-
tion with the mass use,of,missiles.
Taking into account the threat of a military attack by
the aggressive imperialist states, the Soviet Union has
been forced to give due attention to the development of
missile weapons and to equipping its armed forces with them.
At the extraordinary 21st Congress of the CPSU, Minister of
Defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union Comrade
R. Ya. Malinovskiy declared that, thanks to the daily concern
of the Communist Party and its Central Committee, the Soviet
Armed Forces were equipped with a whole series of combat
ballistic missiles: intercontinental (mezhkontinentalnaya),
long-, medium-, and short-range continental (kontinentalnaya)
missiles, and a whole group of missiles of tactical desig-
nation (takticheskoye naznacheniye). Clear proof of the
achievements of Soviet missile technology (tekhnika) are the
successful tests in the Soviet Union of intercontinental ballistic
missiles and the launchinga,,of heavy artificial earth satellites
and the world's first space rocket (kosmicheskaya raketa).
The unusually rapid introduction of missile weapons,
particularly guided ones (upravlyayemoye) ones, into all
types of armed forces and arms of troops, which has been
observed since the Second World War, is explained by the
fact that these weapons have quite a number of advantages
in the technical and operational-tactical sense over pre-
vious types of artillery and air weapons.
One of the most important advantages of missiles is
that their movement toward the target can be guided
(upravleniye).
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The conventional artillery shell, after it comes from
the mouth of the gun, and the aerial bomb, after it has
been dropped from the aircraft, continue to move according
to the laws of ballistics, and there is no possible way to
change their flight in the necessary direction, even if we
have discovered that they are deviating from the target.
But possible deviations (otkloneniye) of a guided missile
from the necessary direction can be discovered and elimi-
nated with the help of various automatic instruments and
devices. Because of this, the sphere of use of missiles
has been expanded significantly, and the effectiveness of
their destructive action is being increased. In firing
at great distances, and in combat against aircraft, guided
missiles (upravlyayem-aya raketa) are the type of weapons
with the greatest future. This can be seen from the fol-
lowing example alone.
During the Second World War, antiaircraft artillery
fired hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of shells for
each enemy aircraft shot down. The misses in firing anti-
aircraft shells against a modern, maneuvering aircraft
flying at great altitude and great speed can be quite high.
Under these conditions, tube antiaircraft artillery is
actually becoming ineffective. Antiaircraft guided missiles,
however, destroy aircraft with a probability close to 100
percent. Consequently, in the system of antiair defense of
several countries (the USA, England, France, Sweden, etc.),
tube antiaircraft artillery of large caliber is being re-
placed by antiaircraft guided missiles.
Improvement of the weapons of antiair defense is re-
sulting in a sharp increase in the speed and altitude of
bombing. In this regard, there is a significant decrease
in the accuracy of dropping bombs on small-scale targets,
and many extremely important targets (vessels.-, bridges,
river crossings, runways, etc.) are actually becoming less
vulnerable to free (neupravlyayemaya) bombs and torpedoes.
The reliability of destroying such targets by guided missiles
dropped (launched - zapusk) from aircraft is much greater.
nm~
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efiNk. CGCDIT
IRONBARK
In comparing the effectiveness of using guided missiles
and ordinary aerial bombs, one must also take into consid-
eration the probability of the bomber's getting through to
the target. The penetration of aircraft to particularly
important targets will be made more difficult by a strong
antiair defense (PVO) system. Dropping (launching) guided
missiles from an aircraft can be done outside the zone of
antiaircraft fire of the target's antiair defense, and this
will greatly increase the probability of the missiles'
hitting the target and will decrease aircraft losses.
A second and no-less-important advantage of missile
weapons is their practically unlimited capability to increase
the range of fire within the limits of the earth's surface.
As is well known, the firing range of conventional modern
field artillery does not exceed 25 to 30 km and for warship
artillery, 30 to 40 km. Missiles, however, have a flight
range counted in hundreds and thousands of kilometers and
owing to this, are capable of destroying not only targets
in the tactical and operational depth but also strategic
objectives located in the deep rear area. "Our Armed Forces
have at their disposal splendid combat rocket equipment
(reaktivnaya tekhnika) capable of destroying targets both
on the battlefields as well as at any point on the earth,"
declared Marshal of the Soviet Union Comrade R. Ya.
Malinovskiy at the 21st Congress of the CPSU.
According to the latest information from the foreign
press, in several capitalist countries there has been inten-
sive development of missiles intended to destroy both opera-
tional-tactical as well as strategic targets located in the
enemy's deep rear area. In the USA, for example, missiles
are being developed to fire at the following distances
(interval): 40 to 250 km, 250 to 800 km, 800 to 2500 km,
2500 to 5000 km, and 5000 to 8000 km. Many models of these
missiles (snaryad) have already been developed and adapted
as standard equipment. A large number of them are in various
stages of testing, development, and design (ispitaniye,
otrabotka i proyektirovaniye).
SECRET
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IRONBARK
Several countries have developed and are perfecting
antitank and all-purpose (universalnyy) infantry missiles
with a firing range of up to 5 km. Particularly intensive
work in this direction is being done in France.
Missiles make it possible to increase sharply the power,.
of a charge by putting a larger amount of conventional
explosive or special devices (spetsialnoye ustroystvo) in
them. But the desire to increase the power of artillery
shells could result in creating guns with such a large
caliber and weight that the practical use of such guns
would become extremely difficult, and in many instances
even impossible.
The simplicity of construction and the small weight of
launching mounts (startovaya ustanovka) make it possible to
employ missiles under the most varied conditions of a situ-
ation, and also to launch them from tanks, vehicles, aircraft,
light naval vessels, and other mobile means for which the
weight of the weapon plays a rather large role.
The primary advantages which have been noted for missile
weapons make it possible to perform a whole series of combat
tasks with their help. These tasks either could not be per-
formed at all by other means of destruction, or would require
great expenditure of forces and weapons.
The use of missiles as carriers (nositel) for nuclear
charges is now acquiring exceptional significance. In the
opinion of many foreign military figures, guided ballistic
missiles (upravlyayemaya ballisticheskaya raketa) and
cruise-missiles (samolet-snaryad) are the most effective
and cheapest carriers of nuclear weapons under the conditions
of waging war against a strong and well-equipped enemy
because these weapons make it possible to deliver strikes
against any targets, at any distance, and with the least
expenditure of forces and weapons.
Thus, missile weapons are the weapons which most closely
meet modern combat requirements and which make it possible
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"to perform effectively the strategic, operational, and
tactical tasks on the ground, in the air, and on the sea".1
During recent years, in connection with the rapid devel-
opment of missile weapons, a large amount of scientific-
technical and public popular literature has been published
on the problems of their design, construction, performance,
and combat use.
Many new names relating to missile equipment have
appeared in the literature. In the pages of the press we
often encounter such terms as "missiles" (raketa), "guided
missiles and free rocket missiles" (upravlyayemyy i
neupravlyay,emyy reaktivnyy snaryad), "launching mounts"
(startovaya ustanovka), "jet and rocket engines" (reaktivnyy
i raketnyy dvigatel), "systems of direction and guidance"
(sistema navedeniya i upravleniya), and many others.
A certain term expresses a definite idea, the definition
of which is quite important. Precise and generally accepted
names help servicemen to understand and evaluate in a more
correct way the new combat weapons, and to draw the necessary
conclusions about their importance in performing combat tasks
under the specific conditions of a situation.
Unfortunately, one must state that so far there has
not been a common, accurate terminology dealing with missile
weapons, or common views on their classification.
There are three reasons to explain the absence of
unanimity of views in understanding the content of the new
terms. The first of these is the extraordinarily rapid
development of missile equipment, with the result that in
approximately ten years there have appeared hundreds of
1. R. Ya. Malinovskiy. Speech at the 21st Congress of the
CPSU. Extraordinary 21st Congress of the CPSU (Steno-
graphic Record), Part 2, State Political Publishing House,
1959, p. 126.
10 SE4RET
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{RONBARK
new terms concerning missile weapons. The second reason is
that the names for new models and other objects relating to
missile equipment have been given by separate departments,
organizations, and persons. And the third reason is the
absence of a military encyclopedia and reference books and
dictionaries which would be the sole and common scientific
guide for military-educational institutions, scientific-
research and design organizations, editorial boards of
printing organs, publishing houses, staffs, and all the
personnel of the armed forces.
Owing to all this, a situation has been created whereby
one and the same term covers a variety of meanings. The
terms "missile weapon" (raketnoye oruzhiye) and "rocket
weapon" (reaktivnoye oruzhiye), for example, are understood
to mean different things. By the term "missile weapon'.'
some comrades mean missiles (snaryad) with a jet engine
using solid fuel (tverdoye toplivo). Others, however, con-
sider that these are missiles (snaryad) with a jet engine
using liquid fuel (zhidkoye toplivo). Some people are of the
opinion that by missile weapons one should mean flying
devices (letatelnyy apparat) which have a so-called self-
contained "rocket" engine (avtonomnyy "raketnyy" dvigatel),
i.e., an engine which ensures the flight of the missile
(raketa)without using oxygen from the surrounding air, and
all remaining missiles (snaryad) with engines should be regarded
as rocket weapons. Finally, some people suggest that only bal-
listic missiles should be meant by missile weapons.
It seems to us that it is impossible to agree with
these opinions. The most important technical indicators of
the design of any missile are the jet engine, aerodynamic
arrangement (aerodinamicheskaya komponovka), and the guidance
system (sistema upravleniya). But any one of these indicators
can scarcely be considered the decisive one in explaining a
certain term. The indicators can be examined only in their
totality.
It is well known, for example, that on many missiles(raketa)
(rocket missiles) ((reakti.vnyy snaryad)) one ipay
use engines of various designs which use various fuel.
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components: one of them may work only in the dense layers
of the atmosphere and others may work beyond them. As is
well known, only rocket (self-contained) engines are mounted
on the majority of the models of free rockets and guided
missiles (missiles) (neupravlyayemyy i upravlyayemyy snaryad
((raketa)). An air-breathing engine (vozdushno-reaktivnyy
dvigatel) is used on some missiles (raketa) (particularly
on cruise missiles) as the sustainer (main) engine (marsh-
evyy ((osnovnoy)) dvigatel). As a rule, however, besides
the sustainer engine (marshevyy dvigatel), launch boosters
(startovyy uskoritel);(missile engines),, the net thrust of
which may exceed considerably the thrust of the sustainer
engine, are mounted on them. Consequently, it is now impos-
sible to divide the weapons which are being examined into
rocket and missile according to their propulsion systems
(dvigatelnaya ustanovka).
It is no less complex in dealing with the other technical
parameters of missiles -- the aerodynamic arrangement and
guidance systems.
The literature on missile equipment which has been
published during the last two years has not brought clarity
into the comprehension of the terms "missile weapon" and
"rocket weapon", although both these terms are used widely
by authors of books and pamphlets. As an example, we can
point to the book Rocket Weapons of Capitalist Countries
(Reaktivnoye oruzhiye kapitalisticheskikh stran , which was
compiled by a group of authors under the leadership of
D. A. Uryupin, and which was published by the Military
Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR in
1957. In the book one finds the terms "rocket weapon",
guided missiles" (Upravlyayemyy snaryad), and "missiles"
(raketa) referring to the very same weapons, but no expla-
nation is given of the terms themselves.
Because there are various terms, the meaning of which
is not defined, each person can understand what he wants by
these terms and not always, of course, what the term should
mean.
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IRONBARK
In our opinion, the terms "missile weapon" and "rocket
weapon" are identical in their meaning. Both of them
include the idea of missiles which have only rocket or
rocket and jet engines and which are used as weapons of
armed combat. In other words, each of these terms includes
the whole system of free and guided rocket missiles (bal-
listic and winged - krylataya - missiles) i.e., all types
of missiles from. the smallest, which are employed in combat
against tanks, up to modern intercontinental cruise and bal-
listic missiles with their launching mounts and guidance and
control systems (sistema upravleniya i kontro ya . It seems
to us that such an understanding of these terms has a more
scientific basis.
At the present time there is no unanimity either on
the meaning of such terms as "ballistic missiles" (bal-
listicheskaya raketa) "winged missiles" (krylataya raketa),
and "pilotless combat weapons" (bespilotnoye sredstvo
borby).
We think that one should regard as ballistic missiles
those missiles whose flight trajectories after the engine
has shut off is a ballistic curve (ballisticheskaya krivaya)
the trajectory of a freely thrown body). In other words,
one should regard as ballistic missiles both unguided
(neupravlyayemyy) as well as guided rocket missiles without
lifting surfaces (nesushchaya poverkhnost) - wings. The
initial supporting force of these missiles is the thrust
of the missile engine. The flight range of ballistic
missiles is achieved by the reserve of kinetic energy which
is received while the engine is working. After engine
shutdown, the ballistic missile continues its flight under
the action of the force of inertia.
Depending on their designation, the designs of ballistic
missiles may be one-stage or multistage (mnogostupenchataya).
Their engines may work on solid or liquid fuel, usually a
bipropellant (dvukhkomponentnoye) (fuel and oxidizer). Bal-
listic missiles are launched from ground or wars hip launch-
ing mounts. For multistage missiles, as a rule, the launch
(start) is vertical; for one-stage missiles it is vertical
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IRONBARK
or inclined. The ballistic missile has a streamlined,
cigar-like shape (sigaroobraznaya obtekayemaya forma).
The fundamental features of ballistic missiles are the
great altitude of the primary part of their flight trajectory
and the enormous flight speeds, owing to which they have
little vulnerability to antiair defense weapons. Their
warheads may be filled with conventional explosives (VV),
chemical toxic substances (OV), atomic, or thermonuclear
charges. In some missiles, the warhead can be separated
from the body in flight, and in this way there can be
achieved an improvement in its ballistic qualities, and its
firing range can be increased.
The so-called"winged missiles" (krylataya raketa) com-
prise quite another group. In this group are all missiles
with lifting surfaces (wings) and set in motion by rocke
or rocket and jet engines (engine).
It is accepted practice to give the name cruise missiles
(samolet-snaryad) to winged missiles with the aerodynamic shape
of an aircraft. The cruise missile moves to its target by
means of the force developed in the initial part of the trip
by the launch boosters and later by the jet sustainer engine
(marshevyy reaktivnyy dvigatel). As a rule,tb9 sustainer engine
is an air-breathing engine using liquid fuel, and the oxidizer
is the oxygen in the air. The engine works until the cruise
missile approaches the target area and shuts off when the
missile starts its dive. For the takeoff and ascent, besides
the primary engine, cruise missiles usually employ launch
boosters.
Cruise missiles usually are launched from an inclined rail
launching mount (naklonnaya napravl.yayushchaya startovaya
ustanovka) which is placed directly on the ground or can be
mounted on the chassis of trucks, tanks, armored personnel
carriers, or on warships of various classes, including sub-
marines. The flight path and altitude of the cruise missiles
are ensured by the guidance system. Consequently, they are
all included in the guided group. Cruise missiles may be
used to destroy targets on the ground or on the sea. Their
l S%CR FT
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IRONBARK
shortcomings are their comparatively low flight speed and
altitude, and because of these they can be destroyed by
antiair defense weapons just like conventional aircraft.
Winged missiles which are intended to destroy air
targets have somewhat different aerodynamic arrangement.
They are executed according to different diagrams, have
less developed wings, and, as a rule, are launched from a
vertical position.
All, winged missiles, just like the ballistic ones, may
carry a combat charge of conventional, atomic, or thermo-
nuclear explosive.
The meaning of the term "pilotless weapons" is also
quite confused. Some comrades understand this term to mean
only winged missiles; others understand it as all aircraft
and missiles guided from the ground, a warship, or from
the air, and including ballistic missiles; and finally, still
others include in the meaning of the term "pilotless weapons"
all missile weapons, both guided as well as unguided.
It seems to us that all these interpretations of the
term "pilotless weapons" are not only inexact but even incorrect.
The problem is that the great successes achieved during the
past ten years in missile and aircraft construction are proof
of the constant elimination of the differences between modern
aircraft and guided ballistic missiles. The speed of aircraft
has sharply increased, their aerodynamic arrangements are
constantly made more streamlined, the sizes of their lifting
surfaces (wings) are being decreased, and the thrust of their
engines is being increased.
Recently, attempts have been made to mount a purely
rocket "self-contained" engine instead of an air-breathing
engine,n aircraft, and this engine would work not only
in the "'dense layers of the atmosphere but also beyond its
limits, and would be capable of developing a speed of about
10,000 kph and of reaching a ceiling of hundreds of kilo-
meters. Aircraft are being designed to take off vertically.
In their technical, parameters, such aircraft are approaching
very close to ballistic missiles.
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IRONBARK
It is not ruled out that the development of the aero-
dynamic qualities of aircraft, engine s7, and guidance systems
will make it possible in the near future to carry out the
construction of flying devices which will be ballistic
during the initial and basic parts of their trajectories
and later will glide by means of wings which will be re-
leased from their bodies. The latest achievements of
science and technology in several countries, particularly
the launching of heavy earth satellites and a space rocket
in the Soviet Union, open limitless prospects for the
creation of such apparatus.
In the light of the opinions which have been expressed,
it seems to us that it would be more correct to understand
by the term "pilotless weapons" those aircraft or missiles,
which instead of a crew, are guided by automatic guidance
systems. Here one cannot agree with those comrades who
equate the terms "pilotless weapons" and "guided missiles"
(upravlyayemyy snaryad). The term "guided missiles" is
broader: it includes all ballistic and winged missiles
equipped with instruments to guide their flight. Among
others which are regarded as guided missiles are also anti-
tank and airborne guided missiles (aviatsionnyy upravlyayemyy
snaryad) which according to their size, operational range,
and other parameters must be regarded as pilotless weapons.
They cannot accommodate a crew of even one person.
The absence of an accurate, scientifically based classi-
fication of missile weapons is greatly hampering their study,
and is making it difficult to have a correct understanding of
the special features of missiles and a comprehension of the
problems of their combat use. At the present time, the
classification of missile weapons has been reduced for the
time being to a division of all missile weapons into four
classes: "surface-to-surface" ("surface-to-water", "water-
to-surface", and "water-to-water"), "surface-to-air" ("water-
to-air"), "air-to-air", and. "air-to-surface" ("air-to-water").
The place of launch of the missile and the location of the
target have been chosen as the indicators for each classifi-
cation. Such a classification, in which there are no data
about the types of missiles, does not make it possible,
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even approximately, to imagine the characteristics of a
certain model of missile weapon.
As is known, the "old" types of armament were classified
primarily according to their designation. Thus, for example,
artillery used to be subdivided into field, fortress, and
coastal. With the appearance and development of aircraft
and tanks there also appeared, and was quickly developed,
artillery intended specially to combat aircraft and tanks,
and it was given the name of antiaircraft and antitank
artillery.
According to its technical characteristics, all artillery
materiel, regardless of its designation, the tasks to be
performed, to what organization it belongs, and its caliber,
is regarded as a certain type of weapon: guns, howitzers,
mortars, and trench mortars (minomet). The name alone of the
type of gun gave a definite concept of the technical charac-
teristics of the armament.
The division of missile weapons into the four classes
named above makes it possible to judge only the location of
the launch site of these weapons and the location of the
target. Of course, this is far from being enough, and such
a classification does not meet the level which has been
achieved in the development of missile weapons. It does
not even determine to which type of armed forces the missile
weapons belong -- the ground troops, air forces, navy, or
the antiair defense troops -- and it does not disclose the
characteristics of the missiles: the methods of direction
and guidance, their aerodynamic arrangement, the nature of
the trajectory, the design of the propulsion system, and the
possible nature of the tasks to be performed. The combat
charges being carried by these missiles also remain unknown.
Thus, a situation is created whereby each class of combat
missiles has many very different examples. For example, the
class "surface-to-surface" includes the French antitank
guided missile SS-10, the American free rockets "Little John"
and "Honest John", the guided missiles "Corporal", "Matador",
"Redstone", "Jupiter", "Thor", "Snack", "Atlas", "Titan"
,
50X1-HUM
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IRONBARK
and others. As we see, various models of missile equipment
are included in the very same class: first, by direction
and guidance systems -- guided and free; second, according
to their aerodynamic arrangement -- ballistic and winged;
third, according to operational range -- those with extremely
limited range and also intercontinental; according to their
propulsion systems -- operating on solid or liquid fuel; and
finally, those belonging to various types of armed forces.
The range of tasks being performed by missile weapons
belonging to the "surface-to-surface" class is very large
and varied -- from the destruction of individual fire points
and tanks up to large objectives of strategic importance.
This is the most numerous, the most varied, and the most
complex class of missile weapons, according to all parameters.
In the other classes, the number of models of missile
weapons is less, but the situation does not become any clearer
because of this.
In classifying missile weapons we consider it advisable
first of all to indicate to what type of armed forces they
belong. Furthermore, in our opinion, it is already quite
necessary to divide the classes of missile weapons into
subclasses. As a criterion for division into subclasses,
in our opinion, one should select the methods of directing
missiles to their targets and guiding them in flight. Each
class will have two large subclasses: free rockets and
guided missiles each of which will have its own special fea-
tures.
As a rule, missile weapons in the free subclass will
have solid (tverdyy ) fuel (dry fuel - porokhovoy) engines
and a shorter firing range. These missiles are launched
from inclined launching rails (naklonnaya napravlyayushchaya),
and they have a larger dispersion relative to their flight
range.
Missile weapons in the guided subclass are more
complex in their construction and have great firing ranges
(with the exception of guided antitank and some airborne
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IRONBARK
missiles). On the basis of their aerodynamic arrangement
and the nature of their trajectories, the subclass of
guided missiles may include missiles of one or two existing
types: ballistic or winged, or those and others, while
in the free subclass there should be found only bal-
listic missiles, because winged missiles are usually guided.
The guided subclass will have missiles with various
sys e n1s . Depen 1 n on --heir des_! nation and detai n, i odern
'upaicled missiles eBa" M.oy self-contained. (avtt;onoi,.naya) -ulc'ance
systems, remote control (teleupravleniye), homing (samona-
vedeniye), or combined guidance systems.
The self-contained guidance system consists of guidance
instruments installed on board the missile and guiding its
flight according to a given trajectory without communications
from the command post. It is simple in its construction and
operation and is not subject to artificially created jamming
(radiopomekh). Astronavigational devices (astronavigatsionnoye
ustroystvo) may be used to increase accuracy in hitting
targets for missiles with a large radius of action and self-
contained guidance systems.
The remote control system includes a system of equipment
on board (bortovaya) the missile and equipment at the command
post. The missile is guided in flight from the command post,
i.e., usually with the help of the radio-transmitting and
radio-receiving apparatus, it is maintained on a straight line
connecting the command post with the target or on a plane
passing through the command post and the target. To increase
the accuracy of directing the missile to the target, one
may use systems of television remote control and homing
systems which are turned on as the missile nears the target.
Remote control systems are subject to jamming.
Missiles with a large radius of effect usually use
combined guidance systems: self-contained and remote control
on the main part of the missile's flight path and homing for
the final part, i.e., near the target.
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IRONBARK
The class "surface-to-surface" contains an extremely
large number of various models of combat missiles, and
the broad range of tasks to be performed by them necessitates
their further classification. Dry-fuel missiles (porokhovaya
raketa) with a firing range of up to several tens of kilo-
meters, intended for destruction of individual targets and
groups of targets on the battlefield, and their launching
mounts, may be used directly in the battle formations of
troops. Commanding officers of subunits armed with such
missiles and launching mounts receive their task from the
commanding officers of combined-arms units and large units.
These missile weapons may_ be used immediately and do not need
additional time for their preparation.
Missiles which are of large sizes and more complex in
their construction, and which are capable of reaching long
distances in flight and of carrying powerful combat charges,
may perform the more important tasks. Such missiles need
other methods of material-technical and other types of
support. They need a certain amount of time for preparation
to fulfil their tasks. All this creates somewhat different
conditions for coordination of these missiles with the
troops being supported.
It is self-evident that even more complex are the support
and employment of missiles which have a flight range of thou-
sands of kilometers, and which are capable of carrying power-
ful atomic or thermonuclear charges. They cannot be equated
with missiles intended for the direct support of troops.
Therefore, from the viewpoint of designation, of the
tasks being fulfilled, and of supporting missile units with
everthing necessary, all missile weapons of the class
"surface-to-surface", as has been noted in the foreign press,
may be subdivided into three groups: tactical, operational,
and strategic weapons.
It is advisable to regard as tactical missile weapons
all missiles regardless of method of direction and guidance,
propulsion system and yield of charge, with a firing range
up to 100 km, i.e., missiles which can operate on the
-16/}
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SFCI T
IRONBARK
battlefield directly with the troops and which can move in
their battle formations and perform tasks for the combined-
arms units and large units. Included in this group are anti-
tank guided missiles and missiles which can be fired from
handguns, recoilless weapons (bezotkatnoye orudiye), and
launch ng mounts with. many (light systems - legkaya sistema)
or single ((heavy systems - tyazhelaya sistema) launching
rails (napravl.yayushchaya).
Operational missile weapons are all missiles, regardless
of their aerodynamic arrangement and nature of trajectory,
launching equipment ystartovoye oborudovaniye), guidance
systems, propulsion systems, and yield of charges which have
a firing range of from 100 to 1000 km, i.e., those missile
weapons which by their technical characteristics can be
used to the greatest extent on behalf of the large troop
formations.
All remaining missiles which have a flight range of
more than 1000 km, including intercontinental missiles and
artificial earth satellites which are launched f o, r military
purposes, belong to the group of strategic missile weapons.
Of course, it would be incorrect to search for some
kind of boundary in the tasks being performed by the various
groups of missile weapons of a certain class, for example,
between the tasks of the weapons of tactical and operational
designation or between the tasks being performed by groups
of missile weapons of operational and strategic designation.
On the whole, the difference in the tasks being performed is
great, but these tasks not only are contiguous but also
get interwoven.
An arbitrary division of missile weapons of the "sur-
face-to-surface" class into three groups corresponds to what
these groups are intended to do and the tasks they are to
perform in their general form.
Having divided missile weapons of the "surface-to-surface"
class into three groups, we can now represent the whole
classification of missile weapons as a table in which one can
SFrA. FT
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IRONBARK
present and evaluate this combat weapon according to its
positive and negative qualities.
In our opinion, the classification of missile weapons
cited in the table makes it possible to evaluate not only
the separate models but whole groups of missile weapons,
particularly in the "surface-to-surface" class.
The relative magnitudes of dispersion (rasseivaniye)
characterize membership in a certain subclass, and this also
means the accuracy of hitting the target. The type of
missiles gives an idea of their aerodynamic arrangement and
trajectory and, consequently, of the possibility of combating
various models of missiles with antiair defense weapons.
Data on propulsion systems reveal a picture of possible
methods of missile supply and support, the time needed to
prepare them for launching, and the fire productivity of
subunits and units. The combat charge and flight range
of missiles characterize the destructive factors of this
charge and the possible objectives to be destroyed.
The rapid development of missile weapons, their mass
use in all types of forces and arms of troops, and the
increase of their role in performing combat tasks, have
logically aroused the great interest of wide circles of
the military community in studying these weapons and the
problems of their combat use. Under these conditions, the
achievement of a common understanding of the meaning of the
terms related to missile weapons and the establishment of
a careful classification of these weapons are absolutely
necessary. They will promote further development of scientific-
research work in this sphere and the development of our military
theory, and also will facilitate significantly the study and
understanding of propositions in regulations and manuals.
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C CP' ~.CT
IRONBARK
In setting forth their opinions on the terminology
and classification of missile weapons, the authors make
no claims for the infallibility of their proposals. Never-
theless, they hope that the proposed understanding of ter-
minology pertaining to missile weapons and of their classi-
fication may serve as the basis for their further improvement.
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IRONBARK
Classes, groups and
namei of models of
missle weapons
T66 Launching mount
(24 launching rails
"Corporal"
Operational desi
"Redstone"
"Matador"
Strategic designation
"Jupiter"
"Snark"
Table of Classification of Missile Weapons
(on the basis of foreign models)
Subclasses
yste
ided
Free (guidance
systems)
Types of
missiles
Propulsion
system
By wire Winged
(kryletaye)
Flight
range
(in kilometers Combat charge
Conventional Explosive
Conventional Explosive
Conventional Explosive
TU Cruise mis-
sile (samo-
let-asryad)
TU+ e- Cruise
n6vi $e Missile
tional
TRD* PRD
(dry-fuel
launching
booster)
TED * PRD
(dry-fuel
launching
booster)
"Nike-Ajax"
"Nike-Hercules"
"Genie"
"Falcon"
"Rascal
"Air-to-surface"
Winged PRD
28
4.8
Conventional or atomic
explosive
Conventional explosive
Atomic
Conventional explosive
I Conventional explosive
i Thermonuclear
KEY:
PRD - dry-fuel rocket engine (porokhovoy raketnyy dvigatel)
TU - remote control (teleupravieniye)
ZhRD - rocket engine using liquid fuel (raketnyy dvigatel na zhidkom toplive)
AU - self-contained guidance (avtonommye upravleniye)
TRD - turbojet engine (turboreaktivnyy dvigatel)
SN - homing (semonavedeniye)
KU - combined guidance (kombinirovannoye upravleniye)
2M SECRET
TU Winged ZhRD
"Air-to-air"
SN I Winged I ZhRD
SN I Winged PRD
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