INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORILSK INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION OF RUMORED AE PLANT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A052600310001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 30, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 9, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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ACIC
11'JIl-ORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains Information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.B.O. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which In any manner to an unauthorised person is prohibited by law.
COUNTRY USSR (Ta
National 0krug) REPORT
Industrial Development in Norilsk
Including Construction of Rumored AE
Plant
INFO.
PLACE &
1. The accelerated and extensive expansion of Norilsk began after World War II
and was the result of industrial development. The city was built in the
shape of a 30 to 40 km strip from north to south with a maxi-m east-west
width of eight km. In 1957, Norilsk had a population of approximately 200,000
(exclusive of the numerous prisoners in nearby camps). In 1954,there were
311. labor camps near Norilsk, each of which had from !I000 to 7,000 inmates,
the majority being political offenders. Some prisoners were released after
the death of Stalin, but the old camps were still in existence in 1957,
and even some new camps had been built.
2. From 1954 to 1957, there was no restriction of "free" persons to and from
Norilsk, and no permits were required. However, in April or May 1957,
Norilsk as declared a closed area; despite the acute shortage of labor, no
one could enter or leave the city without a permit from the MVD.
The industrial life of Norilsk centered around its copper mines and related
factories, which together made up the Zvyenyagin Mining and Metallurgical
Combine (porno-metalurgicheskiy kombinat Zvyenyagina). The two
subterranean mines were designated No. 7/9 and No. 3/6, while the open
cast mine was designated ROR (rudnik otkrytykh rabot). No. 7/9 was the
larger of the two subterranean mines, and in 1954 the production was 1500
cu. m. of ore per 8-hour shift (]y000miners per shift). The total personnel
employed at No. 7/9 in 1954 was approximately 5p00, which included 3,000 miners
and 2,p00surface (administrative and technical)--personnel. The ROR was even
larger: the production in 1954 'was 84)00 , - 10,000 cu. m.- bf bre p r'ehirt,' and
only two shifts were worked.
1.. The three mines adjoined each other and covered a hilly area measuring 2 x 2.5
km. and had been worked since 194711.8. According to geologists' estimates,
the mines were very rich and could be exploited for 50 percent pure copper
ore for a period of 50 years. Only the rich veins were being ei>$ploited; the
less rich (containing concentrations of 15-20 percent ore) were worked only
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X JNSA
DATE DISTR. Q Fc: b r v oar 1060
NO. PAGES 5
X SIC X N
ORR EV X
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INFORM/\TION REPO
FORMATION REPORT
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to the extent required by the overall plan. The yield of the poorer veins
was nd;processed, but was piled in large uncovered dumps near the ore dressing
plant.
5. The ore dressing plant was located at the foot of the hills, approximately 300
meters from the entrance to Mine No. 7/9, and its approximate dimensions were
500 meters long, 60 meters wide, and 4+0 meters high. The brick walls were removable,
the foundation was made of concrete, and the flat roof was made of slabs of a
type of concrete which was not affected by changes in temperature. In 1951 the
plant was capable of processing the entire output of copper ore, and its ultimate
capacity was to exceed that of 1951 by approximately 4+0 percent. All the plant
electrical and mechanical equipment was of American manufacture. When some of the
flotation tubs had to be replaced, Plant No. 1 in Leningrad produced 200 to 300
tubs modeled on the American prdduct; however, when the tubs arrived at the plant
in 1951, via Dudinka harbor, they proved to be unserviceable, and some of the
flotation sections of the plant were not in operation in. 195+. The American electrical
equipment was still operating in 1957 without any breakdowns and without having to
be replaced.
6. The minerals contained in the ores were pumped in liquid form from the ore
dressing plant through surface pipes 500 mm. in diameter to the appropriate copper
and nickel factories. The nickel factories were grouped in the Prom-Ploshchadka
area.
7. The copper plant (Medoplavilnyy zavod), along with. the ore dressing plant, was
the most important enterprise of the Zayenyagin combine and was constantly being
enlarged. Destined to become the largest copper plant in the USSR, in 1957 it
consisted of a coal combing plant (Pileugolnaya fabrika), the main factory building,
a converter section (Konvertornoye otdeleniye), a compressor section (Kompressornoye
otdeleniye), a chemical laboratory, a schist section (Shltitovoye otdeleniye),
a transformer station, and an administration b.i.ilding. Crushed coal was piped by
air pressure from the coal combing plant to the electric reverberat y furnaces
main plant building. The plant had two such furnaces in 1957, each made of refractory
and chromium magnesite bricks and each meaEuring 20 meters long, 10 meters wide,
and 2.5-3 meters high. Existing plans for the plant, called for xix such furnaces,
and foundations for two additional furnaces had been laid in 1957, the foundat(ion
for each requiring 5000 cu. meters of concrete. The control instruments (Releynaya
avtomatika) for the exising furnaces included German-grade components. The main
factory building had a mobile suspension crane with a lift capacity of 100 tons.
Four shifts were worked at the plant, and workers wore protective masks.
8. The principal products of the Zvyenyagin combine were copier and nickel. For
nine or ten months of the year, these and other metals (chromium, vanadium, cobalt,
barytes, and gold) were sent by rail to Dudinka and slipped from there by boat
to the mainland during the two or three months yearly when navigation was possible.
K wever, the production of the combine increased to su:!h an extent that plans
to build a rail line from Norilsk to Krasnoyarsk were revived. This project was
initiated years ago at Krasnoyarsk, but was terminated after the first 200 Or
300 miles had been built. According to hearsay, construction of the line was resumed
in 1957.
9. The Zvyenyagin combine was supplied with power by the Norilsk thermal station, which
used six 50-ton carloads-every 30 minutes. The coal was brought to the station
from the Kaerkan mine. The coal reserve at the station did not exceed the amount
required for 48 hours of operation. The total capacity of the station was not known,
but it did have six or seven. large generators, one of which(of Japanese make
was brought to Dudinka in 1947 and whose stator wei.ghbd 90 tons.
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10. In 1948 a large consignment of equipment for a secret plant in Norilsk arrived
at Dudinka, designated Yakovenko equipment.
The equipment included thick sheet iron for balloon-shaped tanks
with a diameter of eight meters, 60 carloads of iron and copper pipes six to eight
meters,long and of various diameters, and numerous sealed.boxes of blueprints. The
entire consignment was stored apart in Dudinka harbor and soon afterward taken to
Norkl.sk. The number of the plant was not known, but the inhabitiants of Norilsk
called it the "smart plant" (Khitryy Zavod), and the plant was rumored to be an
atomic installation.1 The plant was located on a hill approximately one km from
Prom-Ploshchadka and, as far as could be discerned from a distance, consisted of
a number of two-and three-story buildings. It had a prominent white stack over 35
meters tall, with a far greater diameter than that of an ordinary factory, but no
smoke was observed. The plant was connected by pipes with Plant No. 25, a chemical
plant, but it did not have a rail spur. Only "free" workers who were either Party
or Komsomol members were employed at the plant. They lived in special apartments
in the Gorstroy quarter in the center of Norilsk, went to and from work in special
buses, and received double or triple wages in comparison with other workers in Norilsk.
The plant began operations in 1951/52.
11. The Norilsk airfield was unusable during July and August, particularly for heavy
aircraft, but in winter it provided the only means of communication between Norilsk
and Krasnoyarsk. Prior to 1957 the airfield had no paved runways, but construction of
a concrete runway five km long was initiated in 1957 and, according to hearsay, would
be suitable for TU-114 aircraft. In 1957 the only installations at the airfield
consisted of a small two-story building (containing a passenger waiting room, a radio
and meteorological station), small warehouse, an aircraft repair shop, and several
residential buildings.
12. A jet fighter unit arrived in Norilsk in 1957 following the sighting of a foreign
aircraft over the town. Prior to the arrival of this unit, the only military unit
in the city was a small MVD detachment which provided guard duty at the prison
camps.
13. Other than melted snow, the only source of water for both drinking and industrial
use was a lake located outside the city (location not known). The central sewerage
system of Norilsk was insulated against the cold, and the mains also served as
conduits for water pipes and for power and telephone cables.
14. A sketch of Norilsk, showing the locations of the various industrial installations 50X1-HUM
mentioned in this report and as listed below)
15. Legend to sketch of Norilsk.
1. Reinforced concrete products factory.
2. Broad-gauge rail line.
3. Vokzal Street,
4. Sovkhoz,
5. Residential quarter, formerly the 17-Lag-Otdeleniye.
6. Cobalt plant, consisting entirely of laboratories connected to the copper
plant by pipes.
7. Copper plant, with two chimneys,
8. Sulfuric acid factory,
9. Railroad station,
s-E-c-R-E-T 50X1-HUM
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-4-
10. Boundaries of the 6-ye Domo-Upravleniye district (one of the city's 24 districts).
11. Primitive residential quarter.
12. Stalin monument.
13. Res1ential quarter (two-story stone houses).
14. Cemetery..
15. Municipal garbage disposal plant.
16. "80 Kvar'I residential district (two-story stone houses),
17. Zubgora residential. quarter, formerly a labor camp,
18. Oktyabrskaya ploshchad (Lenin monument in the center),
19. Square (name not known)..
20. Mining and metallurgical combine (five-story building),
21. 7 Sevastopol Street (building containing Gorispolkom, Gorkompartii, Prokuratura,
and Voyenkomat offices).
22. Apartment wings of the building at 7 Sevastopol Street.
23. Sotsgorod residential quarter (twa-story buildings).
24. Offices of director of the Zvyenyagin combine, the KGB commandant, and first
secretary of the city Party committee (three-story building),
25. Residential quarter (three-story buildings).
26. Zvyenyagin combine central warehouses for industrial and food products.
27. "Dram. Zapolarnyy" theater.
28. Power plant
29. Secret plant.
30. Stacks,
31. Prom.Ploshchadka complex (nicket plant, machine factory, etc.),
32. Management and administrative offices of the Zvyenyagin (four-story building),
33. Communication office of the Zvyenyagin combine (four-story building).
34. Dom_Kultur Metalurgov, formerly Dom. Lnzh. Tekhn. Rabotnikoy.
35. Bank (only one in Norilsk).
36. Planning section of the Zvyenyagin combine,
37. Fire station.
38. Residential quarter No. 17,
39. Air force barracks (in use since 1957)-
40. Narrow-gauge railroad station.
41. Police stations
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50X1-HUM
42. Primitive residential quarter, formerly the l-qtLag- Otdeleniye.
43. Residential quarter, formerly the 2-~,kLag-0tdeleniye.
44. Copper ore dressing plant.
15. Mine-No. 7/9,
46. Mine No. 3/6,
4+7. ROR open cast mine.
48. Five-story building under construction to house all offices of the
$vyenyagin combine.
49. The Kaerkan mine, largest coal mine in Norilsk,
50. Airfield
51. Brick factory,
52. Cement and lime factory,
53? Zavod No. 25
54. Sevastopol Street
55. Oktyabr Street.
56. Spartak stadium,
57? Residential quarter, formerly a labor camp,
58. Roads under construction.
59. Central fire brigade.
60. Technical supplies warehouses of the Zvyenyagin combine.
61. Public park .
50X1-HUM
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I N FORMATION REPORT I N FORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
REPORT
DATE DISTR. q FebrNgry 1960
NO. PAGES 5 I
REFERENCES RD
1. The accelerated and extensive expansion of Norilsk began after World War II
and was the result of industrial development. The city was built in the
shape of a 30 to 11.0 km strip from north to south with a maximum east-west
width of eight km. In 1957, Norilsk had a population of approximately 200,000
(exclusive of the numerous prisoners in nearby camps). In 1951+,there were
311. labor camps near Norilsk, each of which had from 4,000 to 7,000 inmates,
the majority being political offenders. Some prisoners were released after
the death of Stalin, but the old camps were still in existence in 1957,
and even some new camps had been built.
50X1-HUM
2. From 19511. to 1957, there was no restriction of "free" persons to and from
Norilsk, and no permits were required. However, in April or May 1957,
Norilsk was declared a closed area; despite the acute shortage of labor, no
one could enter or leave the city without a permit from the MVD.
The industrial life of Norilsk centered around its copper mines and related
factories, which together made up the Zvyenyagin Mining and Metallurgical
Combine (Qorno-metalurgicheskiy kombinat imeni 3vyenyagina). The two
subterranean mines were designated No. 7/9 and No. 3/6, while the open
cast mine was designated ROR (rudnik otkrytykh rabot). No. 7/9 was the
larger of the two subtEerranean mines, and in 1951- the production was 1500
cu. m. of ore per 8-hour shift (],000miners per shift). The total personnel
employed at No. 7/9 in 1951+ was approximately 500, which included 3,000 miners
and 2,QOOsurface (administrative and technical)rsonnel. The ROR was even
larger: the production in 19514. 'was 8p00. -10,000 cu. m.-.bf shifty. and c . .
only two shifts were worked.
1+. The three mines adjoined each other and covered a hilly area measuring 2 x 2.5
km. and had been worked since 191+7/1.8. According to geologists' estimates,
the mines were very rich and could be exploited for 50 percent pure copper
ore for a period of 50 years. Only the rich veins were being exploited; the
less rich (containing concentrations of 15-20 percent ore) were worked only
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United states within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.B.C. Sees. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
COUNTRY USSR (Taymyr National Okrug)
SUBJECT Industrial Development in Norilsk
Including Construction of Rumored AE
Plant
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
STATE X ARMY X NAVY X AIR X NSA X IC X NIC
QRREV X
(Notes Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by "#".)
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to the extent required by the overall plan. The yield of the poorer veins
was nduprocessed, but was piled in large uncovered damps near the ore dressing
plant.
5. The ore dressing plant was located at the foot of the hills, approximately 300
meters from the entrance to Mine No. 7/9, and its approximate dimensions were
500 meters long, 60 meters wide, and 40 meters high. The brick walls were removable,
the foundation was made of concrete, and the flat roof was made of slabs of a
type of concrete which was not affected by changes in temperature. In 1951 the
plant was capable of processing the entire output of copper ore, and its ultimate
capacity was to exceed that of 1951 by approximately 40 percent. All the plant
electrical and mechanical equipment was of American manufacture. When some of the
flotation tubs had to be replaced, Plant No. 1 in Leningrad produced 200 to 300
tubs modeled on the American product; however, when the tubs arrived at the plant
in 1951, via Dudinka harbor, they proved to be unserviceable, and some of the
flotation sections of the plant were not in operation in 1954. The American electrical
equipment was still operating in 1957 without any breakdowns and without having to
be replaced.
6. The minerals contained in the ores were pumped in liquid form from the ore
dressing plant through surface Pipes 500 mm, in diameter to the appropriate copper
and nickel factories. The nickel factories were grouped in the Prom-Ploshchadka
area.
7. The copper plant (Medoplavilnyy zavod), along with the ore dressing plant, was
the most important enterprise of the Zvyenyagin combine and was constantly being
enlarged. Destined to become the largest copper plant in the USSR, in 1957 it
consisted of a coal combing plant (Pileugolnaya fabrika), the main factory building,
a converter section (Konvertornoye otdeleniye), a compressor section (Kompressornoye
otdeleniye), a chemical laboratory, a schist section (Shkkitovoye otdeleniye),
a transformer station, and an administration building. Crushed coal was piped by
air pressure from the coal combing plant to the electric. reverberato'r y furnaces
main plant building. The plant had two such furnaces in 1.957, each made of refractory
and chromium magnesite bricks and each mean.ring 20 meters long, 10 meters wide,
and 2.5-3 meters high, Existing plans for the plant called for mix such furnaces,
and foundations for two additional furnaces had been laid in 1957, the foundation
for each requiring 5000 cu. meters of concrete. The control instruments (ReleymVa
avtomatika) for the exising furnaces included German-made :components. The main
factory building had a mobile suspension crane with a lift capacity of 100 tons.
Four shifts were worked at the plant, and workers wore protective masks.
8. The principal products of the Zvyenyagin combine were copper and nickel. For
nine or ten months of the year, these and other metals (chromii.L, vanadium, cobalt;
barytes, and gold) were sent by rail to Dudir&a and slipped from there by boat
to the mainland during the two or three months yearly when navigation was possible.
F(Iwever, the production of the combine increased to such an extent that plans
to build a rail line from Norilsk to K.xasnoyarsk were revived. This project was
initiated years ago at Krasnoyarsk, but was terminated after the first 200 or
300 miles had been built. According to hearsay, construction of the line was resumed
in 1957-
9.
The Zvyenyagin combine was supplied with power by the Norilsk thermal station, which
used six 50-ton carloads -every 30 minutes. The coal was brought to the station
from the Kaerkan mine. The coal reserve at the station did not exceed the amount
required for 48 hours of operation. The total capacity of the station was not known,
but it did have six or seven large generators, one of which(of Japanese make
was brought to Dudinka in 1947 and whose stator weighed 90 tons.
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10. In 19+8 a large consignment of equipment for a secret lant in Norilsk
at Dudinka, designated Yakovenko equipment.
The equipment included thick sheet iron or balloon-shaped tanks 50X1-HUM
with a ame er of eight meters, 60 carloads of iron and copper pipes six to eight
meters,long and of various diameters, and numerous sealed boxes of blueprints. The
entire consignment was stored apart in Dudinka harbor and soon afterward taken to
Norilsk. The number of the plant was not known, but the inhabitiants of Norilsk
called it the "smart plant" (Khitryy Zavod), and the plant was rumored to be an
atomic installation.1 The plant was located on a hill approximately one km from
Prom-Ploshchadka and, as far as could be discerned from a distance, consisted of
a number of two-and three-story buildings. It had a prominent white stack over 35
meters tall, with a far greater diameter than that of an ordinary factory, but no
smoke was observed. The plant was connected by pipes with Plant No. 25, a chemical
plant, but it did not have a rail spur. Only "free" workers who were either Party
or Komsomol members were employed at the plant. They lived in special apartments
in the Gorstroy quarter in the center of Norilsk, went to and from work in special
buses, and received double or triple wages in comparison with other workers in Norilsk.
The plant began operations in 1951/52.
11. The Norilsk airfield was unusable during July and August, particularly for heavy
aircraft, but in winter it provided the only means of communication between Norilsk
and Krasnoyarsk. Prior to 1957 the airfield had no paved runways, but construction of
a concrete runway five km long was initiated in 1957 and, according to hearsay, would
be suitable for TU-114+ aircraft. In 1957 the only installations at the airfield
consisted of a small two-story building (containing a passenger waiting room, a radio
and meteorological station), small warehouse, an aircraft repair shop, and several
residential buildings.
12. A jet fighter unit arrived in Norilsk in 195`? following the sighting of a foreign
aircraft over the town. Prior to the arrival of this unit, the only military unit
in the city was a small MVD detachment which provided guard duty at the prison
camps.
13. Other than melted snow, the only source of water for both drinking and industrial
use was a lake located outside the city (location not known). The central sewerage
system of Norilsk was insulated against the cold, and the mains also served as
conduits for water pipes and for power and telephone cables.
14. A sketch of Norilsk, showing the locations of the various industrial installations
mentioned in this report and as listed below
15. Legend to sketch of Norilsk
1. Reinforced concrete products factory.
50X1-HUM
2. Broad-gauge rail line.
3. Vokzal Street.
4+. Sovkhoz,
5. Residential quarter, formerly the 17-Lag- Otde1eni.ye.
6. Cobalt plant, consisting entirely of laboratories connected to the copper
plant by pipes.
7. Copper plant, with two chimneys,
8. Sulfuric acid factory,
9. Railroad station,
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50X1-HUM
10. Boundaries of the 6-ye Domo-Upravlen ye district (one of the city's 24 districts).
11. Primitive residential quarter.
12. Stalin monument.
13. Residential quarter (two-story stone houses).
14. Cemetery..
15. Municipal garbage disposal plant.
16. "80 Krarta " residential district (two-story stone houses),
17. Zubgora residential quarter, formerly a labor camp,
18. Oktyabrskaya ploshchad (Lenin monument in the center),
19. Square (name not known).,
20. Mining and metallurgical combine (five-story building),
21. 7 Sevastopol Street (building containing Gorispolkom, Gorkompartii, Prokuratura,
and Voyenkomat offices).
22. Apartment wings of the building at 7 Sevastopol Street,
23. Sotsgorod residential quarter (tvu-story buildings).
24. Offices of director of the Zvyenyagin combine,; the KGB commandant, and first
secretary of the city Party committee (three-story building),
25. Residential quarter (three-story buildings).
26. Zvyenyagin combine central warehouses for industrial and food products.
27. "Dram. Zapolarnyy" theater.
28. Power plant
29. Secret plant.
30. Stacks.
31. Prom.Ploshchadka complex (nicket plant, machine factory, etc.),
32. Management and administrative offices of the Zvyeryagin (four-story building),
33. Communication office of the Zvyenyagin combine (four-story building).
34. Dom. Kultury Metalur4:gov, formerly Dom. Lizh. Tekhn. Rabotnikov
35. Bank (only one in Norilsk).
36. Planning section of the Zvyenyagin combine.
37. Fire station,
38. Residential quarter No. 17,
39. Air foree barracks (in use since 1957)-
40. Narrow-gauge railroad station.
41. Police stations
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42. Primitive residential quarter, formerly the 1-* Lag-Otdeleniye.
43. Residential quarter, formerly the 2-~Lag-Otdeleniye.
4+4. Copper ore dressing plant,
1+5. Mine-No. 7/9,
46. Mine No. 3/6,
47. ROR open cast mine.
48. Five-story building under construction to house all offices of the
Zvyenyagin combine.
4+9. The Kaerkan mine, largest coal mine in Norilsk.
50. Airfield-
51- kick factory,
52. Cement and lime factory,
53? Zavod No. 25
54. Sevastopol Street
55. Oktyabr Street.
56. Spartak stadium.
57? Residential quarter, formerly a labor camp,
58. Roads under construction.
59? Central fire brigade.
60. Technical supplies warehouses of the Zvyenyagin combine.
61. Public park
50X1-HUM
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