SOVIET VERSION OF THE U-2 INCIDENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A074400420001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 173
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 11, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 9, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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I N FORMATION REPORT IN FORMAT I ON-REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United states within the meaning of the 8epionage Laws. Title
18. U.S.C. Sees. 793 and 794. the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
C-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
SUBJECT Soviet Version of the U-2 Incident
THIS Is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
REPORT
DATE DISTR.
9 June 1960
NO. PAGES
3
REFERENCES
tr eI copy of a book published in Moscow50X1-HUM
on 16 May 19 entitle res s Must be Sent to the Pillo : The Truth
about the Provocativ nstrusio f the American Plane into the Air Space of
the USSR. The book by the Soviet Union of Journalists and
contains 190 pages; 300,000 copies of the book were printed. It comprises
factual and editorial comment, presenting the Soviet view of the incident and
a number of extracts from purported comments made by various personalities in
the United States which are highly critical of the U.S. Government handling of
the incident, statements by KBBUSHCHEV and other prominent figures inside and
outside the Soviet Union., texts of various Soviet notes of protest, extracts
from unfavorable comments appearing in the Communist and non-Communist press,
and a number of photographs purporting to show parts of the wrecked plane and
its equipment.
2. The tone of the book follows the agressive line adopted by KHRUSHCHEV at the
outset of the incident. The book attempts to convey the impression that the
United States Government is universally criticized and condemned for its part
in the U-2 incident both by American and by world public opinion at large.
In support of this thesis there are highly critical statements purportedly
made by Cyrus EATON, Adlai STEVENSON, Leo SZILLARD, Harold STASSEN, Walter
THEM., and quotations from the Conference of Young Democrats of the State
of California, and of the National Secretariat of the Communist Party, USA,
signed by Gus HALL.
3. Highlights of the book include the following:
;A-
First Wpages are extracts from Khrushchev's speech in Moscow,
5 and 6 May
Page is the speech of Grechko -- 6 May
Page fib'- extracts from Gromyko's speech -- 6 May ~z.
2(
Page -68 is Khrushchev's speech at the Czech Embassy Party -- 9 May
-3 it
Page J#T is the note of protest sent to the U.S. Government by the,
Soviet Government -- 10 May
14,0
Page,93 - Note of protest sent by the Soviets to Turkey -- 13 May
C-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE AC Q.
JARMY
NAVY
JAIR
1FBI
AEC
U
TA
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pages'"- Note of protest sent to Pakistan -- 13 May
e~'- Note of protest sent to Norway -- 13 May
Pag
1
Page 2 - Press Conference in Moscow of Gromyko -- 11 May
page {6-8r include Pravda article of 12 May
3
Page - Khrushchev's Press Conference of 11 May in Moscow
?
75
Page s9& - Russian translations of various statements by the
Department of State and Press Conferences, etc. (May be of
interest to show the distortions.)
q0
Page : - 'Under the Fire of Criticism" -- Extracts of statements
by various U.S. Senators and Congressmen
q3
Page 116 - Statements by Cyrus Eaton, Adlai Stevenson, Leo Szilar ,
Harold Stassen, and Walter Reuther
q`^ 97
Page. lt9 - Statement by the U.S. Communist Party
Page 3 - "The Truth
Page,12E-- Walter Lippmann's article in the Herald Tribune of 10 May
From there on are extracts from the Herald Tribune of 12 May,
and commentary on same
l0 "The Tragedy of President Eisenhower'' by James Reston,
~
Page ' -
NYT - 8 May, and commentary on same
SIC
Page a--+r - Joseph Alsop's article in Herald Tribune -- 11 May and
commentary
IIR
Page 3O-- Article from NY Post -- 9 May
a?-0
page 1 't - Article by Doris Fleeson, NY Post, 10 May
121
Page -1 -- Article by Harry Franz, correspondent of the UP International
3
page t z,"- Extract from "Letters to the Editor of the Washington.
Evening Star" -- letter from Pierre Dostert, 12 May
f24
page 14 - Extracts from the Wall Street Journal and News Week
3L
page , incl. - Extracts from press comments from various
Satellites and Red China /~y,
13~ Press comments from
Beginning middle of page ~3 through page -196 --
the Free World
-1sr
Page q , incl. - Article of Pravda, 14 May
Page a and -1-* - Editorial in Pravda, 14 May
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page 177-180, incl. - Comments by various Soviet ocitizens made
during- protest meetings through
Page 181-188, incl. - Khrushchev's statement to the Western
Powers at the Paris Conference -- 16 May.
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TO THE PILLORY WITH THE AGGRESSORS
The Truth
about the Provocative
Invasion
by an American
Plane
of the Air
Space of the USSR
Moscow 1960
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THIS WAS THE FLIGHT OF A CONTEMPORARY BANDIT
From the Report of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev to the Fifth
Session of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation on
5 May 1960
DON'T PLAY WITH FIRE, GENTLEMEN
From the Concluding Words of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev to
the Fifth Session of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Con-
vocation on 7 May 1960
STEP ASIDE, IF YOU WANT TO REMAIN IN ONE PIECE
From the Speech of Deputy A. A. Grechko to the Fifth
Session of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation on
6 May 1960
THE PROVOCATEURS HAVE BECOME CONFUSED
From the Speech by Deputy A. A. Gromyko to the Fifth
Session of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation on
6 May 1960
A SCANDALOUS ACT OF AGGRESSION
Speech of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev at the Reception in
the Czechoslovak Embassy on 9 May 1960
23
26
CEASE DANGEROUS PROVOCATIVE ACTIVITY 34
Protest Note From the Soviet Government to the Government
of the USA 34
Protest Note From the Soviet Government to the Government
of Turkey 40
Protest Note From the Soviet Government to the Government
of Pakistan 42
Protest Note From the Soviet Government to the Government
of Norway 44
A LESSON FOR HOTHEADS 47
Press Conference of A. A. Gromyko, Minister of Foreign
Affairs USSR on 11 May 1960
THE MASK IS TORN OFF
Meeting of N. S. Khrushchev With Soviet and Foreign Jour-
nalists on 11 May 1960
57
63
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Page
ESPIONAGE AS STATE POLICY
75
Statement of the Representative of the US State Department,
White, on 5 May
75
Statement of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion on 5 May
76
US State Department Press Conference on 6 May
78
Statement of the US State Department on 7 May
81
Press Conference of the Representative of the US State
Department, White, on 9 May
83
Statement of US Secretary of State Herter on 9 May
84+
Statement of D. Eisenhower, President of the USA at a
Press Conference on 11 May
87
UNDER THE FIRE OF THE CRITICS
90
TRUTH STRIKES HOME
97
PAGES FROM THE CONTEMPORARY PRESS
125
THE WRATHFUL WORD OF SOVIET PEOPLE
152
STATEMENT BY N. S. KHRUSHCHEV, CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS USSR
To President De Gaulle of France, Prime Minister Macmillan
of Great Britain, and President Eisenhower of the United
States of America on 16 May 1960
157
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This book tears the cover off of one of the most flagrant in-
ternational provocations of the post-war period - the piratical
invasion by an American espionage plane into the air space of the
Soviet Union. It exposes the policy of the ruling circles of the USA
which is endangering the cause of peace.
The reader will find here speeches by the Chairman of the Council
of Ministers of the USSR, Comrade N. S. Nhrushchev, regarding the
piratical acts of United States aviation, notes of protest from the
Soviet government to the governments of the USA, Turkey, Pakistan, and
Norway, as well as other documents.
The reader will be made familiar with countless facts concerning
American policy for military provocations, with various evaluations
and opinions of foreign observers and of those who represent large
social groups, and with the commentary of the world's press regarding
this matter.
A number of candid statements of the enemies of peace and inter-
national cooperation are reproduced in this book. These statements
once again emphasize how impudent the adherents of the "cold war" have
grown.
Incontrovertible facts accuse the leaders of the USA of conducting
espionage and diversionist acts as government policy, of legalizing a
piratical raid to others' homes, of grossly trampling on the sovereignty
of other states and peoples, and of defaming the UN Charter. Not one
friend of peace will be able to ignore these accusatory facts. We must
bridle these high-handed provocateurs! We must put an end to their pi-
ratical activities! -- That is the angry demand of all who value peace.
In publishing this book, the union of Journalists of the USSR is
pursuing the goal of telling the truth concerning American policy of
military provocation.
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From the Report of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev to the Fifth Session
of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation
on 5 May 1960
Comrade deputies, on instructions of the Soviet Government I must
inform you about the aggressive activities of the United States which
took place in recent weeks and which were aimed against the Soviet
Union.
How did these aggressive actions manifest themselves? They mani-
fested themselves in the fact that the United States sent its aircraft
to cross our state frontiers and invade the territory of the Soviet
Union.
We had protested to the United States in the past about certain
similar acts, and we reported them to the U. N. Security Council.
Usually, the United States made a formal response and tried in every pos-
sible way to deny the acts of aggression, although the proofs were irre-
futable. And when we rebuffed those aggressive actions and the United
States suffered losses in the form of aircraft shot down, it hypocriti-
cally protested and even lodged claims demanding compensation for its
losses.
The last but one aggressive act was committed by the United States
on April 9, 1960. A U. S. aircraft invaded the airspace of our country
from the direction of Afghanistan. Naturally, no person of commonsense
could think or suspect that this violation was carried out by Afghani-
stan, a country which is friendly toward us. We are convinced that this
aircraft belonged to the United States and was evidently based somewhere
on the territory of Turkey, Iran, or Pakistan, all of which are linked to
the United States by obligations in the aggressive CENTO bloc.
When this invasion occurred, some of our comrades raised the ques-
tion as to whether the United States should be warned. Such acts could
in no way be reconciled with the talks we had with the U. S. President
and other U. S. statesmen during our visit to the United States.
We reached agreement with the U. S. President on the summit confer-
ence, and this conference is, as the saying goes, literally around the
corner (na nosu). The aggressive invasion of the confines of a foreign
country is poor preparation for such a meeting.
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The conference of heads of government is to pursue the aim of relax-
ing international tension, liquidating the state of cold war, ending the
arms race, achieving total general disarmament, settling questions of the
German peace treaty and West Berlin -- all that is impeding the normal,
peaceful coexistence of countries with different social and political
systems.
We exchanged views within the government and decided not to take any
special measures, not to write notes or memoranda because from previous
experience we knew that this leads to virtually nothing. Aggressive
quarters consider themselves to be stronger and act according to the
principle: The weaker complains about the stronger, the stronger pays no
attention and continues his impudent acts. We then gave a stern warning
to our military, especially those who are directly responsible for the
aerial defense of the country, that they must act resolutely and not per-
mit the invasion of our airspace by foreign planes to go unpunished.
(Voices: Correct, correct! Prolonged applause).
The American military evidently liked the impunity which they ex-
perienced April 9, and they decided to repeat their aggressive act. For
this purpose they selected May Day, the most solemn occasion for our
people and for the working people of all countries, the international
holiday of the fraternal solidarity of the working class. On that day,
early in the morning, at 0536 Moscow time, an American aircraft crossed
our frontier and continued its flight into the interior of our country.
This aggressive act was immediately reported to the government by
the minister of defense. A message from the government said: The ag-
gressor knows what he is doing when he invades anther's territory. If
he remains unpunished he will launch new provocations; therefore action
should be taken, and the aircraft shot down. This task was carried out
and the aircraft was shot down. (Stormy prolonged applause, Voices:
Correct, correct! Shame to the Aggressors!).
The first investigation revealed that the plane belonged to the
United States even though it had not identification marks; the identifi-
cation marks had been painted over. (Exclamations of indignation.
Voice: "How is this reconciled with the unctuous speeches of President
Eisenhower? You know, this is out and out piracy!") A commission of
experts is now studying all the data in our possession. It has been es-
tablished that the plane crossed the state frontier of the Soviet Union
from either Turkey, Iran, or Pakistan, as did the plane of April 9. And
they are called our "good neighbors."
After studying all the data in our possession, the Soviet Government
will send a stern protest to the U. S. and will warn it that if such ag-
gressive actions against our country continue, we retain the right to
reply to them by the measures we deem necessary to take to guarantee the
security of our country. (Long and loud applause)
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We think that we will give the most severe warning also to those
countries which place their territories at the disposal of the United
States for aggressive actions against our country. (Exclamations!
"Correct! long applause).
We are of the opinion that an incident of the kind which occurred
on May 1 will attract the attention of all the countries of the world,
as it is a very alarming sign. Imagine what would have happened if a
Soviet aircraft had appeared, for instance, over New York, Chicago, or
Detroit and flew over these cities. How would the United States react?
U. S. officials have stated more than once that they have on duty bombers
with atomic and hydrogen bombs which, with the approach of a foreign air-
craft, would take off and proceed in the direction of a bombing target
fixed for each of these bombers. This would mean the beginning of war.
One would like to ask those American officials. If you intend to take
such unilateral measures in the case of a supposed act of aggression
against your country, they why do you not think that we may reply with
the same measures if a foreign aircraft threatening the security of our
motherland appears over our own country? (Prolonged applause)
For we do not lack those rights on the basis of which you wish to
act in such cases. We believe no one doubts that we have something with
which to reply. (Applause)
True, we have no bombers on duty, but we do have duty rockets, which
arrive accurately and inevitably at their set target and will work better
and more reliably than duty aircraft. (Applause)
Comrade deputies! I believe that from this high rostrum one must
issue the most serious warning to those countries, too, which place their
territories at the disposal of aggressive forces and thus make it easier
for these forces to act against us. The governments of these countries
should have understood long ago that they are playing with fire; for re-
taliatory blows will hit these countries too, and they will pay for the
shortsighted actions of their governments which place their territories
at the disposal of the aggressive forces of third-party states. (Ap-
plause)
The incident involving the penetration of our country?s boundaries
by a U. S. aircraft is very alarming. That is why we will put before the
Security Council the problem of achieving an end to the aggressive actions
on the part of the United States, as such actions are fraught with great
danger.
It is difficult to know how to assess such actions of the aggressive
circles of the United States. On May 16, at the conference of heads of
government, we must meet U. S. President Eisenhower. And two weeks be-
fore that, the U. S. Air Force carried out an aggressive action against
the USSR.
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What is this? Congratulations on May Day? Did those who sent the air-
craft not understand what they were doing? Probably they hoped they
would go unpunished, thought that the aircraft which they sent out for
predatory purposes would come back. But such actions are incompatible
with the aims set before the heads of government whose meeting is to take
place in Paris. One cannot help drawing the conclusion that the aggres-
sive imperialist forces of the United States have recently been taking
most active steps to thwart the conference of heads of government, or at
any rate to prevent the reaching of agreements which the whole world is
awaiting. The question arises: Who sent this plane which invaded the
confines of the Soviet Union?
Was it sent with the sanction of the commander in chief of the U. S.
armed forces, who as is known, is the President, or was this act of ag-
gression perpetrated by the Pentagon militarists without the knowledge of
the President? If such acts are perpetrated by the U. S. brasshats (vo-
enshchina) at their own risk, this must cause particularly deep anxiety
to world public opinion.
Perhaps as the result of the friendship which is at present being
established between the United States and Franco, U. S. militarists have
decided to act on their own, as the Spanish military junta did when it
opposed the lawful government of Spain. In the so-called free world,
military dictators not infrequently establish their rule by Franco's
methods.
But the peoples are beginning to understand where true freedom is
and where there is tyranny.
Take, for instance, the events in South Korea. The head of the
puppet Syngman Rhee regime, the best friend of the United States and the
father of his country as someone or other called him in America, has now
been overthrown by the people and is now a political corpse. And it was
not the Communists who were behind these events; even American political
leaders have had to admit.
The sufferings of the Korean people led them to rise up against the
bestial yoke. The uprising was for a time chaotic and disorganized. And
the peoples understand that it was not only a question of Syngman Rhee
himself who was to blame but all those who supported him and hung him
round the necks of the South Koreans.
It is no coincidence that the free world sees so many popular demon-
strations demanding freedom.
Comrade Deputies, the impression is being formed that the aggressive
actions newly undertaken by the United States against the Soviet Union
are a foretaste of the summit meeting.
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Are they taken in order to exert pressure on us and to attempt to
frighten us with their military superiority in order to undermine our de-
termination to work for easing tension, to eliminate the cold war and to
put an end to the arms race?
All these missions are sent in order to prevent any agreement on
vexing questions, for we cannot say that this aircraft was a harbinger of
peace, that it was on a goodwill mission. No, it was a real bandit flight
with aggressive intentions.
We can say to those gentlemen who sent the aircraft that if they
think they can bend our knees and our backs by means of such pressure,
this will have no effect on us. The Soviet Union has every means to
give a rebuff to those who want to exert pressure in order to achieve a
solution convenient to aggressors.
In the name of the Soviet Government let me express thanks to the
men of the military units who carried out with honor the task laid on
them in defending the frontiers of our motherland.
From ancient times, it has always been the custom of the Russian
people and the Soviet peoples to welcome guests with bread and salt.
However, those who invade the confines of our country with weapons in
hand have always been met with a weapon and have been destroyed. (Ap-
plause). It is not without reason that the people have always said, "Who
comes to us with a sword, will die with a sword." (Applause)
Comrades, the Soviet people and Government have always expressed
their peaceful intentions and friendly feelings toward the United States,
but in answer to this we have black ingratitude.
'Feelings of Indignation'
It is understood that this has aroused feelings of indignation
against the activities of the American military men. But we must control
this feeling and must be ruled not by our emotions, but by reason.
Government leaders interested in preserving peace must soberly con-
sider the consequences of such actions and think what they might lead to.
Hitler's aircraft before the war used to intrude into our airspace.
The Soviet Government would protest, but Hitler refused to pay attention
and then attacked us. And where did that all end?
How do we assess the incursion of American aircraft -- as a pre-
cursor of war or a foreshadow of attack, of the repetition of what Hitler
did? The Soviet Government thinks that all the same there is no reason
to draw such conclusions.
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There is another relationship of power in the world, and in this the
people's will to peace plays a great part and this is why we do not con-
clude that this is a prewar trial of strength or a reconnaissance made to
try our nerves, preserve the atmosphere of the cold war so that the im-
perialists can continue to bind their peoples with taxation, to carry on
the arms race and to keep their people in a state of fear of war and to
continue to impose their will.
The Soviet Union has no aggressive intentions, we do not want the
cold war, we want disarmament and our proposals made to the United Nations
on this subject remain in force still. Once again, we repeat that disar-
mament is the right way to preserve peace and in such conditions no coun-
try would be able unilaterally to arm and attack another. The Soviet Gov-
ernment once again calls on the Government of the United States to end the
cold war. All states must act peaceably so that calm,'peace and happiness
can prevail. (Prolonged applause).
We declare to the people of the United States of America that in
spite of the aggressive actions which were taken with respect to our
country, we have not forgotten the friendly meetings we had when we were
visiting America. And indeed I firmly believe that the American people,
with the exception of a few imperialistic, monopolistic circles, want
peace and want friendship with the Soviet Union. And that is our feeling
with regard to the Americans. But the aggressive actions on which:I have
made my report must make even the American people wonder.
All people to whom peace is dear and who do not spare any effort to
ensure peace and to do away with the "cold war" must redouble their ef-
forts in order to halt aggressive actions and to call the lovers of mili-
tary adventure to strictest order so that they will not be able to drag
people into a world rocket and nuclear war. It is true that the aggressors
themselves will perish in such a war, but for the most part it will be the
people who will pay with their blood.
We want peace. But to strive for peace is not to ask for peace.
Peace must be won. And we can win peace in labor as we increase the might
of our country, in developing newer and better weapons, in raising the eco-
nomic level, in developing technology, science, and in developing new ma-
chinery which will lighten man's burden and insure the satisfaction of ma-
terial and spiritual wants of the people. If the western powers do not
wish to disarm, then our soldiers, our officers, our Soviet arbor must have
the best weapons in the world and in quantity sufficient for dealing a
mortal blow to any aggressors if they bare their sabers against Soviet
countries or against other socialist countries. (Stormy applause.)
The socialist world is hateful to imperialists. Marxist-Leninist
science is hateful to them. This is their own personal affair, but it is
not cause for unleashing a war. We also do not have much sympathy for
capitalism, but we don't want to use weapons to force other countries to
adopt our system. Let capitalism live out its time like an old horse
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which becomes decrepit and finally turns up his toes, and is pitched over
a cliff by his master. The more imperialism displays its irreconcilable
contradictions which will bring poverty and war to the people, the faster
it exposes itself and its ulcers, the faster will it provoke the people's
hatred who live in the imperialistic countries. Imperialism, in worsen-
ing the international situation, in creating all the crises and dangers
that it can for the cause of peace, is stirring up the people's hatred,
and will dig its own grave. (Applause.)
Comrade deputies! Our government conducts a clear and consistent
policy of peaceful coexistence. This is the policy of Lenin; we will
stand by it and will do everything we can to find a way of resolving the
problems existing between states through negotiations. But if anyone
even so wants by conducting a tough policy "from a position of strength"
to weaken the socialist countries, not realizing that the game is up, we
say to him: the time has passed.
We were not born to the accompaniment of"church bells. Our socialist
country was born to the gunshots of "Aurora," and we have grown strong
fighting with interventionists and the counter-revolution witb4n our bor-
ders which had the full support of the imperialistic countries. The
Soviet people won and built a mighty socialist state. (Prolonged ap-
plause.)
Now voices are being raised to say that the Soviet Union is not quite
as powerful as it likes to pretend. To a certain degree, the motifs
which sounded before the Second World War from Hitler are being repeated.
He also asserted that the Soviet Union was a colossus on clay feet, but
his own hide felt the might of the Soviet state. The one who represented
the Soviet Union as a colossus on clay feet has long since rotted in the
earth, but the Soviet Union sent its state pennant to the'moon as a sym-
bol of the unprecedented development of socialist economy, science and
culture, of the daring flight of the creative genius of our people.
(Stormy applause.)
We are going to the conference in Paris with a clear conscience and
with good intentions. We shall spare no effort to reach mutually ac-
ceptable agreement. But we must make a sober analysis of what is pos-
sible and note that there are signs foretelling that these talks may not
satisfy the aspirations of the people of the whole world who yearn to
live in peace.
We have made and will continue to make every effort to achieve a res-
olution of those problems which can no longer be put off, through the
medium of negotiations. Most of all, we would be very happy if something
better would take place, that is to say if trust between the representa-
tives of powers participating in the conference of heads of state could
be achieved. However, it would not be wise to let ourselves be lulled to
sleep in the grip of false illusions. As they used to say, "Trust in God,
but don't make any mistakes yourself."
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Therefore, we will assume that talks are to take place at the summit
conference with regard to certain important problems which await resolu-
tion. But if they want to play jokes on us, if they think that the gather-
ing is only to demonstrate their strength and to wrest some one-sided con-
cessions from the Soviet Union, nothing will come of it all. (Prolonged
applause.) Whoever cherishes such plans, let him be told that he doesn't
stand a chance of getting what he wants. (Applause.) We will rely on our
forces, on the boundless opportunities of our socialist regime. (Ap-
plause.)
We will continue to go along the paths of peace, to develop our econ-
omy, to raise the standard of living for our people, and to strengthen the
defense of the Soviet Union. We won out in the second world war and we
have overcome its consequences. Now the Soviet Union, the whole socialist
camp, is in the full flower of its strength and can contend with the capi-
talistic world. The imperialist powers cannot exhaust the strength of our
people. We believe that victory will be ours, that reason will conquer,
and that our peaceful aspirations will conquer. If the talks are not suc-
cessful, people of the whole world will know who is to blame for this.
(Applause.)
The Soviet government is undeviating in its attempts to liquidate in-
ternational tensions. But the liquidation of tensions is not a formless
idea; it must find its expression in concrete acts. The Soviet government
assumes -- and I am convinced that that is your opinion also, comrade dep-
uties, and the opinion of all Soviet people -- that serious effort must be
made at the forthcoming summit meeting for strengthening the peace and that
at this conference, the participants will be called upon to lay the founda-
tion of healthier and truer peaceful relations between states. (Applause.)
Comrades! Our country has achieved historic victories. Soviet scien-
tists and engineers working from Tsiolkovskiy's theories have achieved
enormous successes in the -conquest of the cosmos. They have done this
because our state, our people, have provided them with every opportunity
for fruitful scientific work and for great discoveries.
In order to send off the first artificial earth satellites and to
launch a rocket into the cosmos, it was necessary to outfit it with reli-
able engines, to select the proper fuel and to install advance equipment
so that the rocket would develop the necessary speed and would be able to
overcome the force of the earth's gravity.
All this was done. A Soviet rocket became the first artificial
planet of the solar system created by the hand of man. Our second rocket
delivered the Soviet state's pennant to the moon. The third Soviet cosmic
rocket photographed the other side of the moon. Soviet people once again
demonstrated to the whole world their great strength and the inexhaustible
opportunities of-our socialist regime. (Applause.)
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It is the same way with the life of mankind, with the development of
society. The Soviet people after finishing the great socialist revolution
and taking power into their own hands, laid out the road for the construc-
tion of our society. Guided by the science of Marxism-Leninism, they made
great conquests. Now many peoples of Europe and Asia are going along the
same path. In developing their own socialist economy, culture, science,
and technology, they, figuratively speaking, have been pulled from their
bent toward capitalism in overcoming their inheritance and habits of the
old, exploiting regime, and have gone forward in their own socialist
orbit, moving swiftly forward on the broad road of socialist construction.
(Prolonged applause.)
Now, when the Soviet Union and all the countries of socialism have
achieved such outstanding successes, when they have established the con-
ditions for a rapid future development, when intelligentsia of the people
has been raised up, and a new people has grown up building a new life
under the leadership of a Marxist-Leninist party, is it possible that our
socialist world which is ever moving forward cannot keep pace with the
decrepit capitalist world? (Applause.)
The imperialists do not have the strength to hold back the develop-
ment of socialist countries confidently going forward to a bright future
for mankind -- to communism. (Applause.)
Comrade deputies! One can say with assurance that the questions
which will be discussed by the Supreme Soviet will provoke feelings of
great pride for all Soviet people. Again and again every Soviet person
will say to himself: yes, it was not for nothing that all the years were
spent; our will and labor have really created a marvel of marvels in this
Soviet land. (Prolonged applause.)
Under the banner of Lenin, under the leadership of the Communist
Party, we shall go forward to new victories in the building of communism.
(Stormy, prolonged applause. Everyone stands up.)
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DON'T PLAY WITH FIRE, GENTLFIEN
From the Concluding Words of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev
to the Fifth Session of the Supreme Soviet USSR,
Fifth Convocation on 7 Icy 1960
Comrade deputies, the aggressive act committed by the ,~merics.n airforce
again$$t the Soviet Union ha:: juStifiahly incensed deputies and all Soviet
people. Numerous inquiries and appeals are being rc eived by the
session and the Soviet Government. In view of this, permit n,e to dwell
on this question once again and to furnish certain new data.
After my report to the Supreme Soviet, in which I dwelt on this fact,
the U.S. State Department clkined in an official press statement that
the point in question was a violation of the Soviet state frontier by
an American aircraft of the Lockheed U-2 type, which allegedly was
studying weather conditions in the upper layers of the atmosphere in
the area of the Turkish-Soviet frontier. This plane had allegedly
strayed off its course because the pilot had oxygen trouble.
The State-Department asserts that the pilot lost consciousness and steered
by its automatic pilot, the plane flew into Soviet territory. According
to the State Department, the pilot only had time to report back about
the failure of his oxygen equipment to the Turkish airfield in Adana,
whence it flew, an airfield which allegedly does not belong to the military,
but to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Soon after that, NASD. issued a statement confirming the State Department
version. This statement says:
"One of NASA's U-2 research airplanes, in use since 1956, in continuing
the program of studying wind and rreteorolokiical conditions at high
altitudes has been mussing since about 9 o'clock, May 1 (local time),
when its pilot reported lie was having oxygen difficulties ever Lake Van,
Turkey."
Comrades, I must tell you a secret: When I was making my report I
deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and in good health and
that we have parts of the plane. We did so deliberately, because had we
told everything at once the ATitericans would have invented another version.
And now, just look how many silly things they have said--Lake Van,
scientific research, and so on, and so forth. Now that they know the
pilot is alive they will have to invent something else. And they
will do it.
The statement says further: "The airplane had taken off from Incirlik
air base, Turkey. The flight plan called for the first checkpoint
to be at 37 degrees, 25 minutes North; 41 degrees, 23 minutes East, and
for a left turn to Lake Van beacon, thence to Trabazon beacon, thence
to Antalya, and return to Adana."
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These are the "accurate" data they have given. A little bit later I
shall tell how the matter actually stood.
"The flight schedule was estimated at 3 hours, 45 minutes, for a toal
of 1,400 nautical miles. Takeoff was set for 8 a.m., (local tine).'
"About one hour after takeoff, the pilot reported difficulties with his
oxygen equipment. Using an emezgency radio frequency, he reported he
was headed for the Lake Van beacon to get his bearings, and that he
would return to Adana.
"As indicated above,," the statement says further, "his flight plan called
for him to make a left turn at Lake Van beacon. His last report indicated
he was attempting to receive that beacon. It is believed he probably was
on a northeasterly course, but there was no further word. Aerial search
was begun soon after the receipt of the last communication. The Lake Van
area is mountainous and very rugged." The statement about the mountainous
Lake Van area is quite correct.
"No evidence has been cited of an aircraft having crashed." This is also
correct, because this plane could not have crashed there.
Then the statement describes in detail the instrumentation carried by the
plane and the "peaceful" purposes of its flight. Permit me to give one
more quotation:
"The instrumentation carried by the U-2 is designed to obtain more
Precise information about clear air turbulence,,conveotiwe clouds,
wind shear, jet stream, and such widespread weather patterns as typhoons.'
Indeed, the State Department launched a "typhoon."
"The airplane also has been used by NASA to obtain information about cosmic
rays and the concentration of certain elements in the atmosphere including
ozone and water vapor.".(Animation in the hall),
This is the official version, circulated by American officials to mislead
public opinion in their country and the world. I must declare, comrade
deputies, that these versions are completely untrue and circulated
for gullible people.
The authors of these versions supposed that if the plane was shot ddwn
the pilot must probably perish. So there would be no one to ask how every-
thing actually happened; there would be no way to check what sort of plane
it was and what instruments it carried.
First of all, I wish to announce that the pilot of the downed American
plane is alive and in good health. He is now in Moscow. Brought here also
are the remains of this plane and its special instrumentation, discovered
during the investigations.
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The name of the pilot is Francis Harry Powers. He is 30 years old, He
says he is a 1st lieutenant in the U.S. Airforce, where he served until
1956, that is, to the day when he went over the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Francis Powers reported, incidentally, that while serving with the
American airforce he used to get 700 dollars a month, but when he
went over to the intelligence service and started carrying out spying
assignments to glean secret information he began getting 2,500 dollars
a month.
That is how capital buys lives, buys people. (Noise in the hall.).
The flier testified that he had had no dizziness, nor had his oxygen
apparatus failed. He was flying along the assigned course, accurately
executing his chief's orders, switching on and off the equipment over
preselected targets to glean intelligence on the Soviet Union's
military and industrial establishments, and flew on until the very
moment his Piratical flight into this country?s interior was cut short.
I want to tell you something about the results of the examination of
the plane that has been shot down and its equipment, and results of
questioning the pilot. The inquiry continues, but already the picture
is fairly clear.
To start with, this was, indeed, a high altitude, lowspeed Lockheed
U-z:. They counted on its high altitude and believed that this plane
could not be brought down by any fighter or antiaircraft artillery.'
That is why they thought it could fly over Soviet territory with
impunity. in fact, the plane flew at a great altitude, and it was
hit by the rocket at an altitude of 20,000 meters. (stormy applause).
And if,they,:fly higher; we,:will also hit them! (Prolonged applause).
The plane was in no way equipped for "upper atmosphere research" or
for taki.r~g "air samples," as official American spokesmen assert.
Not at all. _.Thjs- was.a rel. military reeonna.insanoe.airaraft
fitt,:d with various instruments for collecting intelligence and, among
other things, for aerial photography.
The competent commission of experts which examined the wrecked plane
has established from the documentary evidence that this Aterican plane
is a specially prepared reconnaissance aircraft. The task of the
plane was to cross the entire territory of the Soviet Union from the'.
Amirs to Kola Peninsula to get information on our country's military
and industrial establishments by means of aerial photography. Besides
aerial cameras, the plane carried other reconnaissance equipment for
spotting radar networks, identifying the location and frequencies of
operating radio stations, and other special radio-engineering equipment.
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Not only do we have the equipment of that plane, but we also have
developed film showing a number of areas of our territory. Here are
some of these photos. (Khrushchev showed the photos).
Here are photos of these airfields. Here are two white lines. They
are lines of our fighters. Here is another airfield and also planes on
it. All these films we developed ourselves. I hand these photos to
Comrade Lobanov--let him sort them out. Here are photos of gasoline
stores. It must be said that the camera is not a bad one and the photo
is very accurate. But I must say that our cameras take better pictures
are more accurate, so that we gained little in this respect. (Laughter)
These photos here show industrial enterprises. Comrade. chairman, please
take these photos too.
There is also a tape recording of the signals of a number of our
ground radar stations. These are incontestable evidence of the spying
done by the American plane shot down in the vicinity of Sverdlovsk.
(Animation)
These are the "air samples" the American reconnaissance plane took,
and it took them not over Lake Van in Turkey, but somewhere entirely
different. The version that the pilot suffered from dizziness because
his oxygen equipment failed appears to have been born in the U.S.
State Department and the Pentagon as a result of the sudden shock which
beset them because the bandit flight into Soviet territory failed and
became known to the whole world. [Applause] The persons involved in
this predatory flight have invented nothing but a stupid version to the
effect that it was allegedly a meteorological aircraft, and when the
oxygen equipment failed and the pilot fainted, the aircraft, out of
control, dragged the pilot against his will into Soviet territory.
What innocence!) (Animation in the hall).
The only thing that is true is that this plane was stationed at the
American-Turkish air base in Incirlik, east of Adana. As Powers, the
flier, testified, he was serving with the 10-10 unit which, for the sake
of disguise, is under control of NASA, but in reality, conducts high-
altitude military reconnaissance.
In his depositions, Powers mentioned the names of several officers
he had served with at the American military base in Turkey. According
to Powers' testimony, the commander of the American 10-10 unit is Col.
William Shelton, and his deputy is Lt. Col. Carol Funk. Before his
flight, Powers had long trained for flying into the depth of this country,
and, as he said himself, had flown along the Soviet frontier many times
to study the radar system of the Soviet Union. On Apr. 27 Powers, the
scout, flew over from Turkish city of Adana to the Peshawar airfield in
Pakistan on orders from his superiors.
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It was,,therefore, from Pakistani territory, that is from the Peshawar
airfield, and not from the Turkish airfield outside Adana, as stated in the
State Department version, that Powers took off May 1 with instructions to fly'
along the course indicated on his map over the Aral Sea, Sverdlovsk, and other
points, and reach Archangel and Murmansk, before landing at Bude airfield in
Norway.
Now we can state his destination. I must admit that we knew it when I
was reporting this fact. We did not say anything at that time in order to
see what the Americans woild invent. Now that they have made their invention
we report how everything actually happened.
This is what Powers said when questioned about the task of his flight
over Soviet territory,:
"I`ms to take off from the Peshawar airfield in Pakistan, cross, the
national frontier of the USSR, and fly across Soviet territory to Norway--
Bude airfield. I was to fly over certain points of the USSR, of which I
remember Murmansk and Archangel. During, my flight over Soviet territory I
was to switch on and off the equipment over certain,points indicated on` the
map. Iobelieve my flight over Soviet territory was meant for collecting in-
formation on Soviet guided missiles and radar stations."
I want to ask the gentlemen of the State Department: Are these the
"air samples1over Lake Van" that the spy flier Powers was to take?
I say nothing of the fact that by flying along this course the American
scout plane grossly violated the national sovereignty of Afghanistan by fly-
ing over that country's territory without permission. But there is, perhaps,
nothing extraordinary in this concerning the morals of American militarists.
Such actions of theirs have long been known.
Suffice it to recall the flight of American military aircraft over the
territory of Austria, when the aggression was being prepared against Iraq,
just after the revolution. The Austrian Government protested against the
treacherous violation of Austria's sovereignty by American military aircraft,
and against that blatant act of disrespect'fgr its neutrality, sealed by the
signatories of the United States,'among others..
If one believes the'wersion that the pilot lost' consciousness because
of oxygen trouble and that the aircraft was subsequently controlled by the
automatic pilot, one must also believe that the aircraft controlled by an
automatic pilot flew from Turkey to Pakistan, touched down at Peshawar air-
port, stayed there three days, took off early on the morning of May 1,1flew
over the territory of Afghanistan, crossed the Soviet frontier, and flew more
than 2,000 kilometers over our territory for a total of some four hours.
Throughout the flight over our territory the aircraft was under observation
and was brought down as soon as the order was received. (Applause)
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When our antiaircraft rocket; battery intercepted and brought down the
plane, the pilot, it must be believed, soon regained his consciousness
because he bailed out by parachute. You note he was not ejected by
an automatic device, but left through the upper canopy designed for
emplaning. The question arises: Why did he do this if there are
devices for rapid ejection? (Noise in the hall).
Possibly he did this because there was an explosive charge in the aircraft
which was to have blown up the plane as soon as the pilot was ejected.
The pilot knew this and possibly. was afraid that he would be killed in
the explosion. Clever enough! (Animation in the hall).
But the installation of the infernal machine was not the only precaution
taken. To cover up the tracks of the crime, the pilot was told that
he must not be taken alive by Soviet authorities. For this reason he was
supplied with a special needle. Ile was to have pricked himself with this
poisoned needle, with a result of instantaneous death.
What barbarism: (Shouts in the hall: Shame:)
Here is this instrument--the latest achievement of American technology for
killing their own people. (IGrushchev produces a photo of the poisoned
needle--TASS)
But everything alive wants to live, and when the plane was brought down the
pilot bailed out by parachute. And when he landed he did not follow the
advice of those who sent him on his anti-Soviet predatory assignment, but
remained alive.
It is alleged that the flight was made for scientific purposes to investigate
the upper layers of the atmosphere. The question arises: Why the pilot
then had to be armed with a pistol equipped with a silencer? He was
given it for some emergency, not to take air samples, but to blow people's
brains out. All this we shall present to the public as material evidence.
This is what, so to speak, such Christians are like: He was given this
pistol after making low bows as they do in churches. And yet they call
us godless atheists. But we have never committed such crimes against
humanity and never will.. (Stormy applause).
If the pilot was given a pistol to defend himself against wild beasts
in case of a forced landing, the question arises: Why a pistol with a
s ilencer? This also shows what so-called scientific purposes were pursued
by the plane. The pilot who was supposed to explore the atmosphere,, was
given 7,500 rubles in Soviet currency. The question arises: When and
where was he to have spent them, and for what purposes? For he did not
fly to exchange old rubles for new. (Burst of laughter, Stormy applause).
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The pilot was also given French gold francs. I have seen these
gold francs with my own eyes. And you can see them here in the photo-
graph. They are covered with cellophane on both sides of the coins--
done in a cultured American way. But what did the pilot need these
francs for? He also had West German, Italian, and other currency.
Besides his own watch he was also given for his trip two other gold
watches and seven gold rings for ladies. Why was all this necessary
in the upper layers of the atmosphere? (Laughter ih the k U.. Applause). Or
maybe the pilot was to have flown still higher to Mans and was going to
lead Martian ladies astray? (Laughter in the hall. Applause)
You see how thoroughly American pilots are equipped before setting
off on a flight to take samples of air in the upper layers of the atmo-
sphere. Thus, no concocted version can save the reputation of those
who bear the responsibility for this perfidious act. They were caught
red handed as organizers of the incursion of the airspace of the Soviet
Union not long before the meeting of the heads of government in Paris,
not long before the visit to the Soviet Union of the President of the
United States. I believe that this is poor preparation for serious talks
on easing international tension. I am now reading in the Western press
comments on these events, and there are some people who accuse us,
Khrushchev, of wanting to undermine the summit meeting--otherwise he
would not have presented this fact at the session of the Supreme Soviet
but raised it through other channels.
But what did you expect, gentlemen?:' You are accustomed to make
mischief, and some people regard all this as a good thing and keep
silenit! No, we are not that kind of people. If you make mischief,
bear the responsibility for this openly. (Prolonged applause).
They live according to the law's If one is rich, he will not be
imprisoned. This is true for the capitalist because he always can
buy himself off. But there is another country, the country of socialism,
where law protects the state, protects society, protects everyone living
in this state. (Prolonged applause) What could be the reason for such
a reckless step? This was evidently done because someone in the United
States was obsessed by the idea of intelligence. The U.S. proposal on
"open skies" is well known. We rejected this proposal, and the American
military then decided to "open" the Soviet sky by themselves.
But there are rules of international law, there are national
frontiers; and no one has the right to disregard these laws and to cross
the frontiers of other countries. We shall decorate the officers and
men who took a direct part in bringing; down this aircraft. (Prolonged
applause). We are proud that they discharged their soldiers" duty.
I believe that any self-respecting country having means to destroy air
pirates would have acted in the same way. (Applause).
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From the lofty rostrum of the Supreme Soviet we once again warn those
countries that make their territory available for the take off of
planes with anti-Soviet intentions--do not play with fire, gentlemen:
(Stormy applause).
The governments of the three countries--Turkey, Pakistan, and Norway-
must be clearly aware that they were accomplices,in this flight because
they permitted the use of their airfields against the Soviet Union.
This is by no means a friendly Lianifestgtion. This is a hostile act on
their part against the Soviet Union. If the governments of these countries
did not know, and I allow that in this case they were not informed, they
should have known what the military authorities of the United States
were doing in their territory against the Soviet Union. They must now
see what can happen when they lend their territories to third countries
which use it for aggressive purposes. It is difficult, however, to
agree that the governments of these countries did not know the purposes
for which they permitted the establishment of U.S. Air Force bases on 11
their territory.
As testified by the Amgriean pilot, he had been to Norway before.
Apparently he had decided to investigate landing conditions there ahead of
time. He flew in the same plane over Greece, Italy, Test Germany, and
Norway, staying there for two or three weeks.
Comrade deputies, I speak in such detail about all this to refute the
rather clumsy inventions of the State Department and to inform the public of
all countries, including the United States, of the exact facts of the
aggressive actions committed against our country by the United States.
At present, the State Department version that the downed plane was
dispatched for meteorological purposes is being widely circulated in the
United States, and many people obviously believe that it is true.
Some public figures, politicians, and newsmen, quoting this version, are
coming out with speeches and articles e;:pressing some kind of offense and
even indignation. I want to ask those "offended" once more what their
reaction would be if our plane intruded into the United States and flew
about 2,000 kilometers over its territory?
Perhaps, the "offended" would rather seek the answer from Allen Dulles,
on whose orders the American plane flew into the Soviet Union? For the
whole world knows that Allen Dulles is not much of a weatherman.
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I would like those who are making complaints of this kind to come over to
the Soviet Union to have a look at what is left of the plane, the equipment,
and instrumentation; arid .to see for themselves for what purpose that plane
had been sent.
I think it is worthwhile holding a special press conference and demonstrating
all these means of "air sampling," which are actually the piratical outfit
and weapons of the American flier who made a diversionary flight over the
territory of the Soviet Union. We shall show this equipment to all--to
ambassadors and foreign correspondents, to everyone who wants to see it.
One must nail to the pillory all those guilty of the provocation. (Prolonged
applause).
In addition, I think it will be right to have this flier prosecuted so
public opinion can see what action the United States is taking to provoke
the Soviet Union and heat up the atmosphere, thus throwing us back from
what we have achieved in relieving international tension. (Prolonged applause).
I remember the talks I had with Americans. They impressed me very much.
I still believe that those who met me want peace and friendly relations
with the Soviet Union. But the militarists from the Pentagon and the
monopolists connected with them seem to be unable to call a halt to their war
effort.
The President's spokesman, Hagerty, on receiving a message about my report
to the session, said he believed that President Eisenhower knew nothing
about the incident of the American plane. I qm quite willing to grant that
the President knew nothing about the plane having been sent into the Soviet
Union and having failed to return. But, indeed, this must alert us even
more. 'I said in my report that when militarists start,,bossing the show,
and when they get brazen, this may have disastrous consequences. This is
power of a dictatorial type, the power of generals who have lost all sense
of honesty and who do not care about the lot of the peoples.
How can men live quietly when war or peace--and it has to be emphasized
once more that war under present conditions would be the greatest calamity
and disaster for scores of millions of human beings--depends on a contingency;
when the questionof war or peace depends on men who are capable of playing
with fire.
For the time being we qualify this aggressive act by an American plane
which'has violated our frontier as one designed to rack the nerves,
rekindle the cold war, and revive the dead rat. This is so far not prepara-
tions for war, for a war of today. Yet, this provocative and aggressive
act has elements of preparuti.ons for the war of the future. This is what
makes us so emphatic in exposing such aggressive nations.
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The piratical, flight by the American aircraft 'cemph:.u izcs the
vigiilance, revolut onary vigilance iihich has al,:1ays been cliaracteri,.3tic
of the Soviet people. We understand full well that there are still r.,anti
dark and evil forces on earth which hate us ead are ready for any adventure
to stay the progress of history and to delay our inevitable victory.'V7e
muot be vigilant every day and every hour. We do not ask for peace out
of weakness. Peace is the unfailing condition of a tranquil and happy life
for human beings. But to make peace really triumph, it is indispensable
that the soldiers of peace, the champions fighting for a just cause, should
always be ready to rebuff an aggressor, to reta,iliate if the opponents
of peace provoke an attack on our country or any other country of the
socialist camp. (Story applause).
That is why this fact should make us even more watchful. It is necessary
to continue strengthening the defensive capacity of our homeland, not to
rest on our laurels, to always have the combat readiness of the troops at
the required level.
I should like to emphasize that this is not a call to strain nerves in our
country; it is an appeal for calmness, an appeal for vigilance, for
reason.
The foes of peace, exposed as they now are by irrefutable facts, begin
to ingratiate themselves. The State Department declared that no American
aircraft flew over Soviet territory Apr. 9. That means that the State'
Department denies the fact I mentioned in my report to you.
Put I stressed in my report that the reason the Soviet Government decided
to draw no public attention to the flight of the American plane on Apr. 9
was precisely because we knew that the aggressors and the militarists
would resort to any aubteriuge, without a moment's hesitation. Only when
they are cornered by the facts do they find themselves exposed.
In this respect the militarists and aggressors are taught to act upon the
principle that one is not a thief until caught stealing. That's just why
we said nothing about the flight of the American plane on Apr. 9. This
time we have caught the thief. We have shot him down. And now that we
have material evidence at our disposal, there is no escaping the responsi-
bility. (Prolonged applause).
Everybody knows that dizziness is a rather unpleasant thing. Sometimes,
an exceedingly drunk man, with a dizzy head, may fail to find his way
home. But the kind of dizziness which causes a flier to stray 2,000
kilometers inside a foreign land is a dangerous thing.
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In this case it is worth recalling once more the Soviet Government's
statement that such an adventurist, prone to dizziness, may, in fact,
drop a hydrogen bomb on foreign soil. And this means that the peoples
of the land where this adventurist was born unavoidably will immediately
receive a more rather than less destructive hydrogen bomb in return.
Considering now the numerous statements and utterances by foreign diplo-
mats and newsmen about this incident, one cannot help wondering what kind
of morality guides these men. For they count themselves as Christians
and believers. They, believers, accuse us of atheism. Good indeed are
the ethics of such people. If such people really believed in God they
would be afraid of hell, where they inevitably would end, because accord-
ing to the teachings of Christ they will have to boil in tar in hell
eternally for their foul deeds against peace and mankind. (Animation
in the hall. Applause).
No, it is not Christian ethics that these people preach. They preach
the ethics of the bourgeois world which knows nothing sacred.
Comrade deputies, the incident of the American aircraft does not
facilitate a peaceful adjustment of international disputes. But this
incident must not impel us to revise our plans by increasing appropria-
tions for arms and the army, must not impel us to halt the process of
reducing the army. We shall continue to be guided by the Leninist peace-
ful policy, to uphold the idea of peaceful coexistence. (Prolonged
applause).
We must allocate for defense appropriations in such a way as to
maintain our reliable rocket weapons at the ready in order to always
be prepared to give a fitting reply both to the principal aggressive
forces which inspire the aggressors scattered throughout the whole world
and these small and brazen aggressors. Let all aggressors know that no
one will get off scot-free. Both the boss and the lackey will receive
what they deserve. And this will only benefit all people who detest war.
Comrades, I report to the Supreme Soviet that on the decision of
the government, the Soviet Army and Navy are being switched over to rocket
weapons; strictly speaking, have been switched over already.
Therefore, we have set up a chief rocket troops command. Marshal of
Artillery Nedelin, a remarkable artillery man who covered himself with
glory during the war against Nazi Germany, has been appointed commander
in chief of these troops. (Stormy, prolonged applause).
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I would like to tell you, Comrade Nedelin: Do not rely on God.
Better train your troops and master the technical equipment which we
have entrusted to you so that the rocket troops, in case of an enemy
attack, are capable of dealing a devastating retaliatory blow at the
enemy at any moment! (Stormy, prolonged applause).
Dear Comrades, the decisions we are adopting today on the abolition
of taxes and the transition of the working people of our country to a
shorter workday are magnificent achievements. They attest to the fact
that our people are in the prime of their creative strength.
Inspired by these decisions, the Soviet people will work still
better, and the peaceful exploits of Soviet men and women will add to
the glory of our socialist homeland. With every passing month, with
every passing day, the Soviet people will live better and better. They
will have more food, homes, clothing; there will be more factories and
mines in our country; electrified railway lines will extend ever further
in our homeland. We courageously and joyously follow the road indicated
by the decisions of the 21st CPSU Congress, the great road of our seven-
year plan. (Applause).
Following this course, confident in the victory of their ideas, in
the victory of communism, the Soviet people by their labor and by their
creative endeavor prove to the whole world the great superiority of
communism.
Victory will be with communism! (Prolonged a)plause). Long live
communism--our great teaching and our great practical task! (Prolonged
applause). Behind the banner of Lenin, under the leadership of the
Communist Party--onward to the victory of communism. Long live world
peace! (Stormy prlonged applause, rising to An ovation. All stand.).
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By order of the Presidium of
the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,
orders and medals of the USSR
are to be awarded to a group of
soldiers, sergeants and off iders
of the Soviet army for success-
fully executing a combat mission
with which they were charged by
the Soviet government in the
defense of the inviolability of
the Soviet Union and in the de-
struction of an aircraft which
had penetrated deep into the
territory of the USSR on 1 May;,
1960 with hostile intent. In
the pictures: officers awarded
the Order' of the Red Banner,
Senior Lieutenant S. I. Safronov
(above), Captain N. I. Shelud'ko
(below, left), and Major M. R.
Voronov (below, right).
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STEP ASIDE, IF YOU WANT TO REMAIN IN ONE PIECE
From the speech of Deputy A. A. Grechko to the Fifth Session
of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation on 6 May 1960.
Comrades, N. S. Khrushchev reported to the Supreme Soviet on the
gross violations of the borders of the Soviet state by American mili-
tary planes. The boundless resentment and indignation of all Soviet
people is unanimously and with particular force shared by the fighting
men of our army and navy. This is a perfidious and truly predatory act
which exposes the imperialists once more as the sworn enemies of peace
and security of the peoples. The provocation of the American imperial-
ists is all the more outrageous since it was committed just when there
has recently been a certain alleviation of international tensions, on
the eve of the meeting of the government heads when, one would believe,
all states should display particular care so that nothing might hamper
the successful resolution of urgent and disputed questions in the rela-
tions between countries.
We all understand the reason for the predatory penetration into the
airspace of our great Motherland. It is to put pressure on our state,
on our peace policy, which is unflinchingly pursued by the Communist
Party and the Soviet Government, an attempt to maintain the "cold war,"
to reconnoiter our defense and our readiness crushingly to repell
aggressors.
The provocation, however, ended in failure. The Soviet Government
ordered the armed forces to destroy the enemy plane and the Soviet fight-
ing men honorably fulfilled the order of their Government and N. S.
Khrushchev personally. (Applause) The plane was destroyed by a rocket
with the first salvo. (Applause) It is a remarkable weapon which was
given to us by our people and with which the Soviet armed forces are
now equipped.
Let the lovers of military adventures and provocations make a note
of it. Let them also make a note that we have a sufficient number of
rockets, that there is enough of them for all planes which try to vio-
late our borders. Not only are there sufficient rockets for the planes,
there are also enough for those who, losing their minds, dare to send
these planes against our country, against the countries of the socialist
camp. (Applause)
We cannot view this treacherous act of an air raid against our
country separately from other similar aggressive actions of the imperialists.
This fact is a natural result and only one of the parts of the notorious
"brink-of-war" policy which is stubbornly conducted by the imperialist
circles of the United States. Unfortunately this policy is also supported
by a number of other states who obsequiously lease their territory for
the establishment of foreign military bases.
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From this lofty rostrum N. S. Khrushchev noted the Soviet
fighting men and, in the name of the Soviet Government, expressed
acknowledgement and gratitude to the troop units who are honorably
defending the borders of our motherland. We thank you, Nikita
Sergeyevich, and in your person the Soviet Government for the great
attention toward the army and navy. Your warm words showed once more
the constant care of the Communist Party) government, and people for
the armed forces, who are called upon to defend the enthusiastic work
of the Soviet people. (Applause) Your gratitude obliges us to work
even harder to increase the combat readiness of the troops. Let the
gentlemen imperialists not disturb the creative work of the Soviet
people. To those who may wish to do so, the Soviet fighting men say:
"Do not disturb, stay away, and you will remain healthy. If you dis-
turb, do not call for help." (Applause)
Our fighting men are boundlessly devoted to the Communist Party,
the Soviet Government, and their people and that is the inexhaustible
source of strength and might of our armed forces. Permit me to assure
you, comrade deputies, that we have the men and what it takes to defend
our motherland. (Applause) No one will disturb the Soviet -people in
its advance with great strides toward the beautiful future of communism.
(Prolonged applause)
THE PROVOCATEURS HAVE BECOME CONFUSED
From the speech by Deputy A. A. Gromyko to the Fifth Session
of the Supreme Soviet USSR, Fifth Convocation on 6 May 1960.
It is idle to call to mind that the Soviet Union cannot relax its
solicitude of security; there is the case of the American plane which
violated our state border in a crude manner.
In this connection it appears appropriate to stress an aspect which
shows how frivolously those who are responsible for such aggressive acts
play with fire. They know well, and this was widely discussed in the
American press, that there have been cases of flying geese that were ob-
served on the screens of American radar stations and that were thought to
be foreign airplanes approaching. This caused American bombers loaded
with nuclear bombs to be dispatched in the direction of the borders of
other states. If an ordinary goose can be mistaken for an airplane, then
an airplane can, even more so, be taken for an airplane and, at any rate,
not for a goose. As for foreign planes that have already encroached on
the borders of another state, there is hardly any need to speak at length
on what the consequences would be if the state which has become the ob-
ject of such aggressive acts sets in motion the respective military me-
chanism. This only stresses even more the danger of the provocative
actions perpetrated by the U.S. Air Force.
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The U. S. Department of State has just launched the version that,
allegedly, the aggressive encroachment on Soviet territory by an
American plane on May 1 took place as a result of the pilot having lost
consciousness. This version is absurd. Let us ask the State Department
this question: Well, and what about American flyers who have frequently
opened fire on Soviet airplanes after having violated our borders, were
they also unconscious? Is not an attempt being made to insinuate to us
that the crews of American airplanes that are being sent to encroach on
the territory of the USSR lose consciousness upon crossing the Soviet
borders and continue to fly the plane and even shoot in a state of un-
consciousness?
This is truly a new problem for medicine! It is simple to give an
answer to the State Department: those who are responsible for such ac-
tions have clearly become confused, not knowing how to present a co-
herent explanation.
The Soviet Government does not abandon hope that the time will come
when other states will also arrive at the sober and correct conclusion
that disarmament, particularly full disarmament, is not unilaterally
profitable to some particular country, but is equally profitable to all
countries and all nations.
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Speech of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev at the Reception in the
Czechoslovak Embassy on 9 May 1960
Dear Comrade Dvorak, Ambassador of friendly, fraternal Czechoslovakia!
Dear friends, comrades, gentlemen!
We are very pleased to attend the reception held on the occasion of
the fifteenth anniversary of the liberation of the Czechoslovak Republic,
the celebration of Victory Day, which indeed is a holiday for all the
peoples. The Soviet people, at one with all other peoples, sincerely want
that there should be no more war, that this war should be the last, that
it should be remembered by the peoples and should go down in history as
the last war.
We are doing our utmost to achieve this indeed. That is precisely
why the Soviet Union submitted at the United Nations its proposals for
general and complete disarmament. We not only insist on the necessity of
reducing armed forces but already now, without waiting for such decisions
by the Western countries, we unilaterally cut the armed forces of the
Soviet Union by one-third.
When we have reduced our armed forces to 2,400,000, some time will
pass, and we shall think it over and evidently we shall further reduce
our Army. Comrade Zhadov LI-IG-en. Aleksandr A. Zhadov, deputy commander of
Soviet ground force] over there scratched the back of his head--another
reduction.
No, this will not be done now, Comrade General, but later.
We shall do this if the situation favors such measures. Of course,
we shall not cut our armed forces to such a level which would prejudice
the security of the Soviet Union. You should bear in mind that we do
not reduce our armed forces for financial reasons. No, the financial
financial situation of our state is splendid and, if need be, could not
only forbear from reducing the army and navy, but increase them. I
repeat, if this were necessary we could do this without tense efforts.
But as good masters we say: Why have bigger armed forces than we need?
If our partners agree we are willing to accept total disarmament
and we shall effect it honestly. We are not afraid of control. If you
please, gentlemen, then you could fly over our territory, check, take
pictures, do what you please.
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Such an issue as now could not arise then. The Department of State
explains the incident with the downed reconnaissance plane more or less
as follows: One cannot, they say, admit, nor can one deny. It turns out,
as in the well-known joke, that here is a maiden who is also not a maiden
for she has a child! The marriage was not registered, therefore one can
regard her as a maiden in a way. But she gave birth, to a child. Can one
regard her as a maiden or not?
This does not happen in real life. We tell the Americans: Your plane
flew over our country on an intelligence mission. We tracked its flight
and it flew to the Sverdlovsk area.where it was-brought down. That is
how you got into a mess and you are in a mess. Pluck up your courage and
say: Yes, this was such a disgraceful fact. And this is a big disgrace
for America since everyone sees now how disgraced in the eyes of the world
are those who committed such a shocking act of aggression. The whole
world wants peace, a relaxation of international tension while certain
quarters in the United States stage such a provocation.
What were the purposes of this flight? A provocation.' This is bad,
very bad indeed!
Timing for Summit Seen
I have already said, comrades, and now I repeat, that this was done
deliberately and deliberately timed for the summit meeting in Paris. It
is said that it was the work of the military. Only the military? What
kind of state is this if the military do what the Government opposes? How
can the Government tolerate this? If anyone of our military allowed
himself to do such a thing, we would pull him up immediately. The Govern-
ment and the country are strong when the entire machinery functions smoothly,
when everything is subordinated to the Government. Therein lies real
strength. Understand me rightly: When everyone pulls in a different
direction what kind of state is this and what confidence can one have in
the policy of such a state?
There can be no confidence in the policy of such a state! The state-
ment that the aggressive flight was made without the will and instructions
of the Government, that nothing was known of it in the State Department,
does not give credit to the Department of State of the United States. And
what about Allen Dulles?
For he knew about all this and he also is a member of the United
States Government! For this is Allen Dulles' aviation! It turns out
that the State Department's reply is, as the saying has it, too thin.
It is possible, I do not know this for certain, but I do not preclude
the possibility that the Government of the United States of America knew
of this flight. But I, so to speak, confide it to you!
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Statement Held Alarming
In diplomatic language it would be better to say: It knew, but it
stopped its ears and closed its eyes and now depicts the matter as if
the devil led astray some official. However, let it be, with this Govern-
ment and with its way of issuing statements on all this.
One thing is alarming in this statement. It is vague. More, this
statement blames us for not allowing to fly over or travel across our
country those who want to study our defenses, to discover secrets. And
that is why they, that means the American Government, had been impelled
to send planes on intelligence missions. This is a very dangerous
explanation. It is dangerous because it does not denounce but tries to
justify such a flight and seems to say that such flights are possible in
the future, too, because the Soviet Union does not think to reveal its
secrets to countries that pursue unfriendly policy toward us.
Using this as the only justification, some gentlemen intend to gain
the right in the eyes of public opinion to fly over our territory in the
future, too, gleaning important military secrets.
I repeat once again this is very dangerous, let alone that it is
wrong in principle and not in keeping with the spirit of international
peaceful relations. If someone intends to fly over our territory, recon-
noitering objectives and gleaning state secrets, we shall bring down such
planes, just bring them down!
More, if such flights are repeated, we shall take appropriate
counter-measures.
I should say this: Those countries that have bases on their terri-
tories should note most carefully the following: If they allow others
to fly from their bases to our territory we shall hit at those bases.
Because we assess such actions as provocations against our country!
We tell the Governments of those countries, if you leased your
territory to others and are not the masters of your land., of your country,
hence, we shall have to understand it in our way. Those who lease your
territory, operate against us from your territory. Their lands are far
from us while your land is near. That is why as a warning to remote
targets we shall find the range to the near ones. Let them draw the
appropriate conclusions.,
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I should not like to heat up passions because even in wartime
people long for peace, await an end to the war and dream of peace. There
is no war now. Our strength is being tested. Therefore, let us not draw
conclusions aggravating relations between countries, such conclusions as
would hamper us in the future, I should like to say, even in building
good relations with the United States of America. Today I declare once
again that we want to live not only in peace but also in friendship with
the American people. The American people want no war, I an sure of this.
On the eve of tie Paris meeting the aggressive circles wanted to
bring strong pressure to bear upon us. We, say: Let us conclude a peace
treaty with Germany. Some of our former wartime allies are against this.
West Berlin Stand Decried
But why? Plainly speaking, why need the United States of America,
France and the United Kingdom, West Berlin? They need it as a dog needs
a fifth leg. West Berlin does not give them anything. By the way, no
one encrcaches on West Berlin. It is said, freedom is at stake, but who
encroaches on freedom?
Let the West Berliners continue to live as they do now and let them
have the regime they like. The Soviet Government has long since declared
that to select a regime is a matter for each people and that everyone
should live as he prefers to. If the Western powers do not want to
sign a German-peace treaty we shall have to sign a peace treaty with
the German Democratic Republic.
The point is that even after we conclude such a treaty with the
German Democratic Republic they would like to exercise those rights
which flow from German's surrender, to exercise them in defiance of
the peace treaty we would have signed. But if we sign a peace treaty
with the German Democratic Republic, the terms of war will be ended
and, hence, the terms of surrender will also be ended. They will
cease to operate. If after the signing of a peace treaty some one
would like to force his way into West Berlin which we would like to
see a free city, our force will resist this force.
Aware of this, some leaders in the United States of America
decided to teach Khrushchev a lesson; since it is said that force
will resist force, we shall teach a lesson to the Soviet Union, we
shall fly over your territory and.we already flew over it and re-
turned home.
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Earlier Flyover Noted
This happened, for instance, on April 9. I have already spoken
of this. Even now this flight is denied in the United States. In
this case the ethics is: If the thief is not caught,he is no thief.
But this time we caught the thief and now the whole world knows of it.
The reconnaissance plane should have been brought down on April 9
too. But our military, to put it mildly,-'let a chance slip by. And
we, as one says, took them to task for it. On May 1 the reconnaissance
plane was shot down. The military splendidly coped with the task
when the opponent grew bold. For the American military thought like
this: If the April 9 flight passed off with impunity, that means they
cannot hit it at such an altitude, and the aggressive military wanted
to demonstrate their strength once again fifteen days before the
summit meeting.
Well, Khrushchev, what are you boasting of? We fly over your
country and you can do nothing about it. They expected to fly over
Soviet territory this time, too, to fly over Sverdlovsk and to show
that we can do nothing about'it. Indeed, an unpleasant situation!
And now when he hit the air pirate with a rocket, as the saying has
it, it is time to dismount from the horse!
S. M. Budenny: One must slash down to the saddle, and every-
thing will go to pieces.
Nikita Khrushchev: I believe that this cavalry rule is quite
appropriate!
Attempts are still made to frighten us because in the West
bombers are flying on round-the-clock vigil-KKK
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Rockets on Vigil
I should like to tell those people: Listen, gentlemen, we also
have bombers, but they are not on vigil, in our country rockets are
on vigil!
It is common knowledge that V bombers, as a rule, fly at an
altitude ranging from 12,000 to 17,000 meters, they cannot rise higher
because designers still cannot overcome technical difficulties. The
plane which committed the diversion on May 1 flew at an altitude of
20,000 meters. They say it was an unarmed V plane. It was because
it was unarmed that it could fly at such an altitude. They expected
that such a plane will be invulnerable for a long time to go. They
even expected that this will be almost for all time.
I shall say further, when Twining, the then Chief of Staff of
the United States Air Force, arrived here we welcomed him as guest
and entertained him. He left our country by air and next day sent a
plane flying at great altitude to our country. This plane flew as
far as Kiev. The question; arose: Should we protest? I proposed that
no protest should be lodged. Only an animal might act like Twining
which, eating at one place, might do its unpleasant business there.
From such behavior we drew the conclusion: To improve rockets, to
improve fighters. Our fighters can fly as high as 28,000 meters.
But the difficulties of a fighter are that though it can rise high,
it is not. so easy and simple to find the target in the air; a plane
in the air is like a needle in the ocean.
But the rocket finds its-targets itself! This the advantage of
the rocket and the use of it. We have both fighters and rockets. That
is why I say: If there are still politicians who would like to rely
on bombers, they are doomed to failure. With the up-to-date military
techniques bombers will be shot down even before they approach the
target. We also have good aviation. I flew to America in a TU-111+.
This plane is a modification of a bomber with a flying range of 17,000
kilometers. I mentioned this to the president of the United States.
However, the ceiling of the bomber is within the sphere of operation
of fighters. It is now not so difficult to bring down a bomber.
The Americans can do this, but we can do it even better.
That is why one should abandon this exchange of threats. It would
be better to speak of peace and friendship, how mutually advantageous
it is to trade, how good relations can be established between peoples,
how cultural contacts and tourist travel can be developed. This would
be a far more useful and lofty job and all the peoples of the world would
welcome this. This is precisely what our stand is comrades! The people
demand tranquillity, they are against wars and military conflicts. Let
us try and meet these just demands of the people.
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When we were preparing the recent session of the Supreme Soviet
we did not envisage the discussion of any military questions. We
drafted a law on the abolition of taxes paid by factory and office
workers and a law on the completion of the transition to a seven and
six-hour working day. We prepared for discussion at the session the
question of increasing by 25,000,000,000 to 30,000,000,000 rubles
expenditures for the expansion of industry manufacturing consumer
goods so as to emerge to first place in Europe during this seven-
year-plan period and to catch up'vith the United States five years
later. What lofty aims from the attainment of which not a single
people, not a single individual in the world, would suffer!
And here, as one says, to "cheer us up," they timed such an ag-
gressive act for the great proletarian May Day holiday! But the
aggressors themselves did not expect theat they would indeed cheer
us up. When Marshal Malinovskymounted the mausoleum on May Day
to make his speech, I could already congratulate him on the shooting
down of the plane. He replied that he had learned this just. before
motoring to Red Square. This was good news before the minister's
speech at the May Day parade.
Comrades, today we are celebrating the day of victory in the war
in which we lost more people and wealth than any other country. We
mourn over the dead but at the same time we celebrate and rejoice in
our victory.
Hails War Victory
We rejoice because our people not only rehabilitated the devastated
economy but far surpassed the pre-war level of development. This vic-
tory is also being celebrated in countries that were our allies in the
last war. The Ambassadors of those countries are also here. We have
just clinked glasses with the American Ambassador, Mr Thompson. But
after our "clinking" in the air, are ringing of our glasses in the
Czechoslovak Embassy--is already not the proper ringing.
I respect the Ambassador of the United States and I am convinced
that he had nothing to do with this incursion that he could not have
anything to do even if he wished to.
I am convinced of the ethical qualities of this man. Since I know
him I think that he is not capable of such a thing. Evidently he feels
this incident as a big annoyance for his country and for himself as the
representative of the United States in the Soviet Union. This must be
taken into consideration.
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Comrades! I propose a toast to the victory, to the nations and
peoples who fought against Nazi Germany and with us won a great vic-
tory!
I propose a toast to friendly Czechoslovakia, to the remarkable
people of Czechoslovakia, to the hosts of this house, the Ambassador
of the Czechoslovak Republic, Comrade Dvorak, and his wife to all who
represent the fraternal Czechoslovak Republic in the Soviet Union!
I raise my glass to the end of wars, to the end of provocations,
to peace and friendship between the peoples.
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Protest Note from the Soviet Government to the
Government of the USA
On the 10th of May, Minister of Foreign Affairs A. A. Gromyko
received the acting USA Charge d'Affaires for the USSR, E. Friars Ll-spf
and handed him the following note from the Soviet Government to the
Government of the USA concerning the aggressive invasion by an American
military aircraft of the border of the Soviet Union.
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers
it necessary to state the following to the Government of the United States
of America:
On May 1 of this year at 5 hours 36 minutes (5:36 A. M.), Moscow time,
a military aircraft violated the boundaries of the USSR and intruded across
the borders of the Soviet Union for a distance of more than 2,000 kilo-
meters (1,240 miles). The Government of the USSR naturally could not leave
unpunished such a flagrant violation of the Soviet state boundaries. When
the intentions of the violating aircraft became apparent, it was shot
down by Soviet rocket troops in the area of Sverdlovsk.
Upon examination by experts of all data at the disposal of the Soviet
side, it was incontrovertibly established that the intruder aircraft
belonged to the United States of America, was permanently based in Turkey
and was sent through Pakistan into the Soviet Union with hostile purposes.
As the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, N. S. Khrushchev,
made public on May 7 at the final session of the USSR Supreme Soviet, data
from the investigation leave no doubt with respect to the purposes of the
flight of the American aircraft which violated the USSR's border on May 1,
This aircraft was especially equipped for a reconnaissance and diversionary
flight over the territory of the Soviet Union. It had on board apparatus
for aerial photography, for detecting the Soviet radar network and other
special radio-technical equipment which formed part of the USSR anti-
aircraft defenses. At the disposal of the Soviet expert commission, which
carried out the investigation, there is undisputable proof of the
espionage reconnaissance mission of the American aircraft: films of
Soviet defense and industrial establishments, a tape recording of the
signals of Soviet radar stations and other data.
The pilot Francis Gj Powers, about whose fate the Embassy of the
USA inquired in its note of May 6, is alive and, as indicated in the afore-
mentioned speech of the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, N. S.
Khrushchev, will be brought to account under the laws of the Soviet state.
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The pilot has indicated that he did everything in full accordance with
the assignment given him. On the flight map taken from him there was
clearly and accurately marked the entire route he was assigned after take-
off from Adana ~Turke7; Peshawar ?akistajn -Aral-Sverdlovsk-Archangel-
Murmansk, followed by a landing at the Norwegian airfield at Bodo.
The pilot has also stated that he served in sub-unit No. 10-10,
which under cover of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is
engaged in high-altitude military reconnaissance.
This and other information revealed in the speeches of the head of
the Soviet Government completely refuted the United States State Depart-
ment's concocted and hurriedly fabricted version, released May 5 in an
official.announcement for the press, to the effect that the aircraft was
allegedly carrying out meteorological observations in the upper strata
of the atmosphere along the Turkish-Soviet border.
After the complete absurdity of the afore-mentioned version had been
shown and it had been incontrovertibly proved that the American aircraft
intruded across the borders of the Soviet Union for aggressive reconnais-
sance purposes, a new announcement was made by the United States State
Department on May 8 Moscow time which contained the forced admission
that the aircraft was sent into the Soviet Union for military reconnais-
sance purposes and, by that very fact, it was admitted that the flight
was pursuing aggressive purposes.
In this way after three days the State Department already had denied
the version which obviously had been intended to mislead world public
opinions as well as the public opinion of America itself.
'Open Skies' Issue Noted
The State Department considered it appropriate to refer in this
announcement to the "open skies" proposal made by the Government of the
USA in 1955 and to the refusal of the Soviet Government to accept this
proposal. Yet, the Soviet Government, like the. governments of many
other states, refused to accept this proposal which was intended to throw
open the doors of other nations to American reconnaissance. The activities
of American aviation only confirm the correctness of the evaluation given
to this proposal at the time by the Soviet Government.
Does all this mean that, with the refusal of a number of states to
accept this proposal for "open skies" the USA is attempting arbitrarily
to take upon itself the right to "open" a foreign sky?
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Remains of the American plane which invaded the Soviet Union.
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It is enough to put the question this way, for the complete ground-
lessness of the afore-mentioned reference to the USA "open sky" proposal
to become clear.
It follows from the afore-mentioned May 8 announcement from the
United States State Department that hostile acts by American aviation
which have taken place numerous times in relation to the Soviet Union,
are not simply a result of the activity of the military commands of the
USA in various areas but are an expression of a calculated USA policy.
What the Soviet Government has repeatedly declared in its representations
to the Government of the USA in connection with the violations of the
USSR national boundaries by American airplanes has been confirmed, namely,
that these violations are premeditated.
US Policy Discussed
All this testifies that the Government of the USA, instead of taking
measures to stop such action by American aviation, the danger of which
has more than once been pointed out by the Soviet Government, officially
announces such actions as its national policy.
Thus, the Government of the USA, in the first place, testifies to
the fact that its answers to representations of the Soviet Government
were only for the sake of form, behind which was a concealed effort to
avoid the substance of the issue, and that all violations by American
aircraft of national boundaries of the USSR represented actions conform-
ing to USA policy.
In the second place, and this is the main point, by sanctioning such
actions of American aviation, the Government of the USA aggravates the
situation even more.
One must ask, how is it possible to reconcile this with declarations
on the part of leading figures of the USA that the Government of the USA,
like the Soviet Government, is also striving for improvement of relations
between the USSR and the USA for a relaxation of international tension,
and the strengthening of trust between states.
Military intelligence activities by one nation by means of intrusion
of its aircraft into the area of another country can hardly be called a
method for improving relations and strengthening trust.
It is self-evident that the Soviet Government is compelled under such
circumstances to give strict instructions to its armed forces to take all
necessary measures against the violation of Soviet boundaries by foreign
aviation.
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The Government of the USSR regretfully states that, while it under-
takes everything possible for the normalization and improvement of the
international situation, the Government of the USA follows a different
path.
It is impossible to exclude the thought that, apparently, the two
governments view differently the necessity of improving relations
between our countries and for the creation of favorable ground for the
forthcoming summit meeting.
The Soviet Government, as well as all the Soviet peoples, considers
that personal meetings and discussions of the President of the USA and
other official figures with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of
the USSR during his visit in the USA made a good beginning in the cause
of normalizing Soviet-American relations and therefore an improvement of
the entire international situation as well.
However, the latest actions of the American authorities apparently
seek to return the state of American-Soviet relations to the worst time
of the "cold war" and to poison the international situation before the
summit meeting.
The Government of the USSR cannot avoid pointing out that the State
Department's statement, which is unprecedented in its cynicism, not only
justifies provocative flights of the armed forces of the USA but also
acknowledges that such actions are a "normal phenomenon" and this in fact
states that in future the United States intends to continue provocative
invasions into the confines of the air space of the Soviet Union for the
purpose of intelligence.
Thus the Government of the USSR concludes that the announcement
that the flight was carried out without the knowledge and permission of
the Government of the USA does not correspond to reality because in the
very same announcement the necessity for carrying on intelligence
activities against the Soviet Union is justified. This means that
espionage activities of American aircraft are carried on with the
sanction of the Government of the USA.
The Government of the Soviet Union makes an emphatic protest to the
Government of the USA in connection with the aggressive acts of American
aviation and warns that, if similar provocations are repeated, it will
be obliged to take retaliatory measures, the responsibility for the
consequences of which will rest on the Government of the state committing
aggression against other countries.
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The Soviet Government would sincerely like to hope that the Govern-
ment of the USA recognized in the final analysis that the interests of
preserving and strengthening peace among people, including the interest
of the American people itself, whose starving for peace was well demon-
strated during the visit of the head of the Soviet Government, N. S.
Khrushchev, to the USA, will be served by the cessation of the afore-
mentioned dangerous provocative activities against the USSR, by cessation
of the "cold war," and by research through joint efforts with the Soviet
Union and other interested states for a solution of unsettled inter-
national problems on a mutually acceptable basis, which is awaited by all
people.
The Embassy of the United States of America presents its compliments
to the Foreign Ministry of the Soviet Union and has the honor to refer to
the public statement by the Soviet Government indicating that Francis Gary
Powers is under detention in Moscow.
The Embassy requests that an officer of the Embassy be permitted to
interview Mr. Powers.
Moscow, 10 may 1960
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PROTEST NOTE OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF TURKEY
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics deems
it necessary to state the following to the Government of the Republic
of Turkey:
A military aircraft violated the Soviet border at 0536 hours, Moscow
time, on May 1 of this year, and penetrated more than 2,000 kilometers
within the Soviet Union. The Soviet Government, naturally, could not
leave such a gross violation of the Soviet state frontier unpunished.
When the intentions of the intruder plane became obvious, it was shot
down by Soviet rocket troops in the Sverdlovsk area.
Expert investigation of all the data possessed by the Soviet side has
irrefutably established that the intruder plane belonged to the United
States of America, was permanently based in Turkey, and sent via Pakistan
into the Soviet Union on a hostile mission.
Detailed results of the investigation, as announced by the chairman
of the USSR Council of Ministers Nikita Khrushchev at the final May 7
meeting of the USSR Supreme Soviet session, leave no doubt as to the
purposes of the American plane, which violated the Soviet frontier on
May 1. This aircraft of the Lockheed U-2 type was specially equipped
for an intelligence and subversion flight over USSR territory. It
carried apparatus for aerial photography and for detecting the Soviet
radar network and other special radiotechnical means included in the
Soviet antiaircraft defense system. The Soviet expert commission which
carried out the investigation possesses irrefutable evidence of the
American plane's espionage mission: films with photographed Soviet
defense and industry targets, tape-recorded signals of the Soviet radar
stations, Sand other materials.
It has been established that the plane in question was based at
the American-Turkish air force base of Incirlik near Adana, from where
it flew on Apr. 27 to the airport of Peshawar, Pakistan. The flight
map taken from the American spy pilot Powers, who survived, shows
clearly the entire course he had to fly after leaving Adana: Peshawar;
the Aral Sea; Sverdlovsk; Archangel; Murmansk; and finally the Norwegian
airport of Bodoe, where he was to land.
The spy pilot divulged that he served with the American unit 10-10,
stationed in Turkey and engaged in high altitude intelligence, and that
he, for one, made repeated flights along the Turkish-Soviet frontier in
order to study the antiaircraft radar system of the Soviet Union.
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Confronted with these irrefutable facts, the U. S. State Department
was compelled to admit that the American plane, which violated the Soviet
border on May 1 of this year, was sent into the Soviet Union on an intel-
ligence mission. Thereby it was admitted that this flight pursued aggres-
sive purposes.
The Soviet Government cannot disregard the part played in the pre-
paration and implementation of this hostile act against the Soviet Union
by the Turkish Republic, in whose territory the American intruder plane
was based and prepared for the flight.
The Soviet Government deems it necessary to state to the Government
of Turkey that by lending its territory to the United States for setting
up war bases and for carrying out aggressive acts against the Soviet
Union by the U.S. Air Force, it becomes an accomplice in such acts and
thereby has a grave responsibility for the possible dangerous consequences
of such actions. All this by no means agrees with the statements of
Turkish leaders about their desire to help consolidate peace, ease inter-
national tension, and improve Turkey's relations with the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Government earlier warned the Government of Turkey about
the danger of the situation when Turkish territory is used as a military
place d'armes'by third powers. The Soviet side has drawn attention to
this fact when the Soviet airspace was violated by foreign planes and
balloons from Turkish territory. In the light of the above, the Soviet
Government cannot help concluding that the Government of Turkey has not
heeded these warnings of the Soviet Union dictating concern for the pre-
servation of peace and a desire to improve Soviet-Turkish relations.
The Government of the Soviet Union protests to the Government of the
Turkish Republic against the opportunity given to foreign warplanes to
use Turkish territory for preparing and carrying out intrusions into
the Soviet Union. The Soviet Government deems it necessary to warn that
if such provocations are repeated from the territory of Turkey it will
be compelled to take proper retaliatory measures. It is common knowledge
that the Soviet Union has means to render harmless, if necessary, the war
bases used for aggressive actions against the Soviet Union. It goes
without saying that all responsibility for the consequences will be borne
both by the governments of the states committing aggression against other
countries and the accomplices in this aggression.
Moscow, 13 May 1960
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PROTEST NOTE OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics deems
it necessary to state the following to the Government of Pakistan:
A military aircraft violated the USSR frontier at 0536 hours,
Moscow time, on May 1 of this year and penetrated more than 2,000 kilo-
meters within the Soviet Union. The Soviet Government, naturally, could
not leave such a gross violation of the Soviet state frontier unpunished.
When the intentions of the intruder plane became clear, it was shot down
by Soviet rocket troops in the Sverdlovsk area.
Expert investigation of all the data possessed by the Soviet side has
irrefutably established that the intruder plane belonged to the United
States of America, was permanently based in Turkey and sent via Pakistan
with a hostile mission into the Soviet Union.
The detailed results of the investigation, as announced by the chair-
man of the USSR Council of Ministers Nikita Khrushchev at the final May
7 meeting of the USSR Supreme Soviet session, leave no doubt as to the
purposes of the American plane which violated the Soviet border on May 1.
This aircraft of the Lockheed U-2 type was specially equipped for an in-
telligence and subversion flight over Soviet Union territory. It was
equipped with apparatus for aerial photography and for detecting the
Soviet radar network and other special radiotechnical means included in
the Soviet Union's antiaircraft defenses. The Soviet expert commission
which carried out the investigation possesses irrefutable proof of the
American plane's espionage mission: films with photographed Soviet de-
fense and industry targets, tape-recorded signals of the Soviet radar
stations, and other materials.
It has been established that the plane in question was based at the
American-Turkish air force base of Incirlik near Adana, whence it flew
on Apr. 27 to the Peshawar airport in Pakistan. The flight map taken
from the American spy pilot Powers, who survived, clearly shows the
entire course he had to fly after leaving the Turkish city of Adana:
Peshawar; the Aral Sea; Sverdlovsk; Archangel-Murmansk; and then the Nor-
wegian airport of Bodoe, where he was to land.
The spy pilot divulged that he serves with the American unit 10-10,
stationed in Turkey and engaged in high altitude intelligence, and that
he, for one, has flown more than once along the Turkish-Soviet border
with a view to studying the Soviet Union's antiaircraft radar defense
system.
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Confronted with these irrefutable facts, the U. S. State Depart-
ment was compelled to admit that the American plane, which violated the
Soviet border on May 1 of this year, was sent into the Soviet Union on
an Intelligence mission. It was thereby admitted that this flight pur-
sued aggressive purposes.
The USSR Government cannot disregard the part played in the prepara-
tion and implementation of this act, which was hostile to the Soviet Union,
by Pakistan, from whose territory the provocative intrusion of the American
plane into the Soviet airspace was undertaken.
In its statements of Dec. 26, 1958, Feb. 20, 1959, and Mar. 25,
1959, the Soviet Government has already called attention of the Pakistani
Government to the grave consequences connected with loaning Pakistani
territory to establish foreign war bases, and. their use by third powers
for aggressive purposes against the Soviet Union and other peace-loving
states.
The takeoff from Pakistani territory of a U. S. Air Force plane, which
penetrated into the Soviet Union on May 1st of this year, again confirms
with ample clarity what a dangerous policy the Pakistani Government pur-
sues by allowing foreign armed forces to use its territory.
The Government of the Soviet Union protests with the Government of
Pakistan in connection with the granting of Pakistani territory to the
United States for the commitment of aggressive actions against the USSR
by the American air force and warns that if such actions are repeated
from Pakistani territory, it will be compelled to take proper retaliatory
measures. It is common knowledge that the Soviet Union possesses means
to render harmless in case of need the war bases used for aggressive
actions against the Soviet Union. It goes without saying that the respon-
sibility for the consequences will be borne both by the governments of
the states committing aggression against other nations and by the govern-
ments of the countries which are accomplices in it.
Moscow, 13 May 1960
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PROTEST NOTE FROM THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY
On May 13, A. A. Gromyko, USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs, received
0. H. Gundersen, Norwegian ambassador to the USSR, and'handed him the
following note of protest from the Soviet Government: The Government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic deems it necessary to communicate
the following to the Government of Norway:
A military aircraft violated the Soviet frontier at 0436 hours
Moscow time, May 1, and flew over 2,000 kilometers deep into the Soviet
Union. The USSR Government could not, naturally, have left such a gross
violation of the Soviet national frontiers (Okgo--Ed.) unpunished. As
soon as the intentions of the intruding plane became obvious, it was shot
down by Soviet missile forces in the vicinity of Sverdlovsk.
An expert examination of all the evidence at the Soviet Union's
disposal has put it beyond dispute that the invading plane belongs to the
United States of America, was permanently based in Turkey, and was sent
to the Soviet Union via Pakistan for hostile purposes.
The exact findings of the investigation, as reported by the Chairman
of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, N. S. Bhrushchev, at the closing
meeting of the USSR Supreme Soviet session May 7, leave no room for doubt
as to the purposes behind the flight of the American plane which violated
the Soviet frontier on May 1. This plane, of the Lockheed U-2 type, was
expressly equipped for reconnaissance and subverdionary flight over Soviet
Union territory.
The plane carried equipment for aerial photography and the detection
of Soviet radar networks and other special radio-engineering facilities
of the Soviet antiaircraft defenses. The Soviet expert commission, which
made the inquiry, has incontestable evidence at its disposal of the spy-
ing and reconnaissance mission of the American plane: rolls of film
showing Soviet defense and industrial establishments; a tape recording
of the signal of Soviet radar stations; and other evidence.
It has been established that the plane in question was based at the
American-Turkish airbase at Incirlik, near Adana, from where it flew to
the Peshawar airfield in Pakistan, Apr. 27.
The route map taken from the surviving American spy flyer, Powers,
clearly and distinctly indicates the entire route which he was instructed
to follow after taking off from the Turkish city of Adana: Peshawar, the
Aral Sea, Sverdlovsk, Archangel, and Murmansk, with subsequent landing at
the Bodoe airfield in Norway. The spy flyer reported that he was serving
with the American 10-10 unit stationed in Turkey and engaged in high alti-
tude aerial reconnaissance, and that he had, notably, made repeated flights
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In the face of these incontrovertible facts, the U.S State Depart-
ment has had to admit that the American plane, which violated the Soviet
frontier May 1, had been sent into the Soviet Union for military recon-
naissance. This meant recognizing that the flight had aggressive pur-
poses.
The American pilot testifies that in the course of thorough pre-
paration for his flight over USSR territory, made well in advance, he
had, on the instructions of his command, made a preliminary flight from
Turkey to Norway via Greece, Italy, and the Federal German Republic, and
stayed there for two to three weeks studying landing conditions at the
Bodoe airfield.
It should be recalled in this connection that as early as January
1959, the Soviet Government, having received exact and verified information
about deliberate reconnaissance flights to Soviet territory by American
military planes from Norwegian territory, and specifically the Bodoe
airfield, already told the Norwegian Government that such a state of
affairs was intolerable. In its reply, the Government of Norway did not
deny that planes of third countries received permission from the Nor-
wegian authorities in isolated cases to spy on Norwegian territory tem-
porarily, allegedly for joint flights with aircraft of the Norwegian
airforce.
The Government of Norway said that these flights were made only with
the permission of the Norwegian authorities and that, under Norwegian
rules, allied planes were not allowed to fly across Norwegian territory
east of the 24th degree Eastern longitude. But already it was clear that
these assurances were an attempt to exonerate Norway's partners in the
aggressive NATO Bloc and to whitewash their actions which are a threat
to peace and security in the north of Europe, actions for which Norwegian
territory, too, is used. Now, the provocative flight over Soviet territory
by an American plane which was to land on the Norwegian airfield at Bodoe
proves irrefutably that the Norwegian Government did not heed the warnings
of the Soviet Government. Moreover, it has in fact become an accessory
to provocative actions by the United States against Norway's neighbor,
the Soviet Union.
In view of the aforesaid, the question is posed. What is the real
worth of the Norwegian Government's repeated assurances that the territory
of Norway will not be made available in peacetime for the stationing of
foreign armed forces, if this territory is already being used by planes
of the U. S. Air Force making aggressive flights into the confines of
the Soviet Union? The Soviet Government calls attention to the Government
of Norway to the fact that it is difficult to regard these actions other-
wise than as unfriendly to the Soviet Union and incompatible with the
normal good neighbor relations between the two countries, and considers it
necessary to stress that the Government of Norway bears a not inconsiderable
share of the responsibility for the aggressive acts undertaken by the
American air force with regard to the Soviet Union.
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The Government of the Soviet Union protests strongly to the
Govenment of Norway against allowing foreign military aircraft to use
Norwegian territory for the preparation and commissioning of intrusions
into Soviet airspace.
The Soviet Government considers it necessary to warn that if such
provocations continue from the territory of Norway, it will be obliged
to take appropriate measures in reply. It will be recalled that the
Soviet Union has the means which, if necessary, will make it possible
to fully incapacitate the military bases used for the commissioning of
aggressive actions against the Soviet Union. It goes without saying
that the responsibility for the consequences will rest both with the
governments of the states committing aggression against other nations,
and the governments of the countries which are their accomplices.
Moscow, 13 May 1960
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Press Conference of A. A. Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs USSR
on 11 May 1960
The aggressive act committed on 1 May by the American airplane
which was brought down in the Sverdlovsk area was the subject of a
press conference held on 11 May in Moscow at the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the USSR. About'500 Soviet and foreign journalists were
present at the press conference, which was held at club on the
grounds of the Central Park of Culture and Rest imeni M. Gor'kiy,
A. A. Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, met with
the correspondents. His opening statement was as follows:
Comrades, gentlemen: In his statement at the session of the USSR
'Supreme Soviet on May 7, the chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers,
Nikita Khrushchev, said that it would be expedient to hold a special
press conference to display the equipment of the American military
aircraft which had intruded over 2,000 kilometers into Soviet airspace
on May 1 on a diversionary reconnaissance flight and was shot down by
Soviet rocket forces in the area of Sverdlovsk. We have invited you
all here~so that yuu should see all this for yourselves, and also the
wreckage of the plane, and see what gangster-like methods the United
States is using to provoke the Soviet Union.
It will be.recalled that this provocation was made by a plane based
permanently on an airfield on the territory of our neighbor, Turkey.
Other accomplices in this aggresa.ive act by the American air force
besides Turkey were Pakistan, from which the intruder plane penetrated
Soviet airspace, and also Norway, where it was to land after fulfilling
its mission.
The evidence in the possession of the Soviet Government leaves no doubt
that the'responsible American organs which sent the plane across our
frontiers were acting in the interest of aggression, for`purposes
hostile to the cause of peace.
You know that the organizers of this act of diversion, committed on the
eve of the four-power heads of government meeting, were literally cornered
by the irrefutable facts produced by the chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the USSR. The U.S. State Department had to recant publicly
its earlier, hastily concocted version that the agency which had sent
the military plane shot down in the Urals was on1 interested in the
state of weathbr in the area of the Soviet-Turkish frontier in the
Caucasus. This spurious version lasted for less than two days and
brought its inventors nothing but acute worldwide embarrassment.
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As a result, the State Department had to issue another statement,
on May 7, in which it admitted that the plane had been sent to the USSR
on an intelligence mission.
However, having actually admitted that the flight of the American
plane pursued aggressive purposes and even claimed cynically that such
actions were perfectly normal, the State Department still tried to shift
responsibility from the U. S. Government, claiming that Washington did
not give "authorization" for this flight. This statement of the Department
of State has been duly qualified in today's note of the Soviet Government
to the Government of the United States.
[See following pages for photographs.]
Now a third official statement of the United States on this score
has been issued--the statement of Secretary of State Herter. Even the
word "cynical" would probably be too mild to characterize this statement
by the leader of the U.S. diplomatic service. [Indeed, look what Herter
has to say: Declaring that the Soviet Union has its frontiers "tightly
closed and rigorously controlled" and that it did not accept the American
"open skies" plan and other similar proposals, which serve the interests
of American intelligence, Herter tries to whitewash the provocative actions
of the American armed forces against the Soviet Union.
So you see, it is "inacceptable" to Herter that Soviet defense
secrets should remain out of the Pentagon's reach. Hence the amazingly
unscrupulous conclusion for American policy--violate frontiers of other
nations without compunction, fly over territories of other nations,
multiply the number of aggressive acts! And if other nations do not like
it, explain away such actions by the "national defense needs of the?
United States." And Secretary of State Herter even found it necessary
to explain that from the very beginning of his administration the
U.S. President gave directives for collecting military intelligence
about other pountries "by all possible means, "including "penetration"
--repeat, "penetration"-- of aircraft into the airspace of other states.
It should be noted that, as evident from Herter's statement, no
special permission from the President is necessary for every specific
flight, such as the May 1 invasion of Soviet airspace--sufficient for
that purpose is the directive given several years ago. The U. S.
Government actually gave the Pentagon and the intelligence agencies
of the United States a free hand on questions on which the issue of peace
and war depends. [Herter's statement once more demonstrates that viola-
tions of the sovereignty and inviolability of the frontiers of other states,
espionage, and acts of diversion have been proclaimed the national policy
of the United States.
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Weapon of the aerial pirate Powers
Powers' spy set
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However, only,a few days ago the majority leader of the Democratic Party
in the U.S. Senate, Lyndon Johnson, said: If there was the slightest
possibility that the plane's flight was a deliberate intrusion on our
partywe should have been brought to account for allowing this to happen
on the eve of the summit meeting or, in general, irrespective of that.
And now the U.S. secretary of state openly declares that such criminal
actions are the policy of the United States and is trying to justify
theu by the' fact, you see, that the frontiers of the Soviet Union are
tightly closed. What will Senator Johnson and those who share his views
in the United States say now?
Does not this behavior in the international arena resemble that of a
burglar who, caught in the house he broke into, tries to justify his
actions by saying the house was locked and there was no other way to get
into it but burglary?
It is well lsliown that the inviolability of a nation, of its territorial
waters, and the airspace over its territory is a major principle of modern
international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in a number of
well-known international, treaties to which the United States has subscribed.
These treaties establish that no national plane may fly over the territory
of another nation or land there without a special permit. The same
principle is embodied in the national legislation of all countries,
including the United. States. ..The U.S. Congress on two occasions--in
1928 and 1933--proclaimed that the United States had complete and exclusive
sovereignty over the airspace over the territory of the United States.
Similar clauses are contained in the Soviet air code, which says that the
Soviet Union enjoys full and complete sovereignty over the airspace of the
USSR. In other words, this is a generally accepted international law, a
law of every state. So, the point in question is deliberate violation of
Soviet territorial integrity by U.S.Air Force planes, which is an act of
aggression from the viewpoint of international law. Wt is germane to ask:
On what grounds does the Government of the United States think it is
permissible to encroach upon the integrity of the airspace of other
countries? How can this policy be reconciled with the principles and
purposes of the U.N. Charter, which call for the development of peaceful
and neighborly relations among states? If the nations took the road now
recommended by Washington, law in international relations would be replaced
by law3_ensnes5; order and. legality, by arbitrariness and gangsterism.
Acting in this way, the United Staten tramples underfoot the Charter of the
United Na-ticme, whivh it solemnly signed with the other nations 15 years
ago.
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What is the difference between the policy of violating the sovereignty
of other states which is now being proclaimed in tie capital of the
United States and the policy whicli was professed by certain states on the
eve of World t!ar II, states which regarded the territory o? other
countries as an object for aggression under the prete;:t of the needs of
their own national security? If there was nothing -else in U.S. policy
contradicting the interests of peace, even if just the policy aimed at
deliberately provoking conflicts by U.S. Air Force ag;essive actions had
come to light, this alone would show the Soviet people, all the world,
including the Americans themselves, that this policy is in gross
contradiction to the people's irresistible desire for peace.
The American WALL STREET JOURNAL justifiedly noted that such a policy is
fraught with great dangers and not just espionage matters. A spy, the
paper writes, can hardly cause the use of rockets as a measure of
retaliation; a plane, even an unarmed one, may cause such actions.
Indeed, provocative violations of the territorial inte ity of other
nations is playing with fire, a most dangerous kind of brinkmanship.
We shall meet such unwanted visitors as the Soviet people have always met
aggressors, and nothing but wreckage--such as what you will see here today--
will be left of the planes which again dare to make sorties within our
borders. As to those who lend bases on their territories for the use of
planes which violate our frontiers, they should know that in the event of
a repetition of such provocations the Soviet Union will be able to
neutralize these bases.
Hard as it may be to believe, It is a fact that the U.S. secretary of state
contends that provocative invasions by American aircraft of the borders of
the Soviet Union, far from injuring the forthcoming summit conference
will almost help the conference to reach decisions aimed at strengthen.ng
peace. Most surprising logic indeed; One is led to think the task of-'the
summit meeting, as seen by U.S. statesmen, is not to settle mature
international problems but to discuss the most perfect :intelligence methods
to be used by the states represented at the conference against each
other and) in general, the most effective means to quarrel and bring the
international climate to a still (word indistinct) heat.
,One must say that not only in the Soviet Union but also in France,
Britain, and even in the Uni' eri )t; t:es there exists quite a different
view with regard to the tasks of the summit conference.
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And if some in Washington became entangled politically,. it would seem
that a way out should (word indistinct") not in increasing the tangle.
If one is guided by a sincere desire to end the cold war, the task,
evidently, is to clear the road for honest negotiations.
As for the Soviet Union, the head of the Soviet Govdrnment, N.S.
Khrushchev, has already state(! that the Soviet Union was going to
the Paris conference with an open heart and good intentions and will
spare no efforts to attain a n1utue217:.acceptable'agreement. '?'The
Soviet Government is conducting a 'clearcut and consistent policy of
peace and for its part will spare nothing to find possibilities for
a negotiated settlement of outstanding international issues. Naturally)
however,. the success of the conference depends not upon the Soviet Union
alone.
!.i Questions and Answers
PRAVDA correspondent: As is known, the American planes making
espionage flights are based in Turkey, Pakistan, and several other
countries linked to the United States by military alliances. What is
going to be done to protect our country against similar flights from the
territories of such countries?
Answer: The Soviet Government has already warned those countries that
have collaborated in the aforementioned aggressive acts by the United
States. We hope this warning will be a lesson to those hotheads
who, feeling hostility toward the Soviet Union, do not wish to consider
either commonsense, or real relative strength, or the people.'s feeling
for peace.
The Soviet Union does not wish the matter to lead to further aggravation.
It will not permit this to happen, under one condition: that such pro-
vocations are stopped. If such provocative acts continue, then, as
Comrade N. S. Khrushchev has already pointed out, we shall strike at the-
bases from which the aggressors carry out their flights. There is no
need to repeat that the Soviet Union has all the necessary means to do
this.
American correspoxdent of the National Broadcasting Company: Mr. Minister,
can you tell us when and where the trial of pilot Yowe.rs will be held, and
whether it will be a military or civll trial?
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Answet?: At present, investigations have not yet been. completed. When
they have the necessary decisions will be made on all these. questions.
I repeat: on the completion of the investigations.
Moscow Radio correspondent: Is the whole truth about the provocative viola-
tion of the Soviet border.by an American plane known to the American
people?
Answer: The basic facts, of course, could not remain unknown to the
American people, and it is no accident that they have aroused such concern
and alarm among the American public. It is possible even from the reports
in the bourgeois press to see how widespread the feelings of indignation
in the United States. are at the actions of American authorities.
At the same time, the propaganda machine in the United States is malting
every effort to distract public opinion and to direct it up a blind alley.
For example, cynical conclusions are being published such as that the
intrusion of an American plane into the USSR in itself is not wrong but
that the bad thing is that the plane was shot down and the pilot caught.
How can such conclusions be classed? Obviously only as fascist appeals
to continue dangerous provocations, and as open attempts to arouse hostility
and hatred between peoples.
New York TIMES correspondent: Has the Soviet Union ever carried out
unauthorized flights over U.S. territory or that of countries allied
with it?
Answer: The answer to this question is simple: The very thought of
the possibility of such action contradicts the policy of the Soviet
Union.
Soviet Russia correspondent: In connection with the summit conference
and the tasks which lie before it, how can one describe the reaction of
U. S. public opinion to the aggressive actions of the American Air Force
(aviatsii)?
Answer: It is known that a wide section of the American people condemn
such actions, realizing that they aggravate the situation on the eve of
the conference and consequently harm the solution of the appropriate interna-
tional problems.
However, one also finds in reliable organs of the press statements that
espionage by itself is not such a bad thing but that it was unwise to
carry out a flight over the territory of the USSR on the eve of the',.summit
conference. This is a strange view. How can one forget that such
provocations at any time, not only before a summit conference, can have
very dangerous consequences for peace and can bring tragedy for entire
nations in their wake.
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New York TITM%S correspondent: In view of the accusations you have made
concerning ag;ressi.ve actions of the United States ag7ainst the USSR,
does the Soviet Union intend to place this question before the Security
Council, and if so, when? Before the summit meeting, during this meeting,
Answer: N.S. Khrushchev, chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, made
the appropriate explanation to this question at the session of the USSR
Supreme Soviet. I have nothing to add to this statement by the head of
the Soviet Government, since it is quite clear.
IZVTESTIYA correspondent: In what way are the statements in the United
States such as that of New York TIMES observer Baldwin, that the only bad
thing in the American plane affair is that the pilot did not kill himself
but remained alive, compatible with the elementary demands of humanism?
Answer: Yes, such statements really are being made in the United States.
Thus there are voices rebuking the spy, Powers, who was caught red
handed, for not making use of the poison needle he had with him, and
for not killing himself so that the American military could hide behind
a smokescreen of lying fabrications and continue their criminal activities
against the USSR. Here you have a vivid example of how, for certain
people in the United States, any moral or ethical considerations yield to
the interests of the Pentagon and the intelligence department of Allen
Dulles. If you like, this is a sort of morality, a sort of ethics, but
these are ethics of the jungle. For such people it would have been best
if pilot Powers had been turned into a voiceless, inert corpse.
There is the answer to your question on what constitutes imperialist morality,
and no achievements of bourgeois ideologists can wash the stain of shame
from the faces of those who have made such moral standards an integral
part of their policy, and of their international relations.
Baltimore SUN correspondent: Secretary of State Herter has said that all
countries conduct intelligence work. Could you tell us whether the Soviet
Union also has an intelligence apparatus?
Answer: Clearly, Mr. Herter measures other states with a yardstick made
in Washington, and that is a gross error.
India's NEW AGE correspondent: Insofar-as this aircraft operated from
Turkey and Pakistan, could it be said that it or other aircraft like
it intended for spying on the Soviet Union also operated against neighboring
countries, against India or Kashmir for example?
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Answer: It is not for us, of course, to ons,,.er this question as to
whether this aircraft operated for tntelligeince purposes against other
states. Nonetheless, one fact concerning the latest provocative flight
on May 1 is well known: The American aircraft grossly violated the
sovereignty of Afghanistan, cutting right across its territory before
crossing the frontiers of the Soviet Union.
North American newspapers Alliance Agency correspondent: How long has the
Soviet Union known that such flights have been going; on over its territory?
Answer: I can answer that question this way. It is ,wellknown, and there
have been reports about this in the press, that the Soviet uovernment
has made appropriate complaints to the U.S. Government concerning the
violation of the Soviet state frontier by American aircraft. We have made
these complaints more than once. The chairman of the USSR Council of
Ministers, N.S. Khrushchev, dealt with only two cases in his speeches to
the USSR Supreme Soviet, particularly with the latest case which took
place on May 1 and was most blatant and gross in character.
As is known, the U.S. Government evaded these complaints of the Soviet
Union with formal replies. It became clear to the Soviet Government that
the U.S. Government, despite absolutely irrefutable facts and proof,
was simply unwilling to admit them.
LE MONDE correspondent: Does the Soviet Government intend to bring this
pilot before representatives of the press, and to permit him to address
them?
Answer: I think I have already answered a similar question. I repeat
that at present an investigation is being carried out, and it is not yet
completed. Appropriate decisions concerning the pilot will be made when
the investigation is completed.
Question from JOURNAL NEW TIMES correspondent: Many people in the United
States are seriously concerned by the fact that as a result of the activities
of the American authorities faith in the sincerity of American foreign
policy has been undermined in the world. How can one evaluate these
apprehensions?
Answer: You may judge for yourself on that. The facts speak for themselves.
RED STAR correspondent: Why are the U.S. Government and Secretary of
State Herter so insistent in defending the proposal on the so-called
open skies?
Answer: The answer to that is simple. The "open skies" plan is a plan
for military reconnaissance by the United States.
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As Comrade N.S. it?:ruchehev has repeatedly said, this plan seeks to have
the Soviet Unidn open up its skies to American aircraft and to afford
the American military every opportunity to collect information on its
military and industrial ob,;ectives. If there could still be to this day
people abroad so naive as to believe the "opet: skies"' proposal has any
other purpose, then today the number of such people has obviously consider-
ably decreased. The provocative activities of the American aircraft
furnish a vivid illustration of the nature of the "open skies" proposal.
BORBA correspondent: The U-2 aircraft was built four years ago. wave
you any rounds for believi.n_, that it was specially constructed for
intell:it.ence purposes, and that it 'Was also intended for military
reconnaissance over the terri.tbry of the USSR?
Answer: Iii view of the special character of this question, the reply
will come from an expert on these matters, Comrade Demura.
G.F. Demura: As to the fact that this U-2 aircraft was carrying out a
special intelligence flight, we have no doubts whatsoever. In the first
place, the aircraft bore no national markings. The aircraft has no air-
navifzational or contour lights, which are necessary for recognition of
friendly aircraft. Found in the wreckage of the plane were a radio-
reconnaissance receiver and photographic apparatus, a magnetic-recording
device, and photographs which show that the date, recorded and photographed
was of an obviously military character. Since this aircraft is a special-
purpose, intelligence (diversiounyy) aircraft, it was equipped with a
special mechanism for the destruction of the aircraft and also of the
reconnaissance apparatus in the event of any decision to end the plane's
flight. And finally, the pilot's statement and the documents found on
him show that the flight in question had been undertakes, for purposes
of esp ona,,e and recoonniss:aice. These documents and the pilot's statement
are on at the exhibition.
Moscow news correspondent: There is a rumor among correspondents in
Moscow t,}tat as :,) result of the failure of Powers' mission a big reshuffle
in leadi.u, t; , :.,_,,,nel of American i.ntelli.,-'ciice is taking place. Do you
know anything about this?
Answer: This could be. It could be that, as a result of this scandalous
iilure, a reshuffle it, Jezjr]inc i.ntellit.~eiuce personnel is really taking
ill Ua liinfctun. Btii; Lis, of cotu-:,e, is not just a matter of
I:w: nor some peopl t> ill I utel l i ~c~~, e ~, i ttt others: It is a matter of
Y.
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After the press conference all those present were directed to the
place where an exhibit had been prepared of the downed American air-
craft and many pieces of equipment and gear. Viewing the exhibit, the
journalists could see that there was no doubt of the intelligence-
collection purposes which the flight of the aircraft "Lockheed U-2"
had accomplished. A worthy retribution overtook this spy on the ter-
ritory of the Soviet Union.
"Do you acknowledge your guilt?"
"I acknowledge myself guilty in that I flew over Soviet territory
and over assigned points on the flight course, I turned on and switched
off various special pieces of apparatus which had been installed on
board the aircraft. And I consider that this was done in order to ob-
tain intelligence information concerning the Soviet Union."
These words are from the record of the interrogation of the American
spy-pilot F. Powers. They speak for themselves. Yesterday, photographs
of the pages of this documents were exhibited on the wall of the, chess
pavilion of the Central Park of Culture and Rest imeni M. Gor'kiy in
Moscow.
At the entrance journalists meeting each other said that there
were no two exhibitions in the Park: at one--the Finnish--peaceful
agricultural machinery is shown, high-grade lathes, china, paints and
varnishes, furniture... And at the other--the spying equipment of the
American pilot and the wreckage of his aircraft which had been brought
down by Soviet rockets. One cannot help comparing the two exhibitions
and it must be said that the comparison is not at all in favor of the
"American exhibit".
"The club of entertaining meetings"--thus, by unconscious irony
the pavilion is called where we sat together with American journalists.
It was very clear that they felt very ill at ease; the faces of many of
them were red with shame. The hall was jammed. Here were representa-
tives of the most important news agencies and newspapers of the world--
in all about 500 Soviet and foreign journalists were gathered here.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, A. A. Gromyko, said
that the journalists had been invited here in order to see the wreckage
of the American spy plane and to convince themselves regarding the bandit-
like measures which the United States of America was carrying out, pro-
voking the Soviet Union. The whole world now knows that the organizers
of this diversion were brought to bay by the irrefutable facts which were
made public a few days ago by N. S. Khrushchev, Chairman of the USSR
Council of Ministers.
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All these and other documents and material evidence show that the
case is one of deliberate violation of the territorial inviolability
of our country by a military aircraft of the U.S.A., which is an act
of aggression under international law. How often have we heard unsub-
stantiated statements from certain public officials of the U.S.A. that
the Soviet Union violates international agreements. Only one of these
assertions has been proven and, indeed, could not be proved by facts
since such facts do not and have not existed! And here is the United
States, sending a bandit into our country in the person of Powers,
tramples into the dirt the Charter of the UN.
We moved on to another exhibit where were displayed copies of the
testimony of Powers,' photographs of him, and also sequences of photo-
graphs taken by him of sections of terrain and military installations
on the territory of the USSR. At the exhibit was shown the preserved
section of the fuselage of the airplane with a cluster of camera ports
and pieces of photographic equipment, which permitted making photographs
in seven directions.
We stopped a the showcase containing the pistol with silencer
and clips of cartridges for it. Here is the deadly needle with which
the pilot should have killed himself, here is the money--American
dollars, French francs, Turkish lira, West German marks, Soviet rubles.
The bandit was covered with money. In vain--it did him no good...And
beside this, another curious document which reveals the vile methods
of American intelligence. This was a statement in 14+ languages: "If
you help me, you will be rewarded for it", --so it says as an aid to
the spy. The base soul measures everything on this scale, calculates
that everything can be bought...
Nikita Sergeyevich finished his inspection of the exhibition. The
correspondents formed a solid circle around the head of the Soviet Govern-
ment and requested him to answer their questions. In order that he might
be seen and heard by all they asked N. S. Khrushchev to stand on a chair.
His every word was listened to intently. The gravity of the situation
was felt in the hall and none of the journalists, regardless of the coun-
try or newspaper he represented could hide his dismay resulting from the
unprecedented provocations on the part of the U.S.A.
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev drew attention to the danger of such
occurrences. He sharply condemned the insolent and cynical statement of
American Secretary of State Herter, and warned that every uninvited visitor
could expect the fate of Powers and his black aircraft. With heartfelt
warmth Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev commended the skilled actions of the
soldiers of our rocket units who had so carefully downed the American
military plane that all the necessary evidence was left intact--even maps
and instruments and the cameras with the spy film. Even the pilot-pirate
remained alive and healthy.
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visible on the parts of the aircraft and the instruments which escaped
destruction. On several of them is printed "Property of the Government
of the U.S.A.", on others--"Issue of the Military Department of the
U.S.A.".
In the pavilion the journalists met with N. S. Khrushchev, who was
visiting the exhibit. Nikita Sergeyevich examined the stand on which
was located the catapult seat, the explosive with the longrange firing
mechanism, intended to destroy the entire aircraft with its bandit's
apparatus; tanks with oxygen enough for an eight-hour flight.
Here also was displayed the high-altitude nylon flying suit of F.
Powers, his outer summer flying suit, his hermetically-sealed helmet
with the number 29 which had been bestowed on the spy-pilot. An expert
said, to N. S. Khrushchev that no devices for "sampling the air", for
the study of turbulence of air currents had been found on the downed
American plane.
Nikita Sergeyevich smiled ironically.
"And now, Nikita Sergeyevich," the expert said, I will turn on the
magnetophone and you will hear the signals of our radar stations,
recorded by Powers."
Signals, resembling "beep-beep" were heard. What a pity that
these sounds, known to the whole world, have been so little studied
by the American provocators! The magnetophone, installed on the plane,
incidentally, would record uninterruptedly for eight hours.
Nikita Sergeyevich listened silently to the explanations of the
expert, moving from exhibit to exhibit. They showed him one of the
instruments taken from the downed American plane.
An exchange of technical experience, isn't it?" smilingly remarked
Nikita Sergeyevich.
And here are the maps. A large map with the route entered on it.
Here is shown the permanent base at Indzhirlik near the Turkish city
of Adana, then the Pakistani airfield at Peshawar, from which the re-
connaissance plant penetrated over the border of the Soviet Union.
This occurred on 1 May at 5:36 a.m. And at 8:55 the air pirate was
brought down in the Sverdlovsk area by our rockets. This spot is specially
marked on the map. On another map--a mateorological map, with entries
Powers had made in the air, we saw the second part of the flight course
with the remaining legs shown on the map--turn at Sverdlovsk to Kirov,
then to Arkhangel'sk, to Murmansk, and to the Norwegian city of Bodo.
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After answering their question=: the .,_ inioter invited the jc ur ia.lists
Into the pavilion which is called th.? chess pavilion.
someone said, "they won't '.,e v~lay-i.r,- chess h:=:-.wt:: tc~'ay.
"C'.-i the, contrary." the answer w .s heard, "the ;:itwati3n which ha
developed could not he , alled a,ra;thing else than the "'-3ey-rot" [chess
expression for exceeding one's time limit for play] into ti4 :ich +h.e State
Dspa.rtm.ent has fallen...
OIL. the way to the pavilion we stoppec. to talk with an elderly- m ,u
wit the 1 .rs of orders on his civilian coat.
'_ockhee U-2`=-_'ecorineissance plane of ti.
,r-.it?
a :7tates Air Force.
"Ar. yci= ? i..._.~ fry... ~~,? rlc _ ~nfexenc '. asked.
My r . e ti r r ,!,q7' ovi!'h SE:Y'c'f-?"vehuk. T ",Fi two ?-7v,.,3
killed it t :e I i ' lsh that: 9'r_i 1d c;; ite in F : a ; - c that T,
an old man who kr.":,we that. w '.a, d_: not un_dr:;rstazi,?, h.+?), the a:.er cars
can shout continual.:? ; gut, peat a r _ i y zid `r.s such
, y t e
hart itz; .,. P were:... _. .::..i- of s _ _ to . ,. ? . i r;le so r e c; -1"17-1
ar;,, N",; al t `
their moral prin.!_i.plzi;..
Ait rtrpl?.n>" In Turkey, Pakistan, and Japan.
Here is the vertical sta':dlizer of this aircraft. 'here ,here no identify-
ing marks on it. And_ this was no accident. This black vulture had swept
in over us hoping to remain undetected. The time.rican newspaper "Wall
Street Journal" coarpares it to t-,. clerCywen caught on a night's entertain-
ment. It would be proper to compare it with a thief, with a bandit
breaking into somebody else's house. The pirate supposed that the absence
of identifying marks 1-ouid save him. It did not save him! And that it
is of American origin is shown by the plates of American firms which are
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The answers of Nikita Sergeyevich to the journalists were clear,
brief, convincing. In them was both the iron logic and the great strength
of soul of our people and boundless faith in the victory of communism.
Nikita Sergeyevich pungently ridiculed those who maintain that the pro-
vocative encroachments of American aircraft into the Soviet sky not only
would not harm the prospects of the coming summit conference but might
even help it strengthen peace. Many times the keen-witted and pointed
answers by N. S. Khrushchev brought warm applause from the journalists.
Giving serious warning to the lovers of provocation, Nikita Sergeyevich
spoke of the desire of the Soviet Union henceforth not to spare any efforts
for the relaxation of international tension, for the creation of relations
among States such that no aggressive acts will take place.
Everyone listening to Nikita Sergeyevich in the hall was filled with
the thought that the Soviet sky was fastened with a proper lock that the
so-called "open skies" plan had again been revealed to the whole world as
a plan for espionage, diversions, and aggressions. Not an "open sky" but
a heart open for friendship--this is what the people need. And the words
of Nikita Sergeyevich to the effect that the Soviet Union will continue
to struggle persistently for peace, brought forth stormy applause from
those present. From all sides cries were heard: "Thank you, Comrade
Khrushchev: Thank you, Nikita Sergeyevich!"
So ended the impromptu press conference in the chess pavilion of
the Central Park of Culture and Rest imeni M. Gor'kiy.
N. Denisov
K. Nepomnyashchiy
(Pravda for 12 May)
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A Soviet airdrome, photographed from the air
by the American spy.
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THE MASK IS TORN OFF
Meeting of N. S. Khrushchev with Soviet and Foreign Journalists on
11 May 1960.
On May 3.1, following the press, conference given by Foreign Minister
Gromyko, Soviet and foreign correspondents were invited to examine the
exhibition of the fragments. of the downed American plane. During their
visit tothe-exhibition , the correspondents met Nikita Khrushchev, who,
having examined the wreckage of the plane and talked to experts, was
preparing to 'leave ..'t'he correspondents surrounded Nikita Khrushchev,
and a conversation ensued. The correspondents expressed satisfaction
with having been given an opportunity to examine the fragments of the
plane and the equipment and special apparatus it carried.
"I see that you are satisfied with the press conference," Nikita
Khrushchev said. "You must have gotten the answers to all your questions.
I have already said that we intend to take to the Security Council the
question of the aggressive intrusion of an American plane within the
confines of our country. If the Security Council--on which, apparently,
pressure will be exerted by the United States -does not take the right
decision, we shall raise the matter in the U.N. General Assembly. Such
aggressive actions by the United States are a highly dangerous thing.
"This danger is enhanced by the fact that in his statement of May 10
U.S. Secretary of State Herter not only sought to justify this act
of aggression but also said that the U.S. Government intended to continue
such flights. This is an open threat to peace. We will shoot down such
planes, and we will strike at the bases from which these planes will be
sent to our country. You understand that if such aggressive actions
continue, this might lead to war."
Correspondent; May I ask a question?
Khrushchev: Even two, if you like. (Animation)
Question: You have probably noticed a placard among the fragments
of the plane urging assistance to the pilot. What do you think its
authors meant?
Khrushchev: We assisted the pilot when he flew into our territory and'
gave him due welcome. If there are other such uninvited guests, we shall
receive them just as "hospitably" as this one. We shall try him, try him
(severely?) as a -s.uv.
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Question: How could all this affect the summit meeting?
Khrushchev: Let those who sent this spy plane think over this question--
although they should have thought about the consequences beforehand.,
After all, an aggression has been committed against our country. And we
shall continue routing all aggressors who dare raise a hand against us.
You see how accurately our rocketeers shot down the plane without setting
it on fire; The pilot is alive, the instrumentation intact--in other
words, the material evidence is here for everyone to see. These are
very skillful actions by our rocketeers. We are very grateful to them
for this. (Animation, applause)
Question: Will this plane incident influence Soviet public opinion when
Mr. Eisenhower comes to Moscow?
Khrushchev: I would not like to be in W. Eisenhower's place. I would
not like to be asked the questions whi.eb might be put to him when he
comes to the Soviet Union!
Comrade N. S. Khrushchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the
USSR talks with Soviet and foreign journalists.
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can onlyr say: The Soviet people and our public are very polite, so there
will be no excesses, but questions will be asked, of course. (Animation,
laughter)
I would put it this way: one person, namely? 11r. Herter, has helped
the President particularly in this respect. At his press conference
Herter male an outrageous statement.' Par from feeling guilty and
ashamed.of aggressive actions, he justifies them and says that this will
continue in the future. Only countries which are in a state of war can
act in this way. We are not in a state of war with America. These
aggressive actions and Herter's statement are impudence, sheer impudence!
Herter's statement has made us doubt the correctness of our earlier con-
clusions that the President, the American Government, did not know about
the (flight?) Herter's statement says that this intelligence plan was
endorsed by the government.
The Americans obviously were compelled to say this because otherwise
they would have had to bring Allen Dulles to account. Dulles, in
turn, would have exposed the government by saying that he carried out a
plan approved by it and, consequently, endorsed by the head of the govern-
ment. I proceed from the statement that was made by Herter. There was
a time--I remember it from my youth--when many criminals and suspicious
elements roamed the world. These people resorted to the following
trick: A bandit with a small boy would hide under a bridge and wait for
someone to cross it.
.Thet the bandit would send the boy to a passerby and the boy would say;
He11'o tisteb; give me back my watch. The natural answer would be:
What's that? Now run along: Then the boy would insist: But look, mister,
this watch is mine. Why don't you give me back my watch? Then the
armed bandit would appear, as though attracted by the noise of the argument,
and tell the passerby: Why do you bully the boy, give him back his
watch and pass over your coat, too! (Laughter)
The. United States wants to live according to this law. But we are not
defenseless passersby. Our country is a strong and mighty state which
can try its strength (with it?). If the United States has not
experienced a real war on its territory, has not experienced air raids,
and if it wishes to unleash a war, we shall be compelled to fire rockets
which will explode on the aggressor's territory in the very first minutes
of war. (Applause)
I say this because I have read Herter's statement saying: We are compelled
to fly; it is the fault of the Soviet Union itself, because it does not
give us access to its secrets, which we simply must know. This is why,
if you please, we undertake such flights. After all, the President
has said that the skies should be open--this is why we fly and shall
go on flying, shall go on..pf,enins Lho skies.
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How can an official representati,,re of a state sneak in this way about
another nation: We do not live according to the laws of the United
States. We have our own laws. This is wihy we shall mo ke everyone
on our territory respect these law,?s?--?and violators will be thrashed:
(Applause)
I liked the article in the British newspaper the DAILY WORItER the
essence of. which was as follows: If we accept the philosophy which
some people in the United States want to instill in the public, it
would be something like this: It is not the burglar who is guilty,
but the owner of the house he broke into, because he locked it,
thereby compelling the burglar to break in. But this is a philosophy
of thieves and bandits!
I think that if world public opinion correctly realizes the complete
gravity of the situation and approaches this &g ressive act of U.S.
policy with due responsibility; if everyone unanimously condemns this
act; and if the U.S. Government no longer uses such methods with
regard to other states; this will be a good, refreshing, so to speak,
"ozonizing" tendency in international relations.
Reading American press reports these days, I see that, excepting a
few gangsters of the pen who ore whitewashing his action, the absolute
majority of people writing in the American press, including those
nctorious for their pas;; lack of objectivity, are indignant about
this incident and regard it as perfidy with regard to the Soviet Union.
This is a good sing. If you newsmen inform the public correctly,
this incident, like every other incident, will finally be "digested,"
After all, gentlemen, we must live in peace; and not only in peace
but also in friendship. (Applause)
Question: Can one remain optimistic about U.S. policy?
KhrUshchev: I consider myself an incorrigible optimist. I regard
the jirovbcative flight of the American intelligence plane over our
country hdt as a preparation for war but as probing. They have now
"probed" Us and we boxed the ncee of the'!arobers." "
Some U.S. officials are making a big noise now. Let them: The Soviet
Union is not Guatemala. They cannot send troops here. We have means
to cool down bandits, should they wish tb use their brazen methods
against us. If they behave in this way, they will get this calming
treatment.
Question: Mr. Khrushcihev, has the estimate of President Eisenhower.
which you- gave upon your return from the United States changed?
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IChrushchev: Well, the statement issued by the U.S. Department of State in
connection with the intelligence plane naturally alters my belief that the
U.S. President had nothing to do with this affair.
I did not know that such an intelligence plan existed in the United States
and that it included a program of reconno; teri ng flights over Soviet
territory. It follows from the statement of the Department of State,
which was approved by the President, that flights of American irite lli,,,;erice
planes over our country are not a whim of some irrespor..sible of.icer
but realization of a plan prepared by Allen Dulles, head of the Central
Intelligence Agency,.a department within the Jurisdiction of the U.S.
President. Mr. Herter admitted that the U.`;. President had issued
directives to collect various intelligence information by all possible
means .
[see following page for photograph]
These directives served as the basis for working out and carrying throurii
programs which included, as Herter says, extensive aerial surveillance
both peripheral and by penetration. I ask you to note this: by penetra-
tion--that is, by reconnaissance, spying flights over the territory of a
state with which normal relations are maintained. And this plan was
approved by the President. Incredible. Should I say after this what nice
people you are? To do this is to have no self-respect.
I would say that Mr. Herter has taken off all the veils and effaced all
the paint used to camouflage, whitewash and make up, as it were, the policy
of U.S. imperialists. Now, by his statement, he has revealed the bestial,
fear-inspri.ng face of imperialism. So what? It turns out that this face
no longer inspires any fear. Such actions of U.S. militarists are
prompted not by the heroism of their masterminds but by cowardice.
Danger comes not from one who has one's (necessity at one's command and
depends?) on one's powers and possibilities, but from a coward who fears
everything.
I often read something like this: Khrushchev claims that capitalism will
die. Isn't this the reason reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union
are made? But it is not I who said it; it was Marx who explained this
100 years ago. (Animation, applause) If Messrs. capitalists think
that Marx. is wrong, (then this?) should console them--(then?) there
is nothing to lose one's shirt about or show the white feather.
Question: Did the Turkish, Paki stnrri, and ITorweginn authorities know
about the provocative flight of the Ame.rirnn plane?
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Tail section al the downed American plane.
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Khrushchev: It is difficult for me to speak for those governments,
but I do grant that they did not ::now--the Americans are not
accountable to them. I do not think that even the prime ministers of
the countries on whose territory American military bases are
located are allowed inside those bases. (Animation). The fault of
such nations as Turkey or Pakistan ip that they have joined
aggressive blocs.
The popular baying on this score is: One sells one's soul to the devil;
before one has done so one can be one's own master, but afterward it
is the devil who will have one's':soul at his disposal. This is just
what is happening to Turkey, Pakistan, and Norway. (Animation)
I warn you, Messrs, foreign journalists, do not sell your souls to the
devil. (Laughter). Keep them to yourselves. You would do better by
applying your energies to promoting the progress of society. Communist
ideas shape the most progressive and the most correct trend in the
development of society. The best of Americans, such as John Reed?
author of "The Ten Days That Shook the World"--grasped the great
meaning of these ideas. John Reed was a very clever man. Yet he
was not born a communist, but came to accept it during the October
Revolution, and he died a coirmunist.
Some of you scribble stories against communism out of lack of wisdom and
understanding. May God forgive. you for this. (Animation, applause)
When I read bourgeois journalists' stories slandering Soviet realities
and communism I sometimes get angry but, on second thought, I say to
myself: Not all journalists are John'Rehds. Indeed, they are
ordinary men, hired by such publishers as Hearst, for instance, who,
like spiders seize a man and enmesh him in their web. If such a
journalist fails to supply slanders against communism, what then
will Hearst, or any other publishing concern, need him for? Hearst
will not keep such a correspondent for a single day. I talked with
Hearst twice. During our second conversation, I told him: How is it
that you told me one thing and wrote another? He replied: Did I
sum up the interview accurately? I must do him justice--he summed
up the essence of the talk more or less accurately, but his comment
misrepresented its whole meaning. I told him this, but he replied:
But I am a capitalist; it is my own commentary that I give.
(Animation)
Indeed, he is a capitalist, but most of you are not capitalists, nor
will you ever be. So why do you have to serve capitalism? What is
the point in being capitalism's flunkeys? (Applause) Iv1y conviction
is that all roads lead to communism. Where else can they lead?
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This is just what the American imperialists fear. This is why they
get nervous, and fling themselves into reckless adventures. This chows
they are not sure of their own system.
The U.S. State Department says that all countries engage in spying.
But the Soviet Union never sends its planes into the United States ~or
any other country for reconnaissance purposes, nor does it (intend to?)
do so. If there have been any iodiviaual instances of our planes
inadvertently violating the airspace of other countries--and this
has happened on our frontier with Turkey and Iran--we have apologized
to those countries and punished those responsible for such violations.
We want to warn those who may try to send their spies into this
country to think well about the consequences.
Question: Do you still want President Eisenhower to come to the
Soviet Union?
Khrushchev: What shall I say? Take my place and say it for me.
(Laughter) You see for yourselves what difficulties are cropping up.
I am frank with you. You know my attitude to the President of the
United States. I have often spoken about it, but my hopes have been
somewhat disappointed.
I am a man, and I have human feelings. I am responsible for the
direction of the Soviet Government. You must understand that we,
the Russians, the Soviet people, always go whole hog. When we play,
we play; and when we fight, we fight, So how can I now call on our
people to turn out and welcome the dear guest that is coming to us?
The people will say: Are you nuts? What kind of a dear guest is he
who lets a plane fly over us to spy? The American militarists who
sent a plane on a spying mission to this country have put me, as the
one responsible for the arrangement for the U.S. Presidents arrival
in the USSR, in a very difficult position. Frankly speaking, I
think the U.S. President himself understands this.
Suppose before my visit to the United States, we had sent such a plane
over there and they had shot it down. One can imagine the kind of
.welcome I would have received from Americans. They would have met
me according to my deserts, I think everybody understands that.
One can guarantee, however, that during the President's visit there
will be no excesses. Our people are courteous; they let off steam in
words and will leave it to the government to act. They will not
indulge in any insulting actions. I think that American journalists
and tourists now feel the constraint and discipline. I have not
heard of anyone making any insulting remark to an American. This is
commendable. This speaks of the strong spirit of our people.
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Question: flill the flight of this plane come up at the summit?
Khrushchev: I+t is already the subject of worldwide discussion. Therefore,
I believe there is no need to put it on the discussion schedule of the
summit conference. We are allowing for the fact that I alone will
represent tYe socialist countries at the conference, while the Western
powers will have three representatives there. But I do not think
that two of these three approve this aggressive, dangerous act of
American brasshats.
Apparently, you would like to know when I intend to fly to Paris. I
intend to arrive in Paris May 14, a day or even two before the conference
starts, to get acclimated a little. I liked Paris; it's a nice city.
(Animation) And if others do not come--I mention this because some are
threatening that the conference may not take place--then it will be clear
that it is not our fault that the conference did not take place. So we
shall go to Paris: And if the conference does not take place? Well,
we have lived without it for many years and will live for another hundred.
(Laughter, applause)
It is not our country alone that is interested in the conference. The
whole world is interested in it. The peoples of the Whole World went
international tensions to relax, want normalization of intemational
relations. I believe our partners in the negotintibfle are intareetwd
in the conference to no less extent than the Soviet Union. Therefore,
the conference will depend upon our partners. We are ready. I repeat,,
I intend to emplane for Paris on Saturday, May 14.
Some diplomats take offense and say that Khrushchev is indulging in too
harsh expressions. I should like to have heard their reactions had a
similar aggressive invasion been committed against their country. What
do you expect of me., after all--that I should take off my hat and
welcome this invasion? No, we shall meet gangsters in the manner they
deserve. And this was a gangster, bandit raid. (Applause)
Have you seen here the "air sampling instruments?" (Laughter) How can
the authors of this fib look us in the eye after it was exposed? True,
we know what kind of eyes imperialists have. As the saying goes, spit
in their eyes and they would keep saying: God's dew. (Laughter,
applause)
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Now you see, I deliberately did not tell the whole story at the Supreme
Soviet sessionibecause we knew with whom we were dealing. We did not
say at first that the pilot was alive, that-the instruments were
intact, that the plane did not explode. They believed that the pilot
committed suicide; and now that he is alive the American press
seriouuly reprimands the pilot for a breach of his instructions, for
failure to commit suicide, surrendering instead.
.Some in the United States say that the pilot must be brought to trial
for violating instructions and failing to destrpy himself. Well, this
is beattial talk. This is the ideology of imperialism. You, gentlemen,
American journalists, you read your newspapers. Don't you question
this as a horrible thing?
Question: Did not the American charge d'affaires ask for an interview
with Powers?
N.S. Khrushchev: The Americans have sent us a note on this question
and asked to be allowed to have an interview with him. But they
themselves und.erttamd this is too much. The pilot is now under
investigation; he is a spy, isn't he? So how can one speak about an
interview with him? He must answer before our Soviet court.
Question: Does this mean that neither the ambassador nor the charge
d'affaires will be allowed to see Powers?
N.S. Khrushchev: I did not say that. Maybe they will, maybe they will not.
We shall see later. We cannot reply to this question now because the
investigation is in progress.
Question: Will you regard flights of aircraft of the Western powers to
Berlin as aggressive actions after the signing of a peace treaty with
East Germany?
N.S. Khrushchev: We have already male a statement in this connection.
I repeat: after the signing of a peace treaty with the German
Democratic Republic, the status determined by the terms emanating from
the military surrender for this territory will change. From that moment,
the occupation of West Berlin will be over. All access to Berlin which
was based upon Germany's surrender will cease from that moment. Then the
GDR will exercise full control over its territory and will also control
access to West Berlin, which is located on its territory. If theC:GDR
comes to terms with the countries concerned and allows them to use the
airs-rate, the waterways, the rail, and highways, this will no longer be
our business; that will be the business of the GDR. That is its
sovereign right.
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Some say that the Western powers gill force their way into Wiest Berlin. I
want to rake it clear that if any one tries to force his way, our military
units stationed in the GDR to sage&uard peace will counter the force of
violators of peace with their own force. Let some hotheads in the West
ponder what would come out of that for them.
Question: Considering this aircraft incident and your attitude toward
President Eisenhower, wouldn't you prefer Eisenhower's visit to be post-
poned?
Khrushchev: We shall exchange views with the President on this question
when we ueet in Paris. We still want to find ways to improve relations
with America. We want to have normal relations with the United States,
and we believe that with time Soviet American relations must grow into friendly
relations between the peoples of our countries. That would be normal, and
that is what all normal people are striving for and will continue to strive
for. Any more questions?
Voices: No, thank you. (Hearty applause)
Khrushchev: I have this to say: Ile deal harshly with those who invade the-
borders of our homeland, who violate our sovereignty. But we want to live
in peace and friendship with all nations. I hope you will understand our
attitude when we angrily condemn such aggressive actions. But we take a
sober view of things and realize that even the sharpest polemics are better
than war.
This is why we shall do everything to have this strain relieved, shall do
everything to normalize the international situation and restore good relations
with the United States, if, of course, the United States also contributes
to this.
I should ask you to take this into account and not write anything that
could increase tension still further. What do you need it for? After
all, you too will be in for trouble if a war breaks out. (Applause) A
war does not bring happiness to anyone. During the pact few days I have
read many. 'statements by American senators, congressmen, and businessmen,
and I believe it is a good sign that.. many of them depore this action of their
government. I believe it is a good sign that people do not take leave
of their senses, that not everyone explains the matter as Herter does.
Question: That would you like to wish the French people in cor]nection with
your trip to Paris?
,Khrushchev: The French people have given me a good welcome, just as the
American people have, but of course I do not want to set one people against
the other. However, my visit to France was undertaken later and impressions
are therefore fresher.
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I am very much Ipleased not only with the welcome given to me by the
French people but also with the talks I had with President de Gaulle.
As to the people--well, all peoples want peace. Wars,are started by
governments, while the peoplels,lot is to spill their blood. This is`why
they all want peace. The French peo.le also want peace. We fought
against militarist Germany together with France. If war breaks out--
and it can be unleashed by West Germany--Frenchmen will remember that
they had a good ally in the past.--the Soviet Union. This ally may come
in handy again. But it is best we prevent war and be allies in the
struggle for peace.
I think it is time to end this impromptu press conference. Let me
thank you, dear comrades and gentlemen; let me wish you success. Uphold
the truth, the noble cause of peace, and you will earn the
respect of your peoples, (Hearty applause, shouts: "spasibo:')
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The history of diplomacy can probably show no more convincing
documents than those which are collected in this chapter. Over the
course of several days Government departments of the U.S.A. contrived
to publish a whole series of statements, full of remarkable contra-
dictions. Here is a "categorical denial" of the espionage nature of
the flight of the "U-2" plane and tales about scientific investiga-
tions over Lake Van, virtuous indignation at the shocking accusations
of espionage, and a denial of "denials" and simultaneous references to
the ignorance of Washington authorities. And, finally, the boundless
cynicism and insolence of the declaration: "Yes, we have spied and we
will continue to spy." We will in the future violate the sovereignty
of other States!"
The contradictory versions concerning the flight of the American
plane are evidence of the unprecedented confusion which seized Washington
after the dangerous provocative actions of the U.S.A. had been revealed.
No matter how much the American leaders have shifted and dodged, they
have not succeeded in escaping responsibility for these activities which
are harming the cause of peace. Unsileneeable facts have pushed them to
the wall. The aggressive circles of the U.S.A. have been caught in a
deliberate deception of public opinion. Let no one forget what was pub-
lished...
STATEMENT OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF TEE US STATE DEPARTMENT WHITE, ON 5 MAY
The State Department was informed by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration that, as they were informed on 3 May, an unarmed air-
craft, the "U-2", a meteorological research plane, based at Adana (Turkey)
and flown by a civilian pilot--had been missing since 1 May. During the
flight the pilot had reported malfunctions of his oxygen equipment.
Khrushchev has stated that an American plane was brought down over
the USSR on that date. It is possible that this was the missing and un-
reported plane. It is perfectly possible that in connection with a
malfunction of the oxygen equipment, as a result of which the pilot had
lost consciousness, the airplane continued its flight on the automatic
pi,lot for a considerable distance and accidentally penetrated Soviet air
space.
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The United States has brought this matter to the attention of the
Soviet Government and expressed particular interest in the fate of the
pilot.
This is what the American State Department said immediately after
N. S. Khrushchev's report to the USSR Supreme Soviet on the case of the
American airplane downed on 1 May. The State Department statement paints
a peaceful picture of the flight of a "meteorological" plane which had
strayed from its course as a result of a malfunction of 'the oxygen equip-
ment and had "accidentally" flown into Soviet airspace. In short, there
was, they say, no espionage involved. "I am not I, and the airplane is
not mine but belongs to the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion".
This administration was not slow in putting out its own statement
in which it "authoritatively" confirmed the American State Department
version. It seems the airplane was only engaged in a "study of high-
altitude atmospheric conditions and wind currents" over the Lake Van area.
And it is too bad that there happened to be "trouble with the oxygen
equipment" and the plane was reported missing.
STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE A24INISTRATION ON 5 MAY
NYT 6 May 60 P.7
One of N. A. S. A.'s U-2 research airplanes, in use since 1956 in a
continuing program to study gust-meteorological conditions found at high
altitude, has been missing since 9 o'clock Sunday morning (local time),
when its pilot reported he was having oxygen difficulties over the Lake
Van, Turkey, area.
The airplane had taken off from Incirli [Incirlik] Air Base, Turkey.
The flight plan called for the first check point to be at 37 degrees 25
minutes north, 41 degrees 23 minutes east, and for a left turn to be made
to the Lake Van Beacon; thence to the Trabzon beacon, thence to Antalya
and return to Adana. The flight scheduled was estimated at 3 hours 45
minutes, for a total of 1,400 nautical miles. Take-off was at 8 A. M.
local time.
(The above-givep times are the equivalent of 3 A. M., Sunday, and
2 A. M., Eastern daylight time.)
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About one hour after take-off, the pilot reported difficulties with
his oxygen equipment. Using emergency radio frequency, he reported he
was heading for the Lake Van beacon to get his bearings, and that he
would return to Adana.
As indicated above, his flight plan called for him to make a left
turn at the Lake Van beacon. His last report indicated he was attempting
to receive that beacon. It is believed he probably was on a north-
easterly course, but there was no further word.
An aerial search was begun soon after receipt of the last communica-
tion. The Lake Van area is mountainous and very rugged. No evidence has
been sighted of the aircraft having crashed.
If the pilot continued to suffer lack of oxygen, the path of the
airplane from the last reported position would be impossible to determine.
If the airplane was on automatic pilot, it is likely it would have con-
tinued along its northeasterly course.
The pilot, as are all pilots used on N. A. S. A.'s program of upper-
atmosphere research with the U-2 airplane, is a civilian employed by
the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, builders of the airplane.
When the research program was. begun in 1956 by the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (predecessor to N. A. S. A.), the Federal agency
did not have a sufficient number of pilots to operate the program, and so
a contract was made with Lockheed to provide the pilots.
Overseas logistic support for N. A. S. A.'s continuing use of the
U-2 is provided by Air Weather Service units of the U. S. A. F.
N. A. S. A. has procured a total of ten U-2 airplanes. The air-
plane was originally built as a private venture by Lockheed to serve as
a "flying test bed." It is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney J-57
turbojet engine, and can maintain flight for as long as four hours at
altitudes of up to 55,000 feet.
Since inception of the research rogram in 1956, the U-2 flying weather
laboratories have operated from bases in California, New York, Alaska,
England, Germany, Turkey, Pakistan, Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines.
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The U-2 airplanes are presently being used in California (Edwards
A. F. B., one), Japan (Atsugi, three) and Turkey (Adana, four).
The instrumentation carried by the U-2 permits obtaining more pre-
cise information about clear-air turbulence, convective clouds, wind
shear, the jet stream and such widespread weather patterns as typhoons.
The airplane also has been used by N. A. S. A. to obtain information
about cosmic rays, and the concentration of certain elements in the
atmosphere, including ozone and water vapor.
Instrumentation carried includes: angular velocity recorder, to
measure the airplane's rate of pitch; modified V. G. H. recorder, to
measure and record head-on gust components in flight; flight recorder
model BB, continuous recorder of indicated airspeed, pressure altitude
and normal acceleration; airspeed and altitude transducer to measure
pressure altitude and indicated airspeed; temperature and humidity meas-
uring set AN/AMQ 7, to measure indicated free air temperature and indi-
cated relative humidity; and vortex tbermcmeter' system, to measure true
free-air temperature within one-half degree centigrade at high speeds.
This reliable document can't be denied! With scrupulous accuracy
the coordinates are given of the plane's flight, all the "scientific"
instruments it had on board are listed in detail. How could the honored
scientists of the National Administration be engaged in espionage? They
aren't interested in anything except air turbulence and turbulence clouds.
Frankly, it is monstrous to accuse harmless meteorologists of such dubi-
ous activities. "Monstrous", so Mr. White called it also on the fol-
lowing day at his press conference.
US STATE DEPARTMENT PRESS CONFERENCE ON 6 MAY
Washington, 6 May (TABS). The main issue of today's press confer-
ence in the State Department was the incident of the American airplane
which violated the Soviet border on 1 May. Mr. White, the State Depart-
ment representative, denied in his answers to questions of correspondents
that the airplane had deliberately violated the Soviet border. White
asserted that it would be monstrous to maintain that the U.S.A. was at-
tempting to fool the world concerning the real purposes of the plane's
flight.
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White declared that in downing the American plane the Soviet Union
had acted on the principle of "shoot first and investigate later".
Answering a question as to how the United States would react if a
Soviet airplane had violated the American border, White said that in
such a case the U.S.A. would attempts' first to determine the nationality
of the airplane, then to cause it to land, and only after such attempts
had failed would it undertake hostile actions against such an airplane.
White also declared that he did not know whether or not a magne-
tophone tape recording was available with a record of conversations be-
tween the pilot of the down plane and his base. White declined to
amplify this answer in any way.
The reactionary American press lauded the "virtuous" wrath of Mr.
White and raised an unbelievable amount of noise about the actions of
the Russians who had downed this "scientific" plane.
It is necessary to emphasize in particular Mr. White's characteriza-
tion as "monstrous" any assertions to the effect that the U.S.A. was
attempting to deceive the world regarding the real purposes of the plane's
flight. But later Mr. White would have liked very much to cross out
these words from the transcript of his press conference. But you see his
word is not a sparrow: it flies away--you cannot catch it!
On 7May Comrade N. S. Khrushchev made his concluding remarks at the
meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He reported that pilot Powers
was alive and has confessed his espionage activities. Comrade; N. S.:?
Khrushchev described the items which had been obtained as a result of a
search of the downed airplane and its gear, and also from the interroga-
tion of the pilot. The version about a "meteorological" plane had col-
lapsed--a commission of Soviet experts had established that this was a
specially equipped reconnaissance aircraft. Collapsed also was the ver-
sion about the flight over Lake Van--the airplane had been brought down
in the vicinity of Sverdlovsk. Collapsed was the version about the
"pilot's" loss of consciousness as a result of malfunction in the oxygen
equipment"; Powers remained conscious during the flight up to the Urals,
photographing military installations along the way, and then jumped by
parachute when the Russian anti-aircraft rocket downed his plane.
"Such an unexpected turn of events," Rogers, the correspondent of
the New York Herald-Tribune reported, "has deeply embarrassed officials
of the State Department;. Washington officials have got into a mess in
front of the whole world, and they have no other recourse but to acknowl-
edge that they now find themselves in this unenviable position. On May
Day the State Department admitted that the "U-2" plane "had undertaken a
flight over Soviet territory in order to attempt to obtain information of
an intelligence nature.
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Part of the canopy of the cockpit of thr:
American plane.
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On the evidence of the Washington correspondent of United Press-
International, "the motive for the frank disclosure was the fact that
Khrushchev was in possession of irrefutable evidence". This is the
story in the light of the State Department statement of 7 May.
STATEMENT OF THE US STATE DEPARTMENT ON 7 MAY
NYT 8 May 60 p. 30
The department has received the text of Mr. Khrushchev's further
remarks about the unarmed plane which is reported to have been shot down
in the Soviet Union. As previously announced., it was known that a U-2
plane was missing. As a result of the inquiry ordered by the President,
it has been established that inssofar as the authorities are concerned,
there was no authorization for any such flights as described by Mr.
Khrushchev.
Nevertheless, it appears that in endeavoring to obtain information
now concealed behind the Iron Curtain a flight over Soviet territory was
probably undertaken by an unarmed civilian U-2 plane.
It is certainly no secret that, given the state of the world today,
intelligence collection activities are-practiced by all countries and
postwar history certainly reveals that the Soviet Union has not been
lagging behind in this field. The necessity for such activities as meas-
ures for legitimate national defense is enhanced by the excessive secrecy
practiced by the'Soviet Union in contrast to the free world.
One of the things creating tension in the world today is apprehen-
sion over suprise attack with weapons of mass destruction. To reduce
mutual suspicion and to get a measure of protection against surprise at-
tack, the United States in 1955 offered its "open skies" proposal--a
proposal which was rejected out of hand by the Soviet Union. It is in
relation to the danger of surprise attack that planes of the type of the
unarmed civilian U-2 aircraft have made flights along the frontiers of
the free world for the past four years.
Habit is second nature. Evidently, it is difficult to escape at
once from the habit of lying. In admitting through clenched teeth the
espionage nature of Powers' flight the State Department was speaking the
truth, but it immediately added-'to it a fine portion of a new :'lie- How
much it costs to cast aspersions on the Soviet Union! The American
organizers of espionage are clearly accustomed to measure everything by
their own standard.
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How they dodge, how they twist and turn, these officials joined to-
gether across the ocean! They make believe that they did not give
authorization for Powers' flight and at the same time emphasize the
"necessity for such activities". It seems they couldn't make both ends
of their story meet!
This time the bourgeois American press itself exposed those who
were attempted to assume responsibility for the bandit encroachment of
the Powers airplane into the air space of the Soviet Union. A columnist
in the New York Times, James Reston, who is considered one of the best-
informed Washington journalists, reported that the Government of the
U.S.A. "for many years had authorized flights over communist territory..."
Reston added that Allen Dulles, the chief of American intelligence,
regularly visits the White House and informs the highest Government of-
ficials concerning his operations.
What can be said about the hypocritical lamentations of the State
Department about the "extraordinary secrecy" practiced by the Soviet
Union and the insolent demands for an "open sky"? A thief, taken red-
handed, explains his deed on the ground that the horse was locked up--so
peaceloving public opinion derided the clumsy subterfuges of the State
Department.
These dodges won't help the State Department, nor will cynical ref-
erences to the effect that, as they say, "everybody spies." The colum-
nist of the newspaper, New York Herald Tribune, Margaret Higgins thus
described mood of the American capital: The acknowledgement by the
State Department on the evening of 7 May that an American airplane had
"evidently" deliberately violated the border of Russia was received in
our usually loquacious capital in ackward silence, which is indirect'
evidence that Mr. Khrushchev has gotten 'us into a mess and, however pain-
ful it may be to admit it, that we have gotten ourselves into a mess".
As can be seen in the report of the Washington correspondent of TABS
printed below, Mr. White got into a difficult predicament at the press
conference on 9 May. The shock which he had sustained evidently deprived
this diplomat of his , memory. He even forgot what international law is.
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PRESS CONFERENCE OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE US STATE DEPARTMENT, WHITE,
ON 9 MAY
Washington, 9 May (TASS). At today's press conference Lincoln White,
the State Department press officer declared to correspondents that the
United States continued to await an answer from the Soviet Government to
its note of 6 May concerning the Powers airplane. With respect to Powers,
White said he could say forecast in advance exactly what the State Depart-
ment would do.
When White in his answers to questions insisted that the Government
of the U.S.A. had still not been "informed officially" by the Soviet
Union of the plane case, one of the correspondents, amid the friendly
laughter of all those present, said: "But the Russians have not been
silent about this but have reported all the details of it to the world."
White declined any comment on this remark.
A correspondent asked White how the deliberate violation by the
United States of the border of another State looks under international
law. Forced to the wall, the representative of the State Department
declared that he could not answer this question since he did not have a
law degree.
White also refused to answer a question as to whether the pilot
Powers would be tried under American laws, if the Soviet Union should re-
turn him to the. United States.
The representative of the State Department maintained, as he had
done previously, that he had no information as to exactly who had author-
ized the Powers flight.
Mister White "has no information" as to exactly who authorized the
spy flight over the USSR. But American Secretary of State Herter does
have such information. The head of the foreign relations department no
longer refers to the "ignorance" of Washington authorities. The Secre-
tary of State stops at nothing. He dots the "i's" and crosses the "t's".
He puts spying up on a pedestal. Following is one of the most cynical
and insolent documents in the history of diplomacy.
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STATEMENT OF US SECRETARY OF STATE HERTER ON 9 MAY
NYT 10 May 1960 p.18
On May 7 the Department of State spokesman made a statement with
respect to the alleged shooting down of an unarmed American civilian air-
craft of the U-2 type over the Soviet Union. The following supplements
and clarifies this statement as respects the position of the United
States Government.
Ever since Marshal Stalin shifted the policy of the Soviet Union
from wartime cooperation to post-war conflict in 194.6, and particularly
since the Berlin blockade, the forceful take-over of Czechoslovakia and
the Communist aggressions in Korea and Vietnam, the world has lived in a
state of apprehension with respect to Soviet intentions.
The Soviet leaders have almost complete access to the open societies
of the free world and supplement this with vast espionage networks. How-
ever, they keep their own society tightly closed and rigorously controlled.
With the development of modern weapons carrying tremendously destructive
nuclear warheads, the threat of surprise attack and aggression presents a
constant danger. This menace is enhanced by the threats of mass destruc-
tion frequently voiced by the Soviet leadership.
Western Proposals Recalled
For many years the United States in company with its allies has
sought to lessen or even to eliminate this threat from the life of man so
that he can go about his peaceful business without fear. Many proposals
to this end have been put up to the Soviet Union.
The President's "open skies" proposal of 1955 was followed in 1957
by the offer of an exchange of ground observers between agreed military
installations in the United States, the U. S. S. R. and other nations
that might wish to participate. For several years we have been seeking
the mutual abolition of the restrictions on travel imposed by the Soviet
Union and those which the United States felt obliged to institute on a
reciprocal basis. More recently, at the Geneva disarmament conference
the United States has proposed far - reaching new measures of controlled
disarmament.
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It is possible that the Soviet leaders have a different version
and that, however unjustifiedly, they fear attack from the West, but
this is hard to reconcile with their continual rejection of our re-
peated proposals for effective measures against surprise attack and for
effective inspection of disarmament measures.
I will say frankly that it is unacceptable that the Soviet politi-
cal system should be given an opportunity to make secret preparations to
face the free world with the choice of abject surrender or nuclear de-
struction.
U. S. Responsibility Noted
The Government of the United States would be derelict to its re-
sponsibility not only to the American people but to free peoples every-
where if it did not, in the absence of Soviet cooperation, take such
measures as are possible unilaterally to lessen and to overcome this
danger of surprise attack. In fact, the United States has not and does
not shirk this responsibility.
In accordance with the National Security Act of 19+7, the President
has put into effect since the beginning of his Administration directives
to gather by every possible means the information required to protect
the United States and the free world against surprise attack and to en-
able them to make effective preparations for their defense.
Under these directives programs have been developed and put into
operation which have included extensive aerial surveillance by unarmed
civilian aircraft, normally of a peripheral character but on occasion by
penetration. Specific missions of these unarmed civilian aircraft have
not been subject to Presidential authorization.
Soviet Motives Questioned
The fact that such surveillance was taking place has apparently not
been a secret to the Soviet leadership, and the question indeed arises
as to why at this particular juncture they should seek to exploit the
present incident as a propaganda battle in the cold war.
This Government had sincerely hoped and continues to hope that in
the coming meeting of the heads of government in Paris Chairman Khrushchev
would be prepared to cooperate in agreeing to effective measures which
would remove this fear of sudden mass destruction from the minds of people
everywhere.
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Far from being damaging to the forthcoming meeting in Paris, this
incident should serve to underline the importance to the world of an
earnest attempt there to achieve agreed and effective safeguards against
surprise attack and aggression.
At my request and with the authority of the President, the director
of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Honorable Allen W. Dulles, is
today briefing members of the Congress fully along the foregoing lines.
Thus, on the pretext that the Soviet frontier is closed the American
Secretary of State boldly, justified and attempts to make lawful the viola-
tion of the borders of other Stares for the purpose of espionage.
It is obvious to everyone that the "penetration" of which Herter
speaks is nothing but the marauding intrusion of reconnaissance planes
into the air space of other States.
Spying and diversions are proclaimed as the official policy of the
U.S.A. We will violate the sovereignty and inviolability of the fron-
tiers of other States, justifying this by references to "the national
defence requirements of the U.S.A."--such is the essence of Herter's
statement.
Who can trust Herter's assertions to the effect that such an unheard-
of trampling on generally accepted standards of international life con-
tributes..to prevention of aggression and does not harm the cause of
peace!
Or, perhaps, Mister Herter, like White, does not know what inter-
national law is? %
Who profits from these base attempts to return mankind to the worst
times of the "cold war"? It is worth noticing that the most arch-
reactionaly newspapers --the worst haters of peace-- were the first in
the U.S.A. to laud Herter's statement. "We will continue aerial spying;
Herter throws down the gauntlet," delightedly proclaims the little gang-
ster newspaper "Daily News".
But all sober-minded Americans will remind themselves of the enor-
mous dangers which the policy of "penetrations" is fraught with. In
fact, the Washington newspaper, the "News" comments on the statement of
the Secretary of State that Herter "supposed that peace is consistent
with the United States playing all over the world the role of a watchdog,
not the secret but the open role of self-styled policeman."
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Numerous American public figures and well-informed persons under-
stand how much the United States is risking at this time, under present
conditions, in taking upon itself the role of a "self-styled policeman".
But what is the opinion of D. Eisenhower, the President of the U.S.A. on
the provocative flights of American aircraft?
STATEMNT OF D. EISENHOWER, PRESIDENT OF THE USA AT A PRESS CONFERENCE ON
11 MAY
NYT 12 May 60 p, 14+
I have made some notes from which I want to talk to you about this
U-2 incident.
A full statement about this matter has been made by the State Depart-
ment and there have been several statesmanlike remarks by leaders of both
parties.
For my part, I supplement what the Secretary of State has had to say,
with the following four main points. After that I shall have nothing
further to say--for the simple reason I can think of nothing to add that
might be useful at this time.
The first point is this: The need for intelligence-gathering activi-
ties. No one wants another Pearl Harbor. This means that we must have
knowledge of military forces and preparations around the world, especially
those capable of massive surprise attack.
Secrecy in the Soviet Union makes this essential. In most of the
world no large-scale attack could be prepared in secret, but in the Soviet
Union there is a fetish of secrecy and concealment. This is a major cause
of international tension and uneasiness today. Our deterrent must never
be placed in jeopardy. The safety of the whole free world demands this.
As the Secretary of State pointed out in his recent statement, ever
since the beginning of my Administration I have issued directives to
gather, in every feasible way, the information required to protect the
United States and the free world against surprise attack and to enable
them to make effective preparations for defense.
My second point: The nature of intelligence-gathering activities.
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These have a special and secret character. They are, so to speak,
"below the surface" activities. They are secret because they must cir-
cumvent measures designed by other countries to protect secrecy of mili-
tary preparations.
They are divorced from the regular visible agencies of government
which stay clear of operational involvement in specific detailed activi-
ties.
These elements operate under broad directives to seek and gather
intelligence short of the use of force--with operations supervised by re-
sponsible officials within this area of secret activities.
We do not use our Army, Navy or Air Force for this purpose, first to
avoid any possibility of the use of force in connection with these ac-
tivities, and second, because our military forces, for obvious reasons,
cannot be given latitude under broad directives, but must be kept under
strict control in every detail.
These activities have their own rules and methods of concealment
which seek to mislead and obscure--just as in the Soviet allegations
there are many discrepancies. For example, there is some reason to be-
lieve that the plane in question was not shot down at high altitude.
The normal agencies of our Government are unaware of these specific ac-
tivities or of the special efforts to conceal them.
Third point: How should we view all of this activity?
Distasteful but Vital
It is a distasteful but vital necessity.
We prefer and work for a different kind of world--and a different
way of obtaining the information essential to confidence and effective
deterrents. Open societies, in the day of present weapons, are the only
answer.
This was the reason for my "open skies" proposal in 1955, which I
was ready instantly to put into effect--to permit aerial observation over
the United States and the Soviet Union which would assure that no surprise
attack was being prepared against anyone. I shall bring up the "open
skies" proposal again at Paris--since it is a means of ending concealment
and suspicion.
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My final point is that we must not be distracted from the real is-
sues of the day by what is an incident or a symptom of the world situa-
tion today.
This incident has been given great propaganda exploitation. The
emphasis given to a flight of an unarmed nonmilitary plane can only re-
flect a fetish of secrecy.
The real issues are the ones we will be working on at the summit--
disarmament, search for solutions affecting Germany and Berlin and the
whole range of East-West relations, including the reduction of secrecy
and suspicion.
Frankly, I am hopeful that we may make progress on these great is-
sues. This is what we mean when we speak of "working for peace."
And as I remind you, I will have nothing further to say about this
matter.
It is clear that the President of the U.S.A. fully endorses the
statement by K. Herter. He emphasized that he wished to only to add
"four main points" to what the Secretary of State had said on 9 May.
However, the first point alone ("the need for intelligence-gathering
activities") would be sufficient to cause alarm to the peace-loving pub-
lic. Espionage activity is "a distasteful, but vital. necessity" so the
President declares in the hearing of all. Eisenhower defends the collec-
tion of military information "by all possible means".
Who is in doubt as to the policy which the American President is
sanctioning?
It is a policy of flagrant military provocations, seriously sharpen-
ing international tension and fraught. with the most catastrophic
consequences. It is a policy of granting a free hand to American milita-
rists who have a liking, as is well known, for military adventures.
The statements of the leaders of the foreign policy of the U.S.A. on
the flights of American reconnaissance aircraft has aroused grave alarm
and anxiety on the part of public opinion in all countries, including the
U.S.A. To put an end once and for all to provocative actions which poi-
son the international situation--this is the unanimous demand of all
those to whom peace is dear.
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UNDER THE FIRE OF THE CRITICS
The dangerous provocative actions of the American militarists came
immediately under heavy fire of criticism. Representatives of very broad
sections of the American public, realistically assessing the situation on,
the international scene, realize that base violation of the borders of the
socialist camp cannot help either the cause of general peace or the inter-
ests of the American people. Many Congressmen, public and political figures,
scholars, businessmen are demanding insistently that the Government of the
U.S.A. take effective measures for the prevention of dangerous flights over
the territories of the Soviet Union and other sovereign States.
The Washington correspondent of the United Press-International agency
in a despatch of 8 May thus described the reaction in'the American Congress
to the flight of the spy plan, the "U-2".
"Angry Congressional leaders of both parties demanded today thorough
investigation of the case of the flight of an American airplane over Soviet
territory for intelligence purposes."
"Some of them were particularly angered by the fact that this flight
was undertaken, as the State Department declared, without the knowledge of
President Eisenhower and within a week Laid before the President's trip
to Paris for the summit meeting with Soviet Prime Ministers Khru.shchev.
and British and French leaders."
"One influential member of Congress -- a Republican, who asked that
his remarks be reported without mentioning his name, was particularly
aroused by the incident. "Worthless" and "stupid" were the most moderate
of tie expressions he used to characterize the policy of the State'Depart-
ment in this matter."
"Among the Congressmen, who demanded an investigation of the case,
were Mike Mansfield; the assistant leader of the Democrats in the Senate,
and Styles Bridges, chairman of the Political Committee of the Republican
Party in the Senate."
"In separate interviews they declared that they expect the appropriate
committees' of the Senate to summon Government representatives to give a
complete explanation."
"Bridges called on the'Senate Armed Forces Committee to take immediate
measures and to question Government officials "'in order that Congress can
find out what is happening." Bridges is one of the leading members of
this committee."
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The correspondent of the newspaper, the New York Times, Smith, re-
ported from Washington: "The reaction in Congressional circles to'the
admission of the State Department that the American airplane, shot down
by the Soviet Union, was collecting intelligence information, was charac-
terized by expressions of anger, alarm, and demands that an investigation
be held."
A majority of Congressmen expressed the opinion that if such a risky
flight could be undertaken within a few days of the summit meeting, then
the State Department must have control over the, agencies which collect
intelligence information. Nevertheless, several members of Congress cau-
tiously maintained that operations of this type were necessary...
Here are the redfaced statements of some members of the- American Con-
gress in the accounts of American correspondents.
I hope that the Government and Congress will try to discover the
dangerous defects in the, structure of the executive power. . .the roots of
that irresponsibility which results in such incidents.
The President was on the eve,of a very important world conference at
a time of world crisis. The unfavorable comments on the foreign policy
of the United States from all over the world have only just begun to come
in, but they are heard loudly and ominously everywhere from Norway to
Japan.
Besides, this or any similar incident. is fully capable through an
unhappy accident of setting off the nuclear conflict which we are trying
to avoid at heavy cost and sacrifice.
The final result of the orders which authorized the flight of. this
airplane was very serious harm to our efforts in support of peace. The
facts of this incident can't be called pleasant, and Congress should face
them directly.
The United States made a tragic blunder in violating the frontier
of the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev has now gotten the upper hand over us in the propaganda
battle and here is why: we do not speak the truth...We are resorting to
all kinds of subterfuges in our policy instead of applying all our efforts
to developing a firm program.
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The members of Congress concerned with foreign policy should know who
is in control, who gives the orders and who checks on them.
Khrushchev has won a tremendous diplomatic victory. For us this is a
defeat.
REPRESENTATIVE B. JOHNSON
I am distressed to see that there are officials who, immediately before
an international conference of heads of government, attempt to justify and
excuse provocative actions which threaten the lives of hundreds of millions
of people throughout the world.
In this connection Johnson advised members of the House of Representa-
tives of the U.S.A. to read carefully the, speech of N. S. IOzrushchev at
the reception at the Czechoslovak embassy and inserted in the Congressional
Record the entire text of the speech of the head of the Soviet Government.
The Senator [sir] also called on President Eisenhower to reverse his
decision on the resumption of underground nuclear explosions and to under-
take energetic efforts to achieve an agreement on a ban on testing of
nuclear weapons.
REPRESENTATIVE J. QUIGLEY
Congressman Quigley inserted in the Congressional Record an article
published in the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Patriot-News, by Edwin Russell
who writes from London concerning President Eisenhower's loss of prestige
in the eyes of the British public as a result of the spy flight of the
American airplane over Soviet territory. Russell says: "The parachute
which bore the young Francis Powers to the earth, drew down with it also
the prestige of President Eisenhower... At a time when confidence in American
leadership is extremely necessary, it has been gravely weakened."
The Government's position on the incident of the airplane cannot be
supported. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations must quietly investi-
gate what has happened. I would suggest that the committee talk in closed
session with the Secretary of State and find out how we can get out of the
difficult situation in which we find ourselves.
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I am not one of the members of the House of Representatives who are
inclined to hail those persons in the Government who are responsible for
explaining the flights of an American airplane over the territory of Soviet
Russia on a spy mission on the eve of the summit conference. All those who
were responsible at the time for this crude blunder should take responsi-
bility for the already poor prospects for achieving at the summit conference
any kind of success and to the world's hopes for peace.
SENATOR J. FULBRIGRT
The choice of a time for this matter was unfortunate.
SENATOR R. RUSSELL
The military leaders of the U.S.A. have displayed almost unbelievable
stupidity in sending a spy plane over Russian territory on the very eve of
the summit conference. It is like a boy who is caught with his hand in the
jam jar. Not one sane ned person doubts but that we attempted to learn
the location of their military bases.
The flight of the American airplane is an irresponsible and reckless
act. It would be a mistake now to permit an American airplane even to
approach the Soviet border.
SENATOR SPARKMAN
This flight has compromised us.
REPRESENTATIVE D. FASCELL
The worst aspect of this incident is the tremendous psychological
advantage which the Soviets have gained on the eve of the international
meeting. The best thing for Congress to do is to keep quiet.
THE AMERICANS ARE AROUSED, THE AMERICANS CONDEMN
From New York to San Francisco the aggressive actions of American
air power have aroused a tide of alarm. Organizations and public figures
with very different political views have made angry protests. We present.
below several statements as translated from reports of telegraph agencies
and newspaper correspondents.
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Cyras Eaton, financier and public figure
I well understand the determined protest of Premier Khru.shchev against
numerous provocations and provocative statements made by irresponsible little
officials at the State Department and the Pentagon'.
The well-known American Journalist, Walter.Lippuann recently protested
against these aggressive statements which contain insulting epithets against
the Soviet Union.
The .nerican people demand that their representatives regard the forth-
coming summit conference as a matter of the utmost gravity. And I still
have a deep hope that the Government and people of the Soviet Union will
not allow themselves to be too much impressed by the lightminded and unim-
portant speeches, letters, and articles fished out of the ink pots of petty
American officials. It must be remembered that the number and influence
are steadily of those lunatics and psychotics who wish to start a war.
Adlai Stevenson, public figure
Stevenson expressed the hope that the summit meeting will find a means
to relax the tension since "our Government has recently found several good
methods for increasing it...
The disclosure of the flight of a spy plane and the simultaneous an-
nouncement we are unilaterlly resuming nuclear tests cannot raise our
reputation as a defender of world peace.
Can reconnaissance flights over the very heart of the Soviet Union on
the eve of the long-awaited summit conference contribute,to the cause of
peace and mutual confidence?"
Leo Szilard, Professor at the Fermi Institute of Nuclear Physics
If today an unarmed airplane can carry out without approval a flight
over Russia for the purpose of aerial photography, then tomorrow another
airplane, carrying perhaps anatomic bomb, can without authorization make
a flight in order to drop this bomb on a Russian city.
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The Atomic Energy Commission decided. that Robert Oppenheimer was not
fit to be a consultant on the grounds that many years ago, he deliberately
told an untruth to a single Government official. But what is to be said
of Government officials who spin a web of lies, when it is a matter of
politically important questions, in order to delude the people, Congress,
and our allies? It seems to me that the persons guilty of spreading these
fables in connection with the incident of the airplane, should be sent
into retirement or, if they still have good sense, they should themselves
resign, if they are not asked to do so.
Harold Stassen, former adviser to the President of the U.S.A.
The American airplane, downed in Russia on 1 May, was sent there
deliberately by some of our military leaders in order to wreck. the summit
meeting which was set for 16 May.
I doubt that the President knew or approved of this flight. If he did
not know then he should remove from their commands the officers who parti-
cipated in this affair, however high the position they may occupy.
"WE MAY GET INTO SERIOUS TROUBLE"
Walter Reuther, President of the United Auto Workers Union
Nothing could be more tragic than this incident with the airplane on
the eve of the summit conference. If we continue to make such mistakes,
we will get into trouble, into serious trouble.
A congress of Young Democrats of the State of California declared
that it was staggered by the admission of the United States that an American
airplane had undertaken what participants at the congress called "grave
provocative actions" over Russian territory. Participants in the congress
adopted a resolution which called on the Government-'of the U.S.A. to tell
the people who had authorized the flight over Russia.
"We think," the resolution, emphasizes, "that this was only one of
many provocative and warlike actions and statements made by the military
authorities including the Central Intelligence Agency in their attempt'1o
make it impossible for the President and the State Department to conduct
negotiations with, Russia."
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THE AMERICAN PEOPLE WISH PEACE
Statement of the National Secretariat of.the Communist Party of the U.S.A.
The flight of an American spy plane over the center of the Soviet Union
has aroused alarm and anger everywhere. There have been few occasions on
which the American people have shown such indignation as a result of the
activities of its own Government. And it is even more disturbing that this
shameful incident should have occurred on the very eve of the long-awaited
conversations on'the highest level.
This provocative act, fraught with the danger of unleashing a war,
cannot be considered as an isolated and accidental affair. It is an element
in a sequence aimed at poisoning the atmosphere before the summit meeting,
a sequence which is being followed by hardfaced proponents of the Dulles
line on the "cold war". Here belong the recent bellicose speeches of
Secretary of State Herter, Deputy Secretary of State Dillon and Vice Presi-
dent Nixon on the Berlin question. It is obvious that the some can be
said of the recent conference of the AFL-CIO, held at the instigation of
George Meany for the purpose ofwrecking the summit meeting.
The incident of the airplane is an uneasy reminder that we have still
not rid ourselves of a "preventive war" frame of mind.
It is reminded that powerful forces exist--first of all, those who
are fanning the flames of the "cold war--proponents of the "cold war" in
the State Department and the Pentagon and the sinister, highly secret
Central Intelligence Agency headed by Allen Dulles--who are profoundly
troubled by the successes of the peace movement and who are prepared to do
anything to wreck the summit conference even at the risk of starting a
war.
This incident cannot be explained on the grounds that "everybody carries
on espionage". It is well known that other governments do not practice
such aerial espionage. And no government can claim for itself the right
to engage in such sorties in the air over the territories of other countries.
Not less hypocritical is the argument that such activities are
justified by the disposition of the Soviet Union to keep everything secret
and the fear of sudden attack. Actually a full week before, the Defence
Department had reported that, according to all available information, the
Soviet Union did not intend to start a war and that, consequently, our whole
approach to national defence should be re-examined.'
Particularly ominous is the statement that such a dangerous game is
being played without the knowledge of the President. The responsibility
for such actions cannot be avoided either by President Eisenhower or by
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::ay other Government official. The duty of the President to the American
people, who expect from him an effort to put into practice the spirit of
Camp David--is to condemn severely such actions and to refute the state-
ment of Secretary of State Herter that they will be continued.
This fiasco, whatever its significance, does not change essentially
the situation with respect to the summit conference. On the contrary, it
shows that it is even more necessary to reach an agreement at the summit.
And it particularly clearly demonstrates what a threat to peace is hidden
in the present intolerable status of West Berlin.
Something more is needed, however.. A very full investigation is
required of the question as to how such'shameful actions were possible
and those responsible for them should be removed. And all Government
and political officials should speak out so that the people may pass
judgement on them.
The American people wish peace as much as before. It wishes that
an end may be made to the "cold war". No less than before, it. hopes that
at the summit meeting President Eisenhower will exert all his efforts in
order to achieve and agreement on the banning of nuclear tests, progess
towards general disarmament, and end the dangerous situation in West
Berlin.
National Secretariat
Communist Party of the U.S.A.
General Secretary Gus Hall
The political shock, which was caused in Washington by the dis-
closure of the aggressive actions of the American militarists in sending
an aerial pirate into the sky over the: Soviet Union, found very color-
ful expression in the pages of the press of the United States. Reading
these pages, every healthy minded person is again convinced that lies have
very short legs on which they cannot travel far.
The attemp,s of some American newspapers to help official circles to
hide the scandal,:, W fix into which Allen Dulles' department has fallen,
have hardly any relation with reality. And very quickly the ringleaders
of the American propaganda machine realized that it was useless to paint
the blemish on'the unattractive face of the Washington's policies, that
it was better to admit the raid of the American aerial marauder against
Soviet territory. And then they attempted to make a virtue out of this
piracy!
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Thus forced admissions appeared on the pages of the American press.
At the same time their authors, without wishing to, ruthlessly tore the
mask off of American imperialism. There was in these admissions such
base evasiveness, cynicism, striving by every kind of truth and untruth to
pass espionage off as Government policy, piratical raids as a "vital
necessity," the "open sky" plan as the last word in State wisdom! How
clearly shows in them the base cowardice of a thief, who has boen caught red-
handed, a thief who is afraid to stand before the public with all his
skeleton keys!
The declarations of the American press run the whole gamut of views
and "emotions"-- from the foul language which the gutter newspaper the
Daily News showers on the Soviet Union, to the sober discussions.. of the
well-informed Reston in the New York Times. But in all these statements
is shown clearly the embarrassment and confusion of those who stand be-
fore the world as persons who are playing with fire in the most dangerous
way.
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Instruments and gear of the American airplane.
Antenna and magnetophon- of the American airplane.
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Many well-informed persons expressed dismay that henceforth millions
of people will again be`convinced that Washington's policies represent a
threat to peace. The attempts of prominent Americans "to justify the
situation" only poured oil on the flames of distrust concerning Washington's
real intentions. The result was a further swift drop in the prestige of
the United States.
"The country, it seems, has been humiliated by absentmindedness in
the highest quarter of the Government," writes Walter Lippanann. He is
right, speaking of the humiliation, but is clearly handling too gently
the cause in calling it "absentmindedness". You see, absentmindedness never
was and never will be considered a synonym for aggression. And in this
case that is exacely what it is, aggression...
Below is reprinted a series of commentaries from the American press
on the events c'bnnected with the intrusion of the American intelligence
plane into the_air space of the Soviet Union
Walter Lippmann
In the muddle and mess of the affair of the spy plane there is one
critical question of particular urgency and importance that needs to be
dealt with. This, is the official statement made with the President's
approval that "it has been established that insofar as the authorities
in Washington are concerned there was no authorization for such flight as
described by Mr. Khrushchev." If this is true, then the command of very
dangerous military missions is not securely and unquestionably in the hands
of the responsible authorities in Washington, in the hands, that is to say,
of the President, the Secretary of State, the Chiefs of Staff, and the
Director of Central Intelligence.
Who, then, has the authority? If the authority to order a deep
penetration of Soviet teritory with a military reconnaissance plane is in
some headquarters command not inn Washington, how do we know, how does the
world know, that the authority to strike a blow is not also outside Washing-
ton?
In denying that it authorized the flight, the Administration has
entered a plea of incompetence. For there can be-no acceptable excuse for
an unauthorized flight of this kind. The President cannot afford to let,
the question of where the responsibility to authorize such flights resides
go by without an unequivocal answer.. By word and by deed he must remove
all doubt that the. authority to command in these dangerous matters is in
Washington and nowhere else. The honor, the self-respect, and the self-
confidence of the country demand it.
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Although it is no doubt true that the President did not himself
authorize this particular flight, it is no doubt true also that he knew
such flights were being made. The general public was perhaps surprised
to hear about them. But for the Russians and for others among us there
was no surprise at all.
Why, then, knowing that such flights were being made, did the
President fail to realize the risks of continuing them right up to the
meeting at the summit? Is it because he was not paying sufficient atten-
tion? Is it because'.his closest advisers were n6t paying sufficient
attention? It looks like that. It seems as if the country has been
humiliated by absentmindedness in the highest quarters of the Government.
There is nothing shocking or. novel, of course,.in the disclosure
that we have been spying on the Russians. They have been spying on us.
Spying is in its very nature a dirty business, outside the law and out-
side the moral code. The only crime recognized in the spy business is
to be caught, although this crime can be compounded by lying about it
and then being caught in the lie itself.
In this affairs there is on the record as we know it serious prima-
facie evidence, not of unusual immorality but of inefficiency. Why did
not the President forbid all such flights when the summit meeting was
agreed to? It is not enough to say that he did not authorize this flight.
Why did he not forbid it?
There is reason to suspect, also, that whoever did authorize the
flight and was responsible for preparing it was unaware that the Russians
had developed a missile capable of knocking the plane down. The equipment
carried by the pilot, the Soviet money, and the poison needle suggests that
he was prepared for a forced landing through engine trouble perhaps, after
which he would work his way across country or failing that and having been
caught would commit suicide.
What the pilot was not prepared for was to have.-his plane disabled
by a Russian missile. For this meant that the Russians had him spotted.
Under these circumstances once his plane had been hit, his money and
his poison needle were useless. If he had killed himself, if he had
exploded his plane, there would still have been his corpse and the wreckage
of his plane, twelve hundred miles inside the Soviet Union.
It was a failure of intelligence not to realize that the Soviets had
a missile capable of knocking down so high flying a plane. It was in-
efficient not to take this possibility into account as a factor which
greatly multiplied the risks of making such a flight on the eve of the
summit meeting.
(From the New York Herald Tribune of.10 May)
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In the whirl of incidents following the capture of the spy plane the
Administration has ventured, perhaps the right word for it would be stumbled,
into an untenable policy which is entirely unprecedented in International
affairs. Our position now seems to be that because it is so difficult to,
collect information inside the Soviet Union, it will henceforth be our
avowed policy to fly over Soviet territory, using the territory of our Allies
as bases.
Although the intention here is to be candid and honest and also to make
the best of a piece of very bad luck, the new policy-which seems to have
been improvised between Saturday and. Monday -is quite unworkable.
To avow that we intend to violate Soviet sovereignty is to put every-
body on the spot. It makes it impossible for the Soviet government to
play down this particular incident because now it is challenged openly in
the face of the would world. It is compelled to-react beacuse no nation
can remain passive when it is the avowed policy of another nation to intrude
upon its territory. The avowal of such a policy is an open invitation to
the Soviet government to take the case to the United Nations, where our
best friends will be grievously embarrassed. The avowal is also a challenge
to the Soviet Union to put pressure on Pakistan, Turkey, Norway, Japan,
and any other country which has usable bases. Our Allies are put on the
spot because they must either violate international law or disavow the
United States.
Because the challenge has been made openly, it is almost impossible
to deal with this particular incident by quiet diplomacy.
The reader will, I hope, have noticed that my criticism is that we
have made these overflights in avowed policy. What is unprecedented about
the avowal is not the spying as such but the claim that spying, when we
do it, should be accepted by the world as righteous. This is an amateurish
and naive view of the nature of spying.
Spying between nations is, of course, the universal practice. Every-
body does it as best he can. But it is illegal in all countries, and the
spy if caught is subject to the severest punishment. When the spying
involves intrusion across frontiers by military aircraft, it is also against
international law. Because spying is illegal, its methods are often im-
moral and criminal. Its methods include bribery, blackmail, perjury,
forgery, murder, and suicide.
The spy business cannot be conducted without illegal, immoral, and
criminal activities. But all great powers are engaged in the spy business,
and as long as the world is as warlike as it has been in all recorded
history there is no way of doing without spying.
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All the powers know this and all have accepted the situation as one
of the hard facts of life. Around this situation there has developed over
many generations a code of behavior. The spying is never avowed and there-
for the government never acknowledges responsibility for its own clandestine
activities. If its agent'is caught, the agent is expected to kill himself.
In any event,, he is abandoned to the mercies of the government that,he has
spied upon.
The spying is never admitted. If it can be covered successfully by
a lie, the lie is told.
All this is not a pretty business, and there is no way of ;prettifying
it or transforming it into something highly moral and wonderful. The
cardinal rule, which makes spying tolerable in international relations,
is that it is never avowed. For that reason it is never defended, and
therefore the aggrieved country makes only as much of a fuss about a
particular incident as it can make or as it chooses to make..
We should have abided by that rule. When Mr. K. made his first an-
nouncement about the plane, no lies should have been told. The Administra-
tion should have said that it was investigating the charge and would then
take suitable action. We should then have maintained a cool silence.
This would have left us, of course, with the unpleasant fact that our
spy plane had been caught. What really compounded our trouble, and was
such a humiliation to us, is that before we knew how much Mr. K. knew we
published the official lie about its being a weather plane. Then finding
ourselves trapped in this blatant and gratuitous lie, we have tried to
extricate ourselves by rushing into the declaration of a new and unpre-
cedented policy.
(From the New York Herald Tribune of 12 May)
Both-the articles reprinted above of the well-known commentator
Walter Lippmann, show that American public opinion has not only not been
calmed by the official statements from Washington on the piratical flight
over Soviet territory, but, on the contrary, is disturbed by the reckless-
ness of the military circles and Government officials. In the first of
these articles Lippmann emphasizes the "deep penetration of a military
reconnaissance aircraft into Soviet territory." He raises directly the
question of the Governments' responsibility for spy flights and denies
as absurd attempts to explain this as the result of some kind of lack of
coordination among the "authorities"..
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Lippman expresses himself even more directly in the second of the
above articles. He calls the conduct of the American Government an at-
tempt "to make the best of a piece of very bad luck." And the commentator
describes the proclaimed intention of Washington to continue espionage
activities against the Soviet Union as a policy which "is quite unwork-
able" as an open challenge. to the Soviet Union before the whole world.
It is at once evident, however, that Lippman does not at all con-
demn the espionage activities as such on the part of the U.S.A. against
the Soviet Union. He says this, in effect, to readers of the New York
Herald Tribune: no objection should be made to espionage but only to
unsuccessful espionage, not against provocations but only against pro-
vocations which miscarry. The American commentator also provides in his
articles some elementary principles of espionage which would evidently
help Washington more quickly to escape from an "amateurish and naive view
of the nature of spying." Thus, even here we see an unwillingness to
abandon a bankrupt policy; Lippmann's sermon refers only to bankrupt
methods which, in his opinion, should be improved. This is poor advice,
to say the least.
The discussion of the American commentator is somewhat more sensi-
ble only when he turns to a description of the scandalous trap in which
Washington was caught through its "blatant and gratuitous lie," and its
later attempt to extricate itself by the "declaration of a new and un-
precedented policy."
THE TRAGEDY OF PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
[Reston article is in New York Times for 8 May 1960 fastened to
following page. As quoted here it appears the same as the original except
for the omission of a paragraph in the original Reston article which
referred to Moscow's vacillations on the visit of the head of the Soviet
Air Force to the U. 5.,7'
Every time an uninvited American plane crosses the Soviet frontier,
Nikita Thrushchev's shirttail flies up his back like a window blind.
The surprising thing is not that this happens but that the United
States should have been monkeying around with the string at this particular
moment.
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Timing in politics, as in love, is important. The summit meeting. with
Khrushchev is only nine days off. This was an odd moment to play peekaboo
around the frontiers of Russia.
The case for sampling the upper air near the U.S.S.R. is strong enough.
This is one way to check whether nuclear tests are going on at a time when
the United States has voluntarily stopped testing.
What even our best frieds are asking here is: Why now? And why there?
And even if it is assumed that the Administration's explanation is geo-
metrically accurate, the judgment of the United States Government is bound
to be questioned.
The reason for this is that the element of accident in this kind of
world is frightening. Few people believe in a calculated nuclear war.
What worries our allies and many of our own officials is the accidental
incident touched off by some human failing of mind or character of Judg-
ment.
Accordingly, it is assumed that the most careful discipline will be
exercised, and when, instead, we are told that United States planes are
in the air along the Soviet frontier to test things that can be tested
elsewhere-when official spokesmen say publicly that the United States
never has voluntarily sent a plane over Soviet territory-then, not only
the good judgment but the good faith of the Government gets involved in
controversy.
The political fall-out from "this incident is bound to be great. Hhru-
shchev, never a trusting soul, has recently been accusing the United States
of trying to ruin the chances of agreement at the summit meeting before
it started.
For example, Yuri Zhukov, head of the State Committee of the U.S.S.R.,
came here the other day to complain that the Voice of America had assumed
a new and more ominous tone. This started, Mr. Zhukov told George Allen,
head of the United States Information Agency, around March 15, Mr. Allen
asked for evidence.
Mr. Zhukov pointed to one reference in a Voice of America broadcast
to "slave labor camps" in the U.S.S.R. He pointed to another broadcast
to the effect that there was a serious shortage of consumer goods in the
Soviet Union.
Coincidentally Soviet Ambassador Mikhail Menshikov has been complain-
ing about the speech made by Secretary of State Christian A. Herter in
Chicago on April 1, and protesting even more about the much tot her. and
even scornful speech made by Under Secretary C. Douglas Dillon, in New
York on April 20.
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Who's in Charge?
Khrushchev himself has been complaining publicly about these two
speeches and asserting that they indicated a calculated decision by
Washington to "revive the cold war."
As a matter of fact, there was no such policy decision taken by this
Government. The tone, of the Voice of America was not purposely changed.
It was decided in late March to make clear to both the Russians and the
West Germans that United States policy on Berlin and Germany remained the
same. It is also true that the tone of Mr. Dillon's speech was,; sharper
than anything delivered by so high an official in a long time, but this
was not the result of any calculated decision to stir up the animals.
Moscow, however, was in a mood to believe precisely this when the
plane incident occurred, so it is no surprise that Mr. Khrushchev took
off like the Terrible Tempered Mr. Bang.
In fact he was so furious that on Monday, the day after the plane
incident, Moscow cabled the State Department that Khrushchev had canceled
the visit to the United States of the head of the Soviet Air Force, Marshal
Konstantin Andreevich Vershinin. Then, quite as suddenly, on Wednesday
another cable arrived from Moscow restoring the visit.
This has encouraged officials here to hope that perhaps Khrushchev
will exploit his propaganda advantage and let his shirttail settle down.
At least they hope so, for the President is not trying to ruin or manage
the summit meeting. He is not even managing his own departments preliminary
to the summit, and this, of course, is precisely the trouble.
New York Times, 8 May 1960
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The tragedy of President Eisenhower in the spy-plane case is that
he and his colleagues have created almost all the things he feared the
most.
He wanted to reduce international tension and he has increased it.
He wanted to strengthen the alliance and he has weakened it. He glorified
teamwork and morality, and got lies and administrative chaos.
Everything he was noted for--caution, patience, leadership, military
skill, and even good luck--suddenly eluded him precisely at the moment
he needed them most.
And the paradox of it all is that, despite the wonder of the world,
there is an element of reason and even of inevitability in the whole
melancholy story.
This is the main point at a time when the nation is picking a Presi-
dent for the Sixties. For the heart of the problem here is that the Presi-
dency has been parceled out, first to Sherman Adams, then to John Foster
Dulles, and in this case to somebody else--presumably to Allen Dulles,
but we still don't know.
Institutionalized Presidency
From the "personalized Presidency" of Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson and
the two Roosevelts we have passed to the "institutionalized Presidency"
under Eisenhower. It has some good points, but it disperses authority,
removes the President from many key decisions and leaves the nation, the
world and sometimes even the President himself in a state of uncertainty
about who is doing what.
Long before the spy-plane case some of the nation's most distinguished
historians noted this trend.
"To a far greater degree than any of his predecessors," irro~;c Edgard
S. Corwin of Princeton in "The President--Office and Powers," "President
Eisenhower has employed the Cabinet as an instrument of collective policy-
making. Each member is expected to assume full responsibility for the
conduct of the affairs of his department.***
"Each of these gentlemen, according to the President, is an independ-
ent officeholder with his own views of appropriate policy, with which the
President has no warrant to interfere."
It may be going far to say that the President felt no "warrant" to
interfere with the established policy of aerial intrusion over the Soviet
Union, but there no doubt exists 15ee following page for photographs7 here
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High-altitude compression flying suit, hermitically-
seal .d hc~1met , parachute oxygen equipment, and
emergency parachute-, of the American pilot.
Specia
cath.
needle"withpoisc1'T.hich brings instant
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High-altitude compression flying suit, hermitically-
sealed. heimc;t , parachute oxygen equipment, and
emergency parachut< of the American pilot.
.........
....
Special ne' dle{"wi:th poison`"Vhich brings instant
death.
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what Professor Corwin calls an air of Presidential "detachment," an
attitude of "reigning rather than ruling" and relying on the staff to
carry on established policies even when new conditions, such as an
impending summit meeting, intervened.
Prof. Walt W. Rostow of Massachusetts Institute of Technology spells
our the problem in "The United States in the World Arena."
"For whatever reasons--diffidence, uncertainty, or inner convictions--"
he wrote, "President Eisenhower did not impose his own insights, his own
sense of direction on the nation's policy.
"He remained loyal not to his views of substance but to his principles
of administration. He decided, in effect, only when his immediate sub-
ordinates could not. * * * He maintained the kind of relationship with
the Cabinef he had built up during the war with Alexander, Montgomery
and Bradley--a relationship in which, within the agreed strategy, the
field operator was given maximum scope.* * *11
Here, perhaps more than anywhere else, lies the explanation of the
spy-plane confusion. The field operator was given "maximum scope." There
was an "agreed strategy" in Washington, but the specific operation was not
authorized by the President, or even on the President's mind until the
crash.
The president, in short, was loyal to his subordinates and to his
principles of administration, but the tragedy is that he "did not impose
his own insights, his own sense of direction in the nation's policy."
By nature no man could be less inclined than Eisenhower to risk a
provocative adventure into the Soviet Union just before perhaps the last
Big Four summit meeting of his career, or to say when it was done that
it had not been done, or to insist in the end that he would do it again.
This is why it is a tragedy. For in an instant of savage misfortune
he was caught in a system of his own choosing, and the question now is
whether this concept of the Presidency is adequate for the Sixties.
New York Times, 11 May 1960, p. 38
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The first Reston article was published in the New York Times inmiedi-
ately after the world had learned of the provocative flight of an American
aerial pirate over Soviet territory. This article shows clearly that the
official explanations of the ruling circles of the U.S.A. were considered
by every sensible person to be a clumsy attempt to excape the pressure of
the facts. Already in this article the anxiety is evident: if it is true
that the President of the U.S.A. did not know of the flight of the American
spy this can only increase public alarm Reston, although with reservations,
condemns the methods of the "cold war", emphasizing that their use is es-
pecially unwise on the eve of the summit meeting of the heads of govern-
ment.
The second Reston article reflects well-founded concern at the loss
of prestige of the ruling circles of the U.S.A., especially the President.
Reston calls this a "tragedy" for American interests.
FROM THE POSITION OF A MONGREL
Joseph Alsop
In the bad news that an American was downed in the Soviet Union is
contained a remarkable piece of news. To begin with, the intelligence
estimate of the American Government of the military position of the
Soviet Union has now acquired a completely different character. For
many years after the war this estimate was always mistakenly optimistic.
The current estimate of such very important questions as, for example,
the number of intercontinental missiles at the disposal of the Soviet
Union, is strongly optimistic. Those who, like your correspondent, re-
member past mistakes, suspect that there are mistakes even now.
However, the fate of the "U-2" plane, which was shot down in the
vicinity of Sverdlovsk, has disclosed a great secret, which has intro-
duced a corrective. More than four years ago the Central Intelligence
Agency set up a program of systematic flights over huge areas of the
Soviet Union. Thus, the Central Intelligence Administration, with a
bold realism which must be applauded by every sensible American, began
to gather immeasurably better data for the national estimate. In this
way the main cause of past mistakes was eliminated.
This does not mean, of course, that there are still no mistakes at
all in this estimate. Careful concealment may be successful despite all
the potentialities of modern aerial photography. In the Soviet Arctic
the cloud cover is so thick and continuous that aerial photography is,
in effect, impossible, even with the aid of much less precise radar
cameras. But, all the same, it can be said now with much more confi-
dence that Nikita S. Khrushchev will not come to the summit meeting
with a large but hidden advantage in long-range missiles or any other
weapon.
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A meeting on the highest level was always fraught with the nightmarish
possibility that Khrushchev would have such a hidden advantage. If this
had happened, then it would have turned out that President Eisenhower was
playing with life'and death with two deuces in his hand against the trumps
which Khrushchev could suddenly put down. If all the brave men, who flew
these flights before Lt. Francis G. Powers did not fall into a trap this
nightmare should no longer disturb the sleep of the West.
But this is still not all the remarkable news. The fate of the "U-2"
plane also shows perfectly clearly that the trump cards which the President
still has--the jet bombers of the SAC--are still much better cards than
they seemed to be on the basis of earlier facts.
The most important of these facts is that an enormous proportion of
the Soviet military budget, which amounts to 20% of the total budget, has
regularly been spent for air defence in all the years since the war. On
the basis of this tremendous outlay by the Soviet Union for air defence,
many experts suspected that airplanes of the type of the "B-52" of the
SAC have lost the capability to perform their missions.
But it is clear now that the Soviets cannot be certain of their aerial
defence against the bombers of the Strategic Air Command. It must be re-
membered that an airplane of the "U-2" type was first built by the Lockheed
Company in 1955. This airplane which is essentially a very large glider,
equipped with a single jet engine, was used for four years for flights
over huge areas of the Soviet Union. These flights of "U-2" planes in
the upper atmosphere were surely detected on Soviet radar screens. But
until Lt. Powers unsuccessful flight not a single airplane of the "U-2"
type was shot down.
Regular flights, carried out with impunity for several years, mean
that at high altitudes the Soviet air defence system is actually very
weak. The simple fact, that the "U-2" plane of Lt. Powers flew as far
as Sverdlovsk, in the very heart of the Soviet Union, also signifies
that the air defence system of the Soviet Union still has very large
gaps in it.
It is possible that at the present time this system is being improved
with the help of high-altitude rockets of the type of the American "Nike"
rocket; however this improvement still cannot have progressed very far....
In any case, the fate of the "U-2" plane shows to all the world that
the balance of fear continues to be maintained. The present Administration
has strangely ignored this. The equality will begin to change with the
increase in missile capability of the Soviet Union. But now the equality
is maintained. The character and timing of this evidence causes regret.
But actually this evidence is profoundly reassuring.
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As we see, Joseph Alsop does not trouble even to lightly powder his
face. He stands before us in all his repellent form--a typical mongrel,
who barks loudly but has no power to do anything. Lying is his main
activity. If this mongrel loses zeal in this simple matter he will be
driven away from the door by a blow of his master's foot.
Alsop does not wish to be driven away. All the more so because now
and then the masters of the American press give him big bones. Therefore
he tries to drool over everything, more precisely, to jump up on his owners
when they are moving slowly. Hence the insolent assertions that the very
fact of reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory is "remarkable news";
or crocodile tears over the fact that in the Russian Arctic the cloud
cover hinders reconnaissance aerial photography; or the frankly canni-
balistic calls for the use of strategic bombers against the Soviet Union.
Alsop writes that "the Soviets cannot be fully confident of their
air defence." A typical attempt to make the wish into a reality! The
frontiers of the Soviet Union have been, are, and will be under strong
lock, they are impregnable to the aggressor. Every uninvited guest can
expect the fate of the aerial pirate who was brought down on 1 May on the
first shot. We have enough missiles to handle all the airplanes which
may attempt to violate our frontiers. And not only airplanes! We have
missiles for all lovers of adventures. Both the masters and their lackeys
will receive them.
How low the moral position of bourgeois propagandists has fallen
when such a representative of them as Alsop explains the provocations
of Allen Dulles are "bold realism" which "should (?:) be applauded by
every sensible American". And this is written at a time when every
sensible American is aroused at the recklessness of the provocators!
To bourgeois journalists of the Josphe Alsop type may be applied
the words of the old Russian proverb: "When a dog barks, the wind carries
it away".
A FATAL MOMENT
Hanson Baldwin
One young American faced his "moment of truth" about 65,000
feet over the Soviet Union a week ago yesterday. He apparently decided
that life was better than death and his instinctive reaction produced an
international incident of unpredictable consequences. The capture of
Francis G. Powers, pilot of a United States reconnaissance aircraft,
gave Premier Fthrushchev an important political and psychological advantage
just prior to the East-West summit conference. It was an advantage the
Soviet leader was quick to exploit.
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The United States Government, many members of Congress and much
of the press had been mouse-trapped into premature denials. Mr. Khru-
shchev was able to show--with the capture of the pilot--that these were,
as he bluntly put it, "complete lies." The United States had been caught
redhanded in a major espionage operation, with all the embarrassment that
such a coup causes.
All these and other consequences stemmed from one man's instinct
for survival in the few seconds when Francis Powers faced his crucial de-
cision.
The negative aspect, from the United States point of view, of the
young pilot's decision are obvious. They are so obvious that a demand
for the scalps of the "guilty" officials already has started. Harold
E. Stassen, former disarmament adviser to President Eisenhower, implied
Saturday that "some of our military officers" had engineered Mr. Powers'
flight to upset the prospects for the summit conference.
But the negative aspects of the Soviet counter-espionage coup must
be balanced by the entire history of the Lockheed U-2 project. It is a
history that effectively answers Mr. Stassen's accusation. The U-2's es-
sential feature is its amazing high-altitude capability. The plane has
extremely long wings and its very light wing loading enables high subsonic
speed and maneuverability in very thin air. Mr Khrushchev said Mr. Powers'
craft was flying at 65,000 feet when shot down; presumably even that
rarefied altitude is not its absolute ceiling.
Thus the U-2 must have had, when it first became operational about
five years ago, a ceiling considerably higher than any of the far faster
but heavier of the world's fighter-interceptors.
The latest United States interceptors produced since the U-2 was
designed are able to reach 60,000 to 70,000 feet; in fact altitude records
above 90,000 feet have been established by both United States and
Soviet military aircraft. But these records were established by high
speed "zoom-ups"--that is, sharp pull-ups with maximum power from
straight and level flight. Maneuvering ability at these high altitudes is
extremely limited and interception at such altitudes by a piloted fighter,
especially if the interceptor must then take up a pursuit, is very dif-
ficult.
Thus the U-2's high-altitude capability gave it until a week ago a
certain degree of invulnerability to anti-air defense.
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It is noteworthy that it was an anti-aircraft rocket fired from
the ground--not a piloted interceptor--that brought down the first U-2
lost to Soviet attack in five years of operations. The feat of rocketry,
despite the Soviet boasting about it, is not remarkable. It has, in
fact, been within the United States capability for a long time.
The United States Nike-Hercules anti-aircraft missile, which can
carry either a nuclear or a conventional warhead, has shot down targets
traveling at three times the speed of sound and has hit targets at
altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 feet. Even the Nike-Ajax,
which has been operational for seven years, has an altitude capability
of at least 60,000 to 70,000 feet.
The shooting down of Mr. Powers' U-2 on May 1 indicates not a
Soviet lead in defensive anti-aircraft missiles but, on the contrary,
a Soviet lag. There have been rumors that the Russians were having
trouble with their anti-aircraft missiles and there has been little
hard evidence of the tremendous defensive strength so often credited
to the Soviet Union.
Two deductions are possible from this successful firing of an anti-
aircraft missile against the U-2.
The shot could have been "lucky--that is, the pilot might have
blundered within firing range of a missile battery that reconnaissance
planes normally would try to avoid.
At the same time, the Soviet Union may at last have corrected some
of the faults in its anti-aircraft missiles and may now have in operation
weapons comparable in effectiveness to the United States' earlier Nike-
Ajax, or perhaps approximating the Nike-Hercules.
Both deductions are probably correct.
A broader evaluation of the U-2's career gives reason to conclude
that it probably has been one of the most successful reconnaissance
planes ever built.
Judging from the Government's own account, the U-2 has made numerous
flights in the last five years "along" the Communist frontiers. It has
operated from Alaska, Japan, Germany, the Middle East and elsewhere.
Mr. Khrushchev declared in his first speech on the present incident that
another United States aircraft, presumably also a U-2, has crossed Soviet
frontiers on April 9 from the direction of Afghanistan, and that that one,
thought detected, was not intercepted.
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All this would seem to indicate that the U-2's flight plan on May 1,
which according to Mr. Khrushchev was to take it straight across the
Soviet Union, from south to north was not unusual. It seems likely,
judging from the Soviet revelations and the United States Government's
somewhat equivocal admissions, that similar flights had occurred in the
past.
If this is so, the data gained in photographs and by other means
must have been of immense importance. The U-2 project and other secret
methods of intelligence collection presumably explain in part the
Government's confidence about United States military strength relative
to that of the Soviet Union.
Moreover, if repeated flights over the Soviet Union Union have
actually occurred, the conclusion would seem to be that Soviet defenses
have been weaker than the world realized. In fact, if photographs
similar to those from the downed U-2 that Mr. Khrushchev proudly ex-
hibited were taken in previous flights, the U-2 program must have been
until eight days ago the most successful reconnaissance espionage pro-
ject in history.
This chapter abruptly came to an end May 1 when Mr. Pavers made his
decision to live.
Numerous questions remain:
Why was such a flight made just before the summit conference: It
may be noted that the incident occurred on May Day, a day dedicated in
the Soviet Union to glorification of the Communist regime, and at a time
when the Russians were widely expected to attempt a spectacular pre-summit
space or missile shot.
Was the flight authorized by Washington?
Saturday's somewhat equivocal United States statement, probably
deliberately cloudy on this point, declared that "in so far as the
authorities are concerned, there was no authorization for any such
flights as described by Mr. Khrushchev."
But it would be stretching a very long bow to infer from this, as
Mr. Stassen did, that some United States military commander had gone
off "half-cocked" on his own initiative. The whole history of the U-2
project, as revealed piecemeal in Washington and through Mr. Khurshchev's
revelations, shows clearly that the activities were managed and probably
closely directed by Washington.
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What was the directing authority?
It has been acknowledged that the initial version of the incident
issued in Washington--that the U-2 was a weather plane operated by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration--was false. It is easy
to deduce from this, from Mr. Khurshchev's assertions, which there seems
no reason to doubt, and from the United States' own somewhat lame explana-
tions, that the U-2 project was a Central Intelligence Agency effort,
and a very successful one.
SPACE AGENCY SEEN AS 'COVEN'
The N. A. S. A. and the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation were probably
so-called cover agencies. The pilots, judging from Mr. Powers' background,
were apparently former Air Force or Air Force Reserve pilots on inactive
duty, attracted to their hazardous occupation by adventure and very high
pay.
Do the Russians do this sort of thing?
Of course, and perhaps much more. Soviet planes do not have the
advantage of bases close to the continental United States. But Soviet
aircraft have flown over parts of Alaska, Northern Canada, Japan and
other Western defense areas. The Communist espionage system is one of
the world's most efficient, whereas that of the United States has always
been handicapped by the Iron Curtain.
Why did the pilot survive?
This is a question that only Mr. Powers can answer, and he may spend
the rest of his life trying to answer it satisfactorily.
he instinct of self-preservation is strong in every human and it
is contrary to the Judean-Christian and the American ethic to destory
one's own life.
Yet an unwritten law of every secret intelligence organization pos-
tulates the suicide of an agent rather than capture, possible torture and
revelations of importance to an enemy.
Mr. Khrushchev has quoted from an alleged confession by Mr. Powers and
has declared that a hypodermic needle or pin and a pistol were recovered.
These, he said, were for use by the pilot to prevent his capture alive.
The photograph of the wreckage of the U-2 released by Moscow and the
fact that Mr. Powers lived to fall into Soviet hands indicates something
of how the flier must have reacted in time of crisis.
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The plane apparently was hit by a fragment of the rocket's explosive
warhead and was disabled. Apparently Mr. Powers rode it down for some
distance and then parachuted. The U-2 almost certainly had a self-
destructive charge, which apparently was not set off.
Mr. Powers' alleged confession, the plane's wreckage and even films
from its camera thus have aided Mr. thrushchev's dramatic psychological
coup. It is safe to guess that all that Mr. Powers knew about the U-2
operations is now known to the Russians.
Thus the Central Intelligence Agency, an agency of a nation that is
formally dedicated to the protection of human life, undoubtedly would
have wanted Mr. Powers to destroy his plans and himself--a concept wholly
antithetical to the average American.
Mr. Powers' dilemma in the few seconds of free choice he may have
had is indeed the dilemma, not only of a secret intelligence agency in a
democratic government, but of a democratic nation facing a secret Com-
munist conspiracy in the atomic age.
It is part of the world we live in. Values often become mixed and
truth often becomes falsehood. But the greatest value, and the reason
for the U-2 program itself, is survival--not the survival of Francis Powers
but national survival. The danger of surprise attack in 'the age of
hydrogen bombs is so great that responsible government feels it must have
all possible information.
Mr. Powers and his agonizing decision and the secrecy with which the
whole U-2 project was necessarily surrounded, were inescapable results of
this overriding need to know.
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Hanson Baldwin is considered the most famous military commentator
in the United States. His comments on the unsuccessful diversion of
American militarists are, therefore, of special interest. It is at
once apparent that he is not attempting to hide the base fact: the
U.S.A. has been for a long time carrying out provocations against the
Soviet Union and the other socialist countries, has built for this
purpose a special reconnaissance airplane which flies at great heights,
and has been using for this purpose bases in countries neighboring the
Soviet Union.
The commentator advises the American militarists to use the methods
of a Hitler--first to send a spy on this dirty business and when the spy
is caught, to write him off as a loss. Such are the cannibalistic morals
of those who have raised espionage to the level of State policy.
By his remarks on Powers' cowardice Baldwin wishes to conceal the
real reason for the failure of the aerial provocation against the Soviet
Union. This is first of all the fact that the Soviet Union possesses a
proper defence which bars the entry of uninvited guests. This disturbs
the American commentator most of all. There he calls on his readers not
to believe in the military superiority of the Soviet Union.
Useless attempts.' The whole world has been amazed by the accomplish-
ments of Soviet missile technology. The whole world knows that Soviet
missiles can go as far as distant areas of the Pacific Ocean just as well
as to the moon. The new brilliant triumph of Soviet science and technology--
the sending of a space ship into orbit around the earth--shows once again
the invincible might of the USSR.
And now when the aggressive circles of the U.S.A. have been unmasked
before all of mankind as provocators, when they have been pushed against
the wall by irrefutable evidence--now the pygmy Baldwin thinks up lying
stories about the USSR, slanders our country and the Soviet armed forces.
Our air, sea, and land frontiers are properly defended-- he who comes to
us with a sword will perish by the sword. So it has been and so it will
be to any aggressor.'
The propagandists of the U.S.A. do not themselves believe the fables
which they write. These fables are useful to the Baldwins only to draw
the public's attention away from the aggressive actions of the U.S.A.
For this purpose they have concocted a story that Soviet airplanes
are flying on reconnaissance missions over North America. A fabrication
which has been refuted by President Eisenhower and ridiculed by the
Western press itself. Not without reason did the Associated Press corre-
spondent report from Washington on 9 May: "We do not know of any cases
of intrusions into the air space of North America".
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Or take Baldwin's boasting about foreign military bases which the
U.S.A. has and of which the Soviet Union has none. A military commentator
must know that Soviet missile are capable of striking any enemy, that
the Soviet Union has no need of bases on foreign territory. As for the
American bases outside the U.S.A., they will be wiped off the face of
the earth in the first minutes of retribution.
"Values often become mixed," complains Baldwin, "and truth becomes
falsehood." The very article of the American military commentator is an
excellent example of that. He is really trying to convert the truth into
a lie. As regards the "moral values" of the American militarists, which
he glorifies, it can be said of them that they are not mixed; they simply
have none.
Arguments of this kind will not make even simpletons believe that
espionage against the Soviet Union can be carried out with impunity.
Still less to be relied upon is the thought with which Boidwin fills
the public mind that the American militarists can balance with impunity
on the "brink of war". The events of the first half of May, 1960, show
sufficiently clearly that punishment inevitably awaits the provocators.
Not a single aggressor who attempts to penetrate the frontiers of the
Soviet land can escape it.
A HUMILIATING DEFEAT
New York Post
The United States has suffered one more serious defeat in the inter-
national political war. This defeat, so humiliating and so unnecessary,
was also clearly the result of extreme negligence, confusion, and inertia
on the highest levels (in combination with stupidity at a lower level),
that we should not permit it to be buried in the sacred and impenetrable
archives of State security.
The most ominous aspect of this whole story is that it serves as a
reminder that Government officials can lose control over history and that
our fate may come to depend on the caprice of this or that military bureau-
crat or long fanatic, living in a world of his own. It is clear that this
condition is comparable on both sides of the great divide, but at the
present time it is most useful to Mister Khrushchev because our man has
been caught.
Washington's admission that this plane was engaged in aerial espionage
is serious enough in itself. To say that espionage is a great international
game which the communists were playing when we were still children--this
is not the answer. This game acquires a different and much more dangerous
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character when it is conducted in the air over the territory of a suspicious,
frightened rival power than when it is conducted by cloak-and-dagger
specialists in the solons amid the entangling intrigue of foreign capitals.
The grave American admission is aggravated by a whole series of circum-
stances. This ill-fated flight took place less than two weeks before the
historic meeting at the highest level. This much resembles a well-calculated
attempt to wreck this conference.
The hint that some subordinate officer could order such a dangerous
mission without the knowledge and authorization of the President is probably
the most frightening aspect of the event. It has happened and not done us
great harm but this flight could have had much more catastrophic consequences
if some Bolshevik in the heat of anger had seen in our espionage plane a
carrier of atomic bombs. Who would have been left alive to explain the
misunderstanding?
...As matters now stand, both our friends and our enemies picture
us as a country which permits probably not-very-high-ranking officers to
play with matters of life and death, at the same time that the President
is playing golf.
This incident should provide food for thought for those military
scribblers who were ready to declare war when the first version of the
plane incident was published and who were ready to give their all for
our meteorologist.
(Article published on 9 May)
"WE HAVE BEEN CAUGHT RED-HANDED"
Doris Fleeson
The doors and windows were closed in order that the waiting corre-
spondents could not hear how Congressional critics were throwing them-
selves on Secretary of State Herter and Allen Dulles, the head of the
Central Intelligence Agency. But everybody knew that the real guilty
party--the President of the United States, under whose leadership our
country had demonstratively lied, was not there.
Now when this new American tragedy is unfolding, in our gloomy
capital one main question is being asked: is there any moral necessity
to rally around the President in this matter? Can a question of truth
or falsehood be bipartisan?
They are not shocked in Washington by the fact of espionage itself;
there they are disturbed because the incident of the spy plane shot down
over the Soviet Union was so ill-timed and the whole operation was so
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clumsy. Everything about the story is humiliating: both the lack of
information on the President's part, swollen to a pious virtue, and the
cock-and-bull stories about unfavorable meteorological conditions and
failure of oxygen supply with which they stuffed the public.
...The catastrophe began after the decision of Secretary of State
Herter to tell the truth and not because it was the truth but because we
had been caught red-handed. But the Government attempted to give a
reasoned explanation for this fact also.
Officials declare that it makes no sense to consider the moral damage,
because in the reverse situation the tension which would have been result
of the incident could have wrecked the summit meeting. They say also that
this will enable the President to raise the issue of secrecy at the summit
meeting on the ground that it requires the free world to spy on the others.
The fact that our country seriously planned to take a morally sen-
tentious position next week in Paris is no more absurd than the actual
events of last week.
But there is something still less acceptable in the cold statements
which emanate, evidently, from the Pentagon. This is the assumption that
Francis G. Powers, the pilot of the downed plane, was completely guilty
in that he did not take his life when he was caught. They say that among
the items of Powers' equipment mentioned by Prime Minister Khrushchev,
was also a needle with poison.
It is possible that the instructions given to Powers specifically
directed him to use it; if this is the case, it has not been stated. It
is a severe sentence when they say that, because there happened to be in
the hands of one young man a poison needle, the moral prestige of the whole
country has been damaged. If the country's leaders actually thought this,
then it is perfectly proper to ask them why they did not speak of this
secretly for internal consumption instead of proclaiming it before the
whole world.
The policy of finding scapegoats is not new in our country. Attempts
to use it in this way on the international scene are, fortunately, rare
occurrences and the American people along with their political leaders
should ask whether the leaders of the free world can build on this basis
a foreign policy which will ensure the safety of the country.
Those who ponder over these difficult and basic questions can derive
little satisfaction from recent events. But nevertheless, the American
people may be ahead of their elected representatives, as has frequently
been the case.
(From the New York Post of 10 May)
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PROVOCATIONS AND ELECTIONS
Harry Franz, Correspondent of the United Press-International Agency
(U.S.A.)
Political observers predicted today that the present tension in
American-Soviet relations will lead the public to re-assess the individual
qualifications to solve world problems of all Presidential candidates.
Observers say that recent events will put an end to the atmosphere
of complacency which has reigned until now in the gradually warming-up
national pre-election campaign. But they consider that it is not so
much the episode of the "U-2" spy plane as the results of the forthcoming
summit meetings which will determine, in the final analysis, the public
mood.
Before the Soviet Union shot down the American airplane, the Republican
Party seemed to have every possibility of making capital out of the "Peace
and Prosperity" slogan with all the resulting advantages for Vice President
Richard Nixon as the probable Presidential candidate of this party.
Moreover, the Democratic Party still had to solve the problem of
unity arising in connection with the present of several candidates for
the office of President and with the threat of discord on such questions
as racial segregation and Catholicism versus Protestantism.
Now people seem convinced that the "cold war" may possibly become
the main problem of the next President. Ability, experience, and ad-
ministrative skills, and not the popularity of the candidates--these may
consequently become the main considerations for the voters.
Many observers consider that one of the political effects of the
"U-2" incident will be an increase in the chances of the twice-defeated
Adlai Stevenson to become a compromise candidate at the convention of
the Democratic Party which will be held in July in San Francisco. If
this does not happen, then Stevenson will remain in the center of attention
as a probable Secretary of State, if the Democrats win the November elections.
If the summit meeting results in a reduction in the tensions in re-
lations between East and West, then the Presidential race will possibly
develop along traditional lines. The Democrats, as the opposition party,
will attempt to discredit the activities of the Eisenhower Government
since 1953 and will maintain that under the Democrats the Government
would have done much more. A decisive influence may be exerted by the
agricultural problem and the problem of relations between workers and
management.
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On the other hand, if the summit meeting does not give birth to new
hopes for a lasting peace than the drafters of the platforms at both the
Democratic and Republican conventions will be confronted by a single serious
problem. They will have to consider the possibility of public demand for
the creation by the next President of a bipartisan cabinet and about the
need for a system of economy in order to cover increased defence expendi-
tures.
Moreover, Presidential candidates from both parties must also give
attention to the fact that among the publics of several Western countries
differences of opinion may arise resulting from the incident with the
"U-2" plane, as to the correctness of American leadership on critical
issues.
Some relaxation in the crisis in relations between East and West at
the summit meeting would be, in the opinion of international experts, in
the interests of the underdeveloped countries of the world, because the
strong Western industrial powers would consider it necessary to increase
their aid to economic development in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
(United Press-International Agency
report from Washington on 12 May)
RED FACES
"Washington Evening Star"
After strongly expressed indignation over the fact that our airplane
was shot down over Russian territory, our Government hesitatingly admits
that there is a measure of truth in the statements of the Russian Premier
concerning the purpose of the flight of this airplane. It is impossible
not to think of the redfaced embarrassment of a small boy when he is
caught going after a forbidden jar of cookies.
Our Government has resorted to the big lie in connection with this
incident. We wished to force the whole world to believe that the airplane
was on a completely innocent mission and that it had accidentally flown
over Russian territory. This position very soon became impossible.
Moreover, the American Government attempted to deceive the citizens
to whom, they think, it should be responsible. This is the first time,
in my recollection, that this has happened.
It is very grievous to see how such a fatal course undermines the
bases of democracy. Who assigned this airplane its mission? The time
has come for us to assert the basic principle of democracy--responsibility
to the voters. If we permit the Government to exercise its will over us,
without responsibility to anyone besides itself, we will gradually become
a totalitarian State. This incident was a beginning. How far will matters
go?
(From a letter of reader Pierre Dostert, published on 12 May)
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"WE RISK STARTING A FIRE...
"Wall Street Journal"
We do not know that the U.S.A. would do if an airplane without
identifying markers should penetrate our frontiers, would not respond
to our signals and would refuse to land. But we think that we know
what would be done in those cases.
Consequently, while we all understand the necessity for intelligence
operations for the purpose of discovering what is happening in Russia,
it seems to us that somebody is playing with fire.... When we begin to
spread sparks around in the tinder then we are in grave danger of starting
a fire.
POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE
"Newsweek"
The reports on the American reconnaissance plane struck the United
States like a series of successive earthquake shocks, at such intervals
that there was not the slightest possibility of picking oneself up again
between the shocks each of which was heavier than the one preceding.
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PAGES FROM THE CONTEMPORARY PRESS
News of the marauding activities of America's militarists burst like
a cold wind into the international atmosphere. For the peoples of all
countries there is nothing dearer than peace. Millions of people through-
out the whole world hunger for peace and struggle for peace. Bright hopes
for an improvement in the international climate and for the elimination
of war from society have implanted themselves in their hearts. The dan-
gerous actions of the aggressive circles of the USA overshadow these hopes.
That is why people of good will viewed this threat to peace flung out by
the adherents of the "cold war" with deep alarm and with great anxiety.
Statements appearing in the press of a number of countries are gathered
together in this chapter. These statements are but a small particle of
the angry response of society to the provocative action of the American
imperialists.
The peoples of the socialist countries have given decisive and
firm warning to practitioners of international shady enterprises that
any aggressor will smash his head against the granite walls of the power-
ful socialist camp.
Peace loving peoples of all countries, without regard to their polit-
ical views and convictions, are unanimous in their opinion that the inter-
ests of assuring a world-wide peace demand that this dangerous business
of playing with fire be permanently halted.
The few raucous voices of the enemies of peace are drowned in the
unanimous chant of all peoples: once and for all to put an end to this
subversion of peace!
Jen-min Jih-pao
Chinese People's Republic
The invasion by an American plane of the air spaces of the Soviet Union
not only exposes once again the aggressive character of American imperial-
ism, but at the same time unmasks once again its shameless bandit's face.
With regard to the first declaration by the State Department of the
USA on 5 May in which an attempt was made to assert that the airplane
"accidentally flew over Soviet territory" as a result of the pilot's losing
consciousness because of a malfunction of his oxygen equipment, the news-
paper writes that the bandits from Washington figured that with the plane
and the pilot gone they would be able to wriggle out of it. The infor-
mation that the thief had been caught red-handed caused no end of confus-
ion to the American authorities. The second declaration by the bureaucrats
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in the State Department of the USA on 7 May in which they were forced
after some bitter second thoughts to admit that the American airplane
was engaged in the collection of espionage military information over the
territory of the Soviet Union and at the same time tried to find new ar-
guments for justifying their acts does nothing more, writes the newspaper,
than to bring more shame to the authors of this declaration.
Attempts by the State Department of the USA to represent such es-
pionage activity as a "means of legitimate national defense" "because of
the extreme secrecy" of the Soviet Union, notes the newspaper, completely
unmasks the fiction that "no authorization was given for the flight".
It is worthy of note that the USA does not think it shameful to en-
gage openly in espionage activity under the pretense of "national defense"
against other states and to invade their air spaces. This, writes the
newspaper, once again reveals the truth that in the terminology of Ameri-
can imperialist any aggressive expansionist activity is called "defense"
and that their "defense" is nothing more than aggression. If even the,
sending of aircraft into the air spaces of another country is called "a
means of legitimate national defense," what other American "defense" is
not to be known as aggression? In this connection, in the American version,
it turns out since the Soviet Union guards its secrets so well, the USA
is all the more obliged to send aircraft in to the USSR for conducting
espionage and that these agressive acts are entirely "legal". This is
the same thing, writes Jen-min Jih-pao, as the thief's saying, "Since you
have money, I must steal some."
What is this but the logic of bandits? Two declarations by the State
Department of the USA, emphasizes Jen-min Jih-pao further, completely un-
masks the seamy face of the American imperialists. It ought to be noted
that this is not the first time that the USA has stooped to such low
methods, but that this sort of thing goes on regularly.
The impudence with which the USA acted in this instance in connection
with the violation by an American plane of the air spaces of the Soviet
Union, writes Zhen'min' zhibao" in conclusion, is exposed in all its
nakedness. If there were persons who did not clearly see the shameful
face of the American imperialists, now even they can see that all attempts
of the USA to justify its actions are wholly without basis and were under-
taken only to conceal its aggressive actions.
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Trybuna Ludu
Polish People's Republic
It appears that for the first time in the history of international
relations we are dealing with an attempt to provide clear legalization
for spying and for a system of invasion of any foreign territory in times
of peace. This is an attempt to make a common thing of raids across state
borders and deep into the territory of another country with which normal
relations are meanwhile being maintained.
American policy makers love to assume, at times, the role of defenders
of international law. But one of the most important and moreover one of
the most ancient foundations of this law is the inviolability of anther's
territory. We have never yet heard that the government of any country can
appropriate to itself the unilateral priviledge of "legally" violating
another's borders.
The alertness of Soviet soldiers on the one hand and the skill with
which this matter was handled by the chief of the Soviet government on
the other pinned down the maneuvers of the American partisans of the
"cold war" who are working against a relaxation of international tensions.
The stunning blow dealt by the leader of the Soviet government to
"cold war" propaganda will doubtlessly help the people in the West to
understand much better just where the forces are which are fighting for
a relaxation of international tensions.
In contrast to the "cold war" tendencies which are thriving in the
West, writes the newspaper in conclusion, the USSR has demonstrated its
unvarying adherence to the idea of peaceful coexistence and the relaxation
of tensions - a fact which was shown once again by the last session of
the Supreme Soviet. In exposing and pillorying the espionage machinations
of the enemies who are against relaxing tensions, the chief of the Soviet
government cleared the atmosphere to a considerable extent, of "cold war"
miasma on the eve of the summit meeting.
PROVOCATION BECAME A BOOMERANG
Neues Deutschland
German Democrat c Republic
The aggressive violation by an American plane of the air spaces of
the USSR immediately before the summit meetings are directed against these
meetings which were called to strengthen peace. Honorable people of all
countries are disturbed'and aroused by this new attempt to aggravate the
"cold war".
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Berliner Zeitung
German Democratic Republic
The vile enemies of peace are still pursuing a policy of provoca-
tion. However, these provocative acts frequently turn into a boomerang.
That is what happened with the American reconnaissance plane which was
shot down at an altitude of 20 thousand meters and, like a boomerang,
dealt a blow to all those on the side of the "cold war".
Rude Pravo
Republic of Czechoslovakia
The newspaper in expressing its alarm over the bandit-like activities
of American aggressive circles and in welcoming the decisive position of
the Soviet Union with regard to the intrigues of the enemies of peace,
emphasizes that this evil business of playing with fire will come to. no
good. N. S. Khrushchev exposed the American piratical designs against
the USSR. He produced incontrovertible proof of the espionage activity
of the American plane.
Rabotnichesko Delo
Bulgarian People s Republic
The State Department justifies the espionage flight into the USSR
by saying that the Soviet government refused to accept President Eisen-
hower's proposal regarding an "open sky", that is, refused to permit
American planes to fly over Soviet territory freely and legally. It ap-
pears that the Soviet rocket not only hit the piratical plane of the spy,
Powers, but the heads of certain responsible persons in Washington. For
only a person who had lost his senses would demand that the USSR permit
"unhindered photography of its military bases".
Apararea Patriei
Rumanian People's Republic
The marauding violation by the American war plane of the air spaces
of the Soviet Union once again exposes the fact that in the West and, par-
ticularly, in the USA, there are circles firmly bound to the bankrupt
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policy of "from a position of strength". The danger which is concealed
in the intrigues of these circles is clear from the fact that this new
provocative act took place on the very eve of the Paris meeting of the
chiefs of the four powers.
The end of this provocative act once more demonstrates that the'in-
trigues of the partisans of the policy "from a position of strength" are
doomed to failure. The consequences of these intrigues will invariably
turn against their instigators like a boomerang. The organizers of
these activities, so harmful to world peace, have been censured by in-
ternational public opinion.
Nhan Dan
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
The recent violation by an American reconnaissance plane, a Lockeed
U-2, of the air spaces of the Soviet Union bears witness to the fact
that American imperialists do not really want to lessen international
tensions. This fact bears witness to the war-like intentions of American
imperialists. It also testifies to the fact that the United States and
other western states are trying to obstruct the work of the forthcoming
summit conferences.
In recent times the Soviet Union has tried to do everything possible
to maintain peace and to ward off the danger of war. The Soviet Union has
unilaterally halted atomic weapons testing, has reduced her armed forces
and has put forth a number of thoughtful proposals for settling international
differences. These efforts by the Soviet Union have, to a considerable
extent, brought about a lessening of international tensions.
American imperialists are grossly mistaken if they think that the
Soviet Union has dropped its guard. On the contrary, the fact the Soviet
Union shot down the American plane demonstrates that the Soviet Union not
only has not dropped her guard but has all the means required to protect
the Soviet land and to deal a deadly blow to whoever dares to encroach on
the Soviet Union or any other Socialist state.
The people of Vietnam warmly applaud the heroic deed of the Soviet
warriors who shot down the American plane. If American imperialist will
persist in following their militaristic and aggressive plans, they will
inevitably share the fate of the Lockeed U-2 .
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