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BASIC RESEARCH IN PRECISE MEASUREMENT PHASE II APPENDIX D1

Document Type: 
CREST
Collection: 
NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2
Release Decision: 
RIPPUB
Original Classification: 
K
Document Page Count: 
100
Document Creation Date: 
December 28, 2016
Document Release Date: 
April 21, 2001
Sequence Number: 
1
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
May 1, 1972
Content Type: 
REPORT
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PDF icon CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2.pdf4.88 MB
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Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 FR 72-1442 APPENDIX Dl DECLASS REVIEW BY NIMA / DoD BASIC RESEARCH IN PRECISE MEASUREMENT PHASE II APPENDIX Dl FINAL REPORT for TASK 3 - VIEWING ILLUMINATION BIBLIOGRAPHY ON VIEWING ILLUMINATION Prepared by STATINTL Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 ABSTRACT This document contains a bibliography of selected references on the subject of viewing illumination. The bibliography contains 582 references which are listed alphabetically and cross-indexed. Selected summaries of the more pertinent references are provided. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Introduction...... .......... ....... 1 Scope........... ............................................ 1 Access ............. ................................ Entry Description ............................................... 2 Abbreviations ..................???????? 15 Bibliography .................... ........................... 60 Selected Reference Summary ........................... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Title Pie F ure 1 Search Terms ........................................... 3 2 Subject Headings ....................................... 5 3 Bibliography Entry ..................................... 7 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80+66703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 ILLUMINATION STUDY BIBLIOGRAPHY "" STATINTL INTRODUCTION This document contains a bibliography of selected references pertinent to the general subject of illumination and human visual behavior in the context of mensuration performance. The bibliography was prepared by under a contract sponsored by the U.S. Government. The bibliography has been arranged in'such a manner to allow ready access by subject or author. Collateral data has been provided as fully as possible to permit acquisition of documents when desired. A companion item to this bibliography is a summary of selected references. The open literature search is summarized in Figure 1. The collection of references was directed towards full coverage of readily available documents (1960--1971) concerning illumination and human visual performance pertinent to the Center's mensuration mission. Sources utilized were the Defense Documentation Center, Clearing House for Technical and Scientific Information, Boeing Co. Imagery Interpretation Bibliography, professional journals, previously published technical bibliographies, symposium and annual meeting papers, and manufacturing brochures and publications. ACCESS The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author. Two groupings will be found, with the second beginning at entry 0554. Access by subject is provided by a subject index file (see Figure 2). Figure 3 demonstrates access procedures. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 ENTRY DESCRIPTION Each entry will contain author or corporate name, title, source of publication, and pertinent recovery data. Certain listings will be followed by a document number or code which refers to its accessibility: AD XXX XXX ..... DDC Document GXXXXX ......... Boeing Imagery Interpretation Bibliography Abbreviations were not generally used in compiling the bibliography. However, the following list is provided for use if needed. AMER. J. PSYCHOL ........... American Journal of Psychology J. EXP. PSYCH .............. Journal of Experimental Psychology J. GEN. PHYSIOL ............ Journal of General Physiology JOSA ....................... Journal of the Optical Society of America JOURNAL SMPTE ? .............. Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers PHOTO. ENGR ................ Photogrammetric Engineering PSE ........................ Photographic Science and Engineering 2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 FIGURE 1. SEARCH TERMS DDC/NASA SEARCH KEY WORDS A. Color Photography 1. Color Film B. Color Temperature 1. Blackbody Radiation 2. Emissivity 3. Spectral Emmittance C. Color Vision D. Lamps 1. Arc Lamps 2. Electroluminescent Lamps 3. Fluorescent Lamps 4. Gas Lamps 5. Glow Lamps 6. Incandescent Lamps 7. Infrared Lamps 8. Mercury Lamps 9. Neon Lamps 10. Neon Tubes 11. Sodium Lamps 12. Ultraviolet Lamps 13. Xenon Lamps E. Brightness 1. Color 2. Glare 3. Human Factors Engineering 4. Incandescence 5. Radiance 6. Reflectance F. Color 1. Chroma 2. Color Codes 3. Color Matching 4. Color Temperature 5. Comprehension 6. Contrast SUBJECT: ILLUMINATION/HUMAN FACTORS (BROAD COVERAGE) G. Color Vision/Visual Defects H. Color Vision/Visual Reception I. Colorimeters 1. Color 2. Colorimetric Analysis 3. Colorimetry J. Human Factors Engineering 1. Comfort 2. Performance 3. Psychological Effects K. Light (Visible Radiation) L. Visibility 1. Contrast 2. Light 3. Resolution M. Visible Spectrum N. Visual Perception 1. Flicker 2. Critical Flicker Fusion 0. Illuminance The open literature search included the broad categories of illumination, illuminants, human visual behavior, color science, color Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RD80T00703A000200080001-2 a* Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 vision, viewing and display systems. Document search was generally for the period 1960-1971. Reference sources most widely quoted are Applied Optics, Illuminating Engineering, Journal of Experimental Psycholog Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Photographic Science and Engineering, Vision Research. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 I. COLOR 1. Color (General) 2. Colorimetry 3. Color Matching 4. Color Photography 5. Color Specification 6. Color Theory 1. Chromatic Adaptation 2. Color Contrast 3. Color Discrimination 4. Color Vision (General) 5. Color Vision Theory 6. Visual Mechanism III. ILLUMINANTS 1. Arc Lamps 2. Color Rendering 3. Color Temperature 4. Discharge Lamps 5. Electroluminescent Lamps 6. Fluorescent Lamps 7. Incandescent Lamps 8. Spectral Distribution Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 IV. ILLUMINATION 1. Design Guides/Standards 2. Flicker 3. Glare 4. Illumination (General) 5. Luminance 6. Photometry 7. Visual Performance V. VIEWING SYSTEMS 1. Design Guides 2. Direct Viewing/Stereoscopic 3. Other 4. Projection VI. VISION 1. Accommodation 2. Acuity 3. Adaptation 4. Brightness 5. Contrast 6. Interpretation Performance 7. Physiological Factors 8. Psychological Factors 9.. Spectral Sensitivity 10. Vision (General) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 FIGURE 3. BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY ACCESS: Bibliography May Be Entered By Author Or Subject. Author (1) Subject Heading Color Theory 0020 0165 0166 0169 0170 0201 (2) 0020 Balaraman, Shakuntala, "Color Vision Research and the Trichromatic Theory: A Historical Review," Psxchologica7. Bulletin, 59:5, 434-448, 1962. AD 402 872 (a) (a) Included In Literature Search Summary Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 1. Color (General) 0044 0089 0116 0164 0294 0353 0366 0388 0500 0547 0566 2. Colorimetry 0022 0041 0042 0043 0121 0199 0228 0241 0242 0290 0291 0293 0299 0300 0301 0308 0309 0314 0317 0328 0340 0354 0355 0356 0357 0373 0425 0426 0451 0531 0532 0544 0545 0546 0558 0559 0560 0561 0562 0563 0564 0565 0567 0568 0579 3. Color Matchin& 0074 0212 0223 0248 0308 0309 0359 0373 0376 0377 0494 4. Color Photography 0012 0013 0028 0029 0094 0134 0149 0168 0171 0172 0175 0200 0272 0300 0301 0305 0313 0334 0353 0361 0394 0415 0473 0478 0499 0509 0530 0536 0537 0555 0556 0557 0569 0574 5. Color Specification 0010 0011 0105 0110 0173 0174 0176 0204 0205 0222 0224 0271 0289 0293 0303 0304 0340 0384 0385 0388 0389 0393 6. Color. Theo 0020 0165 0166 0169 0170 0201 0292 0362 0445 0488 0515 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP&00T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 1. Chromatic Adaptation 0068 0101 0150 0172 0231 0302 0306 0349 0351 0444 2. Color Contrast 0077 0268 0277 0278 0279 0286 0288 0297 0364 0485. 0512 0551 3. Color Discrimination 0003 0004 0066 0067 0074 0080 0081 0102 0103 0105 0108 0111 0140 0185 0202 0258 0338 0347 0348 0352 0435 0453 0458 0459 0460 0461 0462 0549 4. Color Vision (General) 0016 0023 0071 0115 0201 0236 0237 0238 0239 0240 0255 0259 0287 0327 0369 0548 0580 5. Color Vision Theory 0037 0039 0040 0067 0071 0092 0110 0126 0141 0143 0144 0152 0178 0254 0263 0295 0323 0324 0325 0326 0406 0407 0522 0542 0543 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 6. Visual Mechanism 0040 0045 0068 0072 0087 0097 0099 0100 0103 0102 0122 0123 0124 0128 0129 0131 0154 0167 0171 0207 0221 0225 0232 0256 0257 0260 0263 0272 0276 0331 0335 0358 0360 0386 0393 0401 0403 0406 0407 0417 0425 0430 0432 0434 0436 0437 0438 0439 0443 0446 0451 0452 0474 0475 0485 0491 0495 0498 0503 0514 0522 0529 0532 0538 0548 0555 0567 0573 0576 III ILLUMINANTS 1. Arc Lamps 0065 0106 0120 0196 0371 0505 0581 2. Color Rendering 0022 0025 0088 0090 0091 0107 0135 0137 0212 0243 0283 0298 0390 0391 0392 0441 0455 0493 0563 3. Color Temperature 0096 0134 0229 0312 0539 0540 4. Discharge Lamps 0191 0273 0282 0322 0404 0510 5. Electroluminescent Lamps 0230 0274 0275 0321 0405 0411 0421 0490 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 6. Fluorescent Lamps 0136 0160 0243 0251 0285 0339 0342. 0413 0531 0553 7. Incandescent Lamps 0001 0312 0333 0398 0483 0511 0582 8. S ectral Distribution 0031 0065 0195 0465 0466 0482 IV. ILLUMINATION 1. Design Guides and Standards 0009 0050 0055 0057 0059 0061 0113 0.114 0117 0157 0318 0343 0380 0463 0489 0507 0525 0526 0571 0572 2. Flicker 0030 0063 0177 0318 0553 3. Glare 0052 0147 0148 0159 0189 0466 0467 0502 0535 4. Illumination (General) 0130 0133 0153 0155 0244 0265 0269 0379 5. Luminance 0049 0050 0058 0060 0062 0073 0109 0122 0123 0124 0197 0220 0332 0554 0570 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP86+00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 6. Photometry 0118 0119 0120 0158 0184 0246 0250 0251 0274 0284 0290 0339 0370 0404 0517 0531 0533 0541 0560 0565 7. Visual Performance 0064 0078 0159 0198 0211 0215 0221 0233 0249 0281 0296 0315 0316 0336 0346 0372 0378 0398 0399 0402 0408 0422 0431 0454 0456 0465 0468 0482 0527 0528 0532 0570 0571 VIEWING SYSTEMS 1. Design Guides 0017 0157 0350 0419 0427 0428 0457 0464 2. Direct Viewing/Stereoscopic 0009 0014 0179 0232 0286 0381- 0412 0531 3. Other 0021 0048 0130 0226 0394 0427 0449 0471 0479 0577 4. Projection 0015 0083 0109 0112 0139 0145 0163 0192 0210 0311 0330 0363 0374 0375 0447 0448 0464 0469 0472 0536 0554 0575 0580 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 VI. VI SION 1. Accommodation 2. 0005 Acuity 0019 0098 0268 0006 0075 0101 0328 0095 0076 0131 0329 0078 0161 0349 0079 0177 0378 0097 0233 0577 3. Adaptation 0018 0046 0070 0075 0076 0078 0227 0234 0252 0523 0409 0410 0416 0467 0486 4. Br iphtness 0027 0033 0034 0035 0036 0084 0085 0104 0132 0142 0146 0151 0162 0182 0183 0187 0189 0190 0216 0217 0219 0234 0235 0245 0247 0264 0270 0320 0341 0344 0368 0387 0399 0400 0401 0429 0496 0497 0504 0520 0521 5. Contrast 0082 0161 0397 0492 0367 0396 0187 0245 6. Interpretation Performance 0062 0138 0420 0442 0513 0518 0519 w1i 13 0476 0477 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 7. Physiological Factors 0002 0008 0046 0082 0093 0180 0186 0193 0194 0213 0337 0395 0410 0423 0424 0450 0501 0516 0524 0534 0578 8. Psychological Factors 0038 0056 0063 0069 0193 0206 0208 0214 0267 0310 0365 0433 0434 0449 0470 0484 0491 0506 0508 9. 5jjectral Sensitivity 0007 0070 0079 0086 0098 0111 0125 0126 0127 0156 0209 0218 0252 0261 0262 0266 0280 0307 0319 0376 0377 0382 0383 0414 0440 0480 0481 0516 0523 10. Vision (General) 0054 0181 0188 0203 0345 0552 '0578 a& Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0001 Adams, E.Q., "The Tungsten Filament Incandescent Lamp," Journal of Science Laboratory, Denison University, April, 1937. 0002 Adler, F.H., Physiology of the Eye, C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1965. 0003 Akita, Munehira, and Graham, C.H., "Maintaining an Absolute Test Hue in the Presence of Different Background Colors and Luminance Ratios," Vision Research, Vol. 6, 315-323, 1966. AD 638 770 0004 Akita,.Munehira, Graham, C.H., and Hsia, Yun, "Maintaining an Absolute Hue in the Presence of Different Background Colors," Vision Research, Vol. 4, 539-536, 1964. AD 614 199 (a) 0005 Alpern, M., "Certain Effects of Background Illuminance on Accommodation and Vergence Function," Vision Research Reports, pp. 64-67, 1960. G00399F 0006 -' "Variability of Accommodation During Steady Fixation at Various Levels of Illuminance," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 48, pp. 193-197, March 1958. G00585 , "The Spectral Sensitivity of the Consensual Light Reflex," Journal of Physiology, Vol. 164, pp. 478-507, 1962. 000834 0008 Alpern, Mathew, Thompson, Samuel, and Lee, Myron S., "Spectral Transmittance of the Living Human Eye," Journal of.the-Optical Societe of America, 55:723, 1965. 0009 American National Standards Institute, Inc., "American National Standard Direct Viewing of Photographic Color Transparencies," ANSI PH2.31-1969. 0010 American Society for Testing Materials: "Method for Specifying Color by the Munsell System D1535-62,"American Society for Testias and Materials, Philadelphia, PennsyliYania, 1962. 0011 American Standards Association, "Standard Methods of Measuring and Specifying Color," 258.7.1-1951, 258.7.2-1951, and Z58.7.3- ____._~-~ 19 51, 1951. 0.012 Anderson, Robert L., "The Parameters of Color Reproduction in Additive Color Aerial Photography," ASP-SPSE Seminar Proceedings New Horizons in Color Aerial Photografhy, New York, June 1969. . Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0013 Anson, A., "Color Photo Comparison," Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 32, pp. 286-297, March 1966. G00006 0014 , Significant Findings of a Stereoscopic Acuity Study," Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 25, pp. 607-611, 1959. 0015 Archer, R., "Rear Projection Display Device," Air Force Avionics Lab, February 1970. AD 706399, G02741 0016 Backus, Larry Allen, "Effect of Color on Visual Velocity Estimation," Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, October 1969. AD 704 076 0017 Baker, C.H., "Designing Displays for Human Use," Naval Research Reviews, Vol. 23, pp. 1-9, January 1970. G02312 0018 Baker, H.D., "Initial Stages of Dark and Light Adaptation," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 98-103, January 1963. (a) 0019 Baker, K.F., "Some Variables Influencing Vernier Acuity: I. Illumination and Exposure Time, II. Wavelength of Illumination," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 39:567-576, 1949. G00534 0020 Balaraman, Shakuntala, "Color Vision Research and the Trichromatic Theory: A Historical Review," Psychological Bulletin, 59:5, 434-448, 1962. AD 402 872 (a) 0021 Balinkin, Isay, "Brightness Amplification in Phosphors," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:605, 1962. 0022 Ball, Richard J., and Bartley, S. Howard, "Brightness, Saturation, and Hue Changes," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:695, 1966. 0023 Bartleson, C.S., "A Bibliography of Personal Publications," Kollmorgen Co., 1968. G02454 0024 Bartleson, C.J., "Color in Memory in Relation to Photographic Reproduction," Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 6, November-December 1961. (a) 0025 , ""Interrelations Among Screen Luminance, Camera Exposure and Quality of Projected Color Transparencies," Photographic Science and En ig'neerina, 9:3, pp. 174-178, May-June 1965. G02211 (a) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0026 , "Memory Colors of Familiar Objects," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:73, 1960. 0027 Bartleson, C.J., and Breneman, E.J., "Brightness Perception in Complex Fields," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 57, pp. 953-957, July 1967. G01113 0028 Bartleson, C.J., and Bray, C.P., "On the Preferred Reproduction of Flesh, Blue-Sky, and Green-Grass Colors," Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, January-February 1962. (a) 0029 Bartleson, C.J., and Woodbury, W.W., "Psychophysical Methods for Evaluating the Quality of Color Transparencies: II. Control of Observer Adaptation in Categorical Judgments," Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, January-February 1962. 0030 Bartley, S.H., and Nelson, T.M., "Further Study of Pulse-to-Cycle Fraction and Critical Flicker Frequency, Decisive Theoretical Test," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 41-45, January 1961. (a) 0031 Bartz, Albert E., "Attention Value as a Function of Illuminant Color Change," Journal of Applied Psychology, 41: pp. 82-84, 0032 Beare, A.C., "Colour Names as Response Criteria," Ergonomics, 11:6, pp. 565-575, 1968. G02587 0033 Beck, Jacob, "Apparent Spatial. Position and the Perception of Lightness," -Journal of Experimental Ps cholo , Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 170-179, 1965. (a) 0034 , "Judgments of Surface Illumination and Lightness," - Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 61, pp. 368-377, 1961. "Stimulus Correlates for the Judged Illumination of a 0035 Surface," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 267-274, 1959. G00054 0036 Bedford, R.E., and Wyszecki, G.W., "Luminosity Functions for Various Field Sizes and Levels of Retinal Illuminance," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 48, pp. 406-411, June 1958. G00582 0037 Berg, S., and Forkner, J., "Note on Recent Demonstrations of Color Mechanisms," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:394, 1960. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0038 Berman, Phyllis W., and Leibowitz, H.W., "Some Effects of Contour on Simultaneous Brightness Contrast," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 69, No. 3, 251-266, 1956. (a) 0039 Biernson, G., "Spectral Scanning as Mechanism of Color Vision," Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer's Transactions on Military Electronics, Vol. MIL-8, No. 2-3, pp. 103-108, April-July 1963. (a) 0040 Biernson, George, and Snyder, Allen, "A Theoretical Model for Color Vision," Sylvania Electronic Systems Waltham, Massachusetts Applied Research Lab, Report No. F-3052-2, December 1965. AD 628 873 (a) 0041 Billmeyer, F.W., Jr., "Determining Color," Science and Technology, pp. 26-34, June 1968. G02245 "Precision, Accuracy and Validity of Color Measurement," Journal of Paint Technology, 38:726-731, 1966. , "Precision of Color Measurement," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:707, 1965. 0044 Billmeyer, Fred W., Jr., and Saltzman, Max, Principles of Color Technology, Interscience Division, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, 1966. 0045 Bird, George R., and Jones, R. Cook, "Color Response Functions of Human Cones," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1686, 1965. 0046 Bittini, Marcella, "Fluctuations of Physiological Nature, as Revealed by Differential Threshold Determinations, at Various Luminance of the Adapting Field," Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica Florence (Italy), Report No. 52 932, December 1960. AD 262 271 (a) 0047 Bittini, M., Erooles, A.M., Fiorentini, A., Ronchi, L., and Difrancia, G.T., "Enhanced Contrast of an Indefinitely Contoured Object by Movement or Intermittent Illumination," USAF Office of Scientific Research, Report No. TN-60-1012, September 1960. AD 242277, G01026 0048 Bitzer, D.L., et. al., "Plasma Display Panel," Universes of Illinois Report, pp. 194-225, August 1969. AD 692196, G02311 0049 Bixel, Gordon A., "The Visibility of Non-Uniform Target-Background Complexes: II Further Experiments," Ohio State University_ Research Foundation, Columbus, Ohio, Report No. TR 890-2, July 1961. (a) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0050 Blackwell, H.R., "Brightness Discrimination Data for the Specification of Quantity of Illumination," Illuminating Engineering, 602, 1952. 0051 ,."Contrast Thresholds of the Human Eye," Journal of the Optical Society of America. Vol. 36, pp. 624-643, November 1946. G00484 0052 , "Dr. Blackwell Explains Glare Research," Li htin , pp. 20-33, August 1962. G00405 0053 , "Further Validation Studies of Visual Task Evaluation and Other Elements of an Earlier Illumination Specification System," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 59, September 1964. 0054 , "Optics and Vision," University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Report No. 2144-184-P, November 1957. (a) 0055 , "Specification of Interior Illumination Levels," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 54, pp. 317-353, June 1959. G00826 0056 , The Effects of Certain Psychological Variables upon Target Detectability, University of Michigan, Engineers. Research Institute, Report 2455-12F, Ann Arbor, June 1958. G 01688 0057 , "The Evaluation of Interior Lighting on the Basis of Visual Criteria," Applied Optics, Vol. 6, pp. 1443-1467, September 1967. G01305 0058 , "The Visibility of Non-Uniform Target - Background Complexes," Rome Air Development Center, Report No. TDR-63-184, April 1963. (a) 0059 , "Use of Performance Data to Specify Quantity and Quality of Interior Illumination," Illuminating Engineering, 286, 1955. 0060 Blackwell, H.R., and Kristofferson, A.B., "Effects of Target Size and Shape on Visual Detection - Continuous Foveal Target at Moderate Background Luminance," University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Report No. 2144-279-T, September 1958. 0061 Blackwell, H.R., and Smith, S.W., "Validation of Elements of an Earlier Illumination Specification System," Compte Rendu 15th Session, CIE Publication No. 11-B-1964, Vol. B, 1964. 0062 Bliss, William D., "Visual Simulation and Image Interpretation," Naval Training Device Center, Orlando, Florida, Report No. NAVTRADEVCENIH-153, April 1969. AD 856 929L (a) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0063 Blunt, R.M., and Schmeling, W.A., "Study of Psychophysical Factors of Vision and Pyrotechnic Light Sources," Denver Research Institute, Colorado Mechanics Division, February 1968. AD 842 705 (a) 0064 Bodmann, H.W., "Illumination Levels and Visual Performance," Interior Lighting Review, p. 41, February 1962. 0065 Boettner, E.A., and Miedler, L.J., "Simulating the Solar Spectrum by Means of a High-Pressure Xenon Lamp with Selective Filtration," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:1135, 1960. 0066 Bouman, M.A., Vos, J.J., and Walraven, P.L., "Fluctuation Theory of Luminance and Chromaticity Discrimination," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 121-128, January 1963. 0067 Boynton, Robert M., "Contributions of Threshold Measurements to Color Discrimination Theory," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:593, 1962. 0068 , "Rapid Chromatic Adaptation and the Sensitivity Functions of Human Color Vision," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 46:172-179, March 1956. 0069 , "Spatial Vision," Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 13, pp. 171-200, 1962. G00064 0070 Boynton, R.M., and as, S.R., "Visual Adaptation Increased Efficiency Resulting from Spectrally Distributed Mixtures of Stimuli," Science, Vol. 154, pp. 1581-1582, December 1966. G00885 0071 Boynton', Robert M., Sturr, Joseph, Ikeda, Mitsuo, Wagner, Mahlon, and Siegfried, John, "Theory of Color Vision," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:929, 1960. 0072 Boynton, R.M., and Wagner, M., "Two-Color Threshold as Test of Color Vision," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 51, pp. 429-440, April 1961. G00522 0073 Breneman, G.L., and Bartleson, C.J., "Luminosity and Brightness," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 56,' p. 983, July 1966. G02657 0074 Brewer, W.L., "Fundamental Response Functions and Binocular Color Matching," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 44: 207-212, March 1954. G00332 - 20 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0075 Brown, J.L., "Effect of Different Preadapting Luminances on the Resolution of Visual Detail during Dark Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 44, pp. 48-55, January 1954. G00294 "Visual Acuity and Dark Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:580, 1962. 0077 Brown, John Lott, and Ranken, Howard B., "Luminance, Purity, and Wavelength Matches of Contrast Colors," Vision Research, Vol. 5, 443-453, 1965. AD 625 282 (a) 0078 Brown, J.L., Graham, C.H., Leibowitz, H., and Ranken, H.B., "Luminance Thresholds for the Resolution of Visual Detail during Dark Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 43, pp. 197-202, March 1953. G00314 0079 Brown, John L., Phares, Lester, and Fletcher, Dorothy E., "Spectral Energy Thresholds for the Resolution of Acuity Targets," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:950, 1960. G00504 0080 Brown, W.R.J., "Color Discrimination of Twelve Observers," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47: 137-143, 1957. "The Effects of Field Size and Chromatic Surroundings on Color Discrimination," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 42, pp. 837-843, November 1952. G00194 0082 Bryngdahl, 0., "Observed Regularities of Contrast Vision in the Photopic Region - Response/Stimulus Peak-to-Peak Measurement of Spatial Sine-Wave Patterns," Optica Acta, Vol. 13, pp. 55-68, 1966. G00564 0083 Burch,-J.J., and Geikas, G.I., "Coherent Rear Projection Viewer," RADC, August 1970. G02811 0084 Burg, A., "Light Sensitivity as Related to Age and Sex," Perceptual Motor Skills, Vol. 24, pp. 1279-1288, 1967. G01581 0085 Burkhardt, D.A., "Brightness and the Increment Threshold," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 56, pp. 979-981, July 1966. G00973 0086 Burkhardt, D.A., and Whittle, P., "Spectral-Sensitivity Functions for Homochromatic-Contrast Detection," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 57, pp. 416-420, March 1967. 0087 Burnham, R.W., "Binocular Subjective Colors and the Visual Mechanism," American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 492-499, 1954. G00281 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 , "Predictions of Shifts in Color Appearance with a Charge from Daylight to Tungsten Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 49, pp. 254-263. G00223 0089 Burnham, R.W., Hanes, R.M., and Bartleson, C.J., Color: A Guide to Basic Facts and Concepts, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1963. 0090 Burnham, R.W., and Malach, R.J., "Color Appearance Specification with Adaptation to Daylight and Tungsten Illumination," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:1071, 1960. G00502 0091 Burnham, R.W., Evans, R.M., and Newhall, S.M., "Influence on Color Perception of Adaptation to Illumination," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 42: 597-605, September. 1952. G00228 0092 Burnahm, R.W., et al., "Investigation of Perceptual Color Scaling," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:1410, 1970. G02937 0093 Byram, G.M., "The Physical and Photochemical Basis of Visual Resolving Power Part I. The Distribution of Illumination in Retinal Images," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 34, pp. 571-591, October 1944. G01014 0094 Calkin, Hunt, and Letzer, "Filtering and Monitoring Systems for Color Printing," Photographic Science and En ineeeer- in&, Vol. 5, No. 6, November-December 1961. (a) 0095 Campbell, F.W., and Westheimer, C., "Factors Influencing Accommodation Responses of the Human Eye," Journal of the 0_tical Society of America, Vol. 49, pp. 568-571, June 1959. G00217 0096 Canty, B.R., and Kirkpatrick, G.P., "Color Temperature Diagram," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51:1130, 1961. 0097 Cavonius, Carl R., "Human Visual Acuity Measured with Colored Stimuli," Human Sciences Research Inc., McLean, Virginia, Report No. HSR-RR-65/8-CR, September 1965. AD 472 253 (a) 0098 , "The Effect of Wavelength on Visual Acuity," Ea Research Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, Report - No. ERF-RR-1/67-CR, January 1967. AD 646 575 (a) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 r Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0099 Cavonius, C.R., and Hilz, R., "Visual Performance after Pre- Adaptation to Colored Lights," Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83:1, pp. 359-365, March 1970. G02773 0100 Cavonius, Carl R., Hilz, Rudolf, and Kravitz, Jerome H., "Chromaticity and Luminance Effects on Visual Detection," Eye Research Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, Report No. ERF-RR-2/68-CR, November 1968. AD 680 938 (a) 0101 Cavonius, Carl R., and Schumacher, Anne W., "Human Chromatic Visual Acuity," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1589, 1965. 0102 Chapanis, A., and Beare, Aleeza C., "Naming of Surface Colors throughout Color Space," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:1326, 1962. 0103 Chapanis, A., and Halsey, R.M., "Absolute Judgments of Spectrum Colors," Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42, pp. 99-103, 1956. 0104 Cheatham, P.G., "Visual Perceptual Latency as a Function of Stimulus Brightness and Contour Shape," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 43, pp. 369-380, January 1952. G01092 0105 Chickering, K.D., "Perceptual Significance of the Differences between CIE Tristimulus Values," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59: 986-990, 1969. G02491 0106 Christensen, M., and Paugh, P.I., "Applications of High-Intensity Sodium Discharge Arc Lamps," Presented at National Technical Conference of Illuminating Engineering Society, Document No. Preprint 25, August 1966. G00909 0107 CIE Committee E-1.3.2: Method of Measuring and Specifying ying Color Rendering Properties of Light Sources, 1st Edition, CIE Publication No. 13, 1965. 0108 Clark, G.P., "Recognition Characteristics Study for Buoys," Coast Guard Baltimore, Maryland Field Testing and Development Center, Report No. USCG-503, January 1970. AD 703 313) (a) 23 Approved For Release 2001/07/12: CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0109 Clark, L.D., "Picture Quality of Motion Pictures as a Function of Screen Luminance," Journal SMPTE, Vol. 61, pp. 241-247, August 1953, G01072 0110 Cohen, Jozef, and Gibson, W.A., "Vector Model for Color Sensations," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:692, 1962. 0111 Cole, Barry L., and Brown, Brian, "Optimum Intensity of Red Traffic-Signal Lights," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:516, 1966. 0112 , "Color and Luminance of Review Room Screens - SMPTE Recommended Practice," SMPTE, Vol. 79, pp. 543-544, June 1970. G02603 0113 Color Appraisal Task Committee of the Graphic Arts Subcommittee of the Industrial Committee of the IES; "Lighting for the Color Appraisal of Reflection-Type Materials in Graphic Arts," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. XXII, p. 493, September 1957. 0114 Color Committee of the IES, "Color and the Use of Color by the Illuminating Engineer," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 57, December 1962. 0115 ,"Color Vision - A Medical Bibliography Especially Related to Color Photographs," Pacific Northwest RU.Lonal Health Sciences Library - No. 200291, March 1970. G02462 0116 Committee on Colorimetry of the Optical Society of America, The Science of Color, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1953. 0117 Committee on Nomenclature of the IES, USA Standard Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating En ineering, USAS Z7.1-1967. 0118 Committee on Testing Procedures of IES, "IES General Guide to Photometry," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 50, April 1955. 0119 Committee on Testing Procedures of IES, "IES Guide for Measurement of .Photometric Brightness," Illuminating Engineering, July 1961. 0120 Committee on Testing Procedures of IES, "IES Guide for Photometric Measurements of Mercury Lamps," Illuminatin Engineering, Vol. 54, October 1959 24 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0121 Committee on Testing Procedures of IES, "Practical Guide to Colorimetry," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 55, February 1960. 0122 Connors, Mary M., "Hue Perception in Small Targets," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58:258, 1968. 0123 , "Luminance for Hue Perception in Small Targets," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59:91, 1969. 0124 , "Luminance Required for Hue Perception," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:958, 1970. 0125 Connors, M.M., and Kinney, J.A.S., "Relative Red-Green Sensitivity as a Function of Retinal Position," Journal of the ptical Society of America, Vol. 52, pp. 81-84, January 1962. 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AD 262270, G01024 0132 Cornsweet, T.N., and Teller, D.Y., "Relation of Increment Thresholds in Brightness and Luminance," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 55, pp. 1303-1308, October 1965. G01567 0133 Cotton, N.,"Principles of Illumination," Reviewed by C. Harrison Dwight, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51:920, 1961. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0134 Crandell, Frank, Freund, Earl, and Moen, Lars, "Effects of Incorrect Color Temperature on Motion Picture Production," Journal SMPTE, 55:67-88, July 1950. 0135 Crawford, B.H., "Colour Rendering Properties of Illuminants-Application of Psychophysical Measurements to Their Evaluation, British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 319-328, June 1963. 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G01070 0140 Das, S.R., "Recognition of Signal Colors," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:789, 1966. 0141 Davidson, Hugh R., and Hemmendinger, Henry, "Color Prediction with Two-Constant Formula," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:1102, 1966. 0142 Davidson, Michael, "Spatial Brightness Interactions in Human Vision, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58:1300, 1968. 0143 Davies, W.E.R., and Wright, Hilton, "Physical Approximation of Color-Mixture Functions," Journal of the Optical Societe of America, 50:1138, 1960. 0144 Davies, W.E.R., and Wyszecki, G., "Physical Approximation of Color- Mixture Functions," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:679, 1962. 0145 Davis, J.E., "Criteria for Specifying Projectors for the Photo- interpreter," Seminar Proceedings - The Human in the Photo-_ Optical System, New York, April 1966. G00875 0146 DeBelder, M., DeKerf, Jespers, and Verbrugghe, "Light Diffusion in Photographic Layers," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1261, 1965. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0147 Dempster, W.T., "Principles of Microscope Illumination and the Problem of Glare," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 34, pp. 695-710, December 1944. G01016 0148 , "Visual Factors in Microscopy," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 34, pp. 711-717, December 1944. G01017 ,"Detection of Minute Images on Color Film," RADC-TR-57-153, 1957. AD131259, G02254 0150 Devalois, R.L., and Walraven, J., "Monocular and Binocular After Effects of Chromatic Adaptation," Institute for Perception RVO-TNO Soesterberg (Netherlands), Report No. IZF-1966-9, 1966. 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"Symposium on Visual Problems of Color, Teddington," VG -1 -1 Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, 1957. 0256 , The Effects of Daylight and Tungsten Light-Adaptation on Color Perception," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 40:362-371, June 1950. 0257 P----- ; "Visual Adaptation and the Apparent Saturation of Colors," Proc. Phys. Soc., B62:203-206, March 1949. 0258 Hurvich, L.M., "Contributions to Color-Discrimination Theory Review, Summary and Discussion," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 53, pp. 196-201, January 196.3. G00374 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Committee on Vision, pp. 13-20, 1960. G003998 0259 Hurvich, L.M., and Jameson, D., "Human Color Perception," _American Scientist, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 143-166, 1969. G00226 0260 , "Interactive and Inductive Effects in Color Vision," Vision, pp. 155-159, 1960. 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C. , "The Opponent-Colors Mechanism of Vision," NRC , IES Lighting Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0272 Ishak, I.G.H., Caid, F.S., and ABD-Elsalam, F., "Colour Stereoscopy," Optica Acta, 16:1, pp. 69-74, 1969. G02568 0273 Ishler, W.E., and Smialek, W.E., "Metallic Vapor Mercury' Design Parameters and Improved Lamp Performance," Presented at National Tech Conference of Illuminating Engineering Society, August 1966. G00895 0274 Ivey, Henry F., "Color and Efficiency of Luminescent Sources," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:576, 1965. 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Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0394 Norton, Clarice, "Optical Requirements for Photogrammetric Instruments Used with Color Materials," ASP-SPSE Seminar Proceedin s - New Horizons in Color Aerial Photography, New York, June 1969. 0395 Novakova, 0., "Certain Physical Problems of Physiological Optics," Foreign Technology Division Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Report No. FTD-HT-66-283, December 1966. AD 803 793 (a) 0396 Ogle, K.N., "Blurring of Retinal Image and Contrast Thresholds in Fovea," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 307-315, April 1960. (a) 0397 , "Foveal Contrast Thresholds with Blurring of Retinal Image and Increasing Size of Test Stimulus," tical Society. of America Journal, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 862-869, August 1961. (a) 0398 Olesen, B.G., "Color Investigation, White Lighting," North American Aviation Inc., Los Angeles, California, Report No. NA 60 305, AD 285 299L (a) 0399 Onley, J. Wheeler, "Light Adaptation and Brightness of Brief Foveal Stimuli," 0 tical Society of America Journal, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 667-673, June 1961. a 0400 Onley, Judith W., and Ingling, Carl, "Interaction between Saturation and Luminance,"Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:13201 1962. 0401 Onley, Judith W., and Sternheim, C.E., "Chromatic Stimuli of Equal Brightness," Journal of the Optical Societ of America, 55:1325, 1965. 0402 Oster, Gerald, "Spectral Modulation of White Light," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1325, 1965. 0403 Oyama, Tadasu, and Hsia, Yun, "Compensatory Hue Shift in Simultaneous Color Contrast as a Function of Separation between Inducing and Test Fields," Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 405-415, 1966. (a) 0404 Parker, A.E., "Measurement of Illumination from Gaseous Discharge Lamps," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 35, p. 883, November 1940. 0405 Payne, E.C., Mager, E.L., and Jerome, C.W., "Electrbluminescence - A New Method of Producing Lighting," Illuminating Engineering, Vol. XLV, p. 688, November 1950. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0406 Pearson, D.E., and Rubinstein, C.B., "Perceived Hues in Two-Primary Projections," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:1398, 1970. 0407 Pearson, D.E., Rubinstein, C.B., acid Spivack, G.J., "Perceived Color in Two-Primary Images," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59:644, 1969. 0408 Pease, P.L., and Allen, J.M., "Low Contrast Visual Acuity and Effects of Ambient Illumination, Filters, and Scatter," American Journal of Optometry, Vol. 44, pp. 226-232, April 1967. 0409 Peckham, R.H., "A Proposed Method for Predicting Light Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 42, pp. 6.5, January 1952. 0410 Peckham, R.H., Hart, W.M., Cavonius, C.R., and Peckham, N.B., "Retinal Sensitivity During Phototopic Adaptation," USN Office of Naval Research, January 1965. AD 609511, G01475 0411 Peterson, C.J., Smith, H.A., "Development of High Contrast Electroluminescent Techniques for Aircraft Displays," Air Force Flight Dynamic Lab, WPAFB, April 1966. AD 637460, G00740 0412 Petterson, H.D., "Use of Polaroid Filters on Kelsh Plotters," Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 882-887, September 1963. G00092 0413 Pinto, Lawrence, "Efficient 100% Modulation of Fluorescent Lamps," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:870, 1970. 0414 Pokorny, J., Graham, C.H., and Lanson, R.N., "Effect of Wavelength on Foveal Grating Acuity," Journal of the Optical Society o:E America, Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 1410-1414, October 1968. AD 681 323 0415 Powers, Stanley A., and Miller, Oran E., "Pitfalls of Color Densitometry," Photogaphic Science and Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 1, January- February 1963. (a) 0416 Pugh, M., "Brightness Perception and Binocular Adaptation," British Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 35, pp. 134-142, 1951. GO1423 0417 Ramsay, J.O., "Analyzing Perceived Color Difference," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58:19, 1968. 0418 Redford, R.E., and Wyszecki, G.W., "Axial Chromatic. Aberration of the Human Eye," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 47, pp. 564-565, June 1947. G00982 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0419 Reed, H.B., "Spectral Filtration Research," USAF Avionics Lab, WP AFB, Document No. AFAL-TR-67-272, December 1967. G01609 0420 Reilly, R.E., and Teichner, W.H., "Effects of Shape and Degree of Structure of Visual Field on Target Detection and Location," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 214-21.8, February 1962. (a) 0421 Reynolds, H.N., "The Visual Effects of Exposure to Electroluminescent Instrument Lighting," Human Factors, 13:1, pp. 29-30, 1971. G02913. 0422 Reynolds, H.N., and Grether, W., "Effects of Color of Instrument Lighting on Absolute and Acuity Thresholds with Exposure to a Simulated Instrument Panel," Aerospace Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 1304-1309, December 1968. AD 705 911 0423 Richards, Whitman, "Differences Among Color Normals," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 57:1047, 1967. 0424 Richards, Whitman, and Luria, S.M., "Color-Mixture Functions at.Low Luminance Levels," Vision Research, Vol. 4, pp. 281-313, 1964. AD 618 590 (a) 0425 Richmond, J.C., and Harrison, W.N., "Evaluation of Small Color Differences 1. Visual Observations," Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 292-300, 1959. G02930 0426 Richter, Manfred, "Correlation Between the DIN Color System and the CIE and Adams Color Space," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:510, 1960. 0427 Rizy, Edward F., "Color Specification for Additive Color Group Displays," Rome Air Development Center, Griff_iss AFB, New York, Report No. RADC-TR-65-278, August 1965. AD 621 068 (a) 0428 , "Dichroic Filter Specification for Color Additive Displays II. Further Exploration of Tolerance Areas and the Influence of Other Display Variables," RADC Report No. TR-67-513, September 1967. AD 659346, G02267 0429 Robinson, E.J., and Coules, J., "An Experimental Study of the Effect of Photometric Brightness on the Judgment of Distance and Size," USAF Photorauhic Reconnaissance Labs WPAF'B, Document No. TN-103_, September 1953. AD 20409, G01436 0430 Roehler, Rainer, "Some Relationships between the Average Energy of the Quanta in a Visual Stimulus and the Color Response," Rand Corte., Santa Monica, California, Report No. P-3230-1, September 1965. AD 626 436 (a) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0431 Rogers, James G., Detambel, Marvin H., and Bien, Ann R., "Shared Spectrum Display Enhancement," Hughes Aircraft Compaq, Fullerton, California, Ground Systems Group, Report No. FR-65-10-30, January 1965. AD 611 187 (a) 0432 Ronchi, L., "Blue-Green Responses at Mesopic Luminances," Atti Della Fondazione G. Ronchi, Document No. AFOSR-IN-59-1136, August 1959. AD 232081, G01173 0433 Ronchi, L., Bittini, M., and Adachi, I., "Subjective Sharpness of Contour as Function of Luminance and Contrast," Optik, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 132-140, March 1963. (a) 0434 Ronchi, Lucia, and Tittarelli, Rolando, "Detection of Circular Light Signals in Relation to Shape and Color Identification," Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica Florence (Italy), February 1966. AD 632 500 (a) 0435 Rose, A., "The Sensitivity Performance of the Human Eye on an Absolute Scale," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 38, pp. 196-208, February 1948. G00300 0436 Ruddock, K.H., "Cone Vision Under Small Field Conditions," Optica Acta, 16:3, pp. 391-398, 1969. 002572 0437 --- , "Foveal and Parafoveal Color Vision," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1180, 1965. 0438 , "The Effect of Age upon Colour Vision -- I. Response in the Receptoral System of the Human Eye," Vision Research, pp. 37-45, 1965. 0439 , "The Effect of Age upon Colour Vision -- 2. Changes with Age in Light Transmission of the Ocular Media," Vision Research, Vol. 5, pp. 47-58, 1965. G00649 0440 Rushion, W.A.H., and Baker, H.D., "Red-Green Sensitivity in Normal Vision," Vision Research, Vol. 4, pp. 75-85, 1964. G01136 0441 Rutherford, R., Jr., and Grosso, P.F,, "Development of Phosphor Screens for High Resolution Display Devices," RTD Avionics Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio, 1963. AD 418207, G00760A 0442 Sadacca, R., "Human Factors in Image Interpretation," Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 978-988, November 1963, G00100 0443 Saltzman, Max, "Color Measurement with the Eye and Other Instruments," Color Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 12-18, December 1963. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0444 Scheibrer, Horst, "Adaptive Color Shifts," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:938, 1966. 0445 Schrader, E.W., "Color Theory - in Proper Perspective," Design News, September 1959. 0446 Schroyer, F.K., "The Apparent Color of Point Sources," Picatin Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey, Report No. PA-TR-4111, February 1971. AD 881 532L (a) 0447 Schwesinger, Gerhard, "Experiments with Lenticulared Rear Projection Screens," Photogrammetric Engineering, No. 5, pp. 172-181,, 1954. 0448 , "Proposal of a Performance Rating for Projection Screens," Journal SMPTE, Vol. 63, No. 1, July 1954. 0449 Semmelroth, C.C., "Prediction of Lightness and Brightness on Different Backgrounds," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:12, pp. 1685-1689, December 1970. G02968 0450 Sen, T.K., and Mowbeay, G.H., "Influence of Size and Brightness Parameters on Differential Sensitivity of Central Retina to Photic Flicker," Optical Society of America Journal, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 750-754, June 1963. (a) 0451 Sheppard, Joseph J., Jr., "A Critical Review of the Experimental Foundation of Human Color Perception," Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, January 1966. AD 630 316 (a) 0452 , "Temporal Factors in Subjective Color," Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, Report No. RM-4770-ARPA, March 1966. AD 631 874 (a) 0453 Sheppard, J.J., Jr., Moshin, H.L., Stratton, R.H., Dugas, D., and Madansky, A., "Color Discrimination in Static Displays," Rand Corp_, Santa Monica, California, Report No. RM-5303-ARPA, November 1967. Ad 667 592 0454 Shlaer, S., "The Relation between Visual Acuity and Illumination," Journal of General Physiology, Vol.. 21, pp. 165-188, 1937. 0455 Shurgan, J., "A Simple Empirical Method for Measuring Color Rendering Index," Illuminating Engineering, pp. 266-270, April 1966. G02250 0456 Shurtleff, D., Botha, B., and Young, M., "Studies of Display Symbol Legibility - Part 4. The Effects of Brightness, Letter Spacing, Symbol Background Relation and Surround Brightness on the Legibility of Capital Letters," AF Electronics Systems Division, Document No. ESD-TR-65-134, ASTIC-035304, May 1966. G00017 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0457 Siegel, A.I., and Fischl, M.A., "Dimensions of Visual Information Displays," Office of Naval Research Report, September 1967. AD 661346, G01586 0458 Siegel, M.H., "Color Discrimination and Luminance," Perception and Ps cy hophysics, Vol. 6-3, p. 163, 1969. G02506 0459 , "Discrimination of Color. I. Comparison of Three Psychophysical Methods," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:1067, 1962. 0460 , "Discrimination of Color. III. Effect of Spectral Bandwidth," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53:7, pp. 874-877, July 1963. AD 427 979, G00388 (a) 0461 , "Discrimination of Color: IV. Sensitivity as a Function of Spectral Wavelength, 410 through 500 Mu," Optical Societ of America, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 821-823, June 1964. AD 611 725 (a) 0462 Siegel, Michael H., and Dimmick, Forrest L., "The Discrimination of Color: I. Comparison of Three Psychophysical Methods and II. Sensitivity as a Function of Spectral Wavelength, 510 to 630 Millimicrons," Journal of the Optical Society of America,_ 52:9, pp. 1067-1074, September 1962. AD 406 450 (a) 0463 Silva, D.G., "A Lighting Guide for Bio-Environmental Engineers," USAF Aerospace Test Wing Report, VAFB, California, January 1964. 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G00964 0483 Stair, Fussell, and Schreider, "New Tungsten-Filament Lamp Standards," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1567, 1965. 0484 Steinman, Robert M., "Effect of Target Size and Color on Fixation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:1158, 1965. 0485 Sternheim, C.E., "Chromatic Contrast and Visual Sensitivity - Evidence for Disparate Mechanisms," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 60:5, pp. 694-699, May 1970. G02497 0486 Stevens,. J.C., and Stevens, S.S., "Brightness Function Effects of Adaptation," Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 375-385, March 1963. G00373 0487 Stiles, W.S., and Wyszecki, G., "Counting Metameric Object Colors," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:313, 1962. 0488 , "Field Trials of Color-Mixture Functions," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 52:313, 1962. 0489 Stocker, A.C., "The Distribution of Illumination," Information Display, pp. 41-43, March-April 1968. 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Comparison of Categorical and Comparative Judgment Data," Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, January-February 1962. 0538 Woolfson, M.M., "Some New Aspects of Color Perception," IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3:312, 1959. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 No Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0539 Wright, Hilton, "Daylight and Correlated Color Temperature," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55:741, 1965. 0540 , "Temporal Factor in Color Difference Judgments," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56:558, 1966. 0541 Wright, W.D., Photometry and the Eye, Hatton Press, Ltd., London, 1949. 0542 , Researches on Normal and Defective Colour Vision, C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1947. 0543 Wyszecki, Gunther, "Application of Color Vision Theory to Two-Color Mixtures," Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, Report No. TDR63 236, August 1963. AD 414 822 of America, 55:1319, 1965. ," Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. AD 287 501 "The Measurement of Color Differences," National Research Council of Canada Ottawa (Ontario) Division of Applied Psics, May 1965. AD 639 133 0547 Wyszecki, Gunter, and Stiles, W.S., Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York and London, 1967. 0548 Yilmaz, Huseyin, "On Color Perception," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50:515, 1960. 0549 Yonemura, G.T., and Kasuya, M., "Color Discrimination for Small Subtense," Journal of the Optical Society of America, 59:131, 1969. 0550 Young, M., Cole, J., and Faulkner, B., "Resolution Using Coherent Illumination," Journal of the Optical Society of America.- 60:7.37, 1970. G00.457 0551 Yund, E. William, "Physiological Model of Color and Brightness Contrast," 1970 Annual Meeting, Optical Society of America. 0552 Yurou, S.G., "Photopic, Mesopic, and Scotopic Vision," Applied Optics, 6:11, 1877-1888, November 1967. G02215 0553 Zaccaria, A., Jr., and Bitterman, M.E., "The Effect of Fluorescent Flicker on Visual Efficiency," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 36, pp. 414-416, 1952. G00983 , "Matching Color Differences," Journal of the Optical Society Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0554 Bartleson, C.J., "Factors Affecting the Quality of Projected Image: Level of Veiling Illuminance," Photographic Science and Engineering, 9:3, May-June 1965. (a) 0555 , "Influence of Observer Adaptation on the Acceptance of Color Prints," Photographic Science and Engineering. 2:1, June 1958. (a) 0556 Bartleson, and Breneman, "Brightness Reproduction in the Photographic Process," Photographic Science and Engineering, 11:4, July-August 1967. (a) 0557 Bartleson, C.J., and Woodbury, W.W., "Psychophysical Methods for Evaluating the Quality of Color Transparencies: I. Comparison of Categorical and Comparative-Judgment Data," Photographic Science and Engineering, 6:1, January-February 1962. 0558 Billmeyer, Dr. Fred W., Jr., "Appropriate Use of Color-Difference Equations," Optical Spectra, p. 62, February 1970. 0559 , "Color Scales and Chromaticity Diagrams," Optical Spectra, March/April 1969. 0560 , "Color Spaces and Color Difference Equations," O tical S ectra, p. 85, May/June 1969. 0561 , "Concepts of Color Measurement," Optical Spectra, p. 72, May/June 1968. 0562 , "Instrumentation Concepts Applied to the Color Measurement Problem," Optical pectra, p. 76, July/ August 1968. 0563 , "Light Sources and Their Effects on Color," Optical Spectra, p. 71, Fourth Quarter, 1967. 0564 _, "New Color-Difference Equations and Their Relation to Curved Color Spaces," Optical Spectra, p. 82, July/ August 1969. 0565 , "Reflectance Spectrometry," Optical Spectra, September/ October, 1968. 0566 , "The First AIC Congress, Color 69,"Optical Spectra, p. 76, September/October 1969. . 0567 , "The Perception and Description of Color," Optical Spectra, p. 43, January/February 1968. 0568 , "White Reflectance Standards," Optical Spectra, p. 71, January/February 1969. 58 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80TOO 703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 0569 Breneman, E.J., "A Color Chart for Use in Evaluating Quality of Color Reproduction," Photographic Science and Engineering, 1:2, October 1 55 7. (a) 0570 , "The Effect of Level of Illuminance and Relative Surround Luminance on the Appearance of Black-and- White Photographs," Photographic Science and Engineering. g 6:3, May-June 1962. (a) 0571 Briggs, Farrell, Kraft, and Rowntree, "Illumination and Interpretation Performance," Boeing Co., 1966. AD 848 523 (a) 0572 Brown, J.L., "Problems in the Specification of Luminous Efficiency," Kansas State University TR-5, May 1968. AD 670 053 (a) 0573 Carr, Richard M., "The Effects of Color Coding Indicator Displays on Dark Adaptation," Human Factors, 9:2 , pp. 175-179, 1.969. 0574 Cotter, James A., "The Physical Flexibility of Color," Industrial Photo raphy, p. 24, January 1970. 0575 Daily, "High Efficiency Rear-Projection Screens," SMPTE, Vol. 65, September 1956. 0576 Grether and Reynolds, "Effects of Color of Instrument Lighting on Absolute and Acuity Thresholds with Exposure to a Simulated Instrument Panel," Aerospace Medicine, 39:12, pp. 1304-1308, December 1968. AD 705 911 0577 Hemingway, John C., and Erickson, Ronald M., "Relative Effects of Raster Scan Lines and Image Subtense on Symbol Legibility on Television," Human Factors, 11:4, pp. 331-338, 1969. 0578 Lewin, Dr. Ian, "The Human Eye," Optical Spectra, p. 17, January/February 1969. 0579 MacAdam, "A New Look at Colorimetry," SMPTE, Vol. 64, November 1955. 0580 , "Perceptions of Colors in Projected and Television Pictures," SMPTE, 65:9, September 1956. 0581 Richter, John, "Sealed Beam Arc Lamps," Optical S ectra, May/June 1968. 0582 Tyler, De Palma, and Saunders, "Determination of Absolute Values of Total and Spectral Radiant Intensities*of Tungsten Lamps," Photographic Science and Engineering, 9:3, May/June 1965. Md Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 LITERATURE SUMMARY; The following summaries of selected references are, in most cases, abstracts as published in technical journals or DDC Report Bibliographies. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 VW Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY:. Akita, Graham and Hsia, "Maintaining an Absolute Hue in the Presence of Different Background Colors" (0003) DESCRIPTION: Subjects were instructed to make wavelength settings for various hues by an absolute method in the presence of surround-field colors or darkness. Surround- and test- field colors were equated in luminance. The subject's compensatory shift in setting for the maintenance of a test-color is taken to be the difference between his wave- length setting for the test-color in the presence of the surround-field color and the wavelength setting for the test-color with a dark surround. In general, the compen- satory shift in wavelength setting is always in the di- rection of the background wavelength. A discussion regarding the nature of the shift setting is given. STUDY: Baker, "Initial Stages of Dark and Light Adaptation" (0018) DESCRIPTION: Recent changes in theory of visual adaptation and analysis of published experimental data show importance of trans- ient changes at beginning of dark adaptation and light adaptation. Balaraman, "Color Vision Research and the Trichromatic Theory: A Historical Review" (0020) DESCRIPTION: A historical review of color vision research and the trichromatic theory, color mixture, luminosity, wave- length discrimination, saturation discrimination, anomalous trichromats, classification of color vision types, color-blind vision. STUDY: Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Bartleson, "Color in Memory in Relation to Photographic Reproduction" (0024) DESCRIPTION: A recent determination of the mean memory-colors that are associated with certain familiar objects which are frequently photographed has indicated that color shifts occur in all, three dimensions of hue, saturation, and brightness. One other experiment in which memory-colors were determined also showed such color shifts. However, all experiments in which the general ability to remember colors was tested by successive color matching show that apparently only saturation. and brightness are changed significantly in memory, and that remembered hues are essentially the same as those of the originals. An experiment has been performed which verifies the results of both types of memory experiments and clearly shows that such differences do exist, depending upon the type of memory experiment involved. The two tasks involve dissimilar frames of reference for the choices of remembered colors and, there- fore, lead to the choice of colors which may have different chromaticities. STUDY: Bartleson, "Interrelations Among Screen Luminance, Camera. Exposure, and Quality of Projected Color Transparencies" (0025) DESCRIPTION: Experiments have indicated that (1) the optimum camera exposure of color-transparency materials is a function of the screen luminance at which the transparency is projected, (2) exposure latitude passes through a maximum as a function of screen luminance. The conclusion is reached that screen luminance is an important primary factor affecting reproduction quality for projected transparencies. 62 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Bartleson, and Bray, "On the Preferred Reproduction of Flesh, Blue-Sky, and Green-Grass Colors" (0028) DESCRIPTION: The preferred color for reproduced complexions is found to be the same chromaticness as the mean memory-color for flesh. This color is perceptually and statistically different from that of the average for natural Caucasion flesh. However, the preferred repdocution-colors for blue sky and green grass appear to have the same hues as the average natural objects and are perceptually and statistically different from the corresponding mean memory-colors. It is concluded that memory-colors do not represent an adequate criterion for determining preferred color reproduction. Apparently, it is necessary to consider colors and their reproductions only with respect to the frames of reference in which they are perceived in order to draw any useful inferences about reproduction qualities. STUDY: Bartley and Nelson, "Further Study of Pulse-To- Cycle Fraction And Critical Flicker Frequency, Deci- sive Theoretical Test" (0030) DESCRIPTION: Experimental confirmation of hypothesis that various ranges of pulse-to-cycle fractions between 0.02 and 0.98 are not linearly related to conditions of flicker and fusion; in given repetitive cycle, short pulses produce flicker, longer pulses produce fusion; still longer ones flicker, and longest pulses fusion. STUDY: Beck, Jacob, "Apparent Spatial Position and the Perception of Lightness" (0033) DESCRIPTION: Two studies investigated the relation of lightness perception to the perception of spatial position. The results confirm earlier findings that lightness perception may be affected by how an 0 perceives the surface to be oriented with respect to the illumination. The results fail to support the hypothesis, however, that the apparent position of a surface relative to the illumination is used as a basis for computing the albedo of a surface. Rather, the general hypothesis the studies appear to support is that processes of percceptual organization come into play as a result of the cue properties of stimuli which affect whether a variation in luminance will be seen as a difference in the illumination of the surface or as a difference in the lightness of the surface. Thus, an area of reduced surface luminance seen in one position as a shadow is, in another, seen as a gray surface color, in each case consistent with the apparent position of the surface. 63 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Berman, Phyllis W., and Leibowitz, H.W., "Some Effects of Contour on Simultaneous Brightness Contrast" (0038) DESCRIPTION: Simultaneous brightness contrast was measured as a function of: (a) the orientation of a test object, shaped as a figure 8, on a half light, half black surround, (b) type and width of a contour separating the figure halves on the divided background. 48 adult Ss matched the brightness of the figure half on the dark background with that on the light surround. Subjective contrast was significantly greater: (a) when the figure 8 was presented with its rings on back- grounds of different brightness.than when each ring lay on both backgrounds, (b) when figure halves were moved apart, each into its own surround, rather than when a dividing line separated the halves, (c) as width of the contour between halves was increased. The results are discussed in terms of the contribution of the border to subjective contrast obtained with complex stimulus configuration. STUDY: Biernson, "Spectral Scanning as Mechanism of Color Vision" (0039) DESCRIPTION: Postulate that eye employs scanning discrimination to perceive color; wavelength-dependent effect within cone causes different wavelengths to produce different spatial distributions of energy in photodetector region; electri- cal scan across this region produces modulated waveform defining color information; dc value gives white infor- mation; first harmonic gives blue-yellow information; second gives green-red; phase determines difference between blue and yellow and green and red; waveform is demodulated in retina to generate separate dc voltages producing white-black, blue-yellow, and green-red sensations. STUDY: Biernson and Snyder, "A Theoretical Model for Color Vision" (0040) DESCRIPTION: This report covers the development of a model of color vision based on feedback control principles, which provides an expla- nation for the wide dynamic range, high accuracy of spectral discrimination, and invariance to changing illumination that we experience in color vision. The model is consistent with physiological and psychological evidence. Analysis is pre- sented of waveguide modes in the retinal receptors which are assumed to be the means of spectral discrimination. 64 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 "Fluctuations of Physiological Nature, as Revealed STUDY: Bittini, inationsat Various Luminances by Differential Fh eshol Det rm, of the Adapting DESCRIPTION: Detection probability curves, as functions of log luminance of the ibn e background were obtained for a green light stimulus (12 minutes of arc,, in angular aperture, located at 7 degrees superimposed upon a green field. In some experiments nasal) to its background was the contrast of the patch relatively a pecirve kept constant, for all the curves tt uned, whiothele corresponds to a different exposure while the contrast was ments the exposure time was fixed, varied from curve tofcurve. sameTfamilyporlbetween'thosehof of forms of the curves two different families was made. The main result exist a range of the luminance of the adapting field a source of fluctuations the does not occur beyond that range. These fluctuations to coincide with the meognature and due to the are supposed to be of physiological tin field, involving thevtranof the sitionlfrom arod to cone adominance. involving STUDY: Bixel, "The Visibility of Non-Uniform Target-Background Complexes: II Further Experiments" (0049) non-unifomrm DESCRIPTION: Further tpre abeen gainst background- luminance presented hat ovtemer-- luminance. Experiments were conducted in which all contrast of the target-background compl atically varied until the target was at the visibility threshold. Blackwell, "Optics and Vision" (0054) STUDY progress of the Optics and Vision CRIPTION' This report describes the eriod 1 August 1956 DES Program of Project MICHIGAN for the p development, to 31 January 1957. t escribes the study, tical, and physiological tests of illumination, optical, electro-op aids to visual surveillance. It also describes phg and tests of improved visual and the soe study, development, and improved battle- photographic surveillance procedures, area illumination techniques. Finally, it describes studies leading to the construction of visibility-forecasting charts. These studies involve the three basic aspects of visual surveillance: target and background charaerstics; opter- tical properties of the atmosphere; and operating istics of the eye. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T093A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Blackwell, "The Visibility of Non-Uniform Target- Background Complexes' (0058) DESCRIPTION: Experimental studies are reported which involved measuring "detection" thresholds for targets presented against a pictorial background of complexly variably luminance. STUDY: Blackwell and Kristofferson, "Effects of Target Size And Shape On Visual Detection - Continuous Foveal Target At Moderate Background Luminance" (0060) DESCRIPTION: Target contrast for detection determined by the temporal forced-choice method has been measured for each of 60 continuous targets of uniform luminance at a background luminance of 9.52 foot-lamberts, an exposure duration of 0.010 second, and with foveal-target presentation. Targets varied in size from what were effectively point sources up to targets extending to the limits of the cen- tral force. Four general classes of target shape are included: circular, rectangular, multiple-legged, and regular geometrical forms. STUDY: Bliss, "Visual Simulation and Image Interpretation" (0062) DESCRIPTION: This report summarizes the available data on parameters affect- ing target recognition in dynamic image forming systems. The various alternative ways in which visual systems can be simu- lated and the relative merits of each approach are discussed. Seventy-one research reports which purport to relate to the effect upon operator performance of variations in the para- meters of image forming systems are analyzed. STUDY: Blunt and Schmeling, "Study of Psychophysical Factors of Vision and Pyrotechnic Light Sources" (0063) ' DESCRIPTION: A detailed survey of the open and classified literature on pyrotechnics and vision has been made. A limited amount of experimentation was done to investigate the effectiveness of flickering colored light sources on target detection. The physical data on the composition of, and radiation from, green, red, blue, yellow and white flare compositions have been presented in summary tabulations. A bibliography of the reports and journal articles that were included in this is presented. The index lists the 461 entries by category; vision and visibility, pyrotechnic light sources, targets and background psychological factors. A large number of tables and graphs are presented which are useful in determin- ing visibility and illumination parame Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A00020eb~b01-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Brown and Ranken, "Luminance, Purity and Wavelength Matches of Contrast Colors" (0077) DESCRIPTION: Contrast colors induced in a central "white" area by surround- ing inducing colors were matched in the contralateral eye. Results are presented in terms of luminance, wavelength of a spectral component, and colorimetric purity of the match as well as in C. I. E. Values. A relation between colori- metric purity of the match and saturation of the inducing color is indicated. A neutral region in C. I. E. color space is roughly defined which differs from the locus of the "white" component employed in the experiment. STUDY: Calkin, Hunt, and Letzer, "Filtering and Monitoring Systems for Color Printing" (0094) DESCRIPTION: By adjusting the positions of cyan, magenta, and yellow filters over the entrance to a light-integrating device, a convenient form of filtration can be provided for color printing and enlarging; the color and intensity of the light can be monitored by means of photocells filtered with red, green, and blue filters. Light is wasted if more than two of the three colors, cyan, magenta, and yellow, are used together in the filtration, and it is therefore desirable to devise systems which provide continuous adjust- ment of the color of the light, in any direction from the unfiltered color, by means of combinations of only two of the three colors at any one time. Several arrangements are described for both sequential and simultaneous adjustment of the two color-balance controls, together with the electronic monitoring system required for each. 67 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Cavonius, "Human Visual Acuity Measured with Colored Stimuli" (0097) DESCRIPTION: Previous studies of visual acuity have dealt almost exclusively with achromatic brightness differences. The present study meas- ures acuity under conditions in which the target and surround are equated in brightness but differ in wavelength. It has been suggested that acuity should always be less under these conditions, such monochromatic stimuli may stimulate fewer foveal color sensitive receptors than white stimuli. Light from two monochromators illuminated alternate bars of a grat- ing target. The resulting stimuli were presented in modified Maxwellian view and appeared to the observer as a 1 degree grating of colored lines in a neutral surround. A zoom system varied the angular subtense of the lines, when the grating consisted of alternate colored and black lines acuity was fairly constant (about 1.30) from 430 NM to 670 NM. Equally good acuity could be obtained when alternate lines were matched for brightness, provided that the wavelength separation between adjacent lines was adequate. This separation is minimum in the blue and increases toward the red; it does not appear to be simply related to wavelength discrimination. When maximum acuity has been reached by wavelength separation no further improvement can be made by introducing a brightness difference. It is concluded that wavelength difference can be a sufficient condition for good visual acuity. STUDY: Cavonius, "The Effect of Wavelength on Visual Acuity" (0098) DESCRIPTION: Visual acuity was measured in monochromatic light at wave- lengths between 440 and 660 NM. The test objects were gratings which filled a 1.5 degree circular field centered in a 30 degree neutral surround. Luminance contrast be.- tween adjacent bars was adjustable, and acuity thresholds were determined for different contrasts. It was found that acuity depends primarily on luminance contrast and only slightly on wavelength, so that the same luminance contrast yields similar acuity thresholds at all wavelengths provided that the test objects are equated in luminance. It: is suggested that the dominant wavelength of a visual dis- play system (such as a cathode ray screen) is relatively unimportant in the perception of fine detail. Instead, criteria such as grain size and available luminance are more important. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Cavonius, Hilz and Kravitz, "Chromaticity and Luminance Effects on Visual Detection (0100) DESCRIPTION: Wavelength discrimination functions were measured with square- wave grating test objects in which alternate sets of bars were w illuminated with two difebrightness, tntheswavelengthtd fference lengths are made equal in required to detect the grating increases monotonically with with ately grating spatial frequency. Since this relation is approximately constant across the visible spectrum, the shape of the hi discrimination function tends tewpr eeelerved athi erghences diff spatial frequencies, although much higher are needed to detect the high frequency gratings. Introducing a sstsbetween the two differencenneededeto sultuits in in (1) ) a a reduction dubars and (2) detect a hue difference between adjacent grating a minimum in the threshold wavelength difference versus spatial frequency function. Under these conditions, spatial frequency. ence no longer increases monotonically withi paty reported for The resulting functions resemble those p threshold luminance contrast versus spatial frequency. The relation of these results to form detection and to lateral inhibition is discussed. (0108) STUDY: Clark, "Recognition Characteristics Study for Buoys" determining the present day required buoy significances, DESCRIPTION: By to be provided as distinctive both lateral and non-lateral, resent system of buoy daymark qualities to the mariner, the p lor and shape coding is shown to have some shortcomings- co The basis of these shortcomings stems from numerous additions to the original two-color, two-shape, two-signal system. system is presented to provide a far more distinctive twelve- zing four shapes and six colors. A review signal system utilizing of the present day state-of-the-art of vision science yields some expectation as to which colors and shapes may be good. Experimentation is proposed to determine an optimal set of colors and shapes for the presented system. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Connors and Kinney, "Relative Red-Green Sensitivity as a Function of Retinal Position" (0125) DESCRIPTION: Hue cancellation was employed to obtain sensitivity curves for red and for green by the method of constant stimuli. Data were taken at the fovea, and at points every 2 deg along the lower vertical meridian of the visual field. The results show that sensitivity to red, relative to green, is highest at the fovea, and decreases as the peri- pheral angle is increased. The relative sensitivity to green is highest in the near periphery, from 2 to 10 deg from the fovea. Beyond this point it falls rapidly, and is no longer measurable at positions where red responses are still obtained. STUDY: Connors and Siegel, "Differential Color Sensitivity in the Purple Region" (0127) DESCRIPTION: Color discrimination was measured by the method of constant stimuli at eight points along a blue to red continuum. The standard deviations of judgments of color difference were used as the measure of discrimination. In terms of ratios of luminances of the components, the sensitivity throughout: most of the purple region is relatively constant. There is some decrease in sensitivity at the blue extreme and a larger decrease at the red end. The results are plotted on a CIE X, Y chromaticity diagram and compared with similar data of other authors. STUDY: Crawford, "Colour Rendering Properties of Illuminats- Application Of Psychophysical Measurements To Their Evaluation" (0135) DESCRIPTION: Nature and importance of color rendering from standpoint of illumination; color-shift (as compared to daylight) method of appraisal is shown to be not yet sufficiently developed for practical application; "spectral band" method, however, has been fully investigated experimen- tally and provides practical system of color-rendering assessment; tolerances found by laboratory experiment by full-scale tests are very nearly correct for general application. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Devalois and Walraven, "Monocular and Binocular Aftereffects of Chromatic Adaptation" (0150) DESCRIPTION: Supersatured greens seen after long-wavelength adaptation depend upon contrast from the continuing afterdischarge of bleached red receptors in the surround, rather than upon inactivation from bleachingcf red receptors in the test spot area. When test spot and bleach field coincide spatially, supersatured greens are not seen. When the test field is pre- sented in the other eye at a corresponding place, the green looks unsaturated. Here, however, no influence of the size of the bleaching field is found. This means that the color contrast effect does not occur binocularly. Color contrast must therefore be a retinal phenomenon. STUDY: Diamond, "Brightness of Field as a Function of. Its Area" (0151) DESCRIPTION: Brightness of test field as function of its area studied in fovea at different luminance levels, only at threshold were there systematic differences in test luminance as function of test area; and theory based on inhibitory interaction in retina of "on" by "off" nerve fibers. STUDY: Dimmick, "The Psychological Dimensions of Color" (0152) DESCRIPTION: Clarification of all aspects of color requires an adequate systematization of the psychological data of color relation- ships, as well as their physical stimulus correlates and -their physiological substrate. Such data must be based on the operational procedures of psychological methodology. Experimental results can be expressed as an equation of the form U+V+W+X=C. Quantification of the equation must be in terms of psychological units, such as just notice- able differences and equal intervals. The dimensions defined by the equation may be related to orthogonal co-ordinate systems. The multi-dimensional figure thus generated emphasizes essential interrelationships among colors. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Fenton, "Application of the Land Color-Vision Effect to Television Systems (A Feasibility Study)" (0178) DESCRIPTION: The findings of Edwin H. Land in his experiments on the color- vision process in man indicate that the human eye can dis- tinguish practically all the colors of the spectrum in an image that has been constructed using only two discrete colors of light, whereas the conventional theories of color vision maintained that a minimum of three colors was nec- essary. A study was undertaken, therefore, to test the feasibility of displaying the land-effect on a closed-circuit television system. Land's experimental arrangements were duplicated,-using photographic film, to ensure a familiarity with the techniques and type of results to be expected. The method was then adapted to the television system, and it was found that the results so obtained were equal. If not su- perior, to those obtained with photographs, although images produced by this two-color method lacked some of the fine distinguishability of hue and saturation available in a three-color system. It was concluded that the use of the land-effect in electronic display devices would be advan- tageous in situations where a true rendition of the colors of a scene is not required but where a variety of colors is helpful in increasing clarity or in presenting informa- tion that could not be rendered in black and white. It should also be of interest in cases where the picture does not have to be of standard commercial broadcast quality. STUDY: Fiorentini and Ronchi, "Basic Research in the Field of Vision" (0181) DESCRIPTION: The results are summarized of various investigations on some basic characteristics of vision. The subjects of the investi- gations are the following: (1) disappearance of a stabilized image with intermittent illumination; (2) influence of a vibrating movement on the vision of an image with fuzzy con- tours; (3) some methods for improving the perception of signals in extrafoveal vision; (4) is the pulsating illumi- nation actually advantageous, in practice, with respect to steady illumination; (5) blue-green interaction at mesopic levels; (6) blue-green electroretinographic responses; and (7) the perception of size in ambients of different color and by correcting the chromatic aberration of the eye. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Geffcken, Christiansen Dispersion Filters for High-Intensity and Selective Monochromators" (0195) DESCRIPTION: It is well known that there are two basically different possibilities for separating certain wavelength regions from the radiation of a light source: (1) light filters which preferentially weaken by true absorption a part of the light; and (2) so-called "monochromators" which by variously intense refraction of the individual colors (dispersion) make possible a filtering by masking out un- desired wavelength regions. The first method has the advantage of greater simplicity and economy. In addition, the efficacy of the filters is practically independent of the ray path. It is not possible in most cases, however, to make up filters or filter combinations which separate a very narrow wavelength region with sufficient sharpness without greatly reducing the transmittance at the same time. The second method must be chosen for these purposes, using a monochromator which makes possible a very complete and selective separation. If it is a prism monochromator, however, it will possess all of the disadvantages of a complicated mechanical apparatus. Discussed in this paper is one type of monochromator, first described by Christiansen, which possesses these disadvantages to a far lesser extent. STUDY: Graham, "Simple Discriminatory Functions - Review, Summary, And Discussion" (0202) DESCRIPTION: Critical review of literature on neural-visual effects; discussion includes light and dark adaptation, brightness contrast, brightness and color discrimination in terms of fluctuation theory, and recent neural theories of visual functions. STUDY: Hanes and Hansen, "Learning Curves for Color Identification" (0225) DESCRIPTION: Observers can learn to identify 65 different color chips with less than 5 percent error in 40 to 55 hours of study when the chips are presented singly. With the stimulus materials used in the study (chips from the Munsell student set), two dif- ferent distributions of the chips within the set produced essentially equivalent results. Presentation of more than one chip simultaneously, after prolonged study with single- chip presentation, had little effect on some observers but seemed to make the identification problem much more difficult for others. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Ikeda and Boynton, "Effect of Test-Flash Duration Upon Spectral Sensitivity Of Eye" (0266) DESCRIPTION: Experiments on effect of duration of test stimulus on color-vision threshold; two sensitivity curves obtained with test durations of 100 and 12.5 milliseconds; differ- ence in shape is attributed to change in contribution of responsible sensitivity mechanisms. 1 STUDY : Imai, "Classification of Sets of Stimuli with Different Stimulus Characteristics and Numerical Properties" (0267) DESCRIPTION: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effects of stimulus characteristics and numerical properties of sets of stimuli on classification., Sets contained 12 stimuli which were all identical, had different categories defined by color, or had different categories defined by attributes of color and size. Number of categories and numerical distribution of stimuli in categories were varied. For each set is made a free classification and several restricted classifications in which the number of classes was specified. The results show: sets of identical stimuli are classified into equal sized groups. Categorically defined stimuli are classified by category insofar as possible, but the tendency to numerical balance affects classifications with unbalanced numerical distri- butions or when the task restriction is incompatible with category classification. Stimuli defined by attributes are classified so as to maintain the attribute structure, although both category classification and numerical balance tendencies are evident with unbalanced numerical distribu- tions and incompatible classification restrictions. STUDY: DESCRIPTION: Anonymous, "Influence of Color Contrast on Visual Acuity" (0268) The effect of chromatic contrast on visual acuity and visibility is investigated. Various brightnesses and qualities of light in the visual field of the observer have been employed, primarily for the study of their effect on the relative contribution of chromatic contrast to visual acuity and to visibility as compared to the contribution of luminous contrast. The variation of visibility as a function of chromatic contrast and adaptation level is studied. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release. 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Hanson and Anderson, "Studies on Dark Adaptation--7. Effect Of Pre-exposure Color On Foveal Dark Adaptation" (0277) DESCRIPTION: Effects on foveal sensitivity of white, red, green, and blue pre-exposure were measured with white, red, green, and blue test patches; effects of pre-exposure color were slight. STUDY: Kaswan, Jaques, and Young, Stephen, "Effect of Luminance, Exposure Duration, and Task Complexity on Reaction Time" (0296) DESCRIPTION: Reaction time to a pattern-discrimination task was found to be about equally affected by variation in exposure duration (4-512 msec.) and luminance (09.-11.84 mL.). In a supple- mentary study of figure-ground detection, it was found that luminance affected RT to a greater extent than exposure duration. Further, it was found that luminance and exposure duration determined different RT functions in the two experiments. In the discrimination task there was a gradual shift in the relation of luminance and exposure duration to RT, from inverse at bright and long exposures, to direct at dim and brief exposures. In the detection task, RT was always inversely related to changes in luminance and exposure duration, to the extent to which RT was affected by these variables. DESCRIPTION: The colors induced into neutral fields of either illuminant A or C by four surround colors (red, green, yellow, or blue) were determined for various exposure durations, ranging from 50 to 400 MSec. The induced color was compared, using a binocular septum technique, with a field of colored light that could be varied in hue, saturation, and brightness. The effects of exposure time differed for the four inducing colors; red and blue have the most different effects. As the exposure time was lengthened, increasing saturations of green were induced by red while decreasing saturations of yellow were induced by blue. STUDY: Kinney, "Effect of Exposure Time on Induced Color" (0308) Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Krauskopf, "Experiments in Human Color Vision" (0318) DESCRIPTION: Flicker photometry produces highly reliable data on the spectral sensitivity of the human photopic system. Ex- periments are being conducted to determine the spectral sensitivity of the turtle by analogous procedures. Pro- gress to date includes (1) the construction of suitable apparatus, (2) the development of adequate behavioral techniques, (3) the demonstration that white lights may be photometered by these techniques, (4) the collection of preliminary data with spectral lights. Sufficient data have been obtained to suggest that sensitivity can be measured within a few tenths of a log unit. STUDY: Krauskopf, "Spectral Sensitivity of Small Retinal Areas" (03:L9) DESCRIPTION: The measurement of the image forming properties of the human visual system by means of a photoelectric ophthal- moscope and retinal light distributions for bright bar targets 1.6 ft wide for pupil diameter ranging from 3-8 M. are presented. Spatial frequency response functions for these pupil diameters are also given. These functions, which are independent of the target used to measure them, describe the image formation properties of the optics. The color appearance of small briefly presented monochro- matic stimuli vary in color from flash to flash. The color mixer uses monochromatic stimuli obtained by selecting por- tions of a spectrum produced by passing white light through a replica grating. A model suitable for student use has been constructed. STUDY: Kristofferson and O'Connell,."The Detectability of Targets Containing Interval Luminance Gradients" (0320) DESCRIPTION: Detection thresholds were measured for 13 non-uniform targets consisting of circular area approximately 60 minutes in diameter, on the center of which a circular luminance increment approximately 4 minutes in diameter was super-imposed. The ratio of center to annular lumin- ance ranged between 1.0 and.infinity. Predictions of the- luminance of the center area required for the entire target to be at detection threshold were made from the values of threshold luminance of the center and annulus presented singly, on the basis of several varients of the element- contribution hypothesis. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Lakowski, "Theory and Practice of Colour Vision Testing: A Review, Part 1" (0326) DESCRIPTION: It is the concern of this paper to examine not only the effectiveness of tests for detecting colour confusion but also their usefulness in assessing colour vision generally. In Part 1, problems of administration and age and the ques- tion of the basic elements of such tests are discussed. The existing theory of colour vision and colour defect is out- lined and the principle of objective colour specification, which is believed to be valuable for understanding these tests, is introduced. STUDY: STUDY: Lennox-Buchthal, "Some findings on Central Nervous System Organization with Respect to Color" (0331) DESCRIPTION: Evidence is reviewed that reorganization of visual messages with respect to color occurs in the central nervous system. In man, catfish and cats, blue and red stimuli of equal bright- ness appear to undergo temporal differentiation in that red stimuli are transmitted more rapidly than blue. This has not so far been confirmed for monkey. In monkey cortex (the eye light adapted) more than half the single units respond- ing to light did so with narrow spectral responsiveness. Different units responded to flashes through only one of four broad pass filters peaked at 450, 515, 587 or 600 millimicrons. All single units with narrow spectral re- sponsiveness to 560 millimicrons responded as well to one or two adjacent filters. The response of the same cells to optic nerve stimulation suggested that they lay on a one to one pathway from optic nerve to cortex. The different experimental conditions from those used in studies of mon- key geniculate do not appear sufficient to explain the difference in results. It seems likely that the information available to single cortical cells is different from that at geniculate and that it is simpler. STUDY: Lipkin and Sacks, "Monocular Flicker Discrimination As Function Of Luminance And Area Of Contralateral Steady Light" (0336). DESCRIPTION: Experimental study of effects of steady light in one eye on flicker-fusion threshold of intermittent flashes of light in other eye; inhibitory effect is shown to depend in part on relative luminances; relation between field size and decrease in critical rate of flickering field stereoscopically superimposed on contralateral steady image. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Retinal d Illuminance At Function STUDY: OLit, . f B B~.nnocular D Differences o Of Thresholds Of Scotopic and Photopic Levels" (0337) DESCRIPTION: The precision of depth discrimination has been measured in a two-rod test apparatus involving real-depth cues. The effects of two variables have been studied: (a) the level of equal retinal illuminance presented to the two eyes; and (b) the difference in thelevel tof the illuminance presented to the two eyes. that depth discrimination in this test varies as a func- tion of the level of equal retinal illuminance presented to the two eyes in much the same way that acuity or intensity discrimination vary with luminance. Stereo- scopic threshold angles vary more than 19:1 over some five log units of variation in illuminance. Unequal retinal illuminance presented to the two eyes at any given illuminance level has a comparatively small deleter- ious effect upon the precision of depth discrimination. STUDY: Luria, "Color-Name as a Function of Stimulus-Intensity and Duration" (0347) DESCRIPTION: The study is concerned with the question of whether or not wavelengths of light chosen for optimum color-coding for panel or signal lights at one light level or flash duration can be used at other light levels and durations. The re- sults show that there is considerable stability of color- naming over a wide range of conditions. Nevertheless, certain marked changes occur, more as a result of changes in light level than flash duration. As the light dims and the flash duration gets shorter, the observers seem to make some of the errors that color blind persons do. They begin to confuse yellow with red, and green with blue; the violets seem much redder to them. Therefore, when dim or short signal flashes must be used, operators should not be called upon to make distinctions between red and. yellow, or between green and blue. The best colors for use through a wide range of conditions are those reds, yellows, greens, and blues which do not, at reasonably bright light levels, appear to have any other colors "mixed" in with them. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 "A Nomograph for Selecting Light Balancing Filters STUDY: McCamy, for Camera Exposure of Color Films" (0361) DESCRIPTION: A nomograph has been designedyfor rapidllelectionn of filters to adjust the spectral q spectral sensitivity of the film for color pfotography.Tse c nomograph provides for a very large number permits the easy of films and light sources in a simple form, p filters, interpolation of.new films, light sources, or indicates which filters would nearly satisfy ideal filter is not available, indicates the general nature provides a abnormal combinations for special effects, and reciprocal convenient conversion from color temperature on the iroclon color temperature. The nomograph s that the color balance of color films, the chromaticity of the illumination, and the effect of filters can be characterized adequately on a temperature and by a given filter is a constant. STUDY: Mackavey, Bartley, and Casella, "Disinhibition in Human Visual System (0365) eriment using binocular photometry shows how observer's DESCRIPTION: Exp exposure to second inducing target may lead to decrease ion to in level of simultaneous brightness contrrast; relation to Hartline's inhibition of primitive eye; stray-illumination hypothesis for brightness contrast. STUDY: Marimont, "Model for Visual Response to Contrast"'(0367) DESCRIPTION: Simple steady-state mofe proposed to xpl explain app scene when increase in contrast creased; both reference level and gain of system depend on average illumination. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Matteson and Luria, "Color-Mixture Functions with a White Desaturant" (0373) DESCRIPTION: Color-mixture functions were obtained (A) with the traditional method of using one of the three primaries to desaturate the test wavelength, and (B) by desaturating with a broadband white light. Three normal trichromats made monocular, foveal color matches to wavenumbers from 2300 to 1500/MM in 50/MM increments using primaries of 2177/MM (459.3 MU), 1900 (526.3), and 1550 (645.2), with a 2 degree field at a lumi- nance of about 1.0 ML. The most prominent differences were that the amounts of all three primaries needed to match test stimuli below the blue primary (2200-2300/MM) were less with the white desaturant, as was the negative-red lobe be- tween the blue and green primaries. The dominant wavelengths of the test stimuli at the match points were compared for the two conditions, and comparisons were made between the changes under these conditions and the differences in the CIE 2 deg. and 10 deg. CMFS, foveal and parafoveal CMFS, and changes resulting from reduction in luminance. STUDY: Myers, "Accommodation Effects in Multi-Color Displays" (0386), DESCRIPTION: The study sought to investigate accommodation effects with simultaneous exposure of two colors in a single display. Combinations of red and blue color were used for the Landolt C-Ring stimuli and the portion of the screen surrounding the. stimuli. Definite visual effects were reflected by signifi- cant differences in performance (i.e., number of correct responses to C-Ring aperture position). Decrement in per- formance appears to be a function of the particular color employed rather than the result of a re-accommodation pro- blem between two colors. Myopia with exposure to the blue colored stimuli resulted in fewer number of correct re- sponses for these conditions. A significant interaction was noted. Size of the C-Ring aperture was shown to be of significant consequence in affecting performance differences between color combinations. Larger aperture size tended to compensate for the induced myopia with the blue stimuli. This was evidenced by the fact that performance with the blue stimuli improved at the larger sizes and approached that with the red stimuli at the smaller sizes. The signifj- can.ce of these findings is discussed in terms of practical applications. Note is also made regarding the relevancy of the study as a guide of factors to be considered in future studies involving visual effects with the use of multi- color displays. 80 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Novakova, "Certain Physical Problems of Physiological Optics" (0395) DESCRIPTION: The author discusses several physical problems involved in physiological optics, specifically the function of trans- mission of contrast by the eye, the visual capacity of the eye, the problem of color vision, and the visual capacity of the eye in twilight. The article is based on the German literature, particularly the works of 0. dBrynahl escribes (Die Naturwissenschaften, 1964, 51, 177), and current level of research in physiological optics. These problems are important in the manufacture of optical instruments. The author concentrates primarily on the problem of the function of the transmission of contrast in the visual system and methods of measurements. The methods of measuring the modulation function of transmission and the threshold modulations on the retina of the eye are described, as is the method used by A. Arnulf (Abbilden Und Sehen, Munchen, 1962, V..Internation.aler Kongress Fur Optik, 11-15) and those used by Bryngdahl. The contrast test is explained by means of diagrams. The author points out that the article does not cover all the problems involved. The original article has four figures. STUDY: Ogle, "Blurring of Retinal Image and Contrast Thresholds In Fovea" (0396)' DESCRIPTION: Experimental study of extent to which retinal image of test object is blurred before it cannot be seen against its back- ground; data for contrast thresholds for point-light source seen against white background of 12 millilambert luminance; derivation of equation to fit data for out-of-focus images. STUDY: Ogle, "Foveal Contrast Thresholds with Blurring of Retinal Image And Increasing Size Of Test stimulus" (0397) DESCRIPTION: Experiment showing influence of blurring of retinal image on luminous-contrast thresholds for foveal perception of circular-stimulus test objects of different sizes seen against background luminance of 12 millilambert; contrast threshold rises with increase of blurring theoretical equation for effects of blurring. 30 81 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Olesen, "Color Investigation, White Lighting" (0398) DESCRIPTION: The addition of filters to small incandescent lamps for integral lighting does not decisively reduce shift of color coding and is a questionable improvement when com- pared to the disadvantages associated with filter in- corporation. STUDY: Onley, "Light Adaptation and Brightness of Brief Foveal Stimuli" (0399) DESCRIPTION: Experimental study of changes in brightness scale as function of light adaptation; determination of relations among scales derived independently for differing adaptive states; pro- cedure for determining generalizable set to brightness scales. STUDY: Oyama, Tadasu, and Hsia, Yun, "Compensatory Hue Shift in Simultaneous Color Contrast as a Function of Separation between Inducing and Test Fields" (0403) DESCRIPTION: Each of 2 color-normal Ss was instructed to adjust a monochromator illuminating a foveally fixated 4 degree circular test field to give a "best" blue, green, and yellow in ascending and descending determinations; a red setting was obtained only in an ascending sequence, i.e., in order of increasing wavelength. Settings were made in the presence and absence of a 30 degree circular surround (inducing field) of each of the same four colors. A compensatory shift in wavelength setting for the contrast- induced tinge occurred almost always in the direction of the inducing color; this trend was observed under varying conditions of separation between the inducing and test fields, ranging from 0 degrees to 8 degrees. Over this entire range of separation, another trend was observed that the amount of shift decreased as the separation increased. 82 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Powers and Miller, "Pitfalls of Color Densitometry" (0415) DESCRIPTION: This paper points out a number of false notions about the design, operation, maintenance, and control of a color densitometer, and the utilization of its measurements. The basic optical principles of a typical color densitometer are described. The relationships between these color density measurements and any other set of reliable color density measurements is discussed. The common pitfalls are discussed in detail. These are classified into operational, control, and maintenance errors. STUDY Reilly and Teichner, "Effects of Shape and Degree Of Structure Of Visual Field On Target Detection And Location" (0420) DESCRIPTION: Effects of degree of structuring and form of visual field on target detection and target location, studies for three different search times; targets were more accurately reported under intermediate levels of structure, with square rather than round fields, and with longer search times. STUDY: Richards and Luria, "Color-Mixture Functions at Low Luminance Levels" (0424) DESCRIPTION: Color-mixture and luminosity functions for a 2-degree test field with a 10-degree surround were obtained from three observers at three luminance levels in the mesopic region using both foveal and 3-degrees 20'.parafoveal fixations. For the fovea, the luminosity functions remained constant as the luminance was decreased, but there were large changes in the color-mixture functions. In spite of these changes, however, photometric additivity expressed in the form of Abney's Law appears to be approximately valid at all lumi- nance levels. In the parafovea, both the color-mixture and luminosity functions changed with luminance, and the changes in the color-mixture functions were almost identical with those occurring in the fovea. All the results are shown to be in accord with the hypothesis that, as luminance is reduced,-there is an increasing concentration of rhodopsin which is localized primarily in one type of receptor whose response function is also partially responsible for the photopic color sensitivity at short wavelengths. It appears therefore, that one type of receptor is active at all lumi- nance levels and undergoes a change from a photopic to a scotopic function in the mesopic region as a result of a conversion from a photopic "blue" pigment to rhodopsin. 83 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 . Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Rizy, "Color Specification for Additive Color Group Displays" (0427) DESCRIPTION: Nine pairs of dichroic filters were used in a xenonsource additive color projector to determine their effects upon observer performance in a search-and-discrimination task with seven color codes. The objective was to define per- formance parameters preliminary to setting filter specifi- cations. Results indicated that a blue filter, reflecting wavelengths well into the green region, facilitated per- formance in the majority of color codes. A red filter, close to the infrared in reflectance, reduced performance in most codes. The most efficient color code, regardless of filter, was red. Green, blue and cyan were least ef- ficient. Recommendations were made suggesting a blue filter of approximately 516 millimicrons cutoff and a red filter with a cutoff between 581 and 595 millimicrons, for optimum observer performance in the context of a seven color code. Performance criteria were compared and an alternate filter option was described. Further examination of the areas around the most adequate cutoff points and alternate fil- ter arrangements were proposed as the next step toward setting firm specifications. STUDY: Roehler, "Some Relationships Between the Average Energy of the Quanta in a Visual Stimulus and the Color Response'' (0430) DESCRIPTION: It is shown that the ratio of the number of light quanta absorbed by the retina to the absorbed light energy is an important parameter in the elaboration of colour information by the visual sense. For this ratio, thus the number of quan- ta absorbed per unit of absorbed energy, the term "specific quantum number" (SQN) is introduced.. By measuring the SQN for various spectral regions it can be shown, on the basis of Grassmann's Laws, that all light stimuli which occupy the same locus in colour space, independently of their colour composition (metamers), also have equal SQN's.. The colour loci, for equal SQN in the colour triangle, lie along lines which coincide exactly with the tritanopic colour confusion lines. One component of the colour dis- criminating function of the visual sense derives from the ability to gauge differences in the specific quantum number. With the help of a simple model, the dependency of opponent- colour experience upon receptor excitation can be qualita- tively described. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80TOO703AO002000$0001-2 STUDY: Rogers, Detambel and Bien, "Shared Spectrum Display Enhance- ment" (0431) DESCRIPTION: An illumination system is described which utilizes for display, portions of the visible spectrum which have been excluded from the ambient light. The resulting tinted illumination is matched in brightness to a standard white light by experimen- tal subjects, and stimulus threshold measurements made as a function of display intensity for various stimulus and am- bient spectra. Certain combinations are found to lower the threshold of detection, indicating enhanced stimulus bright- ness, whereas others are found to raise the threshold. A close relationship is found between experimental data and results predicted on the basis of previously published incre- ment-threshold measurements. STUDY: Ronchi, Bittini, and Adachi, "Subjective Sharpness Of Contour As Function Of Luminance And Contrast " (0433) DESCRIPTION: Some quantitative aspects of blur-to-sharp transition investigated using field containing two uniform fields of different luminance; transition is abrupt in some cases, graded in other cases; experimental evidence shows that at threshold of sharpness, limiting slope of graded zone is higher the greater the difference between luminance of two uniform fields. STUDY: Ronchi and Tittarelli, "Detection of Circular Light Signals in Relation to Shape and Color Identification" (0434) DESCRIPTION: -A small and brief circular spot was flashed at 7 degrees nasal to the fovea. Absolute threshold, color identifi- cation threshold, and threshold of perception of the circle were determined. The number of wrong responses given by the subject when attempting to identify the color of the signal and the degeneration of apparent shape under degraded viewing conditions is presented. The radiation emitted by an incandescent lamp, 2800 K, was filtered by filters. The threshold of circular shape identification was found to be slightly higher than that of color identification. The findings were .compared with the data reported in the current litera- ture. Practical recommendations for the use of the data are given. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80TOO703AO00200080001-2 3. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Schroyer, "The Apparent Color of Point Sources" (0446) DESCRIPTION: Of the two diagrams presently employed in the pyrotechnics lab for colored flare evaluation purposes the more appropriate one was constructed thirty years ago in England for the purpose of specifying colored glasses for railroad signal lights. It rates a colored point source of light for signalling purposes according to its location in the recognition diagram. The location being determined by the light's chromaticity coordinates. According to that recognition diagram, many operational green flares would be seen as white, contrary to the field experience of pyrotechnics laboratory observers. A flare simulator developed in this laboratory was used to produce flare colors and other known test colors at adjustable illumination levels. The simulator consists of a combination of standard source, variable aperture plate, color glass filter combinations, and neutral density filters. Twenty observers were employed to collect data to construct.a new recognition diagram emphasizing the require- ments for the recognition of green color at a probability level above 90% under the conditions of low illumination level and small subtense (angle subtended at the observer's eye). STUDY: Sen and Mowbray, "Influence of Size and Brightness Para- meters On Differential Sensitivity Of Central Retina To Photic Flicker" (0450) DESCRIPTION: Measurement of differential thresholds for rate of photic i t i n erm ttance for 10 rates between 2.5 and 32.5 interruptions per second, 5 luminance levels, and 5 visual angles in cen- tral retina; peak thresholds were 15.0 interruptions per second for low luminance and 22.5 for high luminance; stimulus-size effects were small. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Sheppard, "A Critical Review of the Experimental Foundation of Human Color Perception" (0451) DESCRIPTION: A presentation of the. minimum material needed for a compre- hensive study of normal human color perception. The artifi- cial nature of colorimetry is discussed, with emphasis on the. distinction between experimental facts established in the matching experiments and the formalism of colorimetry de- rived in part from these facts. A representative portion of the available experimental data on individual foveal spectral sensitivity is collected and analyzed. Data on the initial photoreception process and the anatomy, histo- logy, morphology, ontogeny, and electrophysiology of the retinal neurons are analyzed, noting the multiplicity of results indicating a fundamental difference between recep- tor mechanisms in the rods and cones. A review of data on central neural-mechanisms indicates a complex, dynamic role for the lateral geniculate nuclei in human color vision. Considerations of diverse psychophysiological phenomena are summarized. The general conclusion of the study is that the available experimental evidence does not clearly dictate the fundamental physiological processes mediating human color vision. Principal conclusions are discussed in relation to the three distinct fields of colorimetry, visual biophysics, and visual psychophysics, four suggestions are given for psychophysical modeling. STUDY: Sheppard, "Temporal Factors in Subjective Color" (0452) DESCRIPTION: The memorandum provides a synopsis of what is known about subjective-color sensations produced by temporal factors in the retinal luminous stimulus. 'Four principal psycho- physical phenomena or effects involved in subjective color are identified and discussed. The Prevost-Fechner-Benham effect refers essentially to the evocation of a color sen- sation that differs when the visual stimuli are intermittently rather than continuously. The Broca-Sulzer-Pieron effect con- cerns the variations of color sensations with time. The Brucke- Bartley effect refers to the enhanced brightness of visual stim- uli when presented intermittently rather than continuously. The disappearance of visual sensation when the retinal image is artificially 'stabilized so that it falls continuously on the same receptors is termed the Ditchburn-Ratliff effect. The use of the Prevost-Fechner-Benham effect to obtain colored images.on black-and-white television receivers is discussed to illustrate one technological application of subjective color. An unexpected appearance of the Prevost-Fechner- Benham effect in a visual experiment is discussed to empha- size the dangers involved in a failure to consider subjective- color effects during the design of man-machine systems utiliz- ing human visual characteristics. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP8019?0703A000200080001-2 MW Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Seigel, "Discrimination of Color, III. Effect of Spectral Bandwidth" (0460) DESCRIPTION: An experimental investigation of the effect of varying band- width on color discrimination was undertaken. No evidence was found for any differences in sensitivity to color dif- ferences among the 5-, 10-, 20-, and 80 millimicron band- widths studied. It was concluded that for psychological research in vision less emphasis should be placed on mono- chromatic radiation of the stimulus and more on obtaining greater luminance levels. STUDY: Siegel, "Discrimination of Color: IV. Sensitivity as a Function of Spectral Wavelength, 410 through 500 Mu" (0461) DESCRIPTION: Color discrimination functions for three observers were plotted in the short-wavelength region of the spectrum. The method of constant stimulus differences was used. Comparisons between the present results and earlier re- sults are reported. Sensitivity proved more variable in this region than elsewhere in the spectrum. STUDY: Siegel, "The Discrimination of Color: I. Comparison of Three Psychophysical Methods and II. Sensitivity as a Function of Spectral Wavelength, 510 to 630 Mili- microns" (0462) DESCRIPTION: The comparative inadequacy of the method of limits, the method of constant stimulus differences, and the method of adjustment were studied by using three criteria sug- gested by Blackwell. It was concluded that the method of constant stimulus differences was the most adequate, and the method of adjustment the least adequate for determining sensitivity to color differences. Study II reports the experimental determination of just noticeable differences in color as dependent upon wavelength at differences in color as dependent upon wavelength at 10- milimicrons steps from 510 to 630 milimicrons. The method of constant-stimulus differences was used to produce limens in terms of measures both of central tendency and of dis- persion of judgments. The data have been analyzed to determine the different functional relationships between various colors and wavelengths. Peak sensitivity was found in the yellow region of the spectrum. 88 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Silver, Landis and Jones, "Development of Criteria for Evaluation of Large-Screen Displays" (0464) DESCRIPTION: The research was directed toward developing a metric of dis- play quality for evaluation of large-screen displays and toward developing a criterion to validate the metric. Two approaches were used. In the first, multidimensional analy- sis (MIDA) was used to test the hypothesis display quality was related to the number of perceived dimensions of information content; the results of the test failed to support the hypothesis approach, a game situation was used in which the In the se monetaryond value of the subjects' decisions could be calculated. Several display parameters, including density, and color, were manipulated. The format, nary value of the decisions, or "decision value" wasfound ttobe~a reliable and valid measure of display quality. It is recommended that MDA and decision u formulate a predicitive model of displayy unlit . R s e to arch to this end should be conducted using a wide range of stimuli. and subject proficiency levels. STUDY: Smith, Sidney L. J% "Color Coding and Visual Search" (0474) DESCRIPTION: Twelve Ss each viewed a series of 300 displays, in display density, in number of colors used, inwthehparticuular color of the target, with either a white or black background, under conditions where S either knew the color of the target in advance, or did not. Neither the particular color of the target nor the displa background had. any significant effect on search time. Y Search time increased regularly with increasing display density. For multicolored displays, when the color of the target was known in advance, search times were considerably shorter than when the target color was unknown, When the color of the target was unknown, search times were not significantly different than those for single-colored displays. 89 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Smith, "Display Color Coding for a Visual Search Task" (0475) DESCRIPTION: An analysis is presented which describes the results of an experimental study of the effects of display color coding on visual search time. Twelve subjects each viewed a series of 300 displays, which varied in display density, in number of colors used, in the particular color of the target, with either a white or black background, under conditions where the subject either knew the color of the target in advance, or did not. Neither the particular color of the target nor the display background had any significant effect on search time. Search time increased regularly with increasing display density. For multicolored displays, when color of the target was known in advance, search times were considerably shorter than when the target color was un- known. When the color of the target was unknown, search times were not significantly different than those for single- colored displays. STUDY; Taylor, "Foveal Vision-Dependence of Threshold Energy On Visual Angle Of Circular Target" (0501) DESCRIPTION: Theoretical study of role of target size of subtended visual angle in determining threshold contrast at constant luminance; circular nonmoving targets, detected at thres- hold, appear as point source for small target diameters and pass smoothly into subjective annular shape for larger diameters. STUDY: Thomas, "Relation of Brightness Contrast to Inducing Stimulus Output" (0504) DESCRIPTION: Measurement of brightness-contrast effects elicited by foveally viewed, briefly exposed point stimuli; relation to psychophysical measure of inducing stimulus output; effects of test-stimulus illuminance; contrast effects summated in nonlinear fashion. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 DESCRIPTION: Umberger, "Color Reproduction Theory for Subractive Color Films" (0509) When it is recognized that the blue, green, and red primaries controlled by the yellow, magenta, and cyan dyes, respectively, of color films are unstable and vary from point to point in a color reproduction, it becomes of interest to determine the average primaries over the area of the scene. By area-integration it has been found t that the best average primaries are represented by the e or dye-extinction curves treated as energy distributions. This result is restricted, however, to systems in which Beer's law applies and in which the scene area-integrates to a neutral gray. Application of the above area-integration methods permits (a) determination of the hypothetical block dyes equivalent to the real dyes, (b) application of existing additive color theory to subtractive color films, and (c) derivation of a relativistic theory of color which appears to account for many of the observed environmental effects on visual perception. STUDY: Weissman and Kinney, "Relative Yellow-Blue Sensitivity as a Function of Retinal Position and Luminance Level'.' (0523) DESCRIPTION: Relative sensitivity for yellow and blue was determined by hue cancellation, using the method of constant stimuli. Measurements were made with a 1-degree stimulus at the fovea, 2 degrees above the fovea, and every 4 degrees along the upper vertical meridian out to 18 degrees at three lu- minance levels (0.5, 0.1, and 0.01 Ft-L). Relative yellow- blue sensitivity remained much the same from fovea to peri- phery for the two highest light levels. At the lowest lu- minance level there was a slight increase in relative blue sensitivity in the near periphery and a progressive de- crease in relative yellow sensitivity as the peripheral angle increased. The variability of color discrimination increased greatly as luminance decreased and the peripheral angle increased. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 S ationships of Glare and Target TUDY: Wolf and Zigler, "Some Rel S Perception" 0535) This study was carried out to describe quantitatively the : between the luminance of a glare source and DESCRIPTION- are varied relationship threshold luminance of atest target when both The from each otherThe in angular sub tense and distance ity of a test target in the vicinity of threshold visibil a glare source was determinvarious various sseparationsmin- ances of the glare source, Tare source and target, and various exposures times between glare and retinal area of luminance is decreased, perception lower g glare source glare source is decreased, distance bet ee t target is and test target is increased, and of tes increased. Woodbury, "Two Psychophysical Methods for Evaluating the STUDY: Quality of Projected Color Slides" (0536) s of reversal color materials for use in DESCRIPTION: The exposure indexe miniature cameras are normally based o the results of judgments made of the quality of projected differ only in the exposure given. These slides are presented to the judges in either of two ways -- in the order of in- creasing or decreasing exposure or in a random order with respect to exposure. Although the results with both methods are identical, the advantage appears and sequence presentation because of the simpler programming data-handling processes. ST._. U. DESCRIPTION: Bartleson, "Factors Affecting the Quality of Projected Image: Level of Veiling Illuminance" (0554) The effect of screen luminance on the quality of projected color transparencies is reviewed briefly aldmnew experimental. work on the effect of non-image veiling iill i to a projected reported. The addition of veiling the .image. The amount screen image degrades the quality of of degradation depends upon (a) the camera exposure used in the transparency, (b) the open-gate screen luminance urducing the amount of veiling luminance used forcing projection, and (c) relative to the screen luminance. The results illustrate quantitative interrelations among camera exposure, reent luminance, and veiling luminance in determining the q y of projected images. no 92 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Bartleson, "Influence of Observer Adaptation on the Acceptance of Color Prints" (0555) DESCRIPTION: A qualitative investigation of the influence of chromatic adaptation on the acceptance of small color prints is described. Under controlled conditions, the acceptance of prints varies with chromatic adaptation. In normal adaptation and viewing situations the prints apparently contribute more to the observer's adaptation. In either case, prints that are optimum under neutral adaptation conditions remain optimum or, at least, highly acceptable under varying conditions of viewing. Off-balance prints tend to cause the largest variation in acceptance when the conditions of observer adaptation vary. STUDY: Bartleson, and Breneman, "Brightness Reproduction in the Photographic Process" (0556) DESCRIPTION: Recent data on brightness perception in complex fields are applied to the problem of specifying photographic tone- reproduction objectives. Basically, the objective of both transparency and rellection-print processes is the achieve- ment of 1:1 reproduction of brightness relative to a reference white. In the case of transparencies projected in a darkened. room, this reference white may be reproduced at a density level high enough to permit the reproduction of specular highlights at lower densities. Since there are no other reference whites under arch viewing conditions, the observer accepts the "image white" as his reference. However, reflection prints typically are viewed with illuminated surrounds which provide the observer with tangible lightness references. Thus, the lightnesses in the print image must be consistent with these environmental references as well as providing relative- brightness reproduction. The luminances of the image high- lights should, therefore, be greater than those of the white references in both print and surround. Since this does not normally obtain, a compromise is effected in which the relative brightnesses of these highlights are compressed by utilizing the "toe" of the tone-reproduction function. In viewing conditions where the print image is illuminated to a higher level than the surround, less of the toe region is utilized, with the result that relative brightnesses are reproduced over nearly all of the scale as is the case with transparencies. Similarly, optimum television-images are those which closely approach 1:1 reproduction of relative brightnesses. The theoretical predictions derived here compare favorably with experimental data on optimum tone reproduction. 93 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Bartleson and Woodbury, "Psychophysical Methods for Evaluating the Quality of Color Transparencies: I. Comparison of Categorical and Comparative-Judgment Data" (0557) DESCRIPTION: Experiments have been conducted in order to devise an efficient, economical, and precise method of evaluating the quality of projected transparencies. It has been determined that categorical- and comparative-judgment methods yield comparable results in the quality regions of interest, viz., the regions of high quality. STUDY: Breneman, "A Color Chart for Use in Evaluating Quality of Color Reproduction" (0569) DESCRIPTION: To facilitate quantitative evaluation of the quality of color reproduction obtained with various photographic processes under given conditions of illumination, a color chart has been constructed. The twenty-four color patches include nine saturated colors, seven achromatic colors, and eight desaturated colors, among which are the familiar colors of flesh, foliage, and blue sky. The patches that represent the colors of natural objects have been matched to them as well as possible in spectral reflectance. Permanent pigments have been used so that the chart can be used repeatedly in direct sunlight without danger of fading or discoloring. The patches have uniform glossy surfaces so that unwanted surface reflections can be eliminated. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP.80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Breneman, "The Effect of Level of Illuminance and Relative Surround Luminance on the Appearance of Black-and-White Photographs" (0570) DESCRIPTION: Measurements have been made of changes in the appearance of a black-and-white photograph which occur with changes in the level of illuminance and relative surround luminance. The procedure requires making direct measurements of the perceived brightnesses of scene elements under a variety of viewing conditions. The results indicate that, within a range of about 10-100 ft-c, the level of illuminance has little effect on the relative brightnesses perceived in the reproduction. Only a slight shift in over-all brightness occurs. Changes in the relative luminance of the surround have a considerable effect on the apparent contrast among scene elements, however. When a dark surround is replaced by a light one, contrast is enhanced in the middlestones and highlights and reduced in the shadows. The influence of the surround luminance is greater at the edge than at the center of a picture, and it is greater in dark areas of the scene than in light areas. These changes in appearance can be qualitatively predicted by a consideration of separate adaptive processes of the visual mechanism. STUDY: Briggs, Farrell, Kraft, and Rowntree_ "Illumination and Interpreter Performance" (0571) DESCRIPTION: This study investigated the effects of two color temperature of illumination (2360 K and 5500 K) on target detection and mensuration performance, lateral phoria, and visual acuity. The target detection task consisted of searching for specific targets found on a target key, in 9- by 9-in. aerial photo- graphs at.1:20,000 scale. The experimental design consisted of two illumination sources (display and ambient) in combina- tion with two color temperatures, resulting in four illumi- nation conditions. Each of the twenty subjects participated in four 4-hr. test sessions, one under each illumination con- dition. Color temperature of illumination. had no overall effect on target detection or mensuration performance, phoria, or visual acuity. Phoria measured at the beginning of each daily session was, on the average, 0.951 diopters more ex. (greater divergence) for the high color temperature than the low. Fixed spacing between acuity targets resulted in better acuity than ratio spacing. Significant changes occurred over hours for all measures except mensuration error. A signifi- cant correlation occurred between acuity and target detection performance for each subject. 95 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: Brown, "Problems in the Specification of Luminous Efficiency" (0572) DESCRIPTION: Problems of specifying luminous efficiency are considered in relation to the entire range of visual function from scotopic to photopic. The changing spectral response which accompanies changing adaptation and changing nature of the visual task is taken into account. STUDY: Daily, "High Efficiency Rear-Projection Screens" (0575) DESCRIPTION: Using a new type of high efficiency rear-projection screen, a 40-foot wide projected color picture can now be photographed on standard Eastman Color Negative Film, Type 5248, with the camera operating at f/4 at 24 frames/sec. Data are presented on the transmission and reflectance characteristics of this new screen,' together with data on several other experimental screens which have wide-angle and high-transmission characteristics. STUDY: Grether and Reynolds, "Effects of Color of Instrument Lighting on Absolute and Acuity Thresholds with Exposure to a Simulated Instrument Panel" (0576) DESCRIPTION: Three colors of aircraft instrument illumination (Aviation red, unfiltered white, blue-filtered white) were compared to determine their effects on post-exposure, scotopic absolute and acuity thresholds; and legibility for the reading of instruments. A simulated T-38 instrument panel, illuminated by light from incandescent instrument lamps, was used for light exposure. STUDY: MacAdam, "A New Look at Colorimetry" (0579) DESCRIPTION: This is a report on the proceedings of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) which met in Zurich, Switzerland, from June 13 to June 22. The status of the revision of the standard data for colorimetry is explained and discussed. The present FCC standards for color television are specified in terms of colorimetric data adopted by the CIE in 1931. Most quantitative work on color, during the past 24 years, has been 'based on the CIE data. The significance of the proposed revisions in relation to that work and to future work and specifications is discussed. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2 STUDY: MacAdam, "Perceptions of Colors in Projected and Television Pictures" (0580) DESCRIPTION: Many color photographs are taken in daylight and projected with tungsten lamps. On the other hand, commercial motion pictures made with tungsten studio lamps are almost always projected with arcs that resemble daylight. Color-television receivers produce "white" of daylight quality or even bluer, although most of the scenes televised are tungsten-lighted. Hence the question: "How should a color in one quality of illumination be reproduced for viewing with some other quality?" An investigation undertaken to answer this question will be described, and the results will be discussed. The simple answer suggested by Von Kries' law of coefficients appears to be only a first approximation. Closer analysis of the behavior of the eye seems to indicate that human color vision is served by at least four, and probably by five or even six, different photosensitive processes, having different spectral sensitivities and different degrees of adaptation to various qualities of illumination. These findings do not call into question the trichromatic character of color perception, on which color photography and color television are based. Apparently the visual nervous system provides only three channels, capable of handling only three independent responses. But each of these responses appears to be stimulated by a combination of two or more photosensitive processes in the eye. STUDY: Tyler, De Palma, and Saunders, "Determination of Absolute Values of Total and.Spectral Radiant Intensities of Tungsten Lamps" (0582) DESCRIPTION: Present techniques for measuring the absolute spectral energy of tungsten lamps are difficult in practice. The purpose of this paper is to show that these absolute spectral energy values, up to 1.2 u, can he computed from published spectral blackbody tables and emissivity data for tungsten, provided experimental determinations are made of the color temperature and the total radiant intensity of the lamp and the trans?- mittance of the lamp envelope. It is demonstrated that the. proposed method is valid for a variety of tungsten lamps of differing filament structures. Approved For Release 2001/07/12 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000200080001-2
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