ACCESSION LIST FOR THE EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM DATA BANK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 110
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: March 15, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

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Copy No.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
ACCESSION LIST
FOR THE
EARTH RESOURCES AIRCRAFT PROGRAM
DATA BANK
MARCH 15, 1967
(THIS ISSUE SUPERSEDES ALL PREVIOUS ISSUES)
MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
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1
ACCESSION NUMBER
riufri 1-757-1
num Rum ruun
1. NR - Distinguishes this file (Natural Resources) from other NASA files
2. Document Type
01 - Site Maps
02 - Site Description
03 - Mission Request
04 - Mission Reports
05 - Technical Reports
06 - Progress Reports
07 - Summary Reports
08 - Miscellaneous Documents
3. Zone ?- Locates general geographic area where data was collected.
This field groups documents by general geographic area when
more than one site is overflown. If more than one zone is
overflown, document is classified in the zone of greatest
coverage. The numerals "00" are used when zoning is not
appropriate. See pages iv and .v for zone numbers.
4. Site Number - Site numbers are indicated in the U.S. zone shown on
page iv. Site numbers are assigned by RESECS, U.S.
Geological Survey.
5. Bin or File Number - The number used by the Data Bank to locate the
shelf position. '
111
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OuADANT A
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U.S. ZONES
-
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tausaitmi?a. ?
U.S. ZONE MAP
C ] ( ( :I: ( 1(11] (Ii 11 III 1. 1(1
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_
11/ OMB INI
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EARTH ZONE MAP
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description
Page
Site Maps
1
Site Descriptions
5
Aircraft Mission Requests
8
Mission Reports
11
Technical Reports
15
Progress Reports
24
Summary Reports
28
Miscellaneous Documents
29
31
4-
Film Data
91" Black and White Aerial Film
31
Ektachrome
33
Ektachrome I R
34
Data Panel - 35 mm
35
?.??
Multi-Band
37
???????
Reconofax IV - 70 mm
38
AAs-5
140
Cartographic Film Data File
41
Tape Data
44
Central Metric Data File
44
Distribution of Accession List
57
vi
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SITE MAPS
Accession no.
Location
Site Maps
Type.. Size
NR-01-00-999-0001
NR-01-00-999-0002
Map, U.S.A.,
Site Index
Map, U.S.A.,
Site Index
17" X 20"
8" X 101/2"
NR-01-DK-002-0003
Site 002-Pisgah Crater, Calif.
Regional
17" X 20"
NR-01-DK-002-0004
Site 002-Pisgah Crater, Calif.
Detail
17" X 20"
NR-01-DK-003-0005
Site 003-Mono Craters, Calif.
Regional
17" X 20"
NR-01-DL-006-0006
Site 006-Salt Lake (Salt Lake
Detail
17" X 20"
Dist.) Utah
NR-01-DK-007-0007
Site 007-Coast Range, Ore./Wash.
Detail
17" X 20"
NR-01-DL-029-0008
Site 029-Phoenix, Ariz.
Detail
17" X 20"
NR-01-DL-031-0009
Site 031-Willcox Dry Lake, Ariz.
Detail
17" X 20"
NR-01-DK-040-0010
Site 040-Cascade Mtns. (Cascade
Detail
17" X 20"
Glacier Site)
NR-01-DN-046-0011
Site 046-Asheville, N. C.
Regional
17" X 20"
NR-01-DN-046-0012
Site 046-Asheville, N. C.
Detail
24" X 176"
NR701-DL-051-0013
Site 051-Mesquite Sedimentary
Regional
24" X 176"
Site, Ariz.
NR-01-DL-051-0014
Site 051-Mesquite Sedimentary
Detail .
24" X 176"
Site, Ariz.
NR-01-DK-072-0015
Site 072-Coso Hot Springs,
Calif.
Detail
24" X 176"
NR-01-DP-086-0016
Site 086-Argus Isle, Bermuda
Regional
24" X 176"
NR-01-DP-086-0017
Site 086-Argus Isle, Bermuda
Detail
24" X 176"
NR-01-EM-032-0018
Site 032-Weslaco, Tex.
Regional
17" X 22"
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Site Maps
SITE MAPS (cont)
Accession no.
Location
pe
Size
NR-01-DN-043-0019
NR-01-DN-043-0020
NR-01-DN-043-0021
NR-01-E1')-105-0022
Site 043-Evanston, Ill.
Site 043-Englewood, Ill.
Site 043-Aurora, Ill.
Site 105-Crescent Beach
Detail
Detail
Regional
Regional
17" X 22"
17" X 22"
17" X 22"
17" X 22"
Submarine Spring, Fla.
NR-01-EN-106-0023
Site 106-Clearwater/Naples
Regional
17" X 22"
Submarine Spring, Fla.
NR-01-EN-108-0024
Site 108-Cutler Area Submarine
Regional
17" X 22"
Spring, Fla.
NR-01-DL-003-0025
Site 003-Mariposa, Calif./Nev.
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-CP-087-0026
Site 087-Goose Bay
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-EN-128-0027
Site 128-Bretion Sound
Detail
17" X 22"
f
NR-01-CK-040-0028
NR-01-DL-130-0029
Site 040-Cascade Mtns.
Site 130-Southern Calif.
Detail
Detail
17" X 22"
17" X 22"
f-
NR-01-DL-130-0030
Site 130-Southern Calif.
Regional
17" X 22"
r ?
NR-01-DL-011-0031
Site 011-Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
Detail
17" X 22"
NR-01-DL-011-0032
Site 011-Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-DM-076-0033
Site 076-Garden City, Kansas
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-DL-114-0034
Site 114-White Sands, N. M.
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-DK-024-0035
Site 024-San Andreas Fault
Regional
17" X 22"
NR-01-DK-003-0036
Site 003-Mono Crater, Calif.
Detail
17" X 22"
NR-01-DK-020-0037
Site 020-Bucks Lake, Calif.
Detail
17" X 22"
I
NR-01-DL-052-0038
Site 052-Nevada AEC
Regional
17" X 22"
2
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Site Maps
SITE MAPS (cont)
Accession no. Location TypeSize
,NR-01-DK-019-0039 Site 019-Sonoro Pass Detail 17" X 22"
NR-01-DK-135-0040 Site 135-Harvey Valley, Calif. Detail 17" X 22"
NR-01-DN-043-0041 Site 043-Chicago, Ill. Detail 17" X 22"
NR-01-DN-043-0042 Site 043-Chicago, Ill. Detail 17" X 22"
NR-01-DL-114-0043 Site 114-White Sands, N. M. Regional 17" X 22"
NR-01-EN-099-0044 Site 099-Florida Straits Regional 17" X 22"
NR-01-EN-128-0045 Site 128-Mississippi Delta Regional 17" X 22"
NR-01-DP-138-0046 Site 138-Gulf Stream North Regional 17" X 22"
NR-01-00-999-0047 *U.S. Site index to Special
Missions 1-26, IR Imagery
August 1966, U.S. Geological
Survey (Reference only)
NR-01-00-998-0048 Quadrant A Map, U.S.A., 17" X 22"
Site Index
NR-01-00-998-0049 Quadrant B
NR-01-00-998-0050 Quadrant C
NR-01-00-998-0051 Quadrant D
Map, U.S.A., 17" X 22"
Site Index
Map, U.S.A., 17" X 22"
Site Index
Map, U.S.A., 17" X 22"
Site Index
NR-01-EM-032-0052 Site 032-Weslaco, Tex. Detail 17" X 22"
NR-01-EN-095-0053 Site 095-Everglades, Fla. Detail
17" X 22"
(Hydrology)
NR-01-EN-128-0054 Site 128-Mississippi Delta, Regional 17" X 22"
New Orleans
*All request for IR Imagery Index should be directed to Mr. R. W. Fary, Jr.,
Code RESECS, see distribution list for address.
3
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Site Maps
SITE MAPS
Accession no. Location Type Size
NR-01-EN-998-0055 Site 098-Homestead, Fla. Regional 17" X 22"
Site 102-Statenville/Lake City,
Fla., Phosphate
Site 103-Crystal River, Fla.,
Phosphate
Site 104-Wauchu1a/Tampa, Fla.,
Phosphate
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SITE DESCRIPTION
Accession no.
NR-02-DL-001-0001
NR-02-DK-002-0002
NR-02-DK-004-0003
NR-02-DL-005-0004
NR-02-DL-006-0005
NR-02-EK-007-0006
NR-02-DL-009-0007
NR-02-DL-010-0008
NR-02-DL-011-0009
NR-02-DL-015-0010
NR-02-DN-017-0011
NR-02-DN-018-0012
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site Descriptions
Description
001-Cedar City (Iron Springs, Utah)
002-Pisgah Crater, Calif.
004-Carrizo Plains, Calif.
005-Eureka (Tintic Dist., Utah)
006-Salt Lake (Salt Lake Dist.)
007-Coast Range Lines, Ore.
009-San Francisco Dist., Utah
010-Carson City (Comstock Dist., Nev.)
011-Yellowstone (Yellowstone Nat'l. Park)
015-Twin Buttes (Pima Dist., Ariz.)
017-Baltimore (Harford-York Md. /Pa.)
Site 018-Hagerstown (Central Appalachian Piedmont,
Md./Pa./Va.)
NR-02-DK-019-0013 Site 019-Sonora
Pass
NR-02-DL-021-0014 Site 02112e Mtn. (Rye Patch Res.-Ruby Mtns.,
NR-02-DL-022-0015 Site 022-Tonopah, Nev.
NR-02-DK-023-0016 Site 023-Inyo Nat'l. Forest (Ward Mtn.-Crater Mtn.
Site)
NR-02-DL-024-0017 Site 024-San Andreas Fault
NR-02-DL-026-0018 Site 026-Scripps Beach, Calif.
NR-02-DL-027-0019 Site 027-Salton Sea
NR-02-DL-028-0020 Site 028-Winslow (Meteor Crater)
5
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Site Descriptions
SITE DESCRIPTIONS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-02-DM-034-0021 Site 034-Ouachita Mtns.
NR-02-DM-036-0022 Site 036-Spanish Peaks
NR-02-DL-038-0023 Site 038-Great Sage Plain (Lisbon Valley Dist.,
Utah/Colo.)
NR-02-CK-040-0024 Site 040-Cascade Mtns. (Cascade Glacier Site)
NR-02-DN-044-0025 Site 044-Purdue (Purdue Ag. Site)
NR-02-DK-050-0026 Site 050-Donner Pass
NR-02-DL-051-0027 Site 051-Mesquite Sedimentary Site
NR-02-DL-052-0028 Site 052-Nevada AEC
NR-02-DL-054-0029 Site 054-Smoke Creek Desert-Heber, Utah Line
NR-02-DK-064-0030 Site 064-Central Cascade Range Lines
NR-02-DP-070-0031 Site 070-Hopkinton-Milford, Templeton, Orange Lines
NR-02-DL-071-0032 Site 071-Hopi Buttes, N. M.
NR-02-DL-073-0033 Site 073-Lynn District, Nev.
NR-02-DL-075-0034 Site 075-Goldfield, Nev.
NR-02-DN-079-0035 Site 079-Matewan, Ky.
NR-02-DL-082-0036 Site 082-Alvord Valley, Ore.
NR-02-DM-083-0037 Site 083-Ironton (3) Mo.
NR-02-DP-086-0038 Site 086-Argus Isle, Bermuda
NR-02-DP-087-0039 Site 087-Goose Bay Labrador
NR-02-DN-088-0040 Site 088-Mississippi Valley
NR-02-CL-089-0041 Site 089-Blackbird Dist., Idaho
6
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SITE DESCRIPTIONS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-02-CL-090-0042 Site 090-Alberton, Mont.
Description
NR-02-EP-092-0043
NR-02-DN-094-0044
NR-02-EN-096-0045
NR-02-EN-098-0046
NR-02-EN-099-0047
NR-02-DL-101-0048
NR-02-DL-114-0049
NR-02-DL-115-0050
NR-02-DN-127-0051
NR-02-DM-129-0052
NR-02-DL-130-0053
NR-02-DK-131-0054
NR-02-DK-008-0055
NR-02-DL-139-0056
NR-02-EN-095-0057
NR-02-DM-120-0058
NR-02-DN-125-0059
NR-02-DN-141-0060
NR-02-DP-142-0061
NR-02-DP-148-0062
Site Descriptions
Site 092-Puerto Rico
Site 094-NE Pennsylvania (Peat Bogs)
Site 096-Dixie (Fish Lake Nat'l. Forest, Utah)
Site 098-Homestead, Fla.
Site 099-Florida Straits (Oceanographic)
Site 101-San Francisco Volcanic Fields, Ariz.
Site 114-White Sands Missile Range, N. M.
Site 115-New Mexico Mineral and Structural Belts
Site 127-Johnson County Gravel Test No. 1
(Geological)
Site 129-Arkansas Basin (Geological)
Site 130-Southern Calif.
Site 131-Sonora Pass (II) Supplement to
NR-02-DK-019-0013
Site 008-South Oregon Strip
Site 139-Steamboat Springs, Colo.
Site 095-Everglades, Fla.
Site 120-Lake Colorado City, Tex.
Site 125-Roxboro Reservoir, N. C.
Site 141-Charleston/Columbia, S. C.
Site 142-Delaware River Estuary
Site 148-Lehigh River, Pa.
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Aircraft Mission Requests
AIRCRAFT MISSION REQUESTS
Accession no. Description
NR-03-DK-004-0001 Site 004-Carrizo Plains, Calif.
NR-03-DL-006-0002 Site 006-Salt Lake (Salt Lake Dist.) Utah
NR-03-DK-007-0003 Site 007-Coast Range, Ore/Wash.
NR-03-DK-008-0004 Site 008-South Oregon Strip, Ore.
NR-03-DL-010-0005 Site 010-Carson City (Comstock Dist.) Nev.
NR-03-DL-011-0006 Site 011-Yellowstone Nat'l. Park, Wyo./Mont./Idaho
NR-03-DN-015-0007 Site 015-Twin Buttes (Pima Dist.) Ariz.
NR-03-DN-017-0008 Site 017-Baltimore (Harford-York, Md./Pa.)
NR-03-DN-018-0009 Site 018-Hagerstown (Central Appalachian Piedmont,
Md./Pa./Va.)
NR-03-DL-021-0010 Site 021-Battle Mtn. (Rye Patch Res.-Ruby Mtns.,
Nev.)
NR-03-DL-022-0011 Site 022-Tonopah, Nev.
NR-03-DK-023-0012 Site 023-Inyo Nat'l. Forest (Ward Mtn.-Crater Mtn.
Site)
1ffi-03-DL-024-0013 Site 024-San Andreas Fault, Calif.
NR-03-DL-027-0014 Site 027-Salton Sea, Calif.
NR-03-DL-028-0015 Site 028-Winslow (Meteor Crater) Ariz.
NR-03-DL-038-0016 Site 038-Great Sage Plain (Lisbon Valley Dist.)
Utah/Colo.
NR-03-CK-040-0017 Site 040-Cascade Mtns. (Cascade Glacier Site) Ore.
NR-03-DL-052-0018 Site 052-Nevada AEC
NR-03-DL-054-0019 Site 054-Smoke Creek Desert (Heber, Utah)
NR-03-DK-064-0020 Site 064-Central Cascade Range
8
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Aircraft Mission Requests
AIRCRAFT MISSION REQUESTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-03-DP-070-0021 Site 070-HopkintonMilford/Templeton/Crane Lines
NR-03-DL-072-0022
NR-03-DL-073-0023
NR-03-DL-075-0024
NR-03-DN-079-0025
NR-03-DL-082-0026
NR-03-DM-083.-0027
NR-03-CL-089-0028
NR-03-CL-090-0029
NR-03-EP-092-0030
NR-01-DN-094-0031
NR-03-EN-095-0032
NR-03-DL-096-0033
NR-03-EN-098-0034
NR-03-EN-099-0035
NR-03-DM-100-0036
NR-03-DL-109-0037
NR-03-DL-112-0038
NR-03-DL-114-0039
NR-03-DN-126-0040
NR-03-DM-129-0041
NR-03-DK-131-0042
Site 072-Coso Hot Springs, Calif.
Site 073-Lynn Dist., Nev.
Site 075-Goldfield, Nev.
Site 079-Matewan, Ky.
Site 082-Alvord Valley, Ore.
Site 083-Ironton, Mo.
Site 089-Blackbird Dist., Idaho
Site 090-Aberton, Mont.
Site 092-Puerto Rico
Site 094-NE Pennsylvania (Peat Bogs)
Site 095-Everglades, Fla. (Hydrology)
Site 096-Dixie (Fish Lake Nat'l. Forest, Utah)
Site 098-Homestead, Fla.
Site 099-Florida Straits
Site 100-Hot Springs, Ark.
Site 109-Sierra Madera
Site 112-Northeast Range, Colo.
Site 114-White Sands, N. M.
Site 126-Marquette/Republic Trough, Mich.
Site 129-Arkansas Basin
Site 131-Sonora Pass (II)
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Aircraft Mission Requests
AIRCRAFT MISSION REQUESTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-03-EN-132-0043 Site 132-New Orleans, La.
NR-03-EN-133-0044 Site 133-Michoud, La.
NR-03-DN-134-0045 Site 134-Slidell, La.
NR-03-DN-135-0046 Site 137-Mississippi Test Facility
NR-03-DN-127-0047 Site 127-Johnson County Gravel Test
NR-03-DL-115-0048 Site 115-New Mexico Mineral and Structural Belts
NR-03-EM-102-0049 Site 102-Statenville/Lake City, Fla. Phosphate
Site 103-Crystal River, Fla. Phosphate
Site 104-Wauchula/Tampa, Fla. Phosphate
NR-03-DL-130-0050 Site 130-Southern Calif.
NR-03-DL-139-0051 Site 139-Steamboat Springs, Colo.
NR-03-EN-095-0052 Site 095-Everglades, Fla.
NR-03-DL-005-0053 Site 005-Eureka (Tintic District) Utah
NR-03-DL-027-0054 Site 027-Salton Sea, Calif.
NR-03-DL-071-0055 Site 071-Hopi Buttes, Ariz.
0
NR-03-DM-120-0056 Site 120-Lake Colorado City, Tex.
NR-03-DN-125-0057 Site 125-Roxboro Reservoir, N. C.
NR-03-DN-141-0058 Site 141-Charleston/Columbia, S. C.
NR-03-DP-142-0059 Site 142-Delaware River Estuary
NR-03-DP-148-0060 Site 148-Lehigh River, Pa.
10
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Mission Reports
MISSION REPORTS
Accession no.
Reference Document:
NASA 927 Remote
Natural Resources
Description
to NASA 926 and
as applied to the
1966
NR-04-00-999-0001
Introduction
Sensor Aircraft
Program, March
NR-04-00-000-0002
Mission no.
13
Sites 003,
007,
019,
020,
050,
051,
040,
048,
049
MR-04-00-998-0003
Mission no.
14
Sites 043,
046
NR-04-DL-031-0004
Mission no.
15
Site 031
NR-04-EM-032-0005
Mission no.
16
Site 032
NR-04-EM-032-0006
Mission no.
17
Site 032
NR-04-00-998-0007
Mission no.
18
Sites 015,
027,
028,
031,
051
NR-04-DL-029-0008
Mission no.
19
Site 029
NR-04-DP-086-0009
Mission no.
20
Site 086
MR-04-00-998-0010
Mission no.
21
Sites 002,
003,
040
NR-04-CP-087-0011
Mission no.
22
Site 087
NR-04-EM-032-0012
Mission no.
24
Site 032
NR-04-00-998-0013
Mission no.
25
Sites 043,
088
NR-04-00-998-0014
Mission no.
23
Sites 046,
095,
099,
105
- 108
NR-04-EN-128-0015
Mission no.
26
Site 128
NR-04-Em-032-0016
Mission no.
27
Site 032
NR-04-00-998-0017
Mission no.
29
Sites 040,
130
NR-04-00-998-0018
Mission no.
28
Sites 024,
114,
130
NR-04-00-998-0019
Mission no.
32
Sites 011,
076
MR-04-00-998-0020
Mission no.
30
Sites 003,
020,
052,
019,
135
11
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Mission Reports
MISSION REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-04-DN-043-0021 Mission no. 31 Site 043
NR-04-DL-114-0022 Mission no. 33 Site 114
NR-04-00-998-0023 Mission no. 34 Sites 099, 128, 138
NR-04-EM-032-0024 Mission no. 35 Site 032
NR-04-EN-095-0025 Mission no. 36 Site 095
NR-04-DM-128-0026 Mission no. 37 Site 128
12
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TECHNICAL REPORTS
Accession no.
NR-05-00-000-0006
Technical Reports
Description
Technical Letter NASA-6, Ultraviolet Absorption
and Luminescence Investigations Progress Report
U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DL-002-0007 Technical Letter NASA-7, Typographic Studies of
Pisgah Crater, California. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0008 Technical Letter NASA-8, Reflectance Measurements
in the 0.6 to 2.5 Micron Part of the Spectrum.
U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DL-003-0009 Technical Letter NASA-9, Preliminary Geologic Map
of the Mono Craters Quadrangle, California.
U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DL-002-0011 Technical Letter NASA-11, Geologic Map of the
Pisgah and Sunshine Cone Lava Fields. U.S.
Geological Survey
NR-05-DK-000-0018 Technical Letter NASA-13, Infrared Spectral
Emittance of Rocks from the Pisgah Crater and
Monocraters Area, California. U.S. Geological
Survey
NR-05-00-000-0014
NR-05-00-000-0015
NR-05-DK-007-0016
NR-05-DL-180-0017
Technical Letter NASA-14, Summary of Significant
Results of Remote Sensing Studies in 1965. U.S.
.Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-15, A Millimeter Wavelength
Interferometer Spectrometer. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-16, Geological Evaluation
of AN/APQ-97 Radar Imagery, Oregon Coast. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-17, Evaluation of Ektachrome
and Multiband Photography in Calieute Range,
California. U.S. Geological Survey
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS
Accession no.
(cont)
Description
NR-05-CK-040-0019
NR-05-DL-002-0020
Technical Letter NASA-19, Geological Evaluation
of Radar Imagery of the Central Part of the
Oregon High Cascade Range. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-20, Composition of Basalt
Flows at Pisgah Crater, California: Preliminary
Data. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0021
Technical Letter NASA-21, Lake Surveying Techniques
in the Geological Survey - Progress Report. U.S.
Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0022
Technical Letter NASA-22, Time, Shadows, Terrain
f
and Photointerpretation. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DK-008-0023
Technical Letter NASA-23, Geological Appraisal
of Southwestern Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey
NB-05-00-000-0024
Technical Letter NASA-24, Photogeologic Interpre-
I- 1
tation of Gemini IV Color Photograph: Baja,
California. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DK-008-0025
Technical Letter NASA-25, Evaluation of Radar
Imagery of Highly Faulted Volcanic Terrain in
f-
Southeast Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-CK-040-0026
Technical Letter NASA-26, Application of Radar
Imagery to a Geologic Problem at Glacier Park
Volcanic, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DL-109-0027
Technical Letter NASA-27, Geologic Evaluation of
Radar Imagery of Flights 100-B and 100-C Across
the Central Sierra Nevada, California. U.S.
Geological Survey
t"
NR-05-DL-015-0028
Technical Letter NASA-28, Radar Imagery of Twin
Buttes Area, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-DL-027-0029
Technical Letter NASA-29, Radar Imagery: Salton
Sea Area, California. U.S. Geological Survey
r--.
14
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-DL-011-0030 Technical Letter NASA-30, Preliminary Evaluation
of Radar Imagery of Yellowstone Park. U.S.
Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0031 Technical Letter NASA-31, Comparative Study of
Ultraviolet Instrumentation Suitable for Orbital
Remote Sensing Experiments. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-32, Laboratory Measurement
of Ultraviolet Reflection (2200-7000A) and
Simulated Emission of Rocks and Rock-Forming_
Minerals. U.S. Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0032
NR-05-00-000-0033
NR-05-00-000-0033
NR-05-DL-027-0034
NR-05-00-000-0036
NR-05-00-000-0037
NR-05-DL-001-0038
Technical Letter NASA-33, A Proposal for Geological
Studies of the Earth and Planetary Surfaces by
Ultraviolet Absorption and Simulated Luminescence.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-33A, Geological Studies of
the Earth and Planetary Surface of Ultraviolet
Absorption and Simulated Luminescence. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-34, Gemini IV Color Photog-
raphy of Salton Sea Area, California. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-36, The Effect of Ultra-
violet Radiation on the Intensity of Luminescence.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-37, Preliminary Ultraviolet
Reflectance of Some Rocks and Minerals from
0 0
2000 A to 3000 A. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-38, Geological Evaluation
of Radar Imagery, Southwestern and Central Utah.
U.S. Geological Survey
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-DL-998-0039 Technical Letter NASA-39, Interpretation of
Ultraviolet Imagery of the Meteor Crater, Salton
Sea, and Arizona and Sedimentary Test Sites. U.S.
Geological Survey
NR-05-00-000-0040
NR-05-00-000-0041
NR-05-DK-024-0042
NR-05-00-000-0043
NR-05-DL-001-0044
NR-05-DL-024-0045
NR-05-00-000-0046
NR -05-DM -036 -0047
Technical Letter NASA-40, Geologic Interpretation
of the Gemini V Photograph of the Salt Range
Potwan Plateau Region, West Pakistan. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-41, Possible Application of
Remote Sensing Techniques and Satellite Communi-
cations for Earthquake Studies. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-42, Use of Infrared Imagery
in Study of the San Andreas Fault System,
California. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-43, Geological Utilization
of Gemini Color Photograph of Duba Area, Saudi
Arabia. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-44, Preliminary Report on
Radar Imagery of Cedar City - Iron Spring Area
Utah. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-45, Geologic Evaluation of
Radar Imagery: San Andreas Fault Zone From
Stevens Creek, Santa Clara County to Missel Rock,
San Mateo County, California. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-46, An Evaluation of the
Gemini IV Color Photos of the Gulf of California-
Central Texas Area. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-47, Geologic Evaluation of
Radar Imagery of the Spanish Peaks Region
Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey
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TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-05-DN-008-0048
NR-05-DL-073-0049
NR-05-00-000-0050
NR-05-00-000-0051
NR-05-00-000-0052
NR-05-CU-000-0053
NR-05-00-000-0054
NR-05-AP-000-0056
NR-05-00-000-0057
NR-05-DL-053-0058
Technical Reports
Description
Technical Letter NASA-48, Geological Evaluation
of Radar Imagery Appalachian Piedmont, Harford
and York Counties, Maryland and Pennsylvania.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-49, Geological Evaluation
of K-Band Radar Imagery, North-Central, Nevada.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-50, A Preliminary Evaluation
of Airborne and Spaceborne Remote Sensing Data
for Hydrologic Uses. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-51, Application of Remote
Sensor Data to Cartographic Programs. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-52, Geologic Investigations
of Remote Sensing Techniques: Final Report to
NASA FY 1966. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-53, Evaluation of Numbus
Vidicon Photography Southwest France and North-
East Spain. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-54, Potential Time-Cost
Benefits from Use of Orbital-Height Photographic
Data in Cartographic Programs. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-56, Geological Evaluation
of Numbus Vidicon Imagery Northwest Greenland.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-57, Liquid Nitrogen Black-
body for Spectral Emittance Studies. U.S.
Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-58, Geologic Evaluation of
Radar Imagery in Southern Utah. U.S. Geological
Survey
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TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-05-00-000-0059
NR-05-DL-000-0060
NR-05-DL-006-0061
NR-05-DL-028-0062
NR-05-DL-080-0063
NR-05-DN -998-0064
NR-05-00-000-0065
NR-05-DK-998-0066
MR-05-00-000-0070
NR-05-00-000-0100
NR-05-00-000-0101
Technical Reports
Description
Technical Letter NASA-59, Analysis of Earth
Orbiter Test Site Program in Relation to
U.S. Mineral Needs. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-60, Extent of Relict Soils
Revealed by Gemini IV Photographs. U.S. Geological
Survey
Technical Letter NASA-61, Hydrologic Interpretation
of Numbus Vidicon Image - Great Salt Lake, Utah.
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-62, Radar Images - Meteor
Crater, Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-63, Preliminary Studies of
Soil Patterns Observed in Radar Images, Bishop
Area, California. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-64, Geological Evaluation
of Nimbus Vidicon Photography, Chesapeake Bay -
Blue Ridge. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-65, Dispersive Multispectral
Scanning Feasibility Study. U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-66, Status Report of Infrared
Investigations (July 1, 1966 to September 30, 1966.)
U.S. Geological Survey
Technical Letter NASA-70, Measurements of
Luminescence by the Fraunhofer Line Depth Method.
U.S. Geological Survey
Preliminary Report on a Multispectral Experiment;
prepared by Abraham Anson, Systems Branch,
Intelligence Division, USAEGIMARADA. Issue Date:
February 18, 1965 (Reference copy only)
Multispectral Experiment No. 2; prepared by
Abraham Anson, Systems Branch, Intelligence Divi-
sion, USAEGIMRADA. Issue Date: August 3, 1965.
(Copies available on one-month load basis only)
18
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TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-05-00-000-0102
NR-05-00-000-0103
NR-05-00-000-0104
NR-05-00-000-0105
NR-05-00-000-0106
NR-05-00-000-0107
NR-05-00-000-0108
NR-05-00-000-0109
NR-05-00-000-0110
NR-05-00-000-0111
Technical Reports
Description
The Investigations of Flame Spreading over the
Surface of Igniting Solid Propellants; NASA
Grant NGR-31-003-014, January 1966
Infrared and Ultraviolet Studies of Terrestrial
Materials; U.S. Geological Survey
Some Empirical and Theoretical Interpretations
of Multiple Polarization Radar Data; CRES,
University of Michigan, Report No. 61-10,
NASA Contracts NSR 17-004-003 and NSG-298
Vegetation Analysis with Radar Imagery; CRES
Report No. 61-9, University of Kansas, NASA Con-
tract 17-004-0003
Fresnel Zone Processing of Synthetic Aperture
Radar Data; Technical Report 61-1, CRES, University
of Kansas
Five Papers on Remote Sensing and Urban Infor-
mation Systems; Technical Report No. 1, Contract
Nonr-1228 (37), April 1966
Northwestern University Report No. 1, NASA Research
Grant NGR-14-007-027
Plane Wave Scattering from a Rough Surface with
Correlated Large and Small Scale Orders of
Roughness; CRES, University of Kansas, Technical
Report 61-2
Aspects of Geological Sampling at Test Sites;
Northwestern University Report No. 4, NASA Research
Grant NGR-14-007-027, July 11, 1966
A Model for the Areal Pattern of Retail and
Service Establishments Within an Urban Area;
Technical Report No. 2, Contract Nonr-1228 (37),
April 1966
19
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-DL-051-0112 Geology of the Arizona Sedimentary Test Site
Cane Springs, Arizona; Technical Report No. 3,
NCR 29-001-015, Revised April 1966
NR-05-00-000-0113 Cenozoic Volcanism of the Central Sierra Nevada,
California; Technical Report No. 4, NCR 29-001-
015, April 1966
NR-05-DK-020-0114 Geology of the Bucks Lake, California; NASA Remote
Sensing Test Site, Technical Report No. 5,
NCR 29-001-015, May 1966
NR-05-DL-051-0115 Geology of the Cane Springs Test Site, Arizona
NASA Remote Sensing Test Site; Technical Report
No. 3, NCR 29-001-015, November 1965
NR-05-DK-019-0116 Geology of the Sonora Pass-Emigrant Basin,
California, NASA Remote Sensing Test Site,
Technical Report 1, NGR-20-001-015, December 1965
NE-05-00-000-0117 The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Generated Sea
as Determined from Data Obtained by the Stereo
Wave Observation Project; Meteorological Papers,
Vol. 2, No. 6, June 1960
NR-05-00-000-0118 The Effects of Eddy Viscosity, Coriolis, Deflection,
and Temperature Fluctuation on the Sea Breeze as a
Function of Time and Height; Meteorological Papers,
Vol. 1, No. 2, New York University, January 1950
NR-05-00-000-0119 The Structure of Transportation Networks; TCREC
Technical Report 62-11, by Transportation Center
Northwestern University, Contract No. DA 44-177-
Tc-685, May 1962 (Reference only)
NR-05-00-000-0120 Infrared and Ultraviolet Studies of Terrestrial
Materials; U.S. Department of the Interior Geo-
logical Survey, NASA Contract R-146
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-00-000-0121 Some New Unsolved Problems in Connection with
Random Processes of Interest in Geophysics; New
York University, Research Division Technical
Report under Contract Nonr-283(03)
Theoretical and Observed Results for the Zero
and Ordinate Crossing Problems of Stationary
Gaussian Noise with Application to Pressure
Records of Ocean Waves; New York University,
Research Division, Technical Report No. 1 under
Contract Nos. 72018(1734F), December 1958
The Apparent Loss of Coherency in Vector Gaussian
Processes Due to Computational Procedures with
Application to Ship Motions and Random Seas;
New York University, Research Division, Technical
Report under Contracts Nonr-285(17) and Nonr-263(09)
(Reference only)
Models of Random Seas Based on the Lagrangian
Equations of Motion; New York University, Research
Division, Technical Report under Contract
Nonr-285(03)
NR-05-00-000-0122
NR-05-00-000-0123
NR-05-00-000-0124
N1-05-00-000-0125
NR-05-00-000-0126
NR-05-00-00-0127
On the Phases of the Motions of Ships in Confused
Seas; New York University, Research Division,
Technical Report No. 9 under Contract Nonr-285(17),
November 1957
The Accuracy of Present Wave Forecasting Methods
with Reference to Problems in Beach Erosion on
the New Jersey and Long Island Coasts; New York
University, November 1950
The Average Horizontal Wind Driven Mass Transport
of the Atlantic for February as Obtained by
Numerical Methods; New York University, Research
Division, Technical Report under Contract
Nonr-285(03), December 1962 (Reference only)
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-00-000-0128 Wave Spectra Estimated from Wave Records Obtained
by the OWS WEATHER EXPLORER and the OWS WEATHER
REPORTER (I); New York University, Research
Division, Technical Report under Contract
N62306-1042, November 1962 (Reference only)
NR-05-00-000-0129 Spectral Correlation Program; Part I, Lockheed
Programs LMSC 668744. NASA Spectral Correlation
Data Processing Report, February 1, 1966. Remote
Sensing Laboratory Geophysics Department Stanford
University, NASA Contract NAS2-2527
NR-05-00-000-0130 Automatic Processing of Multispectral Images; CRES
Report No. 71-16, George W. Dalke, The Remote
Sensing Laboratory Information Sciences Group.
The University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas,
NASA Contract NSR17-004-003.
NR-05-00-000-0131 Polarization Dependent Radar Return from Rough
Surfaces; Technical Report EE-TR-2, Kumar Krishen,
W. W. Koepsel, S. H. Durrani; Department of
Electrical Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas. January 1966. NASA Contract
NSR17-004-003
NR-05-00-000-0132 Backscatter of Electromagnetic Waves from a
Rough Layer; Technical Report EE-TR-3, Vijay R.
Kumar, S. H. Durrani, W. W. Koepsel; Department
of Electrical Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas. May 1966. NASA Contract
NSR17-004-003.
NR-05-00-000-0133 Backscatter of Ultrasonic Waves from a Rough
Layer; Technical Report EE-TR-4. Wu-Shi Shung,
W. W. Koepsel, S. H. Durrani. Department of
Electrical Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas. May 1966. NASA Contract
NSR17-004-003.
NR-05-DK-002-0134 Statistical Problems Involved in Remote-Sensing_
of the Lithosphere-Atmosphere Interface; North-
western University, Department of Geology.
Contract No. NGR-14-007-027. February 1967.
22
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0
.me
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4
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Technical Reports
TECHNICAL REPORTS (cont)
Accession no. Description
NR-05-00-000-0135 The General Linear Equation in Prediction; North-
western University, Department of Geology. Contract
No. NGR-14-007-027, February 1967.
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PROGRESS REPORTS*
Accession no.
NR-06-00-000-0001
NE-06-00-000-0003
NR-06-00-000-0004
NR-06-00-000-0005
NR-06-00-000-0006
NR-06-00-000-0007
NR-06-00-000-0008
NR-06-00-000-0009
NR-06-00-000-0010
Progress Reports
Description
Radar Sensing for Geoscience Purposes; Monthly
Progress Report CRM 61-15, NASA Contract
NSR 17-004-003, October 1, 1965 through November 1,
1965
Quarterly Progress Report No. 81, April 15, 1966
Quarterly Progress Report for December 1, 1965
through February 28, 1966 and March 1, 1966
through May 30, 1966. Contract No. NSR-36-008-027,
Ohio State University Research Foundation Antenna
Laboratory, Project 1903
Quarterly Status Report, October 1, 1965 through
April 1, 1966, NASA Contract R-09-038-002
Investigations of In Site Physical Properties of
Surface and Subsurface Site Materials by Engi-
neering Geophysical Techniques; Project Quarterly
Report, January 1, 1966 through March 31, 1966
Status Report, October 1, 1965 through December 31,
1965, NASA Contract R-146
Quarterly Status Report, September 15, 1965 through
December 15, 1965, NASA Contract R-09-020-019
Quarterly Progress Report, June 1, 1965 through
August 31, 1965, NASA Contract NSR-36-008-027
Geoscience Data Management; NASA-Defense,
PRE-47-009-006, Fifth and Final Quarterly Progress
Report, June 30, 1966
NR-06-00-000-0011 Recording and Processing of Multifrequency Radar
Data; Quarterly Progress Report, September 1, 1965
through November 30, 1965, University of Michigan
*NOTE: Circulation of Progress Reports is limited to NASA Personnel Only.
Requests for circulation outside NASA must be reviewed by the
Chief, Earth Resources Office, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center,
Houston, Texas.
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PROGRESS REPORTS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-06-00-000-0012
NR-06-00-000-0013
NR-06-00-000-0014
NR-06-00-000-0015
NR-06-00-000-0016
NR-06-00-000-0017
NR-06-00-000-0018
NR-06-00-000-0019
NR-06-00-000-0020
Progress Reports
Description
First Quarterly Progress Report of the Laboratory
for Agricultural Remote Sensing, NGR-15-005-028,
March 31, 1966
Semi-Annual Progress Report CRSA 61-2, NASA Con-
tract No. NSA 17-004-003 for period January 1,
1966 to June 30, 1966. Center for Research,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
Semi-Annual Progress Report, MacKay School of
Mines, University of Nevada, January 1, 1966 through
June 10, 1966
? Semi-Annual Progress Report, June 18, 1965 through
December 31, 1965, NASA Contract NGR-29-001-015
Semi-Annual Report, NASA Contract NSR-22-009-120,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 1,
1965 through February 28, 1966, Submitted May 4,
1966
Semi-Annual Progress Report on Research Grant,
NSG-722, January 1, 1966
Urban and Transportation Information Systems;
Annual Report, Contract Nonr-1228(37), April 1966
Remote Multispectral Sensing in Agriculture;
R. A. Holmes and R. M. Hoffer, Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana, Semi-Annual Progress Report
NGR-15-005-028
Statistical Evaluation of the Composition,
Physical Properties, and Surface Configuration of
Terrestrial Test Sites and their Correlation with
Remotely Sensed Data; NASA Research Grant
NGR-14-007-027, Semi-Annu4 Status Report,
March 31, 1966
25
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Progress Reports
en
PROGRESS REPORTS
Accession no.
(cont)
Description
r
Applicability of Certain Multifactor Computer
NR-06-00-000-0021
Programs to the Analysis, Classification, and
Prediction of Landforms; FINAL REPORT, Contract
No. Nonr-4143(00), The Autometric Corporation,
December 1, 1963 (Copy available on one-month
loan basis only)
r
NE-06-00-000-0022
TERRAIN QUALIFICATION Phase I: Surface Geometry
Measurements; FINAL REPORT, Contract No.
AF 19(628)481, Project No. 6728, December 31,
1962, by Texas Instruments Incorporated
NR-06-00-000-0023
NR-06-00-000-0024
Manned Mars Surface Operations; FINAL REPORT,
r,
lip?J
Detailed Technical Report, Parts 4 through 7,
RAD-TR-65-26, Contract Number NAS 8-11353,
September 30, 1965 (Reference only)
Oceanographic Satellite System Concept and
Feasibility Study (U); FINAL REPORT, August 1963,
N-600(19)58467
NR-06-00-000-0025
Feasibility of Objective Color Systems; FINAL
V.,
REPORT, September 13, 1965, by A. Anson
fl
NR-06-00-000-0026
Field Infrared Analysis of Terrain; First Annual
Report, 1 November 1965 - 30 October 1966. Remote
Sensing Laboratory Geophysics Department, Stanford
University, California. NASA Contract NGR-05-020-115
NR-06-00-000-0027
Space Oceano.graphy Project; Status Report,
February 1966 - October 1966, Department of
Oceanography. Texas A&M University, Office of
qiiEJ
Naval Research. Contract Nonr 2119(04) (Reference
only)
NR-06-00-000-0028
Detail Plan and Status Report of United States
Geological Survey Research in Remote Sensing Under
the Natural Resources Space Applications Program;
Second Edition, U.S. Geological Survey (Reference
only)
26
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PROGRESS REPORTS (cont)
Accession no.
NR-06-00-000-0029
NR-06-00-000-0030
NR-06-00-000-0031
NR-06-00-998-0032
NR-06-00-000-0033
Progress Reports
Description
Detail Plan and Status Report of United States
Geological Survey Research in Remote Sensing Under
the Natural Resources Space Application Program.
Supplement 1 Proposed Programs Objectives. Tasks
and Budget for FY 1966 (Reference only)
Statistical Evaluation of the Composition, Physical
Properties, and Surface Configuration of Terrestrial
Test Sites and Their Correlation with Remotely
Sensed Data. Semi-Annual Status Report dated
September 30, 1966. Northwestern University,
Department of Geology. Contract No. NGR-14-007-027
Semi-Annual Progress Report, June 10, 1966 through
November 11, 1966. Mackay School of Mines,
University of Nevada, Contract No. NGR-29-001-015
Aircraft Test Site Requirements Study for Spacecraft
Oceanography; (Final Report), September 23, 1966.
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, D.C.,
Contract No. N62306-2075. (Copy available on one-
month loan bases only)
Semi-Annual Report, NASA Contract NSR-22-009-120,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1, 1966
through August 30, 1966.
27
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Summary Reports
SUMMARY REPORTS
Accession no. Description
NR-07-00-000-0001 Peaceful Uses of Earth-Observation Spacecraft;
Volume I, Introduction and Summary, NASA CR-586,
Contract No. NASw-1084 by University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
NR-07-00-000-0002 Peaceful Uses of Earth-Observation Spacecraft;
Volume II, Survey of Applications and Benefits,
NASA CR-587, Contract No. NASw-1084 by University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
NR-07-00-000-0003 Peaceful Uses of Earth-Observation Spacecraft;
Volume III, Sensor Requirements and Experiments,
NASA CR-588, Contract No. NASw-1084 by the
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
NR-07-00-000-0004 Oceanography from Space; NASA Contract
NsR-22-014-003, Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution, Issued April 1965
28
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(1
f
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS
Accession no.
NR-08-00-000-0001
NR-08-00-000-0002
NR-08-00-000-0003
NR-08-00-000-0004
NR-08-00-000-0005
NR-08-00-000-0006
NR-08-00-000-0007
NR-08-00-000-0008
NR-08-00-000-0009
NR-08-DK-019-0010
Miscellaneous Documents
Description
Manned Lunar Orbital Missions; Volume I (2nd Edi-
tion), April 1965, Preliminary Mission Definition
for Post Apollo Manned Exploration of Space
Manned Lunar Orbital Missions; Volume IA, April
1965, Revised Submissions from Potential
Experimenters
Analysis of Remote Sensing Data Requirements by
Experiment; NASA MSC, Issue date: November 1965
Manned Earth Orbital Mission; November 1965,
Preliminary Mission Definition for Post Apollo
Manned Exploration of Space
Consolidation of Aeronautical Chart and Informa-
tion Center and Army Map Service Lunar Control
Systems; NASA Defense Purchase Request T-42805 (G)
Manned Lunar Exploration Investigations and
Appendix; U.S. Geological Survey
Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Remote
Sensing of Environment, April 12-14, 1966; Infra-
red Physics Laboratory, Willow Run Laboratories,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
(Reference only)
Manned Earth Orbital Missions; Part II (2nd Edi-
tion), Preliminary Mission Definition for Post-
Apollo Manned Exploration of Space
Report of Work Under NASA Transfer of Funds to
the Economic Research Service, USDA; Department
of Agriculture, R-09-038-001
Preliminary Details of Sampling Locations at NASA
Sonora Pass Test Site, California; Northwestern
University Report No. 5, NASA Research Grant
NGR-14-007-027, July 22, 1966
29
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? Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS
Accession no.
NR-08-00-000-0011 Remote Sensor Aircraft Data Gathering System
Data Processing and Distribution Unit; Natural
Resources Program, March 1966
NR-08-00-000-0012 Preliminary Newsletter, "Purdue Field Experiments
Using the Perkin-Elmer SG-4 Spectrometer;" July 11,
1966, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
Spacecraft Oceanogra h Project Briefing; NASA
Headquarters, April , 19
Miscellaneous Documents
Description
NR-08-00-000-0013
NR-08-00-000-0014
MR-08-00-000-0015
NR-08-00-000-0018
NR-08-00-000-0017
MR-08-00-000-0018
??
Detailed Plan for the U.S. Naval Oceanographic
Office Participation in the NASA Natural Resources
Program, March 1966
Official Report of the U.S. Delegation to the
United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference
for Africa; July 1-13, 1963
Report of Work Under NASA Transfer of Funds to
the Economic Research Service, USDA; Department
of Agriculture, R-09-038-001
Proposed Instrument Calibration Sites, Applications
Areas and Responsible Areas and Responsible
Scientists, May 2, 1966
DATA (Oceanography Issue); Vol. 9, No. 5, May 1964
30
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'Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
91/2" BLACK AND WHITE AERIAL FILM
Location
Phoenix
Zuni-San Francisco
Mono Craters-Pisgah
Crater
Sonora Pass
Death Valley-Mono
Craters
Oregon Coast
Tonopah, Salt Lake
San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
Asheville, N. C.
Salton Sea (Hi-Alt)
Pisgah Crater
Pisgah Crater
Mesquite Sed.-Twin
Buttes
Twin Buttes
San Diego-San
Clemente
Oregon Coast
Mono Craters
Chicago
Wilcox Dry Lake
Wilcox-Meteor Crater
Pisgah Crater
Goose Bay (7 rolls)
Wilcox & Little
Dragon
Salton Sea
Pisgah Crater
Apollo/Little Joe
Mosaic
Apollo/Little Joe
Mosaic
Phoenix-Shapran Test
Phoenix -Shapran Test
Bucks Lake
Asheville, N. C.
(This film is not good -
Film
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Dup. Pos.
Dup. Pos.
Dup. Pos.
Dupont Cronar
Dup. Pos.
Dup. Pos.
Infrared
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Tri-X
Tri-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Plus-X
Tri-X
DuPont
Footage
185
180
150
ho
180
180
180
60
150
50
75
180
95
180
180
180
75
80
180
180
1160
180
125
Cronar 180
Ansco-A 200
Ansco-A 200
Kodak Experi-
mental 180
Kodak Experi-
mental 180
Infrared 12
Tri-X 50
completely underexposed)
31
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Film Data
Camera
Date
T-11
7/1/65
RC-8
5/4/66
RC-8
10/1/65
RC-8
9/24/65
T-11
2/16/65
T-11
6/3/65
T-11
6/3/65
RC-8
11/15/65
T-11
1/12/66
RK-1
1/28/65
T-11
1/11/65
T-11
1/9/65
T-11
1/10/66
RC-8
4/21/65
RC-8
9/24/65
Rc-8
9/30/65
Rc-8
11/19/65
RC-8
12/20/65
T-11
1/7-1/8/65
T-11
6/23/65
RC-8
4/16-4/20/66
T-11
6/2/65
RC-8
1/11/66
RK-1
12/30/64
K-17C
8/22/63
K-17C
8/22/63
KC-1
Not Known
KC-1
Not Known
T-11
6/5/65
RC-8
5/7/66
? Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Location
91/2" BLACK AND WHITE AERIAL FILM - Concluded
Film
Chicago - Miss.
Valley (3 rolls) Plus-X
Miss. Delta (5 rolls) Plus-X
Weslaco (2 rolls) Plus-X
San Andreas Fault Plus-X
Sonora Pass Plus-X
Nevada AEC Plus-X
Cascade Mtns. Plus-X
Film Data r,
Footage Camera Date
450 RC-8 7/1/66
850 RC-8 7/6/66
290 T-11 7/8/66
75 RC-8 7/28/66
250 RC-8 8/30/66
75 T-11 9/3/66
75 RC-8 8/11/66
111
,
32
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Location
Chicago
Mono Lake
Cane Spring, Ariz.
Sedimentary
Cane Spring, Ariz.
Sedimentary
Asheville, N. C.
Asheville, N. C.
Phoenix
Twin Buttes
Cascade Glacier
Phoenix
Asheville, N. C.
Chicago
Cascade Glacier
Crater Lake
Asheville, N. C.
Site 106
Sites 107, 108, 095, 098
Sites 095 and 105
Tampa, Fla.
Miami Reef
Sites 095, 106, and 107
Asheville, N. C.
Chicago - Miss. Valley
EKTACHROME
Film Footage
Ektachrome 150
Ektachrome 30
Ektachrome 38
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 7
Ektachrome 40
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 60
Ektachrome 150
Ektachrome 35
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 65
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 30
Ektachrome 75
Ektachrome 75
(4 rolls) Ektachrome 300
White Sands, N. M. Ektachrome 45
Bucks Lake, Calif. Ektachrome 75
33
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Camera
Film Data
Date
RC-8
11/19/65
RC-8
9/29/65
RC-8
1/9/66
RC-8
1/8/66
RC-8
11/15/65
Rc-8
11/17/65
RC-8
2/15/66
RC-8
1/10/66
RC-8
9/23/65
Rc-8
2/15/66
Rc-8
11/17/65
RC-8
11/19/65
RC-8
4/4/66
RC-8
4/3/66
RC-8
5/7/66
RC-8
5/10/66
RC-8
5/9-10/66
RC-8
5/11/66
RC-8
5/8/66
Rc-8
5/9/66
Rc-8
5/10/66
Rc-8
5/7/66
Rc-8
6/30/66
Rc-8
7/26/66
RC-8
9/1/66
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Location
Bucks Lake
Thermo Grid
Bermuda
Asheville, N. C.
Asheville, N. C.
Weslaco
Mono Lake
Weslaco
Thermo Grid
Bermuda
Bermuda
Thermo Grid
Bermuda
Cascade Glacier
Oregon Terrain
Crator Lake
Salton Sea
Slaton Sea
Cascade Glacier
Mono Lake
Asheville, N. C.
Phoenix
Phoenix
Thermo Grid
Bermuda
Weslaco
Chicago
Twin Buttes
We
Weslaco
Asheville, N. C.
Asheville, N. C.
Meteor Crater
Pisgah Crater
Chicago - Miss.
Valley (4 rolls)
Weslaco
Mono Crater, Calif.
Bucks lake, Calif.
Miss. Test Facility
Nevada AEC
Southern Calif.
EKTACHROME I.R.
Film
B&W IR
Ektachrome
Ektachrome
Ektachrome
Ektachrome
Ektachrome
Ektachrome
IR
IR
IR
IR
IR
IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
Footage Camera
13 T-11 6/5/65
frames
Film Data
Data
75 RC-8
60 RC-8
75 RC-8
75 RC-8
60 RC-8
35 RC-8
3/10/66
11/17/65
11/17/65
1/5/66
9/3o/65
5/14/66
75 RC-8 3/10/66
75 RC-8
75
3/9/66
Rc-8 3/10/66
75 RC-8 4/4/66
75 RC-8
75 RC-8
4o Rc-8
75 RC-8
75 RC-8
75 RC-8 2/15/66
75 RC-8 2/15/66
1/12/66
1/12/66
9/23/65
9/3o/65
11/17/65
75
75
150
75
75
35
75
75
75
75
RC-8
RC-8
RC-8
RC-8
RC-8
RC-8
Rc-8
Rc-8
RC-8
RC-8
Ektachrome IR 300 RC-8
Ektachrome IR 225 RC-8
Ektachrome IR 375 RC-8
Ektachrome IR
Ektachrome IR
34
75 Rc-8
135 Rc-8
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3/10/66
12/22/65
11/19/65
1/9/66
12/22/65
1/5/66
5/7/66
5/7/66
1/8/66
4/5/66
6/3o/66
7/8/66
9/1/66
9/3/66
8/8/66
C
C ?
?.?
?=01,
ILES
C
1
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Fffin Data
DATA PANEL - 35 mm
Location
Footage
Date
Wilcox Dry Lake
Meteor Crater
50
1/7-8/66
Phoenix
50
2/15/66
Twin Buttes, Salton Sea
50
1/10/66
Weslaco
50
1/5/66
Ariz. Sedimentary
Twin Buttes
50
1/8-9/66
Salton Sea
Wilcox and Phoenix
50
?
1/12/66
Weslaco, Little Dragon
100
7/1/65
Sondra Ariz.
25
10/2/65
Weslaco and Brownsville
20
6/21/65
Brownsville and Carizzo
25
6/18/64
Wilcox, Ariz.
25
12/18/65
San Pablo, Davis and
Donner Pass
25
9/28/65
We
25
12/22/65
Bucks Lake
50
9/26/65
Cascade
50
9/23-24/65
Mono Lake
50
9/30/65-10/1-2/66
Asheville and Chicago
100
11/19/65
Asheville, N. C.
100
11/15/65
Mono Lake
100
9/30/65
Argus Isle, Bermuda
35
3/6/66
Argus Isle, Bermuda
35
3/7-8/66
Argus Isle, Bermuda
35
3/10-11/65
Argus Isle, Bermuda
35
3/9-1o/65
Cascade Glacier and
Mono Lake
25
4/4-5/66
Zuni Salt Lake and San
Francisco Vol. Fields
25
4/2/66
Pisgah Crater
50
4/5/66
Ranger VII
318
8/21/64
Ranger VIII
144' + 4 frames
2/2o/65
Ranger IX
120
4/15/65
Weslaco
25 .
5/14/66
Chicago - Miss. Valley
75
6/3o/66
Miss. Delta
6o
7/6/66
We
50
7/8/66
Mono Crater, Calif.
Sonora Pass, Calif.
8/30/66-9/3/66
Bucks Lake, Calif.
35
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
DATA PANEL - 35 MM - Concluded
Location Footage
Miss. Test Facility 93
San Andreas, Calif.
White Sands, N. M.
40
Southern Calif.
Cascade Mtns.
Southern Calif. 50
36
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Film Data
Date
8/30/66-9/3/66
7/29/66
8/8/66
8/11/66
f
I
kApproved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Film Data
MULTI-BAND
Location
Film
Footage
Camera
Date
Phoenix
Sites 106, 095, 105, 102
Sites 107, 095, 108, 098
ZX & IR
ZX & IR
ZX & IR
ZX & IR
ZX & IR
? 250
400
250
200
Multi-Band
Multi-Band
Multi-Band
Multi-Band
Multi-Band
3/1o/86
7/2/65
3/10/66
5/11/68
5/9/66
Chicago (Line 3 + Part of
4)
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
11/19/65
Sites 106, 107
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
5/10/66
Asheville, N. C.
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
11/15/65
Thermo Grid
Bermuda
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
3/10/66
Goose Bay
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
4/19/66
Weslaco
ZX & IR
60
Multi-Band
5/14/66
Weslaco
zx & IR
250
Multi-Band
12/22/65
Davis
San Pablo
ZX & IR
170
Multi-Band
9/28/65
Donner Pass
Weslaco
ZX & IR
200
Multi-Band
1/5/66
Miami (Davis Reef)
ZX & IR
Multi-Band
5/9/66
Chicago
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
11/19/65
Chicago
ZX & IR
250
Multi-Band
11/19/65
Goose Bay
2 Plus X
250
Multi-Band
4/21/68
Asheville, N. C.
1 Plus X
1 - IR
250
Multi-Band
11/17/65
Mono Lake
2 Plus X
250
Multi-Band
10/2/65
Cascade Site
2 X + IR
200
Multi-Band
9/28/65
Asheville, N. C.
4 Plus
2 IR
1500
Multi-Band
5/7-10/66
Pisgah Crater
2 Plus X
1 IR
750
Multi-Band
4/8/66
Phoenix
2 Plus X
1 IR
750
Multi-Band
2/15/66
Chicago
2 Plus X
1 IR
750
Multi-Band
6/3o/66
37
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Film Data
RECONOFAX IV - 70 mm
(The 70 mm Reconofax IV film itself is classified CONFIDENTIAL)
Location
Goose Bay
Goose Bay
Goose Bay
Miss. Delta, Site 128
Chicago
Asheville, N. C.
Weslaco
Miss. Delta, Site 128
San Andreas
Mono Lake
Bucks Lake
Davis
San Pablo
Wilcox
We
Phoenix
Miss. Delta, Site 128
Ashville, Sites 098, 099, 107, 108
Weslaco
Wilcox
Chicago
OSSA Hogs
Zuni Salt Lake
S.F. Vol. Crater
Cascade Glacier
Pisgah Crater
Bermuda
Argus Isle, Bermuda
Gulf Stream
Mission 13, Nat. Resources
Pisgah Crater
Tonopah
Salt Lake
Pisgah Crater
Tonopah
Salt Lake
San Andreas
White Sands
Southern Calif.
38
Footage Film (mm) Date
40 70 4/28/66
4o 70 4/25/66
50 70 2/65
50 35 7/6/66
15-20 70 6/29/66
lo 35 - uv 5/19/66
30 70 5/16/66
80 70 7/6/66
75 70
75 70
75 70 6/3-4/65
75 70
75 70
50 70 7/1-2/65
60 70 7/6/66
loo 70
15 70 7/1-2/65
15 35 6/30/65
40 70 4/6/66
65 70 3/15/66
60 70 3/15/55
loo 70 3/15/66
loo 35 (IR)
150 35
100 35
50 ' 70 8/1/66
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.11???
C
-)
"Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Film Data
RECONOFAX IV - 70 mm - Concluded
(The 70 mm Reconofax IV film itself is classified CONFIDENTIAL)
Location
Footage
Film (mm)
Date
Cascade Mtns.
Southern Calif.
50
70
8/12/66
Mono Crater, Calif.
Sonora Pass, Calif.
Bucks Lake, Calif.
Miss. Test Facility
Nevada AEC
60
70
9/3/66
Cascade Glacier
Oregon Coast }
40
70
10/7/65
Mission 18, Sites 031, 015,
027,
028,
051
50
35
Cascade Glacier
Oregon Coast
/
50
70
So. Oregon Strip
Oregon Coast
So. Oregon Strip
25
70
Pisgah
Tonopah
}
100
70
2/65
Salt Lake Area
Wilcox
Weslaco
20
35
12/20-12/22/65
Weslaco
15
35
- UV
1/5/66
Test Flight out of Houston
50
70
6/30/65
Wilcox
10
70
Test Flight out of Houston
50
70
6/30/65
Chicago - Miss. Delta
20
70
6/29/66
Miss. Delta
140
70
7/6/66
Weslaco
20
70
7/8/66
39
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Location
Chicago - Miss. Delta
Miss. Delta
Weslaco
Mono Crater, Calif.
Bucks Lake, Calif
Sonora Pass, Calif.
Nevada AEC
Miss. Test Facility
San Andreas Fault
White Sands, N. M.
Southern Calif.
Cascade Mtns.
Southern Calif.
AAS-5
Film Type
Film Data
Footage Film Size Date
TRI-X 15 35
TRI-X 40 35
TRI-X 10 35
UV
UV
140
40
30
mm 6/3o/66
mm 7/6/66
mm 7/8/66
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
9/2/66
8/1/66
r
r
f
MI Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 is eis a Ns as
CARTOGRAPHIC FILM DATA FILE
Date of
Photography
Site No.
Site Name
Mission
Number
Camera
Film Type
Film Size
Footage
8-30-1966
19-20
Sonora Pass-Bucks Lake
30
Multi-Band
Plux X
70 mm
500
8-30-1966
19-20
Sonora Pass-Bucks Lake
30
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
250
9-1-1966
135
Harvey Valley
30
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
1000
9-1-1966
135
Harvey Valley
30
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
500
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
Multi-Band
Plux X
70 mm
500
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
250
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2 in.
150
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
25
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
AAS-5
TX-417
35 mm
25
9-15-1966
43
Chicago
31
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
25
9-(19-22)-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
RC-8
Ektachrome
? ?
5,?,90MM
00
t- m
150
9-(19-22)-1966
11
Yellowstone Natl. Park
32
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
675
9-(19-22)-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
Multi-Band
Plus X
2500
9-(19-22)-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
Multi-Band
Infrared
1250
9-(19-22)-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
90
9-23-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
Reconofax IV
TX-475
50
9-23-1966
11
Yellowstone Nat'l. Park
32
AAS-5
TX-417
50
10-3-1966
114
White Sands
33
RC-8
Plus X
91/2 in.
100
10-3-1966
114
White Sands
33
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
8
10-(11-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
RC-8
Ektachrome
91/2 in.
525
10-11-1966
46
Asheville
34
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2 in.
150
10-17-1966
128
Mississippi Delta
34
RC-8
Plus X
91/2 in.
120
10-(10-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
1600
10-(10-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
ROO
10-(10-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
160
10-(10-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
100
10-(10-14)-1966
46-99-138
Asheville-Miami-Norfolk
34
AAS-5
TX-417
35 mm
40
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
Nikon-Data Panel
Plus X
35 mm
25
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
AAS-5
TX-417
35 Ezz
18
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
20
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
900
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
450
12-5-1966
32
Weslaco, Texas
35
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
941 in.
225
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
CARTOGRAPHIC FILM DATA FILE - Continued
Date ofMission
Site No.
Site Name
Number
Camera
Film Type
Film Size
Footage
Photography
12-9-1966
95-98-102
Everglades-Homestead-
36
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
44
103-104
Statenville-Crystal
River-Wachula, Fla.
Phosphate
12-9-1966
95-98-102
Everglades-Homestead-
36
AAS-5
TX-417
35 mm
50
103-104
Statenville-Crystal
River-WaChula, Fla.
Phosphate
12-9-1966
95-98-102
Everglades-Homestead-
36
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
500
103-104
Statenville-Crystal
River-Wachula, Fla.
Phosphate
250
12-9-1966
95-98-102
Everglades-Homestead-
36
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
103-104
Statenville-Crystal
River-Wachula, Fla.
Phosphate
12-9-1966
95-98-102
Everglades-Homestead-
36
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
35
103-104
Statenville-Crystal
River-Wachula, Fla.
Phosphate
12-9-1966
95
Everglades, Fla.
36
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
70 mm
350
175
12-9-1966
95
Everglades, Fla.
36
Multi-Band
Infrared
in.
190
12-(7-8)-1966
95
Everglades, Fla.
36
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2
in.
260
12-(6-7)-1966
98-102
Homestead-Statenville-
36
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2
Crystal River-Wachula,
Fla. Phosphate
12-14-1966
128
Mississippi Delta
37
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
T1-417
35 mm
35 mm
20
15
12-14-1966
128
Mississippi Delta
37
AAS-5
IR
91/2 in.
180
12-14-1966
128
Mississippi Delta
37
RC-8
Ektachrome
( 2
f ( ( I 2 f f 3(2 f ( 'C2 (T. C-2. 12
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
IS MI Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 an ess se es se
CARTOGRAPHIC FILM DATA FILE
Date of
Photography
Site No.
Site Name
Mission
Number
Camera
Film Type
Film Size
Footage
1-(22-25)-1967
86
Argus Isle, Bermuda
38
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
120
1-(22-25)-1967
86
Argus Isle, Bermuda
38
Multi-Band
Plus X
70 mm
1010
1-(22-25)-1967
86
Argus Isle, Bermuda
38
Multi-Band
Infrared
70 mm
505
1-(22-25)-1967
86
Argus Isle, Bermuda
38
RC-8
Ektachrome
91/2 in.
245
2-4-1967
114
White Sands, N. M.
39
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
I60
2-4-1967
114 ?
White Sands, N. M.
39
RC-8
Ektachrome
91/2 in.
210
2-(21-24)-1967
99-IO2-
Florida Straits-
4o
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus x
35 mm
70
103-104
crystal River-
Wauchula
Phosphate
2-21-1967
99
Florida Straits
40
AAS-5
FX-417
35 mm
15
2-21-1967
99
Florida Straits
40
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
6o
2-21-1967
99
Florida Straits
40
T-11
Plus X
941 in.
130
2-21-1967
99
Florida Straits
40
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2 in.
125
2-24-1967
132
New Orleans
40
RC-8
Ektachrome
91/2 in.
25
2-24-1967
128
Mississippi Delta
41
Nikon Data-Pan.
Plus X
35 mm
110
2-24-1967
128
Mississippi Delta
41
AAS-5
Tx-4I7
35 mm
6o
2-24-1967
128
Mississippi Delta
41
Reconofax IV
TX-475
70 mm
200
2-24-1967
128
Mississippi Delta
41
RC-8
Ektachrome IR
91/2 in.
35
2-24-1967
128
Mississippi Delta
41
RC-8
Ektachrome
91/2 in.
690
'41
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
CENTRAL, METRIC DATA FILE
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
Recorded
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
06-12-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
DRC 6619
u
75-0186
10-10-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
TEST FM ANA REC. M3-62+64
U
75-0184
10-10-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
TEST FM ANA REC. MR-62+64
U
75-0185
02-06-67
1-1
AMT
RAD
TEST SIMULATED DATA 2
U
75-0200
14
43
4
11-19-65
7-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0164
14
43
5
11-19-65
8-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0165
14
43
6
11-19-65
9-11
ANT
RAD
U
75-0166
14
43
6
11-19-65
10-11
ANT
RAD
U
75-0167
14
43
6
11-19-65
11-11
AMT
RAD
u
75-0168
14
46
11-15-65
3-11
AMT
RAD
u
75-0160
14
46
11-15-65
4-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0161
14
46
11-16-66
5-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0162
14
46
11-17-65
6-11
ANT
RAD
U
75-0163
14
46
1
11-15-65
1-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0158
14
46
1
11-15-65
2-11
AMT
RAD
u
75-0159
14
46
3
11-17-65
7-11
AMT
RAD
U
75-0164
15
31
1
12-17-65
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0169
16
32
1
12-22-65
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0170
17
32
1
01-05-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0171
18
15
5
01-09-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0150
18
15
6
ol-10-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0151
I ,(:(:(2(: ( ( ( ( ( C , ( ( T., 1
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111. inn Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 an siga ims
L11
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
Rerat:ed
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
18
27
2
01-12-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0155
18
27
3
01-12-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0156
18
27
4
01-12-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0157
18
27
7
01-11-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0152
18
27
7
01-11-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0153
18
27
8
01-12-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0154
18
28
2
01-08-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0146
18
28
2
01-08-66
2-2
AMT
HAD
U
75-0147
18
31
1
01-07-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0145
18
51
3
ol-08-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0148
18
51
4
01-09-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0149
20
86
1
03-06-66
1-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0118
20
86
1
03-06-66
2-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0119
20
86
1
03-06-66
3-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0120
20
86
1
03-06-66
4-8
AMT
HAD
U
75-0121
20
86
1
03-06-66
5-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0122
20
86
1
03-06-66
6-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0123
20
86
1
03-06-66
7-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0124
20
86
1
03-06-66
8-8
AMT
RAD
U
75-0125
20
86
2
03-07-66
1-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0126
20
86
2
03-07-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0127
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ON
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
RecordedSecurity
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Classification
Accession
Number
20
86
2
03-07-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0128
20
86
2
03-07-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0129
20
86
2
1
1
03-07-66
MIC
35MM
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0238
20
86
2
1
1
03-07-66
-
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
u
75-0237
20
86
2
1
2
03-07-66
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0234
20
86
2
1
2
03-07-66
-
MIC
35MM
FORE RAD/PLOTS
u
75-0233
20
86
2
1
3
03-07-66
mic
35mm
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0235
20
86
2
2
2
03-07-66
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0236
20
86
2
2
3
03-07-66
mic
35mm
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0232
20
86
2
2
3
03-07-66
mic
35mm
FORE BAD/PLOTS
U
75-0231
20
86
2
4
1
03-07-66
-
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0230
20
86
2
4
1
03-07-66
MIC
35MM
FORE BAD/PLOTS
U
75-0229
20
86
2
4
2
03-07-66
-
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0228
20
86
2
4
2
03-07-66
-
MIC
35MM
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0227
20
86
2
4
4
03-07-66
-
mid
35mm
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0226
20
86
2
4
4
03-07-66
-
mic
35mm
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0225
20
86
3
03-08-66
1-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0130
20
86
3
03-08-66
2-5
ANT
RAP
u
75-0131
20
86
3
03-08-66
3-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0132
20
86
3
03-08-66
4-5
AMC
RAD
U
75-0133
20
86
3
03-08-66
5-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0134
?
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
lin On Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 on en no on en na
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
Recorded
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
20
86
4
03-09-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0135
20
86
6
03-10-66
1-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0136
20
86
6
03-10-66
2-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0137
20
86
6
03-10-66
3-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0138
20
86
6
03-10-66
4-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0139
20
86
6
03-10-66
5-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0140
20
86
7
03-11-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0141
20
86
8
03-12-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0142
20
86
8
03-12-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0143
20
86
8
03-12-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0144
21
2
1
04-02-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0001
21
2
5
04-05-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0005
21
2
5
04-05-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0006
21
2
5
3
1
04-05-66
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
u
75-0238
21
00
2
04-02-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
0
75-0002
21
10
12
1
1
o4-o5-66
MIC
35mm
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
.75-0240
21
10
12
1
1
04-05-66
?cc
35MM
FORE RAD/PLOTS
0
75-0240
21
10
12
1
3
04-05-66
-
MIC
35mm
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0239
21
32
5
o4-o5-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0005
21
32
5
04-05-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0006
21
4o
3
04-02-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
0
75-0003
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
co
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
Recorded
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
21
4o
4
04-02-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0004
22
87
1
04-19-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0007
22
87
1
04-19-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0008
22
87
2
04-19-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0009
22
87
2
04-19-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0010
22
87
3
024-20-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0011
22
87
3
04-20-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0012
22
87
3
04-20-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0013
22
87
it
04-21-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
u
75-0014
22
87
4
04-21-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0015
22
87
4
04-21_66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0016
23
46
1
05-07-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0017
23
46
1
05-07-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0018
23
46
1
o5-o7-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0019
23
46
1
05-07-66
4-4
AMT.
RAD
U
75-0020
23
46
2
05-07-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0021
23
95
5
05-10-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0028
23
95
5
05-10-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0029
23
95
5
05-10-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0030
23
95
6
05-11-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0031
23
98
4
05-09-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0024
( 3 ( ; ( ( ( ( ( . 3 I f I L (
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
:
in WIN Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 in eim
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
Recorded
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
23
98
It
05-09-66
2-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0025
23
98
It
05-09-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0026
23
98
4
05-09-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0027
23
99
4
05-09-66
1-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0024
23
99
4
05-09-66
2-4'
AMT
HAD
U
75-0025
23
99
4
05-09-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0026
23
99
4
05-09-66
4-4
AMT
HAD
u
75-0027
23
102
6
05-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0031
23
102
7
05-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0032
23
103
6
05-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0031
23
103
7
o5-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0032
23
104
6
05-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0031
23
105
7
o5-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0032
23
106
3
05-08-66
1-2
AMT
HAD
U
75-0022
23
106
3
05-08-66
2-2
AMT.
HAD
U
75-0023
23
106
5
o5-10-66
1-3
AMT
HAD
U
75-0028
23
106
5
05-10-66
2-3
AMT
HAD
U
75-0029
23
106
5
05-10-66
3-3
AMT
HAD
U
75-0030
23
107
4
05-09-66
1-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0024
23
107
It
05-09-66
2-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0025
23
107
I.
05-09-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0026
a a
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\ J1
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23
107
4
05-09-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0027
23
107
5
o5-10-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0028
23
107
5
05-10-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0029
23
107
5
05-10-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0030
23
108
4
05-09-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0024
23
108
4
05-09-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0025
23
108
4
05-09-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0026
23
108
4
05-09-66
4-4
AMI
RAD
u
75-0027
24
32
1
05-14-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0033
24
32
1
05-14-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0034
25
43
1
06-30-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
u
75_0035
25
43
1
06-30-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0036
25
43
2
06-30-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0036
25
43
2
06-30-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75_0037
25
88
4
07-01-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0038
25
88
4
07-01-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0039
26
128
1
07-06-66
1-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0040
26
128
1
07-06-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0041
26
128
1
07-06-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0042
26
128
1
07-06-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0043
26
128
2
07-06-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0044
( ( C ] f ] f t I:(1(:11C]f ][
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CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
1111111 , 11111 , 11111 NIB . 111111 11111
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Number
26
128
2
07-06-66
2-3
AMT
HAD
U
75-0045
26
128
2
07-06-66
3-3
ART
RAD
U
75-0046
26
128
3
07-06-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0047
27
32
1
o7-o8-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0048
27
32
1
07-08-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0049
27
32
1
07-08-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
u
75-0050
28
24
1
07-25-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
S
75-0051
28
24
4
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0052
28
24
6
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0053
28
114
1
07-25-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
S
75-0051
28
114
4
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0052
28
114
6
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0053
28
130
1
07-25-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
S
75-0051
28
130
4
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0052
28
130
6
07-29-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
.75-0053
29
4o
3
08-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0058
29
4o
4
08-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0059
29
4o
5
08-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0060
29
ho
6
08-11-66
1-1
AMT
HAD
U
75-0061
29
130
1
08-08-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0054
29
130
1
08-08-66
274
AMT
HAD
u
75-0055
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CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
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RecordedSecurity
Date
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Media
Type
Remarks
Classification
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Number
29
130
1
o8-o8-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0056
29
130
1
08-08-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0057
30
3
3
09-01-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0067
30
3
5
09-01-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0072
30
3
5
09-01-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0073
30
19
1
08-30-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0062
30
19
1
08-30-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0063
30
19
2
08-31-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0064
30
19
2
08-31-66
2-3
ART
RAD
U
75-0065
30
19
2
08-31-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0066
30
20
4
09-01-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0068
30
20
4
09-01-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0069
30
20
4
09-01-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0070
30
52
6
09-03-66
1-2
ART
RAD
U
75-0074
30
52
6
09-03-66
2-2
AMT.
RAD
u
75-0075
30
52
7
09-03-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0076
30
52
7
09-03-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0077
30
135
4
09-01-66
' 3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0070
30
135
4
09-01-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0071
31
43
1
09-15-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0078
32
11
2
09-20-66
1-3
AMC
RAD
U
75-0081
( : ( ( ( ( f ( ( ( f ( (
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CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
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Type
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Number
32
11
2
09-20-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0082
32
11
2
09-20-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0083
32
11
3
09-20-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0084
32
11
3
09-20-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0085
32
11
3
09-20-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
u
75-0086
32
11
4
09-21-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0087
32
11
4
09-21-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0088
32
11
4
09-21-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0089
32
11
4
09-21-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0090
32
ai
5
09-22-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0091
32
li
5
09-22-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0092
32
11
5
09-22-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0093
32
11
5
09-22-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0094
32
76
1
09-19-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0079
32
76
1
09-19-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0080
33
11
41
2
1
03-10-66
-
MIC
35MM
AFT RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0240
33
11
41
2
1
03-10-66
-
MIC
35MM
FORE RAD/PLOTS
U
75-0240
33
114
1
10-03-66
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0095
34
46
1
10-n-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0096
34
46
1
10-3.1-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0097
34
46
1
10-11-66
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0098
34
46
1
10-11-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0099
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CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
Flight
Line
Run
RecordedSecurity
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Classification
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Number
34
99
.3
10-12-66
1-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0102
34
99
3
10-12-66
2-5
AMT
HAD
U
75-0103
34
99
3
10-12-66
3-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0104
34
99
3
10-12-66
4-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0105
34
99
3
10-13-66
5-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0106
34
99
4
10-13-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0106
34
99
4
10-13-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0107
34
99
4
10-13-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0108
34
99
I.
10-13-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0109
34
99
5
10-14-66
1-4
AMT
RAD
u
75-0110
34
99
5
10-14-66
2-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0111
34
99
5
10-14-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0112
34
99
5
10-14-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0113
34
128
7
10-17-66
i-b
AMT
RAD
U
75-0114
34
128
7
10-17-66
2-4
AWE
RAD
U
75_0115
34
128
7
10-17-66
3-4
AMT
HAD
U
75-0116
34
128
7
10-17-66
4-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0117
34
138
2
10-12-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0100
34
138
2
10-12-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0101
35
32
1
12-05-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0172
35
32
1
12-05-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0173
[ ( 3 (.2 ( 41 C. C J I 2 1 1 ( ( J I I I I ( :4( :Th. 42, ( 3 I_
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CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
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Recorded
Date
Reel
Media
Type
Remarks
Security
Classification
Accession
Number
36
95
2
12-07-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0178
36
95
3
12-08-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0180
36
95
3
12-08-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
u
75-0181
36
95
4
12-08-66
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0182
36
95
It
12-08-66
2-2
AMT
HAD
U
75-0183
36
98
2
12-07-66
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0179
36
102
1
12-06-66
1-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0175
36
103
1
12-06-66
1-3
AMT
HAD
U
75-0175
36
103
1
12-06-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
U
75-0176
36
IA
1
12-06-66
2-3
AMT
RAD
u
75-0176
36
104
1
12-06-66
3-3
AMT
RAD
u
75-0177
38
86
1
01-22-67
1-4
AMT
HAD
DRC 6619
u
75_0187
38
86
1
01-22-67
2-4
AMT
HAD
u
75-0188
38
86
1
01-22-67
3-4
AMT
RAD
U
75-0189
38
86
1
01-22-67
4-4
mini
HAD
U
75-0190
38
86
2
01-23-67
1-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0191
38
86
2
01-23-67
2-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0192
38
86
2
01-23-67
3-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0193
38
86
2
01-23-67
4-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0194
38
86
2
01-23-67
5-5
AMT
RAD
U
75-0195
38
86
4
01-24-67
1-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0196
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
CENTRAL METRIC DATA FILE - Continued
Mission
Site
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Line
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RecordedSecurity
Date
Reel
Media
Type
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Classification
Accession
Number
38
86
4
01-24-67
2-2
AMT
RAD
U
75-0197
39
114
1
02-04-67
1-1
Am
RAD
U
75-0198
39
114
2
02-04-67
1-1
AMT
RAD
U
75-0199
t . ( : 1 : 1 : C. Il 1. ' ( 2 C 2 1 ( 21 2 ( 2 ( (
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
LApproved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Mr. Robert H. Alexander
Geography Branch
Office of Naval Research
Room 4111, Main Navy Building
Washington, D.C. 20360
Mr. Arthur G. Alexiou
Manager, Spacecraft Oceanography
Project
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory,
NAVOCEANO
Washington, D.C. .20360
Dr. Peter C. Badgley
Chief, Natural Resources Program
Code SAR, NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C. 20546 Stop 85
Mr. Max Bair
Institute of Science and Technology
Box 618
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Mr.. Frank Barath
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Space Sciences Division
1,800 Oak Drive
Pasadena, California 91108
Professor Allen Barrett
Research Laboratory of Electronics
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Boston, Massachusetts 02139
Dr. Anthony R. Barringer
Barringer Research Limited
304 Carlingview Drive
Rexdale, Ontario
Canada
Or. William E. Benson
National Science Foundation
1800 "G" Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20550
Mr. James Burns
U.S. Geological Survey, MGB
Room 1275 Crystal Plaza Bldg.
2221 Jefferson Highway
Arlington, Virginia 22210
Mr. A. B. Campbell
U.S. Geological Survey
Chief, Northern Rocky Mountains
Branch
Bldg. 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. Robert L. Christiansen
Special Projects Branch
U.S. Geological Survey
Bldg. 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Dr. Robert Neil Colwell
Department of Forestry
243 Mulford Hall
University of California
Berkeley, California 24720
Dr. James Conel
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Lunar and Planetary Sciences Group
Lake St. Annex
Pasadena, California 90601
DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESSION LIST ?
Dr. Charles F. Cooper
Associate Professor of
Natural Resources Ecology
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
. Mr. John F. Cronin
Terrestrial Science Laboratory
Air Force Cambridge Laboratories
Laurence G. Hanscom Field
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Mr. David F. Davidson
Chief, Geochemical Census
U.S. Geological Survey
Bldg. 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. William A. Fisher
U.S. Geological Survey
GSA Building, Room 1234A
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. Jules D. Friedman
Theoretical Geophysics
U.S. Geological Survey, MOB
Room 1125, Crystal Plaza Bldg.
2221 Jefferson Highway
Arlington, Virginia 22301
Dr. A. Gerlach
U.S. Geological Survey?
Roam 6233, GSA Building
19th and F Streets, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20242
Mr. George Gryc, Chief
U.S. Geological Survey
Alaskan Geology Branch
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California
Mr. Hal T. Morris
U.S. Geological Survey
Base Metals Branch
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 91,025
Mr. Robert H. Morris
U.S. Geological Survey
Special Projects Branch
Building 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. D. Orr
Intelligence Division
U.S. Army Engineer Geodesy
GIMRADA
Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Dr. A. B. Park
Agricultural Research Service 0.A.
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Mr. C. V. Robinove
U.S. Geological Survey, WAD
Hydrology Coordinator
Room 2226, GSA Building
19th and F Streets, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. Gerald S. Schaber
U.S. Geological Survey
Branch of Astrogeology
601 East Cedar Avenue
Flagstaff, Arizona 86001
Mr. Bernard B. Scheps
Intelligence Division
U.S. Army Engineer Geodesy
GIMRADA
94025 Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Dr. Allen V. Heyl
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 424
Agriculture Research Center
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Mr. Rose B. Johnson
U.S. Geological Survey
Southern Rocky Mountains
Building 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. Allan Kover
U.S. Geological Survey
Regional Geophysics Branch
Roam 413, Blair Building
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Mr. Ernest H. Lathrem
U.S. Geological Survey
Alaskan Geology Branch
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94025
Dr. R. J. P. Lyon
Chairman Infrared Team
Geophysics Department
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
Dr. Richard Moore
University of Kansas
Center for Research in
Engineering Science
Lawrence, Kansas 66o44
57
imm Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Dr. Hellmut Schmid
ESSA
Room 225 - Building I
Washington Science Center
Rockville, Maryland 20850
Mr. W. Scoggins
Astrosciences Center
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
Mr. Denial R. Shave
U.S. Geological Survey
Light Metals and Industrial Minerals
Building 25, Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Mr. Thomas A. Hughes
Cartography Coordinator
Research Center - USGS
1340 Old Chain Bridge Road
McLean, Virginia 22101
Dr. D. B. Simonett
Geography and Meteorology
CRES, the University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas 66o45
Dr. Philip N. Slater
Steward Observatory
University of Arizona
Tusec'n' Arizona 85721
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
Dr. David B. Slemmons
Bureau of Mines
University of Nevada
Reno, Nevada 89507
Mr. David L. Southwick
U.S. Geological Survey
Agricultural Research Center
Building 420
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Mr. W. R. Stroud, Chief
Advanced Plans Staff
Goddard Space Flight Center
greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Mr. Priestley Toulmin, III
U.S. Geological Survey
Room 0208, GSA Building
19th and F Streets, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. Roger Vickers
Department of Geophysics
School of Earth Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, California 93405
Dr. R. E. Wallace
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Coast States Branch
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94025
Professor E. H. Timothy Whitten
Geology Department
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois 60201
Mx. Edward W. Wolfe
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Coast Branch
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94025
Mr. William A Shinnick
Director, Technology Application
Office
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106
Mr. Victor Meyer
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Experiment Station
Weslaco, Texas 78596
Mr. Charles Centers
NASA Headquarters
OSSA/SAR
Washington, D.C. 20546
Col. Colvocoresses
NASA Headquarters
OSSA/SAF
Washington, D.C. 20546
Dr. Tepper
NASA Headquarters
OSSA/SAD
Washington, D.C. 20546
Mr. Duane Marble
Dept. of Geography
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois 60201
Or. Dale Leipper
Department of Oceanography
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
Mr. Doug Carter
U.S. Geological Survey
RESECS
GSA Building
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. Robert Reeves
U.S. Geological Survey
RESECS
GSA Building
. Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. Charles Bates
U.S. Naval Oceanography Office
Code 7007
Washington, D.C. 20390
Mr. Lee D. Miller
1553 Pine Valley Blvd.
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Mr. John T. Campbell
Acquisition Chief
National Space Science Data Center
Code 601
Goodard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Dr. Robert E. Boyer
Department of Geology
University of Texas
Austin, Texas 78712
Mr. R. W. Fary, Jr.
U.S. Department of Interior
Geological Survey
Code RESECS
801-19th St. S.W., Room 1032
Washington, D.C. 20242
Professor L. T. Grose
Dept. of Geology
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado 80401
Mr. Robert B. McDonald
Perdue University
Laboratory for Agricultural Remote
Sensing
McClure Research Park
1220 Potter Drive
West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
Mr. G. J. Gutman
Weather Research Facility
Bldg. R-48
Naval Air Station
Norfolk, Virginia 23511
Mr. John Place
Office of Staff Geographer
U.S. Geological Survey
Washington, D.C. 20242
Dr. George V. Keller
Geophysics Department
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado 80401
Dr. Don Lowe
Infrared Laboratories
University of Michigan
Institute of Science and
Technology
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr.
Department of Meteorology
College of Engineering
New York University
401 W. 58th Street
Bronx, New York 10055
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TE2
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I" 1
r
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
INFRARED SURVEYS OF HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES
by
W. A. Fischer and R. M. Moxham?U.S. Geological Survey
F. Polcyn?University of Michigan
G. H. Landis?Aero Service Corporation
Reprinted from Science, November 6, 1964, Vol. 146, No. 3645, pages 733-742
Copyright C) 1964 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Approved For Release 2011/09/09: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
out by the University of Michigan's
Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 _nstitute of Science and Technology.
The aerial surveys were made from
26 January to 20 February 1963, un-
der the direction of the U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey.
Infrared Surveys of
Hawaiian Volcanoes
Aerial surveys with infrared imaging radiometer depict
volcanic thermal patterns and structural features.
W. A. Fischer, R. M. Moxham, F. Polcyn, G. H. Landis
Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii,
has been one of the most active vol-
canoes in historic time. Though it has
been studied intensively since establish-
ment of the Hawaiian Volcano Ob-
servatory in 1912, little is known of
the thermal regime, despite its obvious
importance in volcanic processes. Pub-
lished data include those of Jaggar
(I), Ault and his co-workers (2), and
Macdonald (3).
Obvious surficial thermal anomalies
are associated with Kilauea, as visible
steaming in many places attests to con-
vective transfer of heat from subter-
ranean sources. Ground adjacent to
these steaming cracks commonly is ab-
normally warm. But the relative in-
tensity and spatial configuration of the
thermal patterns of this extensive vol-
canic system cannot easily be re-
corded by conventional means.
Modern infrared imaging radiome-
ters have enabled us to map the dis-
tribution of anomalies associated with
Kilauea and Mauna Loa, including
some that have later been sites of vol-
canic eruption. These instruments
have also made it possible to locate
fresh water springs discharging into the
ocean and to demonstrate relationships
between surface configuration and con-
solidation and infrared emission that
warrant further study, because of their
possible application to lunar and plan-
etary investigations.
Infrared radiometers have been used
for many years to make surface-tem-
W. A. Fischer and R. M. Moxham are af-
filiated with the U.S. Geological Survey, Wash-
ington, D.C.; F. Polcyn is on the staff of the
Infrared Radiation Laboratories, Institute of
Science and Technology. University of Michi-
gan: G. H. Landis is affiliated with the Aero
Service Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa., a division
of Litton Industries.
perature (or, more strictly, energy-
emission) measurements, but their ap-
plication has generally been limited to
spot measurements or traverses. In the
last decade, airborne electromechani-
cal imaging infrared radiometers have
been developed for military purposes
(4). We feel that these instruments
could be adapted to thermal mapping
for geophysical purposes. Instruments
of this type, as they evolve, will doubt-
less provide quantitative data, but the
present instrument configuration has
provided only qualitative results. In
this preliminary account we describe
the data obtained for surface tempera-
tures of Hawaii through the use of
such a scanning device, supplemented
by conventional aerial infrared and
black-and-white photography. These
sensors covered the 0.4- to 14-s region
of the electromagnetic spectrum, pro-
viding, in pictorial form, a measure of
the electromagnetic energy being emit-
ted or reflected from the earth's sur-
face in that spectral region. The earth
radiates energy whose spectrum ap-
proximates that of a black body at
300?K (Fig. 1), with a maximum near
9.5 ta, . In addition, during daylight
hours the earth reflects solar energy
whose spectrum approximates that of a
black body at 6000?K, with a maxi-
mum near 0.5 The energy emitted
or reflected from the earth's surface is
selectively absorbed by the atmosphere,
so only that part which passes through
atmospheric windows (Fig. 2) reaches
an airborne detector.
The sensors were carried in an
A-26B aircraft operated by Aero Ser-
vice Corporation. That organization
was also responsible for the photog-
raphy. infrared imaging was carried
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Geologic Setting
Kilauea is a shield volcano built
against the east side of its larger neigh-
bor. Mauna Loa (Fig. 3). The volcano
has grown to an altitude of about 1200
meters from repeated outpourings of
basaltic lava along two major rift
zones. At the summit is a caldera about
4 kilometers in diameter, whose floor
is formed of lava erupted in historic
time, most recently in 1954. Steam
issues from arcuate patterns of cracks
on the caldera floor and from several
other localities adjacent to the caldera.
Some cracks yield pure water vapor;
some yield steam, at near-normal steam
temperature, carrying salts in solution
(for example, Sulfur Banks). A few,
as at the crest of the Kilauea Iki cinder
cone, are superheated. Halemaumau,
a crater in the southwest part of the
caldera, has been the scene of repeated
volcanic activity. For many years it
was filled with liquid lava, but the
crust is now solidified. Adjacent to the
caldera on the east is Kilauea lki, a
crater filled by a lava lake during a
spectacular eruption in 1959 (5).
Two major rift zones transect the
volcano. The east rift zone of Kilauea
is a curvilinear system of faults, ex-
tending southeast from the summit
area, thence east and northeast, where
it intersects the coastline at Cape
Kumukahi. Near the summit the rift is
marked by a chain of pit craters; to-
ward the east, open fissures and cinder
cones are more common. The other
major rift zone curves southwest from
the summit to the sea. It is thought
that, in the eruptive cycle of Kilauea,
lava enters the summit area through a
system of conduits beneath Halemau-
mau and commonly is discharged
through tubes that follow the two rift
zones. In the past two decades most
of the lava eruptions have been in
Halemaumau or along the east rift
zone. The latest eruption prior to the
survey discussed here was on 7 De-
cember 1962, when about 335.000
cubic meters of. lava were discharged
into and near Aloi Crater. (For ad-
ditional details on the geology of Ki-
lauea, see 6 and 7.)
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The following aerial sensors were
used.
1) An infrared scanner (Fig. 4)
that records an image whose gray scale
is controlled by the instantaneous en-
ergy focused upon the detector. De-
tecting elements sensitive to radiation
in the 2- to 6-p. and 8- to 14-p. parts
of the spectrum were used. The energy
radiated from the earth's surface, and
hence the image gray scale, is a func-
tion of surface temperature and emis-
sivity. As emissivity of earth materials
and vegetation ranges from perhaps
0.7 to 0.98, the image tone depicts
what we term "apparent surface tem-
peratures." Lighter shades on the ac-
companying images indicate higher
apparent surface temperatures.
2) Infrared aerial photography
(long-wavelength cutoff, ? 0.9 p)
which records reflected solar infrared
energy. These photographs helped iden-
tify features that were seen on other
images and provided a means of es-
timating relative absorption of solar
energy. Darker tones indicate greater
absorption.
3) Conventional aerial photography,
to assist in identification and to pro-
vide information on surface configura-
tion and absorption of solar energy.
In the following discussion the rec-
ords provided by the infrared scanning
technique are termed images; the term
photographs is used only for records
obtained by conventional aerial cam-
eras.
Temperature Measurements
on the Ground
Figure 5 shows air temperatures and
surface temperatures of several ob-
jects measured with a contact pyrom-
eter. The apparent temperature of the
soil, rock outcrops, and vegetation in
a small area warmed by volcanic steam
varied relatively little during the hours
0200 to 1000 (all times given here
are local standard time), while other
nearby materials show a normal diur-
nal temperature curve. Thus, between
0200 and daybreak at about 0630
(and probably for several hours before
0200), thermal anomalies have maxi-
mum contrast with their natural sur-
roundings; this finding is confirmed by
the infrared images shown in Figs. 6
and 7. The basalt outcrop and the
blacktop road are very faint or absent
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they are nearly as bright as the thermal
anomalies.
Field measurements made during
this study suggest that the tempera-
tures of some thermal sources vary
with time; for instance, temperature
of the ground surface adjoining a small
steaming vent near Aloi Crater ranged
from about 29? to 41?C during the
survey period. The vent is in an active
collapse area resulting from the De-
cember 1962 eruption.
Minor, short-term variations in tem-
perature are related to changes in sky
temperature. relative humidity, vol-
canic action, and rainfall. Rainfall is
thought to be particularly significant;
it percolates downward through the
highly permeable volcanic rocks, is
heated, and subsequently vented as
steam or warm vapor. Many thermal
anomalies on the infrared images cor-
relate with this visible evidence of con-
vective heat transfer.
Classification of Thermal Sources
A thermal source of given area and
emissivity, as its temperature increases,
emits increasing amounts of energy
at decreasingly shorter wavelengths.
Three anomaly groups were estab-
lished through contrast of their rela-
tive emission in different parts of the
infrared spectrum. The thermal
sources were further classified into
seven orders of magnitude, designated
by roman numerals which indicate the
relative amounts of energy emitted;
the higher the energy, the smaller the
numeral. Magnitude assignment with-
in groups was accomplished by densi-
tometer measurement of relative image
brightness.
Group I (magnitudes I, II, and III).
Sources visible on all infrared images,
including those recording wavelengths
2.6 J.L.
Group 3 (magnitude VW. Sources
which appear only on images recording
wavelengths > 5.5 ?.
Measurements on the ground sug-
gest that magnitude 111 sources have
temperatures 5? to 10?C (varying with
Lime) above ambient temperature (ap-
parent temperature of the surround-
ing area). Locally this group may in-
clude small sources having appreciably
higher temperatures.
lauea Summit Area
The dominant volcanic and struc-
tural features of the Kilauea summit
area, as depicted by various sensors,
are shown in Figs. 8-11. The spectral
response of the infrared detectors was
controlled by interference filters; Fig.
? 6 0 10 II 4
WAVELENGTH (M.cron.)
16 IS
20
Fig. I. Radiation curves for black bodies
at temperatures of 6000? and 300?K.
Earth materials, being "gray bodies," de-
part from this curve according to their
spectral emissivity.
1.0
0.?
os
o
0.7
61
E0 05
g 0-3
i!ti 0-4
?
0.2
o
I
1 WINDOW
I.
? ? 7 ? ? 10 II 12 13 1
WAVELENGTH MI re a)
Fig. 2. Atmosphe ic transmission in the
visible and the infrared regions of the
spectrum.
CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
selt C,.,.'
Fig. 3. Volcanic and other features of
Hawaii. 1, Kilauea caldera; 2, Halem-
aumau; 3, Kilauea Iki; 4, Keanakakoi; 5,
Lua Manu; 6, Puhimau; 7, Kokoolau; 8,
Heake; 9, Pauahi; 10, Aloi; II, Alae; 12,
Makaoptthi; 13, Napau; 14, Cape Kumu-
kahi. Inset: IS, Kilauea; 16, Mauna Loa;
17, Mauna Kea; 18, Kohala; 19, Hualalai.
e-1
??1
10 richt 1 chnwc nnlv thr hnttpr reac I
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?
tions in apparent surface temperatures
but does not resolve the hotter areas,
and Fig. 11 is a compromise between
these two extremes.
Most of the peripheral faults of the
caldera show, on the infrared images,
some thermal abnormality, ranging
from very indistinct diffuse linear pat-
terns to highly localized anomalies that
are believed to be correlated with
steaming vents. The caldera floor is
reticulated, with curvilinear elements
of greatly varying intensity that also
correspond in part to steaming fissures.
One prominent subcircular feature [D
in Fig. II, a and 1)] apparently cor-
responds to the buried margin of a
sunken central basin that existed in
the caldera during the 19th century,
as described and mapped by Macdon-
ald (3). Point A in Fig. 10 (right)
has the highest apparent temperature
of the thermal anomalies associated
with Kilauea. It is the vent and spatter
cone of the July 1961 eruption into
the floor of Halemaumau, and it is
located where the southwest rift zone
intersects the crater wall. Rock tem-
peratures of 100?C are measured here
about a meter below the surface (see
8).
At Kilauea lki, an intense thermal
anomaly was recorded at the apex of
the cinder cone (B in Fig. 11) on the
southwest flank of the crater, immedi-
ately adjacent to the vent. Cinders on
the crest of the cone are a bright
yellow, in contrast to dull gray on the
flanks and base. This color contrast.
evident in the tones on the conven-
tional photograph (Fig. 8), is attrib-
uted to pneumatolytic alteration and
deposition. The lava lake, formed
during the 1959-60 eruption, is about
110 meters deep: the solidified crust
is now about 15 meters thick (9).
The molten lava at the base of the
crust has a temperature of about
1065?C (2). A double row of vents
(Fig. 11) bordering the lava lake and
along the walls of Kilauea lki runs
near or along the peripheral fracture
zone developed during back-drainage
of the lava. It is evident that there are
differences in the apparent surface
temperature of the lava lake (Fig. 11,
areas I and 2), though there are no
known corresnonding compositional
differences. Moreover, there is nothing
obvious in the lake-bottom configura-
tion to account for the apparent varia-
tion in surface temperature. There are
Fig. 4. Infrared scanning system. Radiation from the earth is collected on the surface
of a rotating mirror a, reflected to the surface of a parabolic mirror b, and thence to
the surface of a solid state detector c. The output of the detector is amplified d and
modulates the output of a light source e. The modulated light is recorded on film f.
Lateral coverage is obtained by rotation of the collecting mirror a; forward coverage
is provided by forward movement of the aircraft and is coordinated with the recording
film-transport mechanism. [Modified from diagram supplied by the H. R. B. Singer
Corporation]
differences in the surface texture of
the lava (Fig. 12), however, which
relate to differences in cooling history.
One anomaly adjacent to the caldera
(B in Fig. 10, left) is surrounded by
a broad area of diffuse brightness
(marked with arrows). This broad area
does not appear on other images. Its
margins do not correspond to topo-
graphic or vegetation boundaries.
Southwest Rift Zone
The most recent eruption along the
southwest rift zone took place in 1920
in an area about halfway between the
summit and the sea. A few local ther-
mal anomalies, not manifested on con-
ventional aerial photographs (Figs. 8
and 13), were recorded along the rift
zone approximately 3 kilometers south-
west of Halemaumau (Fig. 14). Field
investigations at one of these disclosed
a series of small vents (Fig. 15) from
which water vapor, at a temperature
of 91?C, issues at velocities of 16 to
32 kilometers per hour. No color
changes in the rock or other mani-
festations of thermal alteration were
3
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found, except for slight coloration im-
mediately adjacent to the vents. No
other thermal anomalies were found
between those shown in Fig. 14 and
the coast. At the intersection of the
southwest rift zone with the coastline,
however, a warm spring of significant
size issues into the relatively cool ocean
waters.
Chain of Craters and East Rift Zone
The thermal expression of some vol-
canic features along the Chain of
Craters (Fig. 16, top and bottom) in
the summit area of the east rift zone
appears differently on the two images,
owing to differences in electronic gain,
photographic processing, and time of
recording. Some differences may also
relate to changes in apparent tempera-
ture.
The linear thermal source B of Fig.
16 is faintly visible on images for the
2.0- to 2.6-z region of the spectrum,
and thus its temperature was signifi-
cantly higher than ambient tempera-
ture on 17 February. It is likely that
the linearity of this source relates to
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GETATION
-6- OAS Alt
POAD
'CCC
CC
.00
0600
TIME
P000
Fig. 5 (left). Temperature observations on the ground in the vicinity of Aloi crater, 6 February. Fig. 6 (middle). Infrared image of
Aloi crater. Time, 1008, 3 February; spectral region, 4.2 to 5.5 4; altitude, 450 meters. A, Blacktop road; B, basalt outcrop; C, areas
warmed by volcanic processes. The image is somewhat distorted geometrically. Fig. 7 (right). Infrared image of Aloi crater. Time,
0640, 28 January; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 is; altitude, 1800 meters. A, B, and C, same as in Fig. 6; D, Alea crater. Roman nu-
merals indicate orders of magnitude of apparent temperature.
4
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Fig. 8 (above, left). Conventional aerial
photograph of Kilauea summit area: 1,
Keanakakoi; 2, Lua Manu; 3, Puhimau;
4, Sulfur Banks.
Fig. 9 (above, right). Infrared photograph
of Kilauea summit area. Reflected solar
infrared energy is recorded, in spectral
region 0.7 to 0.9 t.
Fig. 10 (left). Simultaneous infrared im-
ages of Kilauea summit area. Time, 0517,
17 February; altitude, 5100 meters. Left
image, spectral region, 1.9 to 5.5 ri.; right
image filtered (2.0- to 2.6-12 band pass) to
show only areas of highest apparent temp-
erature. Roman numerals indicate orders
of magnitude of apparent temperature.
I 1
1
^*.e
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Fig. 1 I. (a) Infrared image of Kilauea summit area. Time, 0702. 28
January; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 (); altitude, 1800 meters. A, Hale-
maumau; B, cinder cone formed during eruption of 1959; C, Kilauea lki
areas I and 2 shown in Fig. 12. (h) Map of Kilauea caldera, showing areas
of pneumatolytic deposition and alteration. D, Suspected margin of inner
basin in 1840. [From Macdonald (3))
1
Sulphur Bank?St
U ekahun
a ','Se 4
u0-
/ Vent of 18613
......cor Vent of 1832 i
Halemaumo 9:17:15t.....vt"Inur
IArea. al deposition B alteration
ea nakaltai
usilre fissure '11954
Fig. 12 (above). The floor of Kilauea lki,
as one looks westward. 1 and 2, Parts of
the floor having different surface con-
figurations. The line of contact between
areas 1 and 2 is indicated by arrows. A,
Peripheral fractures at the edge of con-
gealed lava.
Fig. 13 (top, right). Conventional aerial
photograph of area shown in Fig. 14. A,
Area shown in Figs. 14 and IS.
Fig. 14 (middle, right). Infrared image of
part of the southwest rift zone. Time,
0610, 17 February; altitude, 900 meters;
spectral regions: top image, 2 to 2.6 (2;
bottom image, 1.9 to 5.5 p. A, Area shown
in Figs. 13 and IS. On bottom image, note
the progressive decrease in temperature
with increase in ground elevation along
the flight path, requiring a change in elec-
tronic gain. Roman numerals indicate
orders of magnitude of apparent temp-
erature.
Fig. 15 (bottom. right). Ground photo-
graph of a steaming vent associated with
thermal source A in Figs. 13 and 14. A
in this figure indicates a cigarette, in-
cluded for scale.
5
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09 :
forms the northwest margin of the
anomaly and which may form a path
for hot gases escaping from below.
The low apparent temperatures of
the floor of Keanakakoi and some
other craters along the rift zone are
believed to be caused by deposits of
cinders on the crater floors. Repetitive
observations of cinders discharged dur-
ing the 1959-60 eruption suggest that,
in early morning hours, cinders emit
less energy than other surficial ma-
terials do.
The most thermally active area along
the Chain of Craters is at Aloi, the
CIA-R DP80T01137A00060001001
A lava lake 131/2 meters thick was
formed at that time, but subsequent
drainback reduced its depth to 41/2
meters (10). Copious amounts of
steam issue from fractures in and sur-
rounding the crater. Surface cracks
associated with these fractures were
observed to both lengthen and increase
in breadth during the course of the
investigations. Field temperature mea-
surements of a small thermal source
near one of the steaming surface
cracks (A in Fig. 16, bottom) varied
from day to day but, on the whole,
increased from 37?C (28 January) to
5-8 (17 February). On the infrared
images Aloi Crater shows a slightly
off-center vent and a peripheral ring.
The large hot area, southwest of the
crater, is a steaming area that hes
along a northeast-trending fault sys-
tem.
Linear thermal sources extending
eastward from Aloi and Alae craters
(Fig. 17) are fractures associated with
movement along the east rift and with
lava from the December 1962 erup-
tion. These linear thermal sources con-
sistently display right offset, en echelon
displacement, and a fishtailing or splay-
ing of their eastern termini. Common-
Halemaumau:
Fig. 16. Infrared images of Kilauea summit area and Chain of Ci aters. (Top) Time, 0800, 26 January; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 ?;
altitude, 1800 meters. 1, Keanakakoi; 2, Lua Manu; 3, Kokoolau; 4, Puhimau. (Bottom) Time, 0455, 17 February; spectral region,
1.9 to 5.5 14; altitude, 5100 meters. 1, Keanakakoi; 2, Lua Manu; A, thermal source near Aloi crater; B, linear thermal source. The
bright linear streak passing through numeral 1 results from electronic malfunction.
Fig. 17. Infrared image of part of the rift zone extending east from Aloi. Time, 0348, 14 February; spectral region, about 0.5 to
5.5 At; altitude, 900 meters. Roman numerals indicate orders of magnitude of apparent temperature.
6
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sources are sharply defined; the south-
ern margins are diffuse and irregular.
In Fig. 17, wind streaming contributes
to the diffuse south limits of the frac-
ture patterns.
The thermal patterns of parts of the
rift zone cast of Aloi may have
changed during the course of the in-
vestigations. Figures 18a and 18b are
images of Alae Crater; there is an
obvious difference in electronic gain
on the two images, but, in addition,
thermal sources appear in Fig. 18b
that do not appear in I8a. Images
produced at times between those of
Fig. 18 suggest a progressive develop-
ment of these features. An eruption
occurred in. and adjacent to, Mac
Crater on 22 August 1963. along a
northeast-trending fracture (/0) which
passes through the thermal sources
shown in Fig. 18b. Figure 19 shows
images of Napau Crater, approximately
5 kilometers cast of Alac. An eruption
occurred along this lineament on 6 Oc-
tober 1963 (/0). Images of Napau
Crater were recorded 12 times from
26 January to 20 February. The ther-
mal anomaly, indicated by the un-
labeled arrow in Fig. 19b, was first
seen on 8 February on an image for
the 8- to 14-p. region of the spectrum.
As the survey progressed. the anomaly
was detected at increasingly shorter
wavelengths. Electronic gain settings
varied from image to image, as shown
in Figs. 19a and 19h: likewise, visible
steaming associated with thermal
anomalies is known to vary from time
to time, and it is possible that this
apparent change in thermal pattern re-
lates entirely to one or both of these
variables. The progressive development
of this feature, however, and its ap-
pearance at successively shorter wave-
lengths, tempts us to speculate that its
gro*th represents a change in the con-
?!ective heat-transfer system associated
with the ingress of magma prior to
,:ruption.
Eastward from Napau Crater to the
site of the former village of Kapoho
(Fig. 3). the rift zone is expressed on
infrared imagery by a series of warm
en echelon fractures interspersed with
!hernial sources having roughly circu-
lar configurations. Additional apparent
rhanges in thermal pattern were ob-
served in this segment of the rift zone.
One such change in an 8-day period
occurs in an area approximately 16
Hionicters cast of Napau Crater (Fig.
20) along the north side of the rift
CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
area (14
Figure 21 is a conventional aerial
photograph showing the lava flaw that
destroyed the village of Kapoho. The
initial events have been described by
Richter and Eaton (5). "On 13 Janu-
ary strong earthquakes centered near
the village of Kapoho, 28 miles east
of Kilauea's summit, and an old
graben (an elongated .block which has
subsided between a pair of normal
faults) two miles long and half a mile
wide, which contained part of the vil-
lage and most of the farmland that
sustained it, began to subside. By
nightfall displacements along the faults
bounding the graben had grown to
several feet. . . . At 7:30 PM the
lank eruption began along a line of
en echelon fissures 0.7 of a mile long,
a few hundred yards north of the
village. . . . The main fountain area,
two miles from the sea coast . . . soon
produced a steady stream of lava that
slowly flowed down through the
graben, reaching the sea. . . ."
By the end of the week the graben
had been filled, and lava then spread
laterally over the adjacent land sur-
face. The infrared image (Fig. 22)
shows that the peripheral part of the
flow has reached ambient temperatures,
in marked contrast to the vent area
at the western end and to the central.
thicker part of the flow, which occu-
pies the graben. Temperatures at the
surface of a series of small vents. near
Fig. 18. Infrared images of Abe crater. (a) Time, 0710, 26 January; spectral region.
4.5 to 5.5 p.; altitude, 1800 meters. (6) Time. 0712, 20 February; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5
At; altitude, 900 meters. Arrows designate thermal sources visible on image h that do no.
appear on image a.
Fig. 19 (left). Infrared images of Napau crater.
(a) Time, 1657, 1 February; spectral region,
4.2 to 5.5 AL; altitude, 600 meters. (b) Time,
0249, 14 February; spectral region, about 0.5
to 5.5 12; altitude 900 meters. (c) Time, 0642,
20 February; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 ?:
altitude, 360 meters. White arrows designate a
thermal source that does not appear on image
a but is visible on images h and c. Roman
numerals indicate orders of magnitude of ap-
parent temperature.
Fig. 20 (left). Infrared images of a part of the east rift zone east of Napau. (a) Time,
18(10. 12 February; spectral region, about 0.5 to 5.5 1.4.; altitude. 750 meters. (h) Time,
0642, 20 February; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 ; altitude, 750 meters. White arrows
designate thermal source visible on image I, which does not appear on image a.
7
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the tormer site or tne viilug tii n.a-
poho, ranged from 26? to 108?C.
Near the center of the Kapoho flow,
rocks immediately below the surface
have temperatures much higher than
the 108?C measured at the surface.
A contact pyrometer lowered about
half a meter into a small fracture went
off scale at 333?C.
CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8 alalai in 1801; Kohala has not been
active in historic time. To facilitate
Other Hawaiian Volcanoes
During the course of the investiga-
tion, one or more flights were made
over the rift zones associated with
Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and Kohala vol-
canoes on the island of Hawaii (7, 12).
Mauna Loa last erupted in 1950,
navigation, these flights were made
shortly after dawn. No thermal ac-
tivity was observed on Kohala or
Hualalai; some thermal sources, how-
ever, were evident on the southwest rift
zone of Mauna Loa, and warm springs
flowed into the sea near where the rift
Fig. 21. Conventional aerial photograph of the Kapoho area showing areal extent of 1960 lava flow (dashed white line). Solid out-
line indicates the area common to Figs. 21 and 22. A and B are the roads referred to in text, shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 22. Infrared image of a part of the
tude, 900 meters. Flow originated near
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Kapoho flow of 1960. Time, 0340, 14 February; spectral region, about 0.5 to 5.5 pi; elti
vent at west end.
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Fig. 23. Conventional aerial photograph of the coastline east of Hilo.
Fig. 24. Infrared image of the part of the coastline shown in Fig. 23. Time, 0723, 19 February; spectral region, 4.5 to 5.5 it;
altitude, 900 meters. Dark areas in the ocean area are believed to represent cool water discharged by springs. Numerals arc
estimated rates of flow of springs in millions of gallons per day.
Fig. 25. Infrared image of area near Kapoho. Time, 0225, 14 February; spectral region, about 0.5 to 5.5 ?; altitude, 900 meters.
A, Blacktop roads; B, roads surfaced with cinders. f and 2, Thermal sources that extend beneath the blacktop roads. This area
is also shown in Fig. 21.
9
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zone intersects the coast. A single flight Engineering Geologic information
was made across the southern flank
of Haleakala volcano on the island of
Maui (7), which last erupted in 1750.
Images produced on this flight, made
in mid-afternoon, show no evidence of
thermal activity.
Thermal Patterns in Water
There are few well-developed
streams on the island of Hawaii, as
most rain water percolates downward
through the highly permeable volcanic
rocks. Because it is less dense than
the saline ocean waters, the fresh water
"floats" outward and is discharged into
the ocean. The ground water com-
monly has a lower temperature (mea-
surements in caves suggest a tempera-
ture of about 15?C) than the ocean
(about 20?C).
Because the emissivity of water
is essentially 6niform and near
unity. changes in film density on
the infrared images almost certainly
relate to changes of the surface tem-
perature of the water, provided the sky
temperature is uniform. Thus, large
discharges of fresh ground water can
be recognized from their thermal con-
trast with the ocean and from the pat-
tern of discharge. More than 25 major
spring areas on the periphery of the
island of Hawaii are visible on the
infrared images (13). Most of these
springs have low apparent temperature
in contrast to that of the sea water;
some, however, adjacent to the north-
east and southwest rift zones of Ki-
lauea, have relatively high apparent
temperatures.
An infrared image of the coastline
east of Hilo shows the cooler (darker)
water impounded by a breakwater
(Figs. 23 and 24). Darker, northeast-
trending streaks are also evident. Their
orientation and shape and the fact that
they are cooler than the ocean suggest
springs discharging large quantities of
fresh ground water into the ocean. The
flow rates estimated from ground ob-
servation (14) are given in Fig. 24.
Cinders are widely used as a con-
struction material on the island of
Hawaii. They can commonly be rec-
ognized on infrared images by high
apparent temperatures in daylight hours
and relatively low apparent tempera-
tures in early morning hours (as at
the floor of Keanakakoi, Fig. 16). This
characteristic is further illustrated in
Figs. 21 and 25. The blacktop roads
(A in Fig. 21) and roads surfaced
with cinders (B in Fig. 21) absorb
similar amounts of visible solar energy.
The infrared image (Fig. 25), how-
ever, shows that more radiation is
emitted from the roads surfaced with
cinders.
Numerals 1 and 2 in Fig. 25 desig-
nate thermal sources which extend be-
neath the blacktop roads and which
consequently may have a detrimental
long-range effect on the road surface.
The foregoing relationship between
absorption of solar energy and emis-
sion of infrared energy suggests that
these parameters may provide clues to
the configuration and physical compo-
sition of surficial materials, and that
they may be particularly useful where
surfaces cannot he adequately resolved
on conventional photographs.
Summary
Aerial infrared-sensor surveys of Ki-
lauea volcano have depicted the areal
extent and the relative intensity of ab-
normal thermal features in the caldera
area of the volcano and along its as-
sociated rift zones. Many of these
anomalies show correlation with visible
steaming and reflect convective trans-
fer of heat to the surface from sub-
terranean sources. Structural details of
the volcano, some not evident from
surface observation, are also delineated
by their thermal abnormalities. Sev-
eral changes were observed in the pat-
terns of infrared emission during the
period of study; two such changes
show correlation in location with sub-
sequent eruptions, but the cause-and-
effect relationship is uncertain.
Thermal anomalies were also ob-
served on the southwest flank of
Mauna Loa; images of other volcanoes
on the island of Hawaii, and of Ha-
leakala on the island of Maui, re-
vealed no thermal abnormalities.
Approximately 25 large springs is-
suing into,the ocean around the periph-
ery of Hawaii have been detected.
Infrared emission varies widely with
surface texture and composition, sug-
gesting that similar observations may
have value for estimating surface con-
ditions on the moon or planets.
References and Notes
1 T. A. Jagger, Hawaiian Volcano Obs. Bull.
7, 77 (1922); 9, 107 (1922); 10, 113 (1922).
2 W. A. Ault, D. H. Richter, D. B. Stewart,
J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2809 (1962).
3 G. A. Macdonald, Volcano Letter No. 528
(1955), p. I.
4 Aviation Week 71, No. 8, 76 (1960). For an
excellent review of the state of the art as of
1959, see Proc. I.R.E. (Inst. Radio Engrs.)
47 (Sept. 1959).
5. D. H. Richter and J. P. Eaton, New Scientist
7, 994 (1960).
6. IL T. Stearns and G. A. Macdonald, Hawaii
Hydrography Bull. 9 (1946); G. A.
Macdonald and J. P. Eaton, U.S. Geol.
Sure. Bull. 1171 (1964), p. 1.
7. H. T. Stearns, Hawaii Div. Flydrography
Bull. 8 (1946).
8! 38! Moo"' written communication. Feb.
1964.9. H. Krivoy, written communication, Oct. 1963.
to. J. G. Moore, written communication, Oct.
1963.
11. and D. H. Richter, Geol. Soc. AM.
Bull. 73, 1153 (1962).
12. G. A. Macdonald and D. H. Hubbard, Vol-
canoes of the National Parks in Hawaii
(Hawaii Natural History Association, 1961).
13. W. A. Fischer, R. M. Moxham, T. M. Sousa,
D. A. Davis, "U.S. Geol. Sum. Misc. Geol.
Invest. Map," in preparation.
14. D. A. Davis, written communication, Mar.
15. 1963
Publication of this article is authorized by
the director of the U.S. Geological Survey.
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance
given by James G. Moore, Scientist-in-Charge,
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, and his staff.
Dr. Moore provided assistance in the field
and continues to supply many relevant ob-
servations. Howard A. Powers pointed out
several of the geologic features related to the
thermal patterns. We also thank Commander
D. W. Linker, U.S. Navy, for assistance in
the field and for his personal interest and
initiative, which did much to facilitate this
investigation; Jack C. Pales and the staff of
the Mauna Loa Observatory, U.S. Weather
Bureau, for guidance and for the use of dark-
room facilities; Robert Beals for reconnais-
sance flights; Major Paul IC. Nakamura,
Hawaiian National Guard, for providing
hangar facilities; and the U.S. Army Elec-
tronics Command for making available an
infrared scanning system. Alva B. Clarke pro-
vided valuable assistance in photographic and
image processing.
10
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I? Approved For Release 2011/09/09 : CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
liiEXPEQR1?KT PROGRAM I
Volume A
Framework for Synthesis
Contract N.ASw-121C.
21 February 1966
Federal Systems Division
INTERNATIONAL 3USINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Rockville, Maryland
O. S. 00,10111Ment Aran ana
Contractors Only
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Approved For Release 2011/09/09.: CIA-RDP80T01137A000600010015-8
PREFACE
This study report, prepared under Contract No. NASw-
1215, presents a framework for synthesizing a meaningful
earth-orbital experiment program for NASA Orbiting
Research Laboratories (ORL's). The results of this study
lay the groundwork for the large-scale effort required to
implement the experiment program. These results are
presented in sixteen volumes, as follows:
? Volume A establishes the need for a user-oriented
approach in structuring the earth-orbital experiment pro-
gram. The volume defines thirteen scientific Ind technical
(SIT) areas that constitute the program and presents a
' method of synthesizing the experiment program. The syn-
thesis approach yields a framework for deriving?
a. meaningful, interrelated experiments in each SIT
area,
b. early identification of the associated equipment, sup-
porting research, and orbital flight characteristics,
and
c. a cohesive over-all experiment program which inter-
laces the individual SIT areas.
By relating prospective individual experiments to the most
imPortant national and scientific objectives in each SIT
area, the experiment framework provides a focus for
prospective experimenters and facilitates obtaining support
for their proposed ideas. It thus provides the means for
effective participation of the scientific and technical com-
munities. The synthesis approach also provides a means
for early and economical implementation of the experi-
ment program: it enables explicit analysis by NASA of
program alternatives; it permits development of general-
purpose experiment equipment concurrently with, but with-
out the need for awaiting final results of, detailed experi-
ment identification and definition; and it provides for
optimum use of existing experiment hardware.
? Volumes B-1 through B-13 illustrate the application
of the synthesis approach to the thirteen scientific and
technical (SIT) areas identified in Volume A. Each vol-
ume develops the scope and characteristics of the program
of experimentation for that SIT area, including?
a. objectives to which meaningful experimentation
should be directed,
b. functional requirements of the general-purpose
equipment required to carry out the experimentation,
c. requirements for supporting research,
d. orbital-flight characteristics of the prospective experi-
ment program, and
e. description of significant individual experiments.
? Volume C interrelates the thirteen SIT area experi-
ment programs derived in Volumes B 1-13. It identifies
the equipment and flight characteristics common to the
SIT areas, and it sets forth a rationale for grouping
prospective experiments into payloads and missions com-
patible with prescribed constraints. As an example of the
approach, Volume C employs the grouping rationale to
arrive at guidelines for mission and flight assignments for
the initial phase of the manned earth-orbital experiment
program, using Apollo Applications Program systems.
? Volume D summarizes the study results.
The Institute of Science and Technology of the Univer-
sity of Michigan assisted IBM, under subcontract, in the
study of those experimental areas involving earth observa-
tion. Much of the material presented in Volumes B-1
through B-5 is drawn from reports prepared by the faculty
and staff of the University of Michigan. Other subcon-
tractors that provided data for the study include:
Lockheed Missile and Space Company?Biomedicine/
Behavior
Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. ? Extravehicular Engineer-
ing Activities
Environmental Research Associates ? Extravehicular
Engineering Activities
Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Cor-
poration?Life Support Systems
Decision Systems, Inc.?Payload Grouping and Cost
Analysis
In conducting this study, IBM worked closely with ele-
ments of NASA, particularly the Manned Earth-Orbital
Mission Studies Directorate (MTE). The participation and
contributions of Messrs. C. A. Huebner and M. J. Raffen-
sperger and their colleagues are especially acknowledged.
IBM is also grateful for the opportunity for profitable dis-
cussions with Dr. P. C. Badgley and with many of the
scientists participating with him in the ORL program.
Also, during this study IBM secured the valuable consulting
services of the following members of the scientific/tech-
nical community:
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In addition, IBM wishes to express gratitude to the fol-
lowing scientists for fruitful discussions:
Dr. D. M. Boyd, Research Analysis Corporation
Dr. S. S. Brody, New York University
Dr. G. C. Ewing, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
Dr. G. G. Fazio, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,
Cambridge, Mass.
Dr. C. C. Kiess, Georgetown University Observatory,
Washington, D. C.
Dr. S. F. Singer, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Dr. W. A. Fisher, U.S. Geological Survey
Dr. S. J. Gawarecki, U.S. Geological Survey
Dr. J. R. Shay, Purdue University
Dr. H. E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey
f
a.m.!
,
iv
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I.
7.
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CONTENTS
Preface
iii
ILL
USER-ORIENTED PROCEDURE FOR
SYNTHESIZING THE ORL
EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
7
I.
INTRODUCTION
1. Step I: Identification of Scientific/Technical
9
I. Objectives of Study
1
Area Knowledge Requirements to be
2. Study Approach
Addressed by ORL Experiment Program
3. Crux of the ORL Experiment Problem
1
2. Step II: Derivation of Experiment Program
of the Individual Scientific/Technical Areas
9
3. Step III: !niterlacing of Experiment
11
Requirements of Individual S/T Areas into
Overall ORL Experiment Program Plan
IL
NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE ORL
4. Advantages ot_Synthesis Procedure
13
EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
3
1. Man's Role as an Experimenter
3
IV.
SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL AREAS
17
2. Concept of the Special-Purpose ORL
3
1. Earth-Oriented Applications
17
3. Prospective Scientific/Technical
2. Support for Space Operations
24
Application Areas
4
3. Space Sciences
27
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
I. Effect of equipment sharing on number of 4
pieces of equipment for MORL experiments
2. Scientific/Technical areas within the earth- 5
orbital experiment program
3. Major sequences of the ORL experiment 8
program
4. Information flow and output of overall analysis
process steps 1, II and III
5. Definition and feasibility sequence Step 1: 9
Identification of S/T area knowledge
requirements to be addressed by ORL
experiment program
6. Representation of contributions of 14
individual experiments
7
Figure
7. Relation of Concept, Feasibility, and Definition 16
sequence activities to current activities
8. Multibanspectral signature of field crops
9. Infrared detection of diseased orange trees
10. MA/9 imagery of north-central Tibet
11. Indicative cost comparison of methods of
providing TV coverage of India
12. Calcium loss in weightlessness 24
13. Extravehicular engineering activities 26
14. Effect of atmosphere in limiting ground- 28
based observations
18
19
20
23
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I. INTRODUCTION
1.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Orbiting Research Laboratory provides an unparal-
leled opportunity to conduct a wide range of earth-orbital
space activities and thus represents a powerful new national
space capability. The objective of this study was to define
a practical procedure for synthesizing and implementing
the program of activities?the manned earth-orbital ex-
periment program ? which effectively exploits this new
capability.
The procedure described herein is applicable to the
initial ORL implementation by means of the Apollo Appli-
cations Program and to subsequent phases utilizing MORL
and later generation space stations.
2.0 STUDY APPROACH
The initial phase of the study encompassed the following
principal background activities:
a. Review of the many prospective ORL experiments
compiled by NASA
b. Participation in the NASA ad hoc efforts, begun in
January 1965, to define representative experiments
for AES space stations
c. Participation with NASA in studies involving de-
velopment and application of a logic for assigning
experiments to scheduled AES flights, and for cost-
ing the experiment program.
These background efforts provided insight and understand-
ing of the procedures currently in use for synthesizing
experiment programs and of their associated problems.
The systematic procedure set forth in this report was
devised specifically to solve these problems.
3.0 CRUX OF THE ORL EXPERIMENT
PROGRAM
The crux of the ORL program is not how to package
experiment equipment, but what experiments to conduct
and what equipment to package. To date, experiment pro-
grams have been compiled from among candidate experi-
ment ideas submitted by manifold interested investigators.
This approach builds the experiment program "from the
bottom up," and has three principal shortcomings:
a. It results in a collection of individual tests, rather
than in a cohesive program; the interrelationships
of the individual experiments and the extent of their
overlap are obscured.
b. It lacks a rationale to determine whether the most
important experiments have been identified and are
being pursued.
c. Few of the suggested experiments are explicitly tied
to requirements or ultimate benefits; as a conse-
quence, the resulting programs frequently fail to
demonstrate the value of the space station vis-a-vis
its cost.
Efforts to date to devise ORL experiment programs have
applied the methods of experiment selection and implemen-
tation used in Gemini and earth-orbital Apollo MLLP.
A more structured approach is required for ORL experi-
ments because of three fundamental differences between
ORL and other programs.
The first major difference is the relative magnitude of
the experiment programs. The earth-orbital experiments
in Gemini and Apollo MLLP are relatively simple: the
number of experiments per flight is generally about a
dozen and the average weight is between five and twenty
pounds. In contrast, each earth-orbital AAP flight can
accommodate complex experiments, in large numbers, with
a total experiment payload as high as 50.000 to 70,000
pounds.
The second difference is the interrelationship of the
experiments. While most Gemini and Apollo MLLP ex-
periments are independent of each other and utilize their
own unique equipment, ORL will capitalize on the oppor-
tunity to develop laboratories that meet the requirements
common to many different experiments and to increase
the usefulness of results through coordinated experimen-
tation.
The third and most significant difference between ORL
and Gemini/Apollo is the emphasis attached to the ex-
periment programs. In Gemini/Apollo, the experiment
program is secondary to the principal purpose of sup-
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porting the national lunar-landing goal. Since the mission
is to be flown in any case, the "cost effectiveness" of the
experiments is of little concern. For ORL, however, the
experiments are its raison d'ttre. The experiments must
be selected so that their collective value exceeds program
COM.
2
These differences and opportunities dictate that a more
comprehensive and explicit procedure should be adopted
for identifying the significant ORL experiments and for
interrelating them.
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II. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE ORL
EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
Not just a large platform for carrying a multitude of
individual experiments, the ORL can be the essential tool
for harnessing space for human welfare. The unique
capabilities of man as an on-board investigator, coupled
with large payload capacity, make ORL a practical work-
shop for accelerating the development of improved bene-
ficial space systems, for enlightening crucial scientific
questions, and for promoting the nation's capability of
conducting ever more advanced space missions.
1.0 MAN'S ROLE AS AN EXPERIMENTER
Man's function in ORL is similar to his role in a re-
search laboratory on Earth. However, whereas man's role
in terrestrial laboratories is unquestioned, his efficiency as
an orbital experimenter hinges on his "cost effectiveness"
vis-a-vis preprogrammed and ground-controlled equip-
ment. For many experiments such as those in biomedicine,
there is no question as to the essentiality of man's pres-
ence. For others, a growing body of experience based on
X-15, Mercury, and Gemini flights and on simulation
studies of advanced missions evidences his value.
This experience suggests that man's direct participation
in complex spaceborne tasks significantly reduces the need
for complicated command and control systems, affords
greater reliability in calibrating and adjusting equipment,
and results in higher overall probability of mission success.
Man's ability to erect very large equipment in orbit and to
maintain that equipment for long periods affords scope
and flexibility greater than can be obtained with unmanned
systems. The opportunity to 'observe experiments at first
hand and to correlate results from many sensors enables
the on-board scientific specialist to adapt experimental
procedures in real time and to edit and select the most
appropriate data for transmission to ground.
Perhaps the most important advantage of man is his
capability to observe and act upon unforeseen phenomena
and events. Research inherently is oriented to the dis-
covery of the unknown and the unanticipated. Situations
requiring rapidly devised, new approaches to deal with the
unexpected are not amenable to. automated equipment.
The judgment, experience, and responsiveness of a par-
ticipating scientist provide the required experiment flexi-
bility.
Notwithstanding present indications of man's advantages
as a participant in space research and operations, the ques-
tion of "effectiveness Of man" will not be fully resolved
short of trying man in ipace. One of the most important
payoffs of the early generation orbiting research labora-
tories using Apollo Applications Program systems will be
the expanded data and practical experience necessary for
resolving this question and for optimally structuring man's
role in later-generation space systems.
2.0 CONCEPT OF THE SPECIAL-PURPOSE
ORL
ORL's ability to conduct numerous experiments in each
flight raises the question of effective experiment grouping.
When spacecraft carry few experiments--as typified by
Gemini?equipment-sharing has few advantages; as the
number of experiments increases, the advantages of equip-
ment-sharing become increasingly significant. This is
illustrated in Fig. 1 which shows the number of pieces of
equipment, required for 160 separate experiments con-
sidered in the MORL study, as a function of number of
experiments. The effect of equipment-sharing not only
reduces the slope of the curve but makes it asymptotic.
Thus, after a core of general-purpose instruments is assem-
bled, the number of incremental items of equipment in-
creases but little as the number of additional experiments
increases.
The asymptotic shape of the commonality curve leads
to the concept of the special-purpose ORL. The capa-
bility of a special-purpose la-boratory, for example: for
astronomy, containing general-purpose core equipment
such as multipurpose optical .telescopes will extend be-
yond that needed for the specific experiments identified
to date and will accommodate additional experiments that
may be conceived in the future.
The Special-purpose Laboratory concept minimizes the
number of items of equipment required and, thus, its
weight, volume, and cost; and maximizes the effectiveness
of astronaut participation. By concentrating experiments
3
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Number of Equipment Items
1200
800
400
0
0
0
,,
No
Sho
a
quipment
ing
0
a
>
a
0
0
?
a a
0
Equipment
Sharing
40'
80
Number o Experiments
1
160
Fig. 1. Effect of Equipment Sharing on Number of Pieces of Equipment for MORL Experiments.
(From "Report on the Development of MORL System Utilization Potential, Analysis of Space Related Objectives" SM 48807, Douglas Aircraft
Co., Inc.)
by disciplinary area, scientist-astronauts can be selected
whose specialized skills match the special purpose of the
laboratory.
Beyond these practical advantages, the Special-purpose
Laboratory concept has an important management im-
plication: it permits the development and test of experi-
ment equipment to proceed in parallel with the detailed
definition of experiments. By comprehensively analyzing
the objectives of each disciplinary area, the principal gen-
eral-purpose core equipment can be identified early in the
program. Items of equipment can thus be developed with
high probability of accommodating yet-to-be-devised ex-
periments within that area, thus providing the scientist with
a laboratory endowed with capabilities to meet his future
needs. This reduces the burden on the scientist to assem-
4
ble specific equipment for each experiment and broadens
the opportunities for space experimentation to cover sci-
entists who may not be expert in instrumentation.
As described in Section III, the method of identifying
ORL experiments developed in this study is designed to
exploit the opportunity for concurrent equipment develop-
ment.
3.0 PROSPECTIVE SCIENTIFIC AND TECH-
NICAL APPLICATION AREAS FOR ORL
EXPERIMENTATION
The philosophy advanced by this study is that significant
earth-orbital experiment activities for ORL can evolve
most rapidly and effectively by systematic analysis of the
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Earth
Oriented
Applica-
tions
Support for Space Operations
Biomedicine/ Advanced Technology
Behavior and Supporting
Resoareh
Communications
and Navigation/
Traffic Control
Atmospheric
Science and
Technology
Operations Techniques Extravehicular
and AdvancedMission Engineering
Spacecraft Sub. Activities
system
Astronomy/
Astrophysics
Bioscience
,
Space
Science
Earth
Sciences
and
Resources
GeograPbT
colvf w
Ocecenec\I
t?Be?ni
_Ao011
Gra,ow
se' el
vtol
? c?l
IFS,
Re R&D Support
Physical
Sciences
to DOD
Fig. 2. Scientific/Technical Areas Within the Earth-Orbital Experiment program.
1. Earth-oriented Applications, for which economic
and social benefits can be identified.
2. Space Science, undertaken primarily for acquisition
and expansion of fundamental knowledge, with in-
cidental concern for' possible applications.
3. Support for Space Operations, aimed at developing
techniques and technologies for advancing space
applications, exploration, and travel to other parts
of the solar system.
4. Research and Development Support for DOD.
This report addresses the first three objectives; the
methodology set forth is equally applicable to the fourth
one. The first three space objectives further divide into the
thirteen scientific/technical areas shown in Fig. 2. These
represent the potential user-oriented applications, of earth-
orbital space systems, by whose systematic analysis a
meaningful ORL experiment program can be synthesized.
The scope and objectives of each of the SIT areas is sum-
marized in Section IV. Each S/T area is separately
analyzed,in Volumes B-1 through 8-13, according to the
procedure set forth in Section III.
principal scientific questions they seek to resolve and the
potential application that they support, i.e., by analysis of
the user-oriented objectives of the experimentation. The
earth-orbital scientific and technical applications of space
derive from three unique properties:
a. Comprehensive Overview?permits synoptic obser-
vation of weather; allows practical and timely sur-
vey of the earth's features and natural resources,
permits use of orbital relays to overcome limitations
in terrestrial communications caused by earth's
curvature.
I,. Absence of Atmosphere?provides the opportunity
to expand astronomical and astrophysical observa-
tions to a clarity and breadth not attainable from
earth.
c. Weightlessness?affords an opportunity for obtain-
ing new insights into matter, energy, and life through
observation and measurement of subtle effects that
might otherwise be masked by earth's gravity field.
These properties can be exploited in support of four
objectives:
5
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II
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III. USER ORIENTED PROCEDURE FOR SYNTHESIZING
THE ORL EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
The ORL experiment program is conceived as com-
prising three major program sequences:
a. Concept, Feasibility, and Definition, which in-
eludes?
(1) Delineation of the end objective of each scien-
tific/technical area and of the knowledge re-
quired to achieve the objective
(2) Selection of those knowledge requirements that
can be effectively addressed by space experi-
mentation
(3) Identification of the functional requirements of
the experiment equipment and of the require-
ments for supporting research; and delineation
of completing prospective sets of individual ex-
periments
(4) Consolidation of experiments and requirements
into a cohesive, overall program plan
(5) Conduct of supporting research and preliminary
design of equipment, and detailed definition of
experiments.
b. Development and Implementation, which includes?
(1) Acquisition of experiment prototype and flight
hardware
(2) Integration of hardware into spacecraft
(3) Preparation of operations support plans.
Individual SIT Areas into an Overall ORL
Program Plan (Item a4).
Figure 3 shows the relationship among the three major
program sequences and the three synthesis-procedure steps
addressed in this study. The "output" of the overall
analysis process is depicted in Fig. 4. For each Scientific/
Technical area, the iobjectives of space experimentation
are derived by considering, in turn: the ultimate user-
oriented objectives of the area; the requirements for new
knowledge to achieve these objectives; and the utility of
space experimentation in contributing to this new knowl-
edge. By examination Of the derived objectives of space
experimentation, the Ithree principal elements of the
experiment program can be synthesized in parallel. That
is: the supporting research program, to prepare the basis
for successful conduct of the experiments, can be per-
formed as the set of complementary experiments are
individually defined and their sequencing with each other
is established. Similarly, the concept of the modular,
general-purpose laboratory can be developed concurrently:
the functional characteristics of the general-purpose core
equipment of the laboratory can be established, the applic-
ability of existing hardware can be assessed, and equip-
ment specifications for initiating the R&D and procure-
c. Operations, which includes?
(1) Launch of payloads
(2) Conduct of orbital experiments
(3) Collection, reduction, distribution,
back of data.
and
feed-
SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL AREA
0
0
0
0
USER-ORIENTED OBJECTIVES
I 1
NEW KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
I I
UTILITY OF SPACE EXPERIMENTATION
I r
SELECTED SPACE EXPERIMENTATION OBJECTIVES
Items 1 through 4 within the Concept, Feasibility, and
Definition sequence are the principal concern of this
study. The procedures developed for synthesizing this in-
formation builds the ORL experiment program "from the
top-down," by systematic analysis of the user-oriented
objectives within each SIT area. The procedure identifies
significant experiments and their requirements in three
steps:
Step I?Identification of SIT area Knowledge Require-
ments to be Addressed by ORL Experiment
Program (Items al and a2)
Step II?Derivation of Experiment Requirements of the
Individual S/T Areas (Item a))
Step III?Interiacing? of Experiment Requirements of
CONCURRENT I ACTIVITIES
ORBITAL EXPERIMENT
PROGRAM
? Derived at of comple-
mentary experiments,
individually defined
and mcpanced.
COORDINATED
SUPPORTING
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
MODULAR SPACE
LABORATORY CONCEPT
? Labccatory functional
requIrement?
? Auttned utility of
misting hardware
? General-Ng:we
equipment specifications
Fig. 4. Information Flow and Output of Overall Analysis Process,
Steps I, II, and III.
? The term "interlacing" is used, rather than "integration,"
to emphasize the difference between this essentially planning
aspect and the physical process of integrating payloads.
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MAJOR SEQUENCES
CONCEPT, FEASIBILITY
AND DEFINITION
DEVELOPMENT AND
IMPLEMENTATION
OPERATIONS
Identified 5/T Areas
fr,..,..i..?,
_P? cdirTirc.-Geology/Hydrolsgy
UP:i I . . . -.....! . .. ..".0.:......7.1.,..-r1r4t);;:e..49r.!FY1.il.r9,.!.
Ap1;itintAiiON OF KNOMEDG4.11E0clifiEmENTI:..7,
Sal clad Knowledge Requirements (SKR.$) Meaningfully
Ad rested by Earth-Orbital Experimentation
II r
? Step II .27;ri .. 1../...,1r4tir,:_itc....
riErr ' DERIVATION OF EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
quipvent Functional Supporting Research
equirernents Requirements
Prospective Orbital Activities for Ench 5/T Area
o Intrinsic Flight Requirements
o kientified Experiment,
Ig;grS'eki,7411r!iilKIT-ERCACING OF INDIVIDUAL 5/T AREA EXPERI
TUrtr`KtYlINTO OVERALL OR L PROGRAM? AN Erirrrc:cri,'
ANTS REOUIREMENTS4,
rncrimteliwg'intiftr:SS
Coondincited Supporting
Research Program
CONDUCT OF SUPPORTING RESEARCH PROGRAM
Consolidated Equipment
Functional Requirements
4
Additions L Modifications Unique '
to General-Purpose Equipment Equipment
4
BREADBOARDING AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING DESIGN OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENTS
17
Individual Experiments
Interrelated Er Fitted
Into Orwell Program
Results of Supporting
Reseorch
Specificntions of Equipment
to be Developed
DETAILED DEFINITION OF EXPERIMENTS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF
ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS
ri
I DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION AND CHECKOUT
OF FLIGHT HARDWARE
Prototypes Flight Hardware
4
'PHYSICAL INTEGRATION OF PAYLOAD INTO;
SPACECRAFT, TOTAL SYSTEM CHECKOUT
Checked-Out
VC Payload
IDEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT
OPERATIONS PLAN
Feedback for Subsequent Experiments
?CONDUCT OF FLIGHT OPERATIONS, DATA COLLECTION
I
Reduced Data
SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION IN
SUPPORT OF END OBJECTIVE
Mg. 3. Major Sequences In the ORL Experiment Program.
? r r I f ' : -1
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ment cycle can be prepared ? all in parallel with the
supporting research and detailed experiment definition
efforts. The three step procedure for achieving these
"outputs" are described in the following subsections. -
1.0 STEP I: IDENTIFICATION OF S/T AREA
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS TO BE
ADDRESSED BY ORL EXPERIMENT
PROGRAM
The process for selecting the knowledge requirements to
be addressed by ORL experimentation is depicted in Fig.
5 and consists of identifying all the knowledge require-
ments of an SIT area and explicitly showing their con-
tribution to an end objective:
a. The end objective of each SIT area is defined. For
example, the end objective of the Agriculture/For-
estry SIT area, as developed in Volume B-I, is
". . . an increase in the output of food, fiber, and
forest products ."
End Objective of Scientific/
Technical Area
t.evel I: Principal objectives
that jointly define the total
S/T area.
Systematic division of
principal objectives
into successive levels
of subobjectives.
Lowest Level: Details
"Knowledge Requirements"
Assessment of Feasibility and Value
of Space Contribution
Selected Knowledge Requirements (SKR's)
Meaninfully Addressed by Earth-Orbital
Experimentation
Fig. 5. Definition and feasibility Sequence Step 1: Identification of
Stf Area Knowledge Requirements to be Addressed by OAL
Experiment Program.
b. The principal objectives that support the end objec-
tive are delineated, for example, the principal ob-
jectives of the Agriculture/Forestry SIT area are:
"Increasing yield/quality of lands in cultivation,"
"Decreasing losses in production," and
"Increasing quantity of land in cultivation."
c. The principal objectives (Level I of Fig. 51 are re-
solved into supporting subobjectives in successive
levels of increasingly detailed definition, until the
SIT area is represented by a set of detailed Knowl-
edge Requirements whose satisfaction is necessary
to achieve the principal objectives and end objec-
tive of the area.
d. From the totality of Knowledge Requirements, those
to which space experimentation can contribute are
identified. Of these, the requirements that can be
more effectively satisfied by means other than space
are filtered out, leaving a residue of Selected Knowl-
edge Requirements (SKR's), toward which the ORL
experiment program in the SIT area is to be directed.
This process provides a comprehensive basis for deriving
a meaningful experiment program.
The relative importance of the SKR's, as determined by
the economic and scientific/technical significance of their
contributions, provides a basis for establishing experiment
priority. Furthermore, by explicitly showing the reasons
for selecting certain Knowledge Requirements and re-
jecting others, the process highlights important areas for
which space experimentation appears unsuited with pres-
ent technology. It thus focuses attention on these tech-
nological deficiencies and stimulates new ideas for novel
applications of space.
2.0 STEP II: DERIVATION OF EXPERIMENT
REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL
SIT AREAS
The experiment program and experiment requirements
of each SIT area are derived by analyzing the Selected
Knowledge Requirements, the SKR's in subsequent dis-
cussion. The analysis results in (I) functional require-
ments of the major items of experiment. (2) a plan for
carrying out the necessary supporting research to accom-
plish the SKR's, and (3) an estimate of the number and
the orbital characteristics of required flights, and a set of
prospective experiments to be detailed.
2.1 Equipment Characteristics
The equipment functional characteristics are derived
from the SKR's by the "top-down" approach that con-
siders total requirements of the SIT area, rather than by
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analysis of individual experiments which address only
fragments of the SIT area.
a. For each SKR, the prospective indicative phenom-
ena (for SIT areas involving remote sensing) and
the candidate techniques and subsystems to be eval-
uated (for other SIT areas) are identified.
b. For each indicative phenomenon, the functional
equipment characteristics required to perform the
observations and measurements are established.
c. Common functional requirements among the SKR's
within the SIT area are coalesced. These require-
ments are compared with characteristics of equip-
ment that is available or is deemed feasible for the
projected flight era.
d. Functional equipment specifications are prepared for
those common measurement requirements that can
be established with high confidence. These define
the general-purpose equipment packages which con-
stitute the core of the special-purpose ORL Lab-
oratories.
e. To perform those functions for which no satisfac-,
tory equipment is available or projected within the
flight era, the requirements are developed for accel-
erated equipment R&D.
This derivation of general-purpose equipment require-
ments identifies hardware that represents the total popula-
tion of potential experiments, and therefore has a high
probability of accommodating future, even as yet unde-
fined, experiment requirements. This process provides
early, yet confident, identification of the core equipment
and tiv.,s enables equipment development (breadboarding
and feasibility testing) to be' started concurrently with con-
duct of the supporting research and detailed definition of
inclividual experiments. Since the general-purpose core
equipment affects the detailed design of most of the ex-
periments in the SIT area, and since core equipment gen-
erally includes the most complex items with longest lead
times, e.g., a large optical telescope for the Astronomy
Laboratory. concurrent development of the core equip-
ment will usually be necessary to meet projected flight
dates. Early identification of equipment unique to specific
experiments is less critical, and can generally be deferred
until the supporting research program is well advanced.
The process of equipment identification results in a
preliminary experiment development plan for each SIT
area. Coordination of the separate plans to exploit equip-
ment similarities and commonalities is accomplished in
Step III.
2.2 Supporting Research
The capability of addressing the SKR's with well-
planned orbital experimentation requires preparatory ac-
tivity referred to as the supporting research program. This
activity includes:
10
a. Laboratory and field research to fully establish the
characteristics of the phenomena to be measured
b. Test and evaluation of prospective?sensing/measur-
ing. techniques under simulated orbital conditions.
This may involve low-altitude aircraft flights over
controlled ground-truth sites, high-altitude pircraft
flights to simulate the perturbing effects of the at-
mosphere, sounding rocket tests, and tests in un-
manned satellites.
c. Planning for effective utilization of the data gath-
ered from orbital experimentation.
The supporting research program for each SIT area is
derived from the SKR's by (I) reviewing the status of cur-
rent research, (2) determining the requirements for addi-
tional research, if any, (3) delineating additional methods
for obtaining timely results, including acceleration of cur-
rent programs, expansion to cover new sensing techniques
and additional observables (e.g., expansion of the Agricul-
ture field program to include crop types not currently un-
der study, and (4) coalescing all SKR's by similarity to
establish a coordinated program, time-phased for com-
patibility with projected flight dates.
2.3 Prospective Orbital Activities
This assessment includes (1) an estimate of the required
number and orbital characteristics of flights that will satis-
fy the SKR's and (2) a preliminary description of prospec-
tive experiments that are to be defined in detail.
2.3.1 Flight Requirements
The anticipated flight characteristics for an SIT area are
obtained by coalescing the individual SKR's applicable
to that area. The individual flight requirements embrace
the following elements: orbital inclination, seasonal de-
pendence, orbital altitude, flight duration, and flight fre-
quency. For each SKR, the preferred value and the sen-
sitivity of each element is established.
The factors dictating the selection of flight elements
differ from one SIT area to another. As an example of
the procedure, the factors which influence the flight re-
quirements for Agriculture/ Forestry are summarized as
follows:
a. Orbital Inclination?determined by the geographic
location of the significant observables of the SKR's:
principal crops, commercially exploitable forest and
range areas, and wild game.
b. Seasonal Dependence?determined by the temporal
sensitivity of the SKR observables. It may be shown
that crops are most sensitive to season; since they
also represent the observables of largest economic
payoff, their temporal dependence dominates the
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selection of time of flight.
c. Orbital Altitude?in the region of 150 to 250 n.m.,
since projected state-of-the-art of sensor resolution
precludes conducting the early Agriculture/Forestry
program from near-synchronous altitudes. Within
the 150 to 250 n.m. region, the preferred altitude is
determined by a tradeoff of low altitude (to maxi-
mize resolution) and high altitude (to increase cov-
erage). Within the altitude band of interest, these
tradeoffs are not sensitive and an altitude of ap-
proximately 200 n.m. represents a good compromise.
d. Flight Duration?minimum flight duration for ac-
complishing each SKR is established by the inherent
growth factors of the observables, i.e., the need, if
any, to view the observables at successive stages of
growth. In practice, the minimum flight duration is
extended by
? Requirements imposed by orbital kinematics, i.e.,
time to cover the entire area of interest,
? Requirements imposed by sensors for particular
lighting conditions,
? Requirements imposed by sensors for particular
weather conditions,
? Conflicts between high resolution and broad cov-
erage.
e. Flight Frequency?a function of the periodicity and
temporal correlation of the growth patterns of the
SKR observables (crops, forests); it is also affected
by the time period required between flights for re-
duction, dissemination, interpretation and feedback
of the data.
The derived S/T area flight characteristics are uncon-
strained at this step of the synthesis, i.e., not limited by
' detailed characteristics of the available launch vehicles
and spacecraft. These practical program constraints are
applied in subsequent Step III, wherein potential conflict-
ing requirements between SIT areas are identified and
reconciled. A major purpose of deriving unconstrained
flight requirements is to provide an invariant baseline for
judging the impact of alternative program options and of
program revisions which may come about as a result of
budget changes, etc.
2.3.2 Candidate Experiments
The first step in detailing experiments is to identify and
describe the set of orbital activities that are needed to sat-
isfy the SKR's. For each prospective activity, an initial
summary description is prepared; a representative sum-
mary description of a prospective experiment in the Agri-
culture/Forestry SIT area is shown in Table I.
Orbital experiments may be of two types. A Type I ex-
periment directly responds or contributes to a specific
SKR. For example, the illustrative experiment (Table 1)
regarding identification of wheat from orbit is one of
several Type 1 experiments which directly contribute to
the SKR concerned with the ". . . location and identi-
fication of major cultivated crops." Type II experiments
prove out equipment and procedures for undertaking Type
I experiments, for example, calibration of a' radar or
launch of data capsules; in general, they support several
SKR's.
The completeness of a prospective set of experiments
can be objectively evaluated by relating the experiments
to the end objective of the SIT area. For each SIT area, a
matrix of Knowledge Requirements defining the SIT area
can be constructed as shown in Fig. 6. The matrix depicts
two items of particular significance:
a. The SKR's appropriate for space experimentation.
b. The Knowledge Requirements rejected at this time
because of technical unfeasibility or other reasons.
The matrix indicates the extent to which Type I experi-
ments contribute to specific SKR's and the extent to which
Type II experiments contribute to several SKR's. The mat-
rix brings out the relative contributions and interrelation-
ships of the prospective set of experiments and high-
lights "holes" to which additional experiment definition
effort should be directed.
The matrix representation is useful not only for initiat-
ing a coordinated effort at detailing individual experi-
ments, but also for judging the value of experiments sub-
mitted by independent investigators. By indicating the
relationship of the independently submitted experiment to
one or more SKR's, the experiment can be objectively
evaluated vis-a-vis other experiments which support the
same SKR's, and action taken to support it, modify it,
or reject it.
3.0 STEP III: INTERLACING OF EXPERI-
MENT REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVID-
UAL SIT AREAS INTO OVERALL ORL
PROGRAM PLAN
Step III includes (a) identification of similarities in
equipment requirements and reconciliation of differences,
(b) consolidation of the supporting research programs, and
(c) development of guidelines for grouping experiments
and for assigning them to flights/missions.
3.1 Identification of Similarities and Re-
conciliation of Differences in SIT Area
Equipment Requirements
In "quasi-operational" systems?for example, for con-
tinuously monitoring sea ice?it may be essential to use
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TABLE 1. ILLUSTRATIVE EXPERIMENT SUMMARY
No./ Title: 1?Identification of Wheat
SIT Area: Agriculture/Forestry
SKR #I?Location and Identification of Major Cultivated Crops
Objective: To recognize and identify different species of wheat in selected ground-truth sites, principally in
the U. S., and to measure area of wheat fields. This is the first phase in achieving the capability for surveying
wheat on a global basis.
Expected Results: (1) Measures of effectiveness and limitations?probability of detection, false alarm rate,
sensitivity to obliquity and atmospheric conditions?of black and white and multi-spectral sensing, from orbit,
of wheat fields of different species. (2) Variations in effectiveness of identification and field area measurement,
as a function of stage of growth. (3) Perfected procedures for pointing sensors and for quick-look, on-board
analysis of data.
, Relationship to Other Experiments: This experiment is one of several Type I experiments which jointly
achieve the first phase of SKR A/F I. Other experiments cover oats, barley, rice, corn, potatoes, and other
crops determined to be economically significant.
Description of Experiment: Collect multi-spectral imagery, spectrometry, and photometry data over at least
two ground-truth sites in the U. S. Perform observations at obliquities from 0? to 45?, at selected sun angles
from 5? to 90?. Evaluate astronaut-assisted pointing of sensors and cloud-dodging. Imagery and data will
be partially processed aboard ORL, looking for unusual effects requiring immediate checking of conditions of
ground-truth sites. Evaluate automatic spectral-matching techniques.
Mission & Orbital Characteristics
Inclination: 45? preferred; 30? acceptable
Altitude: 150 to 250 naut. mi.
Orbital Eccentricity: not critical
Right Duration: 45 days preferred; 2 weeks marginally acceptable.
Astronaut Involvement
Required Skills: Ability to operate and maintain sensors plus agricultural photo-interpretation experience.
Expected Number and Duration of Operational Periods: 50 periods of 20 min. each, as follows:
Time
Total
Operation
Astronauts
(min)
Periods
(man-mm)
Inflight setup
2
120
1
240
Periodic checkout
1
5
50
250
Standby
1
5
50
250
Planned experimentation
2
10
. 50
1000
Evaluation of data
1
15
50
750
Unallocated time
(Additional experimentation and discussion with ground)
1
30
40
1200
Total
3690
AfaiOr Prospective Equipment:
Item
Characteristics
Weight
(lbs.)
Volume
(ft. 5)
Power
(watts)
Aperture Spectral Band
?
Photographic Camera
16"
0.4-0.9 u
420
35
300
Multispectral Camera
2"
0.4-1,2 u
75
2.5
75
Panoramic Camera
4.3"
0.4-0.9 u ,
300
18
300
Visible Spectrometer (Share)
16"
0.3-3 u
100
3
30
IR Spectrometer (Share)
16"
3 -15 u
80
3
30
975
61.5
735
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?
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' equipment that has been specially optimized for the par-
ticular measurements involved. A radar for this system,
for example, may well be different from that of a radar
used for measuring tree height. For the experiments in
the early ORL era, however, it may be feasible and de-
sirable?notwithstanding a compromise in performance?
to employ a common multipurpose radar system.
Such considerations, of over-all equipment aspects, are
addressed in this part of Step III. The commonalities and
similarities in equipment functional requirements among
different SIT areas are established, and the effects of com-
promising differences so as to employ common equipment
are analyzed. The relative advantages, including savings
in development and hardware costs and time, and reduc-
tion in total payload complexity, are traded-off against
the penalties in loss of performance. The output of this
process is a preferred, coordinated, equipment develop-
ment program.
It is important that the process of reconciling the com-
mon equipment slould not be done a priori, before the
individual SIT area requirements are separately estab-
lished. Becaust. of the complexity of these tradeoffs, the
optimum projam balance can be effected only after the
equipme;it ?:.:quirements of the individual SIT areas have
been cxpli.:itly set forth, in accordance with Step II.
3.2 Consolidation of Individual S/T Area
Supporting Research Programs
Supporting research programs are consolidated by sys-
tematically identifying the similarities in requirements
among SIT areas, e.g., among Earth Sciences and Re-
sources and Atmospheric Science and Technology. The
individual supporting research programs are then reformu-
lated or adapted to maximize overall return. As examples,
the Geology/Hydrology ground-truth sites may be con-
solidated with those of Geography; and the field research,
aircraft flight test program is structured to accommodate
simultaneously as many different SIT area research re-
quirements as possible.
3.3 Development of Guidelines for Mis-
sion Assignment
This process examines the intrinsic characteristics of
the thirteen SIT areas. The intrinsic characteristics in-
clude (1) the need for general-purpose type equipment,
(2) orbital characteristics of the required flights, (3) crew
skill requirements, and (4) the economic and scientific
benefits which accrue from space experimentation in the
SIT area. Unlike specific details of individual candidate
experiments which undergo considerable change as the
experiments are defined, the intrinsic characteristics of an
SIT area provide a relatively invariant basis for initial
planning of missions. Comparison of the intrinsic char-
acteristics yields groupings of SIT areas having com-
patible requirements, and indicates which of tithe SIT
areas should be stressed early in the program and which
need to be repeated, most often. Analysis of the intrinsic
characteristic leads to a baseline program of flights which,
while evolved in the knowledge of the general national
space capabilities that may be applied to the ORL pro-
gram, is not constrained by specific assignments of space-
craft and launch vehicles.
The unconstrained, baseline flight program represents
the most effective way of achieving the desired overall
ORL capability and can be used as the objective toward
which practical embodiments of ORL hardware should be
directed. The baseline program thus provides a guideline
for optimally exploiting the specific number and configura-
tions of launch vehicles/spacecraft which may be allocated
to ORL, and a basis for selecting from among alternative
sets of "real-world" schedules and constraints.
4.0 ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHESIS PRO-
CEDURE
The three-step, user-oriented synthesis procedure de-
scribed above is an explicit statement of the complex
sequence of activities which must be accomplished to
identify and implement the manned earth-orbital experi-
ment program. The major outputs of the three-step proc-
ess are summarized in Table 2.
Admittedly the approach is more structured and for-
malized than that currently in use for selecting and imple-
menting space experiments. Within the context of the
larger scope and magnitude of the ORL program, how-
ever, the structured approach represents the most eco-
nomical and effective, if not the only practical way, of
accomplishing the program. Its most significant advantages
are summarized below:
a. The "top-down" synthesis procedure provides NASA
with a framework for generating significant experi-
ments whose value, in terms of economic benefits
and scientific contributions, justifies the cost of the
ORL program. The procedure also provides a
framework for demonstrative presentation of the
program to other Government agencies and to
Congress.
b. The procedure, by deriving the experiment require-
ments of the important general-purpose equipment
from overall SIT area considerations, enables a
concurrency approach to hardware procurement,
and thus reduces the time to implement the program.
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SKR 11
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SKR 74 r
Selected knowledge requirements to be
SKR 6 addressed by ORL experimentation
err
Identified
Type I
Experiments
spec if ico I I y
addressed
to SKR 15
[dent; ied
Type I
exper 'ments
addressed
g to SKR 15
zf;ii and
SKR if 1,3,8 ifg
Knowledge requirements rejected
because of relative ease of accomp-
lishing them by non-space means
Fig. 6. Representation of Contributions of Individual Experiments.
I I I II I If
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TABLE 2. OUTPUT OF THE THREE-STEP SYNTHESIS PROCESS
STEP I: IDENTIFICATION OF SIT AREA KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS TO BE ADDRESSED
BY ORL EXPERIMENT PROGRAM
Yields
Selected Knowledge Requirements (SKR's) with indicators of their importance in terms
of economic benefits or scientific/technical significance.
Identification of important Knowledge Requirements for which advances in technology are
needed before they can be addressed by ORL experimentation.
STEP II: DERIVATION OF EXPERIMENT REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL SIT AREAS
Yields
Functional requirements of the experiment equipment that makes up the core of the
special-purpose ORL Laboratory for the SIT area.
Requirements for supporting research.
Prospective orbital activities
?estimate of number and orbital characteristics of flights.
?prospective individual experiments to be detailed.
STEP III: INTERLACING OF EXPERIMENT REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL SIT AREAS
INTO OVERALL ORL PROGRAM PLAN
Yields
Identification of similarities and reconciliation of differences in equipment and requirements.
Consolidation of individual supporting research programs.
Grouping of prospective experiments and development of guidelines for assigning them
to missions.
c. The procedure provides an effective way for incor-
porating the results of the diverse, ORL-related ap-
plication and instrument studies currently underway.
By consolidating and assessing the results of these
independent studies within the overall framework,
as shown in Fig. 6, the potential hazard that hard-
ware may be prematurely "frozen" can be avoided;
and the directions for re-orienting and expanding
current efforts can be established.
d. The steps in the synthesis procedure are milestone
events in the overall implementation process and
can be used for establishing documentation require-
ments and overall PERT-type control.
e. The synthesis approach encourages effective partici-
pation of the scientific and technical communities.
The framework for depicting the relationship be-
tween individual experiments and the end objective
to which they contribute ensures a balanced overall
program which, in fact, demonstrably supports the
most important scientific and technical objectives in
each SIT area. The framework identifies those areas
already well covered by candidate experiments and
those which require additional ideas and research
effort; thus prospective experimenters can focus their
efforts and more readily obtain support for their pro-
posed ideas.
L Finally, by providing an explicit mechanism for in-
terlacing the individual experiments of the different
SIT areas and for relating their combined require-
ments to launch vehicles, spacecraft, and other prac-
tical constraints, the synthesis procedure minimizes
the extent to which individual experimenters need
be burdened with the myriad of practical details
involved with overall experiment integration.
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Current Activities
Application
Studies and
Bank of
Candidate
Experiments
jConcept, Feasibility, and Definition Sequence Activities Development and Lnplernentation
Sequence Activities
?
SYNTHESIS APPROACH
Structured Investigation of Each S/T Area and Integration of Individual Requirements: Steps I, II, and III
Significant Prospective
Experiments
Detailed Definition of Experiments
Instrumentation
Studies
Coordinated Supporting
Research Relrements
Supporting (Laboratory and Field) Research Program
ICoordinated quipment
Requirements 1
if
Breadboarding, Feasibility Testin of Equipment
estionoble Hi ,h-Risk Shortcu
Appraisal that Intermediate Steps Can be Bridged
Without Explicitly Structured Effort
Flg. 7. Relation of Concept. Feasibility and Definition Sequence Activities to Current Activities.
-- I i .:I :-.t 4.
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Development of Flight
Operations Plans
Acquisition-of
Cilight Hardware
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IV. SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL AREAS
? Insofar as possible, the scientific/technical areas within
the ORL program have been selected to be mutually ex-
clusive. Where strongly complementing area interrelation-
ships exist, the boundaries of overlapping interests have
been delineated. This minimizes duplication of effort in
analyzing the objectives of the SIT areas to identify sig-
nificant experiments.
The scope and objectives of the thirteen scientific/
technical areas are described below.
1.0 EARTH-ORIENTED APPLICATIONS
Earth Sciences and Resources: This grouping of SIT
areas comprises the related areas of Agriculture/Forestry,
Geology/Hydrology, Oceanography! Marine Technology,
and Geogeaphy. Their importance stems from the need
for bettet utilization of the earth's resources to provide
for thy world's burgeoning population, a population that
has rkaibled since 1900 and will double again by the year
202J. Unless ? resource management methods are im-
,;?roved, population pressures will force a lowering of an
already inadequhte worldwide standard of living, with
profound economic, social, and political consequences.
Just as the industrial revolution upset the dire predictions
of Malthus 100 years ago, there is need today to marshal
science and technology to surmount he twentieth-century
problems of resources conservation. Space systems offer
new approaches and fresh opportunities. Earth-orbital ex-
perimentation in the Earth Sciences and Resources SIT
areas will establish the feasibility and demonstrate the
practical utility of these space systems.
1.1 Agriculture/Forestry
.This SIT area is concerned with, and has as its end
objective, an increase in the world's supply of food, fiber,
and forest products. Although some developed countries
still produce agricultural surpluses, two-thirds of the
world's population are inadequately fed. Despite increased
effort and expense to alleviate the problem, 1964 per
capita food production failed to rise, for the fifth straight
year. In many areas it has fallen; for example, current
output per capita in Latin America is 16 percent below
mid-1930 levels.
Agricultural and forest shortages can be alleviated?
(1) by increasing the yield/quality from lands in cul-
tivation,
by decreasing losses in production, such as from
infestation and forest fires, and
(3) by increasing the quantity of land in cultivation.
Space systems can contribute to these objectives. Mete-
orological satellites, for example, can expand productivity
by improving the range and accuracy of weather forecasts.
Communication satellites can televise new farming tech-
niques to farmers in remote areas. Observation satellites
can survey existing and potential resources and can pro-
vide estimates of yield. They may also discover broad-
scale ecological relationships not discernible from re-
stricted, piecemeal, ground view: relationships that ma.. be
used to improve methods of cultivation.
(2)
Much of the scientific information and technical experi-
ence needed to bring about the development of these space
systems can be obtained most effectively by earth-orbital
experimentation. Meteorological experiment requirements
are described in the Atmospheric Science and Technology
SIT area; those for communication satellites are developed
in the Communications and Navigation/Traffic Control
SIT area. The Agriculture/Forestry SIT area, as with the
other SIT areas in the Earth Sciences and Resources
group, is concerned with the application of observational
satellites for supplementing and expanding terrestiial tech-
niques for surveys of agriculture and forest resources.
The principal method currently in use for obtaining in-
formation on the status of agriculture and forest produc-
tion is direct on-the-ground survey. This method is de-
ficient because?
a. Many important, underdeveloped areas do not re-
port resource status,
b. When available, such reports are frequently inaccu-
rate; nor are reports from developed regions en-
tirely accurate.
c. Reports from most regions are irregular and infre-
quent.
d. Different regions use different definitions and inter-
pretive procedures.
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100 (A)
75 (B)
-E.
C.6
?LEE
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yi
25(0)
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Fig. 8. Multiband Spectral Signature of Field Crops. Fig. 8a shows the energy vs. wavelength curves for soybeans, corn, wheat, and oats.
Each has a characteristic shape, akin to a signature that may be used to identify the species of crop. Fig. 8b shows the consistency
of the signature for four soybean fields. (From "Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Forestry," R. N. Colwell and L. R.
Shay; Proceedings of US 1965 Goddard Day Symposium.)
18
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I
I- 1
?
????
,
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?
Aerial photographic survey techniques have been used in-
creasingly to offset some of these limitations. In addition,
other remote sensing techniques, which expand the "win-
dow" of observation from the visual band to the UV, IR,
and microwave bands, are now in development. These
techniques, involving correlation of measurements in mul-
tiple spectral regions, measure the fine-line structure of
the energy emitted and reflected by plants, soils, and ani-
mals. Field testing of these techniques with plants, as
depicted in Fig. 8, shows that the shape of the energy-
versus-wavelength curve is a characteristic signature that
may be used to identify the species of the plant. More-
over, deviations in the characteristic signature may indi-
cate the \vigor of the plant, as shown in Fig. 9. Based on
a series of remarkable tests of diseased orange trees and
other plants, agricultural scientists have concluded that
". . a loss of vigor in many plants can be seen more
readily on IR photographs taken from an altitude of two
miles or more above the earth than by the expert on the
ground as he walks through the same field." ?
These results have heightened interest in the use of
observation satt.lites for agriculture and forestry. Orbital
spacecraft qv:japed with photographic and multispectral
remote senses portend an economical means for timely,
repetiti74, r.ad uniformly-interpretable global surveys. In
addi.)an to providing the first comprehensive catalog of
exiging resources, such space sensors would enable accu-
;ate yield forecasting and could accomplish other impor-
tant functions such as detecting forest fires, warning of
inject infestations, and locating potentially reclaimable
land.
1.2 Geology/Hydrology
This SIT area is concerned with, and has as its end
objective, the enhanced utilization of fuel, mineral, and
water resources, 'plus "containing" the adverse effects of
dynamic geologic/hydrologic occurrences. In the face of
increasing industrialization there is urgent need?
a. To increase the output of fuels and minerals
b. To protect life, property, and resources from vol-
canoes, earthquakes, and floods
c. To promote economical supply of fresh water
d. To conserve recreation areas and promote the trans-
portation potential of inland waters.
Low-altitude aerial survey techniques, principally photo-
* Colwell, R. N. and Shay, J. It., Applications of Remote
Sensing of Agriculture and Forestry, Proceedings of AAS
1965, Goddard Day Symposium.
graphy and magnetometry, have long been used for geo-
logic exploration, and are being used increasingly for hy-
drologic investigations. With the development of infrared
and microwave radiometers, side-looking radars, and other
multispectral sensors, the opportunity now exists to' carry
out global surveys from orbit. Satellites can be used to
cover geologically important areas which are all too he-- ?
quently remote and inaccessible to ground exploration. As
a. b.
Flg. 9. Infrared Detection of Diseased Orange Trees. Fig. 9a is a
panchromatic aerial photograph and Fig 9h is an infrared
aerial photograph of a navel orange grove In which several
trees are dying, as a result of fungus growth. Collapse of
' the spongy mesophyll tissues of the leaf causes a loss in
infrared reflectance long before there is a loss In the normal
green coloration of the leaf. While there is no distinguish-
able tone difference between the diseased and healthy trees
on the panchromatic photo, the diseased trees stand out by
their dark tone In the IR photo. (Manual of Photographic
Interpretation, original photo courtesy of Cartwright and Com-
pany and U. S. Bureau of ReclamationJ
an example, spacecraft may be able to detect geological
features indicative of mineral and fuel deposits and may
thus be able to confine field investigations to particularly
promising areas. Project Mercury photo-geology experi-
ence indicates the potential of exploration from space; rela-
tively unsophisticated equipment has provided images
(Fig.I0) from which photointerpreters have identified areas
favorable to petroleum accumulations.
Satellites can observe broad-scale geomorphologic fea-
tures and hydrologic processes not discernible from a low
altitude. Information acquired from space can be used in
compiling maps showing the worldwide distribution of
geomorphological features, especially tectonic land forms,
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Fig. 10. MA/9 imagery of North-Central Tibet. Fig. 10a, a black and
white print of a 70 mm color transparency, shows tope-
grapijc and geologic detail. Fig. 100 is a geologic sketch
may which was prepared from the photography. The domes
ar,.4 anticlines represent potential oil-bearing areas. The
irersections of some of the lineaments might be the loci
of mineral deposits. (From "A Review of Photography of
to Earth from Sounding Rockets and Satellites," Paul D.
owman, Jr. NASA Technical Note 0-113613, December 19643
sue': as folds, faults, and eroded or exhumed igneous
c?asses. This information, needed to clarify mechan-
isms responsible for deformation of the earth's crust, can
help to explain the triggering of earthquakes and volcanos
and the extent to which diastrophic forces are displacing
land masses relative to one another. Aside from its purely
scientific interest, this information?which cannot be ob-
tained by conventional means?may lead to practical sur-
veillance techniques for timely warning of earthquake and
volcano activity.
Satellites can also help in managing increasingly impor-
tant water resources. Repetitive, region-wide surveys from
space of stream conditions, and of extent and depth of
snow and ice packs and frozen soils can provide short-term
forecasts of water availability. As an example of the eco-
nomic benefits of such forecasts, a single, medium-sized,
Canadian hydroelectric plant saves 1 million dollars for
each 1 percent increase in accuracy in predicting April-to-
August flow. This amount of power revenue would other-
wise be lost because of the need to waste water to provide
room for unanticipated flood conditions.
20 .
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1.3 Oceanography/Marine Technology
This S/T area is concerned with, and has as its end
objective, the exploitation of ocean resources, and the con-
tainment of its advese effects. Covering 70% of the
earth's surface, the oceans represent a vast storehouse of
potential food and minerals which may be tapped to re-
lieve growing pressure on land resources. In addition,
improved understandin \of oceanographic phenomena is
required:
a. To promote safety and economy of ocean transpor-
tation
b. To utilize the oceans as safe sinks for waste
c. To protect life, property, and coastal resources from
tides, sea state, and other damage-producing ocean
phenomena.
As a consequence of growing recognition of the im-
portance of oceanography, there has been a major effort
to survey the oceans, cataloging their features and char-
acteristics:
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Waves, currents and tides
Sea state
Sea ice
Coastal geological features
Distribution of marine life
Distribution of patterns of pollution.
It is to this end that space systems present a new capa-
bility; orbiting spacecraft make it practical for the first
time to obtain frequent, synoptic surveys of the entire
ocean surface.
Heretofore, surveys made by ship have been spot
samples, widely discontinuous in time and space; coverage
has necessarily emphasized the vertical rather than the
horizontal distribution of properties, even though the hori-
zontal dimensions of the oceans are 5000 times the verti-
cal. Large areas of the oceans have been surveyed by ship
only once in a century, and some have never been ex-
plored.
A typical research vessel can survey about 10,000
square miles a day, at a cost of about $3000. At this rate,
a single, complete ocean survey would cost $38,000,000
and would require 35 ship-years. By contrast, a satellite
could cover the area in a matter of days. Although present
technology is such that observations from space cannot
acquire all the information that can be obtained by ship
measurements in situ, satellites equipped with multispec-
tra; remote sensors, and, perhaps; with provisions for
"reading" data from fixed and free-floating buoys provide
a potent supplement to ships in a coordinated oceano-
graphic program.
1.4 Geography
This SIT area is concerned with the interaction between
man and his environment, and has as its end objective the
fostering of man's effective utilization of the earth's re-
sources.
In the broad sense, geography is an amalgam of disci-
plines, including, among others, agriculture and forestry,
geology and hydrology; and oceanography. For the pur-
pose of deriving the knowledge requirements to which the
ORL experiment program can contribute, these areas?
because of their special importance--are treated separate-
ly. The principal objectives reserved for and addres-
sed in the analysis of the Geography SIT area are:
a. To extend knowledge of global topography.
b. To provide information relative to planning for cul-
tural facilities.
c. To improve understanding of cultural growth pat-
terns.
These objectives encompass cartography ? compilation,
analysis and graphic presentation of environmental data?
and the fields of demography, urban development, and
transportation economics.
To a greater extent even than the previously discussed
Earth Sciences and Resources SIT areas, geography de-
pends on a global viewpoint. One of the most important
applications of spacecraft is the potential to improve
world mapping. Adequate maps exist for less than 50% of
the world's land area. Proven, aerial photographic tech-
niques and newer multispectral techniques can be directly
extrapolated to space to cover present mapping voids and
to update maps, depicting dynamic changes in special
areas of interest such as the developing nations.
Spacecraft observations can be used to obtain a global
population census and to determine patterns of land use,
including growth and development associated with urban
settlements. Satellites can establish dynamic patterns of
trade routes, and may be able to provide economists and
sociologists with more accurate assessments of level of
economic activity and organization than the measures cur-
rently in use; e.g., measurement of man-induced energy
output may be a better indicator than available, generally
imprecise estimates of gross national product.
1.5 Atmospheric Science and Technology
The end objective of this SIT area is to enhw,le man's
ability to predict and to control atmospheric pi messes.
Affecting virtually all aspects of life, this capabilio; is
required?
a. To increase efficiency in the production of goods and
performance of service
b. To protect life and property from effects of mete-
orological phenomena such as severe storms
c. To protect life and property from effects of man-
made atmospheric contamination.
In one of the first applications conceived for space, ex-
perience with twelve unmanned meteorological satellites
has demonstrated the ability to locate hurricanes and
other severe storms. The Weather Bureau uses satellite
data, to date principally cloud photography, on a routine
-basis. However, since cloud photography yields only a
part of the measurements needed for accurate weather
prediciton, the TIROS and Nimbus satellites represent
only an initial step in exploiting space for meteorology.
Currently, general weather forecasts have an accuracy
of about 85% and cover a time span of about one day.
Improvements in forecasting?a national goal is to extend
the time span to five days with greater accuracy?depend
on frequent, globally-distributed observations of wind
velocity, pressure, temperature, and water vapor, all at
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many altitudes. These observations are now limited to
populated regions in the northern hemisphere and are in-
adequate for long-range prediction or for developing the
better meteorological models upon which forecasts are
based.
Satellites are well-suited for collecting the needed
measurements on a global, repetitive, and timely basis. Ad-
vanced meteorological satellites equipped with UV, IR,
and radio/radar sensors, as well as with camera systems,
can observe atmospheric phenomena across the entire
spectrum. Used individually and correlated with each
other, these multispectral measurements could provide all
the important atmospheric-state parameters needed for
forecasting. Moreover these satellites would afford mete-
rologists hitherto unobtainable opportunities to observe
broad-scale atmospheric phenomena and to appraise their
effects on weather. ?
Space systems also have application to the problem of
air pollution. To date, air pollution control efforts have
been restricted to isclated measures in particularly dis-
tressed industrial arttas. These efforts have concentrated
almost exclusively 1:n measures to reduce pollutant emis-
sions at their soth.ce. A broader attack on the problem
can be undertabn through use of satellites. Equipped with
remote sensors. satellites could be used to trace the dis-
persion patterns of air pollution and to discover natural
purging mecnanisms. They could monitor the distribution
of polluticr: over broad areas, something not now prac-
tical; detz.3 unexpected releases; and provide warning of
pol I ut 12:i episodes.
/The economic significance of the improved ability to
-iiredict weather and to control air pollution which may be
afforded by advanced space systems is enormous. Annual
losses in the U.S. alone due to air pollution are estimated
to be II billion dollars. The economic gain to the U.S.
of extending the general forecast to five days is estimated
to exceed 5 billion dollars per year; world-wide benefits
would be many times greater.
The purpose of earth-orbital experimentation in sup-
port of the Atmospheric Science and Technology SIT area
is to speed the development of these advanced satellites;
by improving understanding of atmospheric phenomena
and by establishing the utility of prospective remote sens-
' As one of the Earth-Oriented Applications, this SIT urea
covers terrestrial applications, i.e., earth-to-earth communica-
tions; and navigation and control of ships and aircraft. Re-
lated areas concerning space operations, such as data links with
space probes and spacecraft navigation and guidance, are
treated in the SIT areas within the Support for Space Oper-
ations group.
22
ing systems. Whether these advanced satellites will ulti-
mately be manned or unmanned, the ability to conduct
preoperational experimentation with meteorologist-astro-
nauts will accelerate and reduce the cost of their develop-
ment.
1.6 Communications and Navigation/
Traffic Control
This SIT area is concerned with development of global
communications and related services to meet the public
and national needs of the U.S. and other countries. ? By
Act of Congress, the establishment of a communications
satellite system to develop these services is a national policy.
Use of satellites to overcome line-of-sight limitations of
ground-based communications techniques has been demon-
strated by a variety of experimental systems. First-genera-
tion, privately-owned systems are already in use. These
have shown the feasibility of services hitherto unachiev-
able, such as real-time intercontinental TV, and have indi-
cated the cost-effectiveness of communication satellite links
vis-a-vis conventional links. Although originally conceived
for intercontinental service, satellite relays also offer ad-
vantages for regional communications; U.S. broadcasting
networks are already planning to establish distribution
communication satellites for domestic operations, to re-
place land cables and microwave links.
Significant improvements can be anticipated in later-
generation communication satellites, including longer op-
erating life, wider channel and greater multiple-access capa-
bility, and reduction in cost of ground terminals. In addi-
tion to providing common-carrier services, new uses can
be anticipated. Examples:
a. With the development of high-powered sources and
large, directional antennas, satellites will be able to
broadcast voice and TV directly to simple, homer
type receivers. Among other uses, the broadcast
satellite has enormous potential for education in de-
veloping regions. Television can be used in areas of
low literacy for vocational training; and, most im-
portant, TV can bring about the condition where the
need for change and progress is recognized and ac-
cepted by the populace. Studies of the TV broad-
cast satellite have shown that it is both practicable
and more economical than alternative methods of
providing wide-area service. Figure II shows an
indicative cost comparison of alternative systems.
b. Communication satellites that can relay information
to manned satellites, e.g., Gemini, can provide global
tracking and communications for space operations,
covering areas for which it is not practicable to in-
stall ground terminals and long-distance ground-
ground links to the mission control center. (Such
communication satellite systems could also be used
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. as relays in effecting communications between earth
and lunar and deep space vehicles.)
Closely related to communications is the use of satellites
for controlling ship and aircraft traffic. Satellites can pro-
vide craft with all-weather, world-wide, position determina-
tion. Although it is technically feasible for a ship or air-
craft to establish its position merely by receiving signals
emitted by a satellite, except for special military situations,
it is preferable to combine the position-fixing function
with a communications link, between the craft and the sat-
ellite. In this way optimal routing information, computed
at a central traffic control facility, can be provided to the
craft, thereby reducing travel time and operating costs,
particularly those arising from congestion in terminals and
harbors. Although current navigation doctrine involves
relatively autonomous operation of each ship or aircraft,
the need for centralized traffic control is becoming more
critical. as the number of craft increases and as their speed
increases. A central control facility could transmit weather
information to the craft and warn of other hazards such as
icebergs (for ships) and high intensity radiation bunts (for
high-flying supersonic aircraft). The ship-to-satellite-to-
control center communications link could also be used for
collecting weather information and other data from the
using craft and for supporting search-and-rescue opera-
tions.
Several promising techniques ,are currently under study
for navigation and traffic control satellites. As with ad-
vanced communication satellites, further R&D on both
components and systems will be required to make these
systems practical. Although much of the R&D can be
performed in ground-based facilities that simulate the
space environment, many aspects can best be accomplished
by actual testing in space: for example,
a. Determination of the reflection, refraction, and in-
terference characteristics of the propagating medium
b. Deployment and erection of large antennas
c. Determination of degradation of components after
prolonged exposure to space, either through in-space
inspection or through retrieval and return of samples
to ground
d. Appraisal of feasibility of effecting maintenance and
repair of operational satellites.
SDLI
'6
F.
x zoo
100
ictowAve
NETWORK
203
ISO
a 100
3
SO
AIRCRAFT
REPEATERS
INTEREST AND
DEPRECIATION
INTEREST AND
DEPRECIATION
TRANSMITTERS
IRAN SM ITTERS
INTEREST AND
DEPRECIATION
ritaivEts
TRANSMITTERS
mama
amas
NEIVIORX
SATELLITE
REPEATERS
TRANSMITTERS
AIRCRAFT
REPEATERS
TRANSMITTERS
TRANSMITTERS
RECEIVERS
RECEIVERS
RECEIVERS
GROUND-AIRCRAFT-SATELLITE-GROLMID-AIRCRAFT-SATELLITE-
LASED MUD EASED EASED BASED EASED
Sal
Fig. 11. Indicative Cost Comparison of Methods of Providing TV Coverage of India ? fig. (a) shows the initial costs of providing nine channels
of TV to 570,000 community receivers by: 1) a network of 224 broadcast stations; 2) a system of 40 aircraft-based transmitters;
an 3) a system of three satellites. fig. (b) shows the annual operating costs. The life of the satellite is taken to be only one year.
The cost of the satellites is treated as an operating cost (from 'Television Broadcasting from Satellites," N. I. Korman and A. Katz,
American Rocket Society, 2722-A-62.)
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The ability to perform research and development on crit-
ical subsystems aboard manned spacecraft and to use the
ORL as a test bed for evaluating the effectiveness of con-
templated systems will hasten their realization.
2.0 SUPPORT FOR SPACE OPERATIONS
2.1 Biomedicine/Behavior
This SIT area is concerned with man's physiological in-
tegrity and capacity to withstand Prolonged exposure to
the space environment and to operate effectively in future
space missions?including ORL minions and longer-term
missions of planetary exploration.
Results of the Mercury, Gemini, and Russian space pro-
grams appear to show that, for durations up to two weeks,
man suffers no major impairment from space flight. How-
ever, even for these relatively short flights, deconditioning
is evident in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and other
vital physiological systems (Fig. 12). Future missions of
much longer duration will likely require remedial measures
for these effects and for other negative effects?in partic-
ular, behavioral (performance) problems?which may be
uncovered.
The purpose of the ORL experiment program in the
Biomedicine/Behavior SIT area is to contribute to the
development of these remedial measures: to enable man
to travel and operate in space at will. The experiment
program will provide the quantitative basis for effective
planning of man's role in future missions. By extending
exposure times well beyond those which will have been
achieved in Gemini and Apollo; by using more sophisti-
cated equipment; and, especially, by taking advantage of
the opportunity to place a physician on board, the ORL
experiment program will provide detailed understanding
of man's physiological capabilities and limitations. It will
also establish a much needed compendium of knowledge
regarding man's behavioral adjustment to space flight. Col-
lectively, the information obtained from the Biomedicine/
Behavior program will contribute a major input to a
"design handbook of human factors for space flight",
covering such factors as:
?Criteria for astronaut selection
?Standards for hygiene and habitability
?Standards for establishing work/rest cycles and guide-
lines for structuring interpersonal relationships among
crew members
?Mechanisms of deconditioning and adaptation of af-
fected body systems
?Measures of effectiveness of alternative countermeas-
ures
?Standards of sensory, mental, and motor performance
24
?Standards for design of displays and other I/0 devices'
?Indices for predicting effects of exposures in excess of
ORL flight durations.
2.2 Advanced Technology and Support-
ing Research
This SIT area is aimed at establishing a base of funda-
mental engineering knowledge underlying the design of
advanced space systems. Bridging the gap between basic
scientific research and its practical applications, ATSR
complements the Operations Techniques and Advanced
Mission Spacecraft Subsystems (OTAMSS) SIT area,
which is concerned with validating and qualifying mission-
configured equipment.
Much of the technology for advanced space systems can
be extrapolated directly from terrestrial experience; how-
ever, many aspects, particularly those that are gravity-de-
pendent such as heat transfer by convection, will require
reformulation for space application. For these aspects,
experimentation on research models is required to evolve
practical design principles for operational equipment. Be-
cause of the limitations of ground facilities in simulating
20 (b)
8
16
Possible Tolerance
Limit
GT-5
'I
It
6
Days in Space
30 60 90
Fig. 11. Calcium Loss in Weightlessness. Current know! tdge, based
on GT-4 and GT.5, is inadequate to predict wl Ither effect
will level off as in (a) or increase as in (b). MIL will
establish the precise nature of the curve and rAtate it to
tolerance limits. If tolerance limits will be excteded for
missions of the future, ORL will develop and evaioate the
effectiveness of countermeasures.
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the space environment, development of advanced technol-
ogies that are environment-critical necessitates extensive
testing in space.
ATSR experimentation will include the following areas;
a. Mechanical design data acquisition--determination
of effects of weightlessness, radiation, hard vacuum,
and micrometeoroites on materials and mechanisms;
for design of structures and devices suitable for the
space environment
b. Fluid system design data acquisition?verification of
zero-g principles of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics;.
for design of systems for storage, transport, and con-
trol of fluids in space
c. Chemical and nuclear engineering design data acqui-
sition?to develop design criteria for equipment de-
pendent on chemical interactions, such as advanced
life support components; and on nuclear reactions,
such as prime power devices for operating electrical
generators
d. Heat transfer design data acquisition?for design of
boilers, condensers, and other heat-exchange com-
ponents for use in space
e. Electrical/electronic design data acquisition?for de-
sign of advanced power, communications, and guid-
ance systems.
Through investigation of research models, principles and
empirical guidelines will be established for design of space-
borne equipment. This data will be the basis for develop-
ment of a "handbook of applied engineering principles
for space."
2.3 Operations Techniques and Advanced
Mission Spacecraft Subsystems
This SIT area is concerned with in-flight development,
evaluation, and qualification of (I) operational techniques
and procedures and (2) flight-configured equipment, for
advanced space missions. This SIT area complements
ATSR and is closely related to the Extravehicular Engi-
neering Activities area that considers those aspects of
development and qualification requiring 'extensive extra-
vehicular activity.
Ground-based methods for developing operating proce-
dures for space involve exercising of equipment and train-
ing of crews under simulated conditions. Experience with
aircraft systems has-shown that, while flight trainers are
valuable aids, man cannot become proficient in flying
solely through their use. Terrestrial simulation of the
orbital environment is even more limiting. Ground-based
simulation facilities. cannot provide a long-duration low-
gravity environment, nor can they realistically represent
the spatial extent or range of possible contingencies asso-
ciated with many operations of interest.
Ground-based methods for testing equipment are lim-
ited by uncertainty as to all the relevant parameters of
the space environment and by inability to faithfully repro-
duce the environment for extended periods. Final develop-
ment and qualifications of equipment in space will, supple-
ment ground-based testing and will ensure equipment
safety and effectiveness.
Representative operations and procedures to be devel-
oped by OTAMSS earth-orbital experimentation include?
a. Orientation maneuvers, rendezvous, and docking
b. Acquisition, pointing, and image compensation
c. Alignment, maintenance and repair of advanced
experiment payloads
d. Methods for coping with emergency situations, such
as fire, explosion, and decompression
e. Simulation of elements of advanced missions such
as planetary approach, survey from orbit, landing,
and return to mother craft.
Representative equipment to be evaluated and qualified
includes components of basic spacecraft subsystems: life
support, power, structure, altitude control, environmental
control, communications, guidance and navigation, and
propulsion.
2.4 Extravehicular Engineering Activities
?
This S/T area is concerned with development of extra-
vehicular equipment, techniques, and procedures required
for (1) performance of experiments in the other earth-
orbital SIT area, and (2) preparation for advanced plan-
etary exploration.
Many items of prospective experiment equipment, such
as large antennas and telescopes, are too large or too deli-
cate to be launched as complete entities. These items
need to be assembled outside the spacecraft, aligned, and
checked out in orbit. As shown in Fig. 13, astronauts
will also have to operate outside the spacecraft to main-
tain externally-mounted equipment, to retrieve a satellite,
to recover a disabled astronaut, to transfer fuel and sup-
plies from one vehicle to another, and to conduct orbital
launch operations. Studies have shown that these tasks are
too complex to be accomplished remotely by automatons.
The experiment program in the EVEA SIT area will
appraise and develop man's extravehicular capabilities.
The results of the EVEA experiments will pave the way
for effective conduct of the overall experiment program;
for example, the capability for assembling and aligning a
telescope will have been perfected by EVEA SIT area
activity before the astronomy package is deployed. The
EVEA experiment results will also play a major role in
selecting mission modes (e.g., earth-orbit rendezvous ver-
sus direct launch) for advanced space exploration.
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(c)
(b)
(d)
Fig. 13. Extravehicular Engineering Activities. Participation of the astronaut will be required for (a) assembly of large structures, maintenance
and repair, and id recovery/rescue operations. Experiments in the EVEA S/T area will develop (d) basic locomotion and maneuvering
capability, and will perfect equipment and procedures required by the orbital activities of the other SIT areas.
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3.0 SPACE SCIENCE
3.1 Astronomy/Astrophysics
This SIT area is concerned with expanding man's knowl-
edge of the universe. The results of the ORL experiment
program will broaden the basis for theories of the struc-
ture, origin, and evolution of celestial bodies and galaxies,
and will clarify the question of existence of extraterrestrial
life."
Until recently, the ability to resolve many of the most
important questions in astrophysics was limited by the
poor "visibility" caused by the earth's atmosphere. Of the
total spectrum of radiation emitted by cosmic bodies, the
atmosphere blocks all but a few narrow bands in the vis-
ible, IR, and radio regions. As indicated in Fig. 14, even
within these narrow windows the ability to discern fine
detail is limited by randomly fluctuating atmospheric reflec-
tion and refraction effects that set a lower bound to the
angular resolution achievable with ground-based instru-
ments. Further, airglow and scattering of sunlight and
starlight in the upper atmosphere set a lower limit on the
brightness of objects that can be detected from the ground.
These limitations are avoided by making observations
from above the atmosphere. Since the first rocket-launched
UV spectrographs were obtained in 1947, the value of
space astronomy has been amply demonstrated. Funda-
mental discoveries have already been made by exploiting
the X-ray and gamma-ray windows; with the launch of the
unmanned Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (GAO) op-
portunities for important new research involving the visual
and UV bands will soon be presented.
The ORL Astronomy/Astrophysics experiment program
will follow up and expand the OA? experience. With its
large payload capacity, the ORL will be able to make
simultaneous observations in many- spectral bands; by
correlating these observations, the astronomer will better
understand cosmic processes and their underlying laws.
With their increased resolving power, the ORL instruments
will allow the astronomer to discern fine surface features
of planets and to separate closely packed star fields in
distant clusters.
? Search for extraterrestrial life is included in the Astronomy/
Astrophysics SIT area inasmuch as the largest part of the
exobiology experiments which can be accomplished in ORL
will employ remote-sensing, astronomical instruments. Other
aspects of exobiology which depend upon in situ observations
are included in the Bioscience SIT area.
In addition to addressing fundamental scientific questions
of immediate concern to the astronomical community, the
initial phases of ORL experimentation will also contribute
to the development of very large (greater than 100-inch
telescope) space observatories. ORL experience will accel-
erate the solution of the multitude of difficult enginedring
problems associated with very large observatories and will
pinpoint man's role in such systems.
3.2 Bioscience
This SIT area is concerned with the origin and nature
of life and seeks to enlighten fundamental questions regard-
ing its evolution, function, and response:
a. How did life originate and evolve?
b. What affects the vital processes of living organisms?
c. What is the mechanism of the responses of living
organisms?
These questions have immense significance to mankind
not only because of their scientific and philosophical im-
pact, but also because of the possibility that their answers
may enable man to gain a measure of control of heredity,
growth, and development.
Ground-based research has revealed abnormal effects
in the shape and growth of living organisms exposed to
artificially-produced increased gravity. Theory suggests
that abnormal biological processes will also occur in the
absence of gravity. Similarly, absence of normal earth
periodicities and differences in environment brought about
by the absence of the shielding atmosphere are expected
to affect biological processes. The limited space experience
obtained to date confirms some of these effects; the Rus-
sians, for example, have reported that cell division pro-
ceeds faster in space than on the ground. Additional ex-
neriments in space are needed to gather further proof of
these suppositions.
* The scope of the ORL Bioscience SIT area is somewhat
different from that of the NASA Bioscience program. For
pusposes of logical development of earth-orbital experiments,
the Bioscience SIT area covers only the purely scientific
aspects; its analysis yields experiments aimed at obtaining
crucial pieces of fundamental knowledge. Other application-
. oriented bioscience experiments that directly support space
operations are included within and are derived by analysis of
the Support for Space Operations group of SIT areas. Thus,
for example, bioscience experiments that seek to clarify man's
physiological response to weightlessness stem from analysis of
the Biomedical/Behavioral SIT area. Similarly, the need for
biotechnology experiments, such as qualifying advanced life
support systems, derive from the Operations Techniques and
Advanced Missions Spacecraft Subsystems SIT area.
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North-South (Seconds of Arc)
2"
1"
0"
I"
-3"
.05
.5
losubm.
-3" -2" _ 0"
East-West (Seconds of Arc)
Theoretical
2"
3"
Ground-Based Telescope
4"
10
20 40
Aperature (Inches)
80 100
Fig. 14. Effect of Atmosphere in Limiting Ground-Based Observations. Turbulence of the atmosphere varies the apparent brightness of objects
and distorts their apparent bearing. The first effect is called image scintillation; the second, image "dance". Fig. 14a shows the varia-
tion in apparent angle of Capella during two seconds of time; each point represents an increment of 1/32 second in time. (From "On
the Effects of Image Motion on the Accuracy of Measurement of a Flashing Satellite," J. Allen Hynek, Smithsonian Institution Astro-
physical Observatory, February 1960.) Fig. 14b shows the effect of image "dance" in limiting resolution. The upper curve represents the
theoretical angular resolution achievable in the absence of atmosphere. The lower curve represents the actual performance of ground.
based telescopes. The 200" telescope at Mt. Palomar has a theoretical resolution of 0.03 arc sec. In practice the attainable resolution
seldom exceeds 0.5 arc sec., equivalent to a 12" telescope operating In space.
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1.0.0
)
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? The ORL affords a unique opportunity to expand on the
biological space research conducted by unmanned satellites.
For example, the search for extraterrestrial life can be
supported by experimentation in situ to establish whether
microorganisms or remnants of living matter exist in near-
earth orbit. For all areas of bioscience research, the ability
of an on-hoard scientist to manipulate preparations, to fix
specimens. to alter procedures, to select data to be record-
ed, and to observe experiments at first hand to uncover
unsuspected effects will enable a range of experiments
beyond the capability of automated satellites.
3.3 Physical Sciences
This SIT area encompasses two categories of experi-
mentation: (1) experiments of a fundamental nature, which
complement the Astronomy/Astrophysics and Bioscience
SIT areas in advancing knowledge of matter and energy
and their relationship, and (2) investigations of the proper-
ties of the earth-orbital environment.
Fundamental experimentation takes advantage of weight-
lessness and space vacuum to overcoine the masking effects
of normal earth conditions. Subtle instrumentation errors
due to friction and unbalance can be eliminated, and ultra-
precise measurements can be made that are not achievable
on earth. For example, precise measurements of torque-
free gyroscope precession can help verify the general
theory of relativity. Moreover, by varying gravity forces
at will, down to zero, the effects of gravity on sueh com-
plex phenomena as thermodynamic change of state and
processes of fluid mechanics can be assessed.
Investigations of the earth-orbital environment are con-
cerned with?
a. Composition, density, and dynamics of the neutral
atmosphere and the geomagnetic field
b. Nature of impinging particulate and electromagnetic
radiation of solar and galactic origin
c. Interaction of particulate/electromagnetic radiation
with neutral atmosphere and geomagnetic field.
A particularly promising experimental technique would
use a maneuverable subsatellite launched from the ORL
to investigate such phenomena as the propagation of hydro-
magnetic waves. With its large payload capacity and the
opportunity to involve an on-board experimenter, the ORL
can supplement space physics research performed by un-
manned satellites by making practical many experiments
that are too complex to be fully automated.
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? The ORL affords a unique opportunity to expand on the
biological space research conducted by unmanned satellites.
For example, the search for extraterrestrial life can be
supported by experimentation in situ to establish whether
microorganisms or remnants of living matter exist in near-
earth orbit. For all areas of bioscience research, the ability
of an on-hoard scientist to manipulate preparations, to fix
specimens. to alter procedures, to select data to be record-
ed, and to observe experiments at first hand to uncover
unsuspected effects will enable a range of experiments
beyond the capability of automated satellites.
3.3 Physical Sciences
This SIT area encompasses two categories of experi-
mentation: (1) experiments of a fundamental nature, which
complement the Astronomy/Astrophysics and Bioscience
SIT areas in advancing knowledge of matter and energy
and their relationship, and (2) investigations of the proper-
ties of the earth-orbital environment.
Fundamental experimentation takes advantage of weight-
lessness and space vacuum to overcoine the masking effects
of normal earth conditions. Subtle instrumentation errors
due to friction and unbalance can be eliminated, and ultra-
precise measurements can be made that are not achievable
on earth. For example, precise measurements of torque-
free gyroscope precession can help verify the general
theory of relativity. Moreover, by varying gravity forces
at will, down to zero, the effects of gravity on sueh com-
plex phenomena as thermodynamic change of state and
processes of fluid mechanics can be assessed.
Investigations of the earth-orbital environment are con-
cerned with?
a. Composition, density, and dynamics of the neutral
atmosphere and the geomagnetic field
b. Nature of impinging particulate and electromagnetic
radiation of solar and galactic origin
c. Interaction of particulate/electromagnetic radiation
with neutral atmosphere and geomagnetic field.
A particularly promising experimental technique would
use a maneuverable subsatellite launched from the ORL
to investigate such phenomena as the propagation of hydro-
magnetic waves. With its large payload capacity and the
opportunity to involve an on-board experimenter, the ORL
can supplement space physics research performed by un-
manned satellites by making practical many experiments
that are too complex to be fully automated.
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